For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL30378 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ˘ There are 42 African American Members serving in the 110th Congress, all serving in the House. President-elect Barack Obama served in the Senate until he resigned on November 16, 2008. There have been 124 African American Members of Congress: 119 elected to the House and five to the Senate. There have been 97 Democrats: 95 in the House, two in the Senate; and 27 Republicans: 24 in the House, three in the Senate. A record 43 African American Members also served in the 109th Congress: 42 in the House, one in the Senate. The number of African American Members has steadily increased since the first African American Members entered Congress in 1870. There were fewer than 10 Members until the 91st Congress (1969-1971). In the 98th Congress (1983-1985), the number surpassed 20 for the first time and then jumped to 40 in the 103rd Congress (1993-1995). Since the 106th Congress (1999-2001), the number has remained between 39 and 43 serving at any one time. The first African American Member of Congress was Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS), who served in the Senate in the 41st Congress (1870). The first African American Member of the House was Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC), who also served in the 41st Congress. Representative John Conyers Jr. (D-MI, 1965-present), the current chair of the House Judiciary Committee, has served longer than any other African American Member of Congress. Shirley Chisholm (D-NY), elected to the 91st through 97th Congresses (1969-1983), was the first African American woman in Congress. Since that time, 25 other African American women have been elected, including Senator Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999), who is the only African American woman, as well as the first African American Democrat, elected to the Senate. Representatives James E. Clyburn (D-SC, 1993-present) and former Representatives William H. Gray III (D-PA, 1979-1991) and J.C. Watts (R-OK, 1995-2003) have been elected to the highest leadership positions held by African American Members of Congress. Representative Clyburn, the House majority whip in the 110th Congress, served as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th and 109th Congresses. Representative Gray was chair of the House Democratic Caucus in 1989 (101st Congress). Later in that Congress, when a vacancy occurred, he was elected House majority whip, a position he held until his resignation from Congress in September 1991 (102nd Congress). Representative Watts served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th-107th Congresses (1997-2001). African American Members of Congress have served on standing and select committees. Nineteen have served as committee chair, 18 in the House and one in the Senate. This report will be updated as needed. Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Female Members ............................................................................................................................. 2 Relationships ................................................................................................................................... 3 Oldest and Youngest African American Members........................................................................... 3 African American Members in Leadership Positions...................................................................... 3 Tables and Data ............................................................................................................................... 4 Alphabetical Listing of African American Members, Selected Biographical Information, and Committee Assignments During Their Tenure in Office....................................................... 5 Table 1. African American Members of Congress--Senate.......................................................... 43 Table 2. African American Members of Congress--House of Representatives............................ 43 Table 3. Number and Names of African American Members of Congress, by Congress.............. 48 Table 4. Number and Names of African American Members of Congress, by State .................... 59 Table 5. Number of African American Members in the U.S. Congress, 41st-110th Congresses (1870-2008)............................................................................................................. 63 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 66 One hundred twenty-four African Americans have been elected to the U.S. Congress: 119 to the House and five to the Senate.1 Of these, 28 have been women. Until the resignation of President- elect Barack Obama from the Senate on November 16, 2008, there were 43 African American Members serving throughout the 110th Congress, 42 in the House of Representatives and one in the Senate. This is the same number as the record 43 African American Members (all Democrats) who served in the 109th Congress.2 The number of African American Members has steadily increased since the first African Americans entered Congress in 1870. There were fewer than 10 Members until the 91st Congress (1969-1971). In the 98th Congress (1983-1985), the number surpassed 20 for the first time and then jumped to 40 in the 103rd Congress (1993-1995). Since the 106th Congress (1999-2001), the number has remained between 39 and 43 at any one time. The largest number of African American Members elected as freshmen was 17 in the 103rd Congress. Sixteen were elected to the House, and one, Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999), was elected to the Senate. Senator Moseley-Braun, who is the only African American woman to serve in the Senate, also was the first African American Democrat to serve in the Senate.3 The majority of African American Members of Congress (97) have been Democrats; 27 have been Republicans. All the African American Democrats have been elected in the 20th and 21st centuries. Five African American Republican men were elected to Congress in the 20th century, four to the House and one to the Senate. One of them was reelected to one term in the 21st century before retiring from Congress. All other African American Republican Members served in the 19th century. The first African American Member of Congress was Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS), who served in the Senate in the 41st Congress (1870). He also has the distinction of being the first African American Member of the Senate and the first African American Member of Congress from Mississippi. On January 20, 1870, he was chosen by the Mississippi legislature to fill the unexpired term in the U. S. Senate of former Confederate President Jefferson Davis.4 Senator Blanche K. Bruce (R-MS, 1875-1881) was the first African American Senator to serve a full Senate term of six years. 1 Includes three Delegates from the U.S. Virgin Islands and two from the District of Columbia. 2 A record 47 different African American Members have served in the 110th Congress (46 in the House and one in the Senate). However, only 43 (42 in the House and one in the Senate) served at any one time. In addition to the resignation Barack Obama on Nov. 16, 2008, Representative Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA) died on Apr. 22, 2007, and was replaced by Representative Laura Richardson (D-CA) on Sept. 4, 2007; Rep. Julia Carson (D-IN) died on Dec. 15, 2007, and was replaced by her grandson, Rep. André Carson (D-IN) on Mar. 13, 2008; Rep. Al Wynn (D- MD) resigned on May 31, 2008, and was replaced by Rep. Donna Edwards (D-IN) on June 19, 2008; and Rep. Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH) died on Aug. 20, 2008, and was replaced by Rep. Marcia L. Fudge (D-OH) on Nov. 19, 2008. The previous record number was in the 104th Congress (1995-1997) when 43 African American Members was elected to the House of Representatives though only 40 actually served at any one time. 3 Senator Barack Obama (D-IL) is the first African American male Democrat to serve in the Senate. 4 For an in depth look at African Americans in Congress, refer to U .S. Congress, House, Office of History and Preservation, Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007 (Washington: GPO, 2008), http://baic.house.gov, visited Nov. 15, 2008. Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC, 1869-1878) was the first African American Member of the House of Representatives, beginning service, like Senator Revels, in the 41st Congress. Shirley Chisholm (D-NY), elected to the 91st through 97th Congresses (1969-1983), was the first African American woman to serve in Congress. Edward Brooke (R-MA) was the first African American person elected to the Senate after passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, which provided for the direct election of Senators. He served in the 90th through 95th Congresses (1967-1979). John Conyers Jr. (D-MI) holds the record for length of service by an African American Member (nearly 44 years). He was first elected to the 89th Congress and has served since January 3, 1965. Twenty-three African American Members have first been elected to fill vacancies in the House. They include Representatives Bennie Thompson (D-MS, 1993-present); Jesse Jackson Jr. (D-IL, 1995-present); Elijah Cummings (D-MD, 1996-present); Barbara Lee (D-CA, 1998-present); Gregory Meeks (D-NY, 1998-present); Diane Watson (D-CA, 2001-present); G.K. Butterfield (D- NC, 2004-present); Laura Richardson (D-CA, 2007-present); André Carson (D-IN, 2008-present; Donna Edwards (D-MD, 2008-present); and Marcia L. Fudge (D-IN, 2008-present). Former Representative Cardiss Collins (D-IL, 1973-1997), was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Representative George Collins (D-IL, 1970-1972). The other former Members were Robert N.C. Nix Sr. (D-PA, 1958-1979); George Collins (D-IL, 1970-1972); Bennett Stewart (D-IL, 1979-1981); George W. Crockett Jr. (D-MI, 1980-1991); Katie Hall (D- IN, 1982-1985); Charles Hayes (D-IL, 1983-1993); Alton Waldon Jr. (D-NY, 1986-1987); Lucien Blackwell (D-PA, 1991-1995); Craig Washington (D-TX, 1989-1995); Representatives Eva Clayton (D-NC, 1992-2003); and Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA. 1996-2007). All of these Members, except Representatives Stewart and Waldon, were subsequently elected to additional terms.5 Fourteen African American women serve in the 110th Congress, all in the House.6 A record number of 15 African American women served in the 107th Congress, all in the House. A total of 28 African American women have served in Congress. The first African American female Member was Representative Shirley Chisholm (D-NY, 1969- 1983). Senator Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999) is the only African American woman to have served in the Senate. The African American female Members of the 110th Congress are Delegates Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) and Donna Christian-Christensen (D-VI) and Representatives Maxine Waters (D-CA), Corinne Brown (D-FL), Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX), Barbara Lee (D-CA), Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (D-MI), Diane Watson (D-CA), Gwen Moore (D-WI), Yvette Clarke (D-NY), Laura Richardson (D-CA), Donna Edwards (D-MD), and Marcia Fudge (D-OH). The other African American female Members, in addition to Representative Chisholm, Senator Moseley-Braun, and currently serving Members, were Cardiss Collins (D-IL, 1973-1997); Barbara-Rose Collins (D-MI, 1991-1997); Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (D-CA, 1973-1979); Katie Hall (D-IN, 1982-1985); Barbara Jordan (D-TX, 5 Representatives Fudge's first opportunity to stand for reelection is November 2, 2010. 6 A record 17 African American women, including the late Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA), the late Julia Carson, and the late Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH) were elected to the House in the 110th Congress. However, 14 is the largest number to serve at any one time. 1973-1979); Eva Clayton (D-NC, 1992-2003); Carrie Meek (D-FL, 1993-2003); Denise Majette (D-GA, 2003-2005); Cynthia McKinney (D-GA, 1993-2003, 2005-2007); Juanita Millender- McDonald (1996-2007); Julia Carson (D-IN, 1997-2007); and Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH, 1999-2008). Two African American Members of the 110th Congress are the sons of former Members: Representative William Lacy Clay Jr. (D-MO, 2001-present) is the son of former Representative William L. Clay Sr. (D-MO, 1969-2001), and Representative Kendrick Meek (D-FL, 2003- present) is the son of former Representative Carrie Meek (D-FL, 1993-2003). Representative André Carson (D-IN, 2008-present) is the grandson of former Representative Julia Carson (D-IN, 1997-2007). Former Representative Harold Ford Jr. (D-TN, 1997-2007) is the son of former Representative Harold Ford Sr. (D-TN, 1975-1997). These sons directly succeeded their parents. In addition, Representative Cardiss Collins (D-IL, 1973-1997) succeeded her husband, Representative George Collins (D-IL, 1970-1972). Representative George White (R-NC, 1897-1901) was the brother-in- law of Representative Henry Cheatham (R-NC, 1889-1893). The oldest African American Member to be elected to the House, Representative George Crockett (D-MI, 1980-1991), won his first election at 71. Representative Charles Hayes (D-IL, 1983-1993) was first elected at 65. At age 47, Senator Edward Brooke (R-MA, 1969-1979) became the oldest African American Senator elected to a first term. The youngest African American Member to be elected, Representative John Lynch (R-MS, 1873- 1877, 1882-1883), was first elected at age 25. Representative Harold Ford Jr. (D-TN, 1997-2007) was first elected at age 26. At age 33, Senator Blanche Bruce (R-MS, 1875-1881) was the youngest African American Senator elected to a first term. Representative James E. Clyburn (D-SC, 1993-present), the House majority whip in the 110th Congress, served as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th and 109th Congresses. Former Representatives William H. Gray III (D-PA, 1979-1991) and J.C. Watts (R- OK, 1995-2003) were also elected members of the House leadership. Representative Gray was chair of the House Democratic Caucus in 1989 (101st Congress). Later in that Congress, when a vacancy occurred, he was elected House majority whip, a position he held until his resignation from Congress in September 1991 (102nd Congress). Representative Watts served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th-107th Congresses (1997-2001). In addition, Representative John Lewis (D-GA, 1987-present), the senior chief deputy whip in the 110th Congress, served as a Democratic chief deputy whip in the 102nd -109th Congresses (1991- 2007). Representative Maxine Waters (D-CA, 1991-present) has served has a Democratic chief deputy whip since the 106th Congress, and Representative G.K. Butterfield (D-NC, 2004-present) began his service as a Democratic chief deputy whip in the 110th Congress. Former Representative Shirley Chisholm (D-NY, 1969-1983) served as secretary to the Democratic Caucus in the 96th Congress (1977-1979). Eighteen African American Representatives and one African American Senator have chaired congressional committees, including a record five in the 110th Congress.7 African American Members currently serving as chairs in the 110th Congress are Representatives John Conyers Jr. (D-MI, 1965-present), chair of House Judiciary Committee; Charles B. Rangel (D-NY, 1971- present), chair of the House Ways and Means Committee; and Bennie G. Thompson (D-MS, 1993-present), chair of the House Homeland Security Committee. The other African American committee chairs were Senator Blanche Bruce (R-MS, 1875-1881) and Representatives Yvonne B. Burke (D-CA, 1973-1979); William L. Clay Sr. (D-MO, 1969- 2001); William L. Dawson (D-IL, 1943-1970); Ronald V. Dellums (D-CA, 1971-1998); Charles C. Diggs Jr. (D-MI, 1955-1980); Julian Dixon (D-CA, 1979-2000); William H. Gray III (D-PA, 1979-1991); Augustus F. Hawkins (D-CA, 1963-1991); George T. (Mickey) Leland (D-TX, 1979- 1989); Parren J. Mitchell (D-MD, 1971-1987); Robert N.C. Nix Sr. (D-PA, 1958-1979); Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (D-NY, 1945-1967, 1969-1971); Louis Stokes (D-OH, 1969-1999); Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA, 1996-2007); and Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH, 1999-2008). srebmeM naciremA nacirfA no noitamrofni ralubat sedivorp troper eht fo trap sihT no seettimmoc eht ,devres yeht hcihw ni sessergnoC eht gnidulcni ,ssergnoC fo yeht seettimmoc eht fo noitacidni na ,tnaveler erehw ,dna ,devres yeht hcihw nacirfA tuoba noitamrofni ezirammus selbat evif ,noitidda nI .deriahc-oc ro deriahc .srebmeM naciremA Table 1 and Table 2 list selected data about each African American Member, with the first table listing Senators and the second listing Representatives. Table 3 presents the number and names of African American Members by Congress, organized by Congress. Table 4 presents the same information by state. Table 5 shows the changing number of African American Members serving in Congress since 1870, when the first African American Member was elected. Most of the data presented are drawn from the Biographical Directory of the American Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov, various editions of the Congressional Directory, and a broad range of Congressional Quarterly Inc. and Leadership Directories Inc. publications. For additional information, refer to Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007, (Washington: GPO, 2008), http://baic.house.gov, written by the Office of History and Preservation in the House of Representatives. For 110th Congress committee assignments, the sources are The Senate of the United States, Committee and Subcommittee Assignments for the One Hundred Tenth Congress, prepared under 7 A record five African American Members were elected House committee chairs at the beginning of the 110th Congress. However, Rep. Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA), chair of the Committee on House Administration, died on April 22, 2007. the direction of Nancy Erickson, secretary of the Senate, April 2, 2007 (available online from the Senate's website at http://www.senate.gov/general/committee_assignments/assignments.htm); and List of Standing Committees and Select Committees and Their Subcommittees of the House of Representatives Together With Joint Committees, One Hundred Tenth Congress, prepared under the direction of Lorraine C. Miller, clerk of the House of Representatives, June 19, 2008 (available online from the clerk's website at http://clerk.house.gov/committee_info/oal.pdf). Note that the names and jurisdiction of House and Senate committees have changed many times over the years covered by this report. In the interest of brevity, this report does not identify all historical name changes. The committee names that are listed are those that were in effect at the time a particular Member served on a panel. BALLANCE, FRANK W. Jr., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on February 15, 1942. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th Congress; served from January 7, 2003, until his resignation June 11, 2004. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC erutlucirgA .H 801ht ssenisuB llamS .H 801ht BISHOP, SANFORD D. Jr., a Representative from Georgia. Born on February 4, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC erutlucirgA .H 701-dr301 ht ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H dr301 sriaffA 'snareteV .H ht401-dr301 ecnegilletnI tceleS .H ht701-ht501 snoitairporppA .H ht011-ht801 ht011-ht401 erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H ht011-dr301 sriaffA 'snareteV .H dr 301 noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H 301 dr snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H ssergnoC stnemngissA eettimmoC January 5, 1993. Democrat to the 103rd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since BROWN, CORRINE, a Representative from Florida. Born on November 11, 1946. Elected as a ht59-ht49 noitcudorP esnefeD .tJ ht49 stnemegnarrA lainnetneciB .tJ ht49-dr39 tcudnoC dna sdradnatS tceleS .S ht59-dn29 gnigA laicepS .S ht59-dn29 sriaffA nabrU dna ,gnisuoH ,gniknaB .S ht59-dn29 snoitairporppA .S dn29-ts19 ytinutroppO noitacudE lauqE tceleS .S ts19 secivreS demrA .S ht09 snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .S ts19- 09 ht ycnerruC dna gniknaB .S ht09 secneicS ecapS dna lacituanoreA .S ssergnoC stnemngissA eettimmoC from Massachusetts. Congress, from January 3, 1967, to January 3, 1979. First African American Member of Congress Republican to two six-year terms beginning with the 90th Congress and served through the 95th BROOKE, EDWARD W., a Senator from Massachusetts. Born on October 26, 1919. Elected as a dr301 tegduB .H dr301-dn201 noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H dn201 seirehsiF dna eniraM tnahcreM .H ssergnoC stnemngissA eettimmoC to January 3, 1995. Representative William Gray; reelected to the 103rd Congress; served from November 11, 1991, Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of BLACKWELL, LUCIEN E., a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on August 1, 1931. BRUCE, BLANCHE K., a Senator from Mississippi. Born on March 1, 1841; died on March 17, 1898. Elected as a Republican to a six-year term beginning with the 44th Congress and served through the 46th Congress, from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1881. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC serutcafunaM .S ht 44 snoisneP .S ht54-ht44 robaL dna noitacudE .S ht64-ht44 reviR ippississiM tceleS .S ht64-ht54 s'namdeerF eht etagitsevnI oT tceleS .S )riahc eettimmoc( ht64 ynapmoC tsurT dna sgnivaS BURKE, YVONNE BRAITHWAITE, a Representative from California. Born on October 5, 1932. Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 95th Congresses; served from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1979. First female chair of the Congressional Black Caucus, 94th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA ralusnI dna roiretnI .H dr 39 skroW cilbuP .H dr 39 snoitairporppA .H ht59-ht49 snoitanissassA tceleS .H ht59-ht49 pohS ytuaeB tceleS .H ht59-ht49 )ht59-ht49 ,riahc eettimmoc( BUTTERFIELD, G.K., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on April 27, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Frank Ballance; reelected to the 109th-110th Congresses, has served since July 21, 2004; a chief deputy Democratic whip in the 110th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ssenisuB llamS .H ht 801 erutlucirgA .H ht901- ht801 secivreS demrA .H ht901 ecremmoC dna ygrenE .H ht011 CAIN, RICHARD H., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on April 12, 1825; died on January 18, 1887. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd and 45th Congresses; served from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1875, and from March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1879. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC erutlucirgA .H dr 34 smialC dnaL etavirP .H ht54 CARSON, ANDRÉ, a Representative from Indiana. Born on October 16, 1974. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his grandmother, Julia Carson; has served since March 13, 2008. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF .H ht011 CARSON, JULIA M., a Representative from Indiana. Born on July 8, 1938; died on December 15, 2007. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 110th Congresses; served from January 9, 1997, to December 15, 2007. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H 601-ht501ht secivreS laicnaniF .H ht011- ht701 sriaffA 'snareteV .H ht701-ht501 erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H ht011-ht801 CHEATHAM, HENRY P., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on December 27, 1857; died on November 29, 1935. Elected as a Republican to the 51st and 52nd Congresses; served from March 4, 1889, to March 3, 1893. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sgnidliuB cilbuP no serutidnepxE .H 25-ts15 dn noitacudE .H dn25-ts15 erutlucirgA .H dn25 CHISHOLM, SHIRLEY A., a Representative from New York. Born on November 30, 1924; died on January 1, 2005. Elected as a Democrat to the 91st through 97th Congresses; served from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 1983. First African American woman elected to Congress and first African American female presidential candidate, 1972. Secretary of the Democratic Caucus in the 96th Congress, 1977-1979. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA 'snareteV .H 29-ts19 dn robaL dna noitacudE .H ht49-dn29 seluR .H ht79-ht59 CHRISTIAN-CHRISTENSEN, DONNA M., a Delegate from the Virgin Islands. Born on September 19, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th Congress through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 7, 1997. First woman elected from the Virgin Islands and first female doctor in Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secruoseR .H 901-ht501 ht secruoseR larutaN .H ht011 ssenisuB llamS .H ht901- ht601 ytiruceS dnalemoH .H ht011-ht801 CHRISTIAN-GREEN, DONNA. See CHRISTIAN-CHRISTENSEN, DONNA. CLARKE, YVETTE D., a Representative from New York. Born on November 21, 1964. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress; has served since January 4, 2007. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H 011ht ytiruceS dnalemoH .H ht011 ssenisuB llamS .H ht011 CLAY, WILLIAM L. Sr., a Representative from Missouri. Born on April 30, 1931. Elected as a Democrat to the 91st through 106th Congresses; served from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 2001. Succeeded by his son, Representative William Lacy Clay Jr. First African American Member of Congress from Missouri. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H dr 301-ts19 ecrofkroW eht dna noitacudE .H ht601-ht501 seitinutroppO lanoitacudE dna cimonocE .H ht401 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H dr301-dr39 )dr301-dn201 ,riahc eettimmoc( metsyS eettimmoC eht ydutS ot tceleS .H ht69 noitartsinimdA esuoH .H dr301-ht99 yrarbiL .tJ .H ts101 CLAY, WILLIAM LACY Jr., a Representative from Missouri. Born on July 27, 1956; succeeded his father, Representative William L. Clay Sr. Elected as a Democrat to the 107th-109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 3, 2001. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF .H ht011- ht701 mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H 901- ht701 ht mrofeR tnemnrevoG dna thgisrevO .H ht011 CLAYTON, EVA M., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on September 16, 1934. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Walter Jones; reelected to the 103rd through 107th Congresses; served from November 5, 1992, to January 3, 2003. Co-chair of the House Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC erutlucirgA .H 701-dr301 ht ssenisuB llamS .H dr301 tegduB .H ht701-ht501 CLEAVER, EMANUEL, a Representative from Missouri. Born on October 26, 1944. Elected as Democrat to the 109th Congress; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 4, 2005. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF .H 011-ht901 ht gnimraW labolG dna ecnednepednI ygrenE .H ht011 CLYBURN, JAMES E., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on July 21, 1940. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 106th Congress. Vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th-109th Congresses; House majority whip in the 110th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H dr301 sriaffA 'snareteV .H dr ht 501- 301 erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H 501-ht401 ht ssenisuB llamS .H ht401 snoitairporppA .H ht901-ht601 COLLINS, BARBARA-ROSE, a Representative from Michigan. Born on April 13, 1939. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 104th Congresses; served from January 3, 1991, to January 3, 1997. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H 301-dn201 dr erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H ht401 snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H dr301 thgisrevO dna mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht401 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H dr301-dn201 ygolonhceT dna ,ecapS ,ecneicS .H dn201 seilimaF dna ,htuoY ,nerdlihC tceleS .H dn201 COLLINS, CARDISS, a Representative from Illinois. Born on September 24, 1931. Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 104th Congresses; served from June 7, 1973, to January 3, 1997. First elected to succeed her husband, Representative George Collins. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 96th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H 301-dr39dr thgisrevO dna mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht401 skroW cilbuP .H dr39 snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht59-ht49 sriaffA ngieroF .H ht69 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H ht59 ecremmoC dna ygrenE .H dr301-ht79 ecremmoC .H ht401 noitalupoP tceleS .H ht59 lortnoC dna esubA scitocraN tceleS .H dn201-ht69 COLLINS, GEORGE W., a Representative from Illinois. Born on March 5, 1926; died on December 8, 1972. Elected as a Democrat to the 91st Congress to fill the vacancy by the death of Representative Daniel Ronan; reelected to the 92nd and 93rd Congresses; served from November 16, 1970, to December 8, 1972. Succeeded by his wife, Representative Cardiss Collins. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H 19 dn29-ts skroW cilbuP .H dn29 CONYERS, JOHN Jr., a Representative from Michigan. Born on May 16, 1929. Elected as a Democrat to the 89th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 3, 1965. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC yraiciduJ .H ht 011-ht98 ) ht011 ,riahc eettimmoc( snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H dr301-dn29 )dr301-ts101 ,riahc eettimmoc( ssenisuB llamS .H dr301-ht001 CROCKETT, GEORGE W., a Representative from Michigan. Born on August 10, 1909; died on September 7, 1997. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Charles Diggs; reelected to the 97th through 101st Congresses; served from November 12, 1980, to January 3, 1991. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA ngieroF .H 101-ht69 ts yraiciduJ .H ts101-ht79 ssenisuB llamS .H ht79 gnigA tceleS .H ts101-ht79 CUMMINGS, ELIJAH E., a Representative from Maryland. Born on January 18, 1951. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Kweisi Mfume; reelected to the 105th through 110th Congresses; has served since April 25, 1996. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 108th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC thgisrevO dna mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H 501-ht401 ht mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht901-ht601 mrofeR tnemnrevoG dna thgisrevO .H ht011 erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H ht011 secivreS demrA .H ht011 DAVIS, ARTUR, a Representative from Alabama. Born on October 9, 1967. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 7, 2003. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC tegduB .H ht901-ht801 secivreS laicnaniF .H ht901 -ht801 yraiciduJ .H ht011 snaeM dna syaW .H ht011 DAVIS, DANNY K., a Representative from Illinois. Born on September 6, 1941. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 7, 1997. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ssenisuB llamS .H 901 -ht501 ht thgisrevO dna mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht501 mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht901-ht601 mrofeR tnemnrevoG dna thgisrevO .H ht011 ecrofkroW eht dna noitacudE .H ht901-ht801 robaL dna noitacudE .H ht011 DAWSON, WILLIAM L., a Representative from Illinois. Born on April 26, 1886; died on November 9, 1970. Elected as a Democrat to the 78th through 91st Congresses; served from January 3, 1943, to November 9, 1970. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC evitucexE eht ni serutidnepxE .H dn 28-ht87 stnemtrapeD ) dn28 ,ts18 ,riahc eettimmoc( snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H ts19-dr38 )ts19-ht48 ,riahc eettimmoc( serusaeM dna ,sthgieW ,eganioC .H ht97-ht87 snoisneP dilavnI .H ht97-ht87 sriaffA ralusnI .H ht97-ht87 noitamalceR dna noitagirrI .H ht97-ht87 sriaffA ralusnI dna roiretnI .H dn28 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H ts19-ht48 DeLARGE, ROBERT C., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on March 15, 1842; died on February 14, 1874. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd Congress; served from March 4, 1871, until January 24, 1873, when his seat was declared vacant after his election was successfully contested by former Representative Christopher C. Bowen. tnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC serutcafunaM .H dn24 DELLUMS, RONALD V., a Representative from California. Born on November 25, 1935. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 105th Congresses; served from January 3, 1971, until February 6, 1998, when he resigned from the House. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 101st Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H dr 301-dn29 )dn201-ht69 ,riahc eettimmoc( sriaffA ngieroF .H dn29 secivreS demrA .H dr301-dr39 )dr301 ,riahc eettimmoc( ytiruceS lanoitaN .H ht501-ht401 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H ht89-ht79 ecnegilletnI tceleS .H dn201-ht49 DePRIEST, OSCAR S., a Representative from Illinois. Born on March 9, 1871; died on May 12, 1951. Elected as a Republican to the 71st through 73rd Congresses; served from March 4, 1929, to March 3, 1935. First African American Member of Congress from Illinois. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC slliB dellornE .H dr37-ts17 snoisneP dilavnI .H 37-ts17 dr sriaffA naidnI .H dr37-ts17 sdaoR tsoP dna eciffO tsoP .H dr37 DIGGS, CHARLES C. Jr., a Representative from Michigan. Born on December 2, 1922; died on August 24, 1998. Elected as a Democrat to the 84th through 96th Congresses; served from January 3, 1955, until his resignation on June 3, 1980. First African American Member of Congress from Michigan and first chair of the Congressional Black Caucus, 92nd Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA ralusnI dna roiretnI .H ht 58-ht48 sriaffA 'snareteV .H ht58-ht48 sriaffA ngieroF .H dr39-ht68 snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht69-ht49 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H ht69-ht88 )ht59-dr39 ,riahc eettimmoc( DIXON, JULIAN C., a Representative from California. Born on August 8, 1934; died on December 8, 2000. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th through 106th Congresses; reelected to the 107th Congress, but died before the commencement of the 107th Congress; served from January 3, 1979, until his death. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 98th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snoitairporppA .H ht 601-ht69 tcudnoC laiciffO fo sdradnatS .H ts101-ht89 )ts101-ht99 ,riahc eettimmoc( ecnegilletnI tceleS .H ht601-dr301 DYMALLY, MERVYN M., a Representative from California. Born on May 12, 1926. Elected as a Democrat to the 97th through 102nd Congresses; served from January 3, 1981, to January 3, 1993. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 100th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H 201-ht79dn sriaffA ngieroF .H dn201-ht79 ygolonhceT dna ecneicS .H ht89-ht79 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H dn201-ht89 robaL dna noitacudE .H ht99 EDWARDS, DONNA F., a Representative from Maryland. Born on June 28, 1958. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Albert Wynn; has served since June 19, 2008. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ygolonhceT dna ecneicS .H ht011 erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H ht011 ELLIOTT, ROBERT B., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on August 11, 1842; died on August 9, 1884. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd and 43rd Congresses; served from March 4, 1871, until his resignation on November 1, 1874. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H dr34-dn24 aitiliM .H dr34 ELLISON, KEITH, a Representative from Minnesota. Born on August 4, 1963. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress; has served since January 4, 2007.First African American Member of Congress from Minnesota. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF .H ht011 yraiciduJ .H ht011 ESPY, ALBERT MICHAEL (MIKE), a Representative from Mississippi. Born on November 28, 1953. Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 103rd Congresses. Served from January 6, 1987, to January 25, 1993, when he resigned to become secretary of agriculture. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC erutlucirgA .H 201-ht001 dn tegduB .H dn201-ts101 regnuH tceleS .H dn201-ts101 noitcudeR ticifeD .tJ ht001 EVANS, MELVYN H., a Delegate from the Virgin Islands. Born on August 7, 1917; died on November 27, 1984. Elected as a Republican to the 96th Congress; served from January 3, 1979, to January 3, 1981. First African American Delegate from the Virgin Islands and first African American physician to serve in Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS demrA .H 69 ht sriaffA ralusnI dna roiretnI .H 69 ht seirehsiF dna eniraM tnahcreM .H ht69 FATTAH, CHAKA, a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on November 21, 1956. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 3, 1995. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC thgisrevO dna mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H 501-ht401 ht mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht601 seitinutroppO lanoitacudE dna cimonocE .H ht401 ecrofkroW eht dna noitacudE .H ht601-ht501 ssenisuB llamS .H ht401 tcudnoC laiciffO fo sdradnatS .H ht601-ht501 noitartsinimdA .H ht701-ht601 gnitnirP .tJ ht701- ht601 snoitairporppA .H ht011-ht701 FAUNTROY, WALTER E., a Delegate from the District of Columbia. Born on February 6, 1933. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd Congress in a special election after the District of Columbia was authorized to elect a delegate to Congress; reelected to the 93rd through 101st Congresses; served from April 19, 1971, to January 3, 1991. First African American Delegate from the District of Columbia. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 97th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H 101-dn29 ts ycnerruC dna gniknaB .H dr39 gnisuoH dna ,ycnerruC ,gniknaB .H ht49 sriaffA nabrU dna ,ecnaniF ,gniknaB .H ts101-ht59 snoitanissassA tceleS .H ht59-ht49 lortnoC dna esubA scitocraN tceleS .H ts101-ht89 FIELDS, CLEO, a Representative from Louisiana. Born on November 22, 1962. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd and 104th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 1997. At age 30, he was the youngest Member of the 103rd Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA nabrU dna ,ecnaniF ,gniknaB .H dr 301 secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H ht401 ssenisuB llamS .H ht401-dr301 FLAKE, FLOYD H., a Representative from New York. Born on January 30, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 105th Congresses; served from January 6, 1987, to November 15, 1997, when he resigned from the House. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA nabrU dna ,ecnaniF ,gniknaB .H 301-ht001 dr secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H ht501-ht401 ssenisuB llamS .H ht501-ht001 snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H dr301 seilimaF dna ,htuoY ,nerdlihC tceleS .H ht001 regnuH tceleS .H dn201-ht001 FORD, HAROLD E. Sr., a Representative from Tennessee. Born on May 20, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 94th through 104th Congresses; served from January 3, 1975, to January 3, 1997. First African American Member of Congress from Tennessee. Succeeded by his son, Harold E. Ford Jr. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA 'snareteV .H 1 ,ht49 ts gnisuoH dna ,ycnerruC ,gniknaB .H ts1 ,ht49 snaeM dna syaW .H ht401-ht49 gnigA tceleS .H dn201-ht49 snoitanissassA tceleS .H ht59-ht49 FORD, HAROLD E. Jr., a Representative from Tennessee. Born on May 11, 1970. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 109th Congresses; served from January 7, 1997, to January 3, 2007. At age 26, he was the youngest Member of the 105th Congress. Succeeded his father, Harold E. Ford Sr. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ecrofkroW eht dna noitacudE .H 701-ht501 ht thgisrevO dna mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht501 mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht601 secivreS laicnaniF .H ht901-ht701 tegduB .H ht901-ht801 FRANKS, GARY A., a Representative from Connecticut. Born on February 9, 1953. Elected as a Republican to the 102nd through 104th Congresses; served from January 3, 1991, to January 3, 1997. First African American Member of Congress from Connecticut. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS demrA .H 201 dn ssenisuB llamS .H dn201 ecremmoC dna ygrenE .H dr301 ecremmoC .H ht401 gnigA no eettimmoC tceleS .H dn201 FRAZER, VICTOR O., a Delegate from the U.S. Virgin Islands. Born on May 24, 1943. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th Congress; served from January 3, 1995, to January 3, 1997. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht401 FUDGE, MARCIA L., a representative from Ohio. Born on October 29, 1952. Elected as Democrat to the 111th Congress and later to the 110th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones; has served since November 19, 2008. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC dengissa tey enoN GRAY, WILLIAM H. III, a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on August 20, 1941. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th through 102nd Congresses; served from January 3, 1979, to September 11, 1991, when he resigned to become president of the United Negro College Fund. Chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the First Session of the 101st Congress; later in that Congress House Democratic whip (through the First Session of the 102nd Congress). stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC tegduB .H ht 001-ht89 ,ht69 )ht001-ht99 ,riahc eettimmoc( aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H dn201-ht69 sriaffA ngieroF .H ht69 snoitairporppA .H dn201-ht79 noitartsinimdA esuoH .H dn201 noitcudeR ticifeD .tJ ht001 GREEN, AL, a Representative from Texas. Born on September 1, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 109th Congress; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 4, 2005. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF .H 011-ht901 ht ecneicS .H ht901 ytiruceS dnalemoH .H ht011 HALL, KATIE B., a Representative from Indiana. Born on April 3, 1938. Elected as a Democrat to the 97th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Adam Benjamin; reelected to the 98th Congress; served from November 29, 1982, to January 3, 1985. First African American Member of Congress from Indiana. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H ht89 noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H ht89 HARALSON, JEREMIAH, a Representative from Alabama. Born on April 1, 1846, died in 1916. Elected as a Republican to the 44th Congress; served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1877. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC serutidnepxE cilbuP .H ht44 HASTINGS, ALCEE L., a Representative from Florida. Born on September 5, 1936. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA ngieroF .H dr 301 snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht701-ht401 seirehsiF dna eniraM tnahcreM .H dr301 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H dr301 ecneicS .H ht501-ht401 ecnegilletnI tceleS .H ht011-ht601 seluR .H ht011-ht701 tcudnoC laiciffO fo sdradnatS .H ht011 HAWKINS, AUGUSTUS F., a Representative from California. Born on August 31, 1907; died on November 10, 2007. Elected as a Democrat to the 88th through 101st Congresses; served from January 3, 1963, to January 3, 1991. First African American Member of Congress from California. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H ts 101-ht88 )ts101 - .sses dn2 ,ht89 ,riahc eettimmoc( noitartsinimdA esuoH .H ht89-ts19 ).sses dn2 ,ht89 - ht79 ,riahc eettimmoc( gnitnirP no eettimmoC .tJ ht89-ht59 )ht89 ,ht69 ,riahc eettimmoc( yrarbiL eht no eettimmoC .tJ ht89-ht79 )ht79 ,riahc eettimmoc( cimonocE .tJ ts101-ht79 HAYES, CHARLES A., a Representative from Illinois. Born on February 17, 1918; died on April 8, 1997. Elected as a Democrat to the 98th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Harold Washington; reelected to the 99th through 102nd Congresses; served from September 12, 1983, to January 3, 1993. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H 201-ht89 dn ssenisuB llamS .H ts101-ht89 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H dn201-ts101 HILLIARD, EARL F., a Representative from Alabama. Born on April 9, 1942. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 106th Congresses; reelected to the 107th Congress; served from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 2003. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC erutlucirgA .H 701-dr301 ht ssenisuB llamS .H ht401-dr301 snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht701-ht501 HYMAN, JOHN ADAMS, a Representative from North Carolina. Born on July 23, 1840; died on September 14, 1891. Elected as a Republican to the 44th Congress; served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1877. First African American Member of Congress from North Carolina. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC serutcafunaM .H ht44 JACKSON, JESSE L. Jr., a Representative from Illinois. Born on March 11, 1965. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Melvin Reynolds; reelected to the 105th through 110th Congresses; has served since December 14, 1995. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H 501-ht401 ht ssenisuB llamS .H ht501 snoitairporppA .H ht011-ht601 JACKSON LEE, SHEILA, a Representative from Texas. Born on January 12, 1950. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 3, 1995. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC yraiciduJ .H ht011-ht401 ecneicS .H 901- 401 ht ht ytiruceS dnalemoH .H 011- 801 ht ht sriaffA ngieroF .H ht 011 JEFFERSON, WILLIAM J., a Representative from Louisiana. Born on March 14, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 3, 1991. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H dn201 seirehsiF dna eniraM tnahcreM .H dn 201 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H dr301 snaeM dna syaW .H ht901-ht501 ,dr301 ytiruceS lanoitaN .H ht401 thgisrevO esuoH .H ht401 tegduB .H ht901 ssenisuB llamS .H ht011 gnitnirP .tJ ht401 JOHNSON, EDDIE BERNICE, a Representative from Texas. Born on December 3, 1935. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 107th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H dr301 erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H ht011-ht401 ygolonhceT dna ,ecapS ,ecneicS .H dr301 ecneicS .H ht901-ht401 ygolonhceT dna ecneicS .H ht011 JOHNSON, HENRY C. (HANK) Jr., a Representative from Georgia. Born on October 2, 1954. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress; has served since January 4, 2007. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS demrA .H ht 011 yraiciduJ .H ht 011 ssenisuB llamS .H ht011 JONES, STEPHANIE TUBBS, a Representative from Ohio. Born on September 10, 1949; died on August 20, 2008. Elected as a Democrat to the 106th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; served from January 3, 1999, to August 20, 2008. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H ht601 secivreS laicnaniF .H ht 701 ssenisuB llamS .H ht 601 tcudnoC laiciffO fo sdradnatS .H ht011-ht701 ) ht011 ,riahc eettimmoc( snaeM dna syaW .H ht011-ht801 JORDAN, BARBARA C., a Representative from Texas. Born on February 21, 1936; died on January 17, 1996. Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 95th Congresses; served from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1979. First African American Member of Congress from Texas. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC yraiciduJ .H ht59-dr39 snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H 59-ht49 ht KILPATRICK, CAROLYN CHEEKS, a Representative from Michigan. Born on June 25, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 7, 1997. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 110th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H ht 501 thgisrevO esuoH .H ht501 yrarbiL eht no eettimmoC .tJ ht501 snoitairporppA .H ht011-ht601 LANGSTON, JOHN M., a Representative from Virginia. Born on December 14, 1829; died on November 15, 1897. Elected as a Republican to the 51st Congress; served from September 23, 1890, to March 3, 1891, after he successfully contested the election of Edward Venable. First African American Member of Congress from Virginia. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC noitacudE .H ts15 LEE, BARBARA, a Representative from California. Born on July 16, 1946. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Ronald Dellums; reelected to the 106th through 110th Congresses; has served since April 20, 1998. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H 601-ht501ht secivreS laicnaniF .H ht901-ht701 ecneicS .H ht501 snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht901-ht601 snoitairporppA .H ht011 LELAND, GEORGE T. (MICKEY), a Representative from Texas. Born on November 27, 1944; died on August 7, 1989. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th through 101st Congresses; served from January 3, 1979, to August 7, 1989. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 99th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H ht 99-ht69 ecremmoC ngieroF dna etatsretnI .H ts101-ht69 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H ts101-ht69 regnuH tceleS .H ts101-ht89 )ts101-ht89 ,riahc eettimmoc( seilimaF dna ,htuoY ,nerdlihC tceleS .H ht89 LEWIS, JOHN R., a Representative from Georgia. Born on February 19, 1940. Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 6, 1987. A Democratic chief deputy whip in the 102nd through 109th Congresses; senior chief deputy majority whip in the 110th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H 201-ht001 dn sriaffA ralusnI dna roiretnI .H dn201-ht001 gnigA tceleS .H dn201-ts101 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H dr301 snaeM dna syaW .H ht011-dr301 tegduB .H ht801 LONG, JEFFERSON F., a Representative from Georgia. Born on March 3, 1836; died on February 5, 1900. Elected as a Republican to the 41st Congress after the House declared that Representative Samuel Gove was not entitled to his seat; served from January 16, 1871, to March 3, 1871. First African American Member of Congress from Georgia. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC enoN -- LYNCH, JOHN R., a Representative from Mississippi. Born on September 10, 1847; died on November 2, 1939. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd, 44th, and 47th Congresses; served from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1877, and from April 29, 1882, to March 3, 1883, after he successfully contested the election of Representative James Chalmers. At age 26, he was the youngest Member of the 43rd Congress. First African American Member of the House of Representatives from Mississippi. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC gniniM dna seniM .H ht44-dr34 aitiliM .H ht74 robaL dna noitacudE .H ht74 MAJETTE, DENISE L., a Representative from Georgia. Born on May 18, 1955. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th Congress; served from January 7, 2003, to January 3, 2005. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC tegduB .H ht801 ecrofkroW eht dna noitacudE .H 801 ht ssenisuB llamS .H 801 ht McKINNEY, CYNTHIA A., a Representative from Georgia. Born on March 17, 1955. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 107th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 2003; elected to the 109th Congress; served from January 4, 2005, to January 3, 2007. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC erutlucirgA .H dr 301 sriaffA ngieroF .H dr301 snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht701-ht401 secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H ht501-ht401 ytiruceS lanoitaN .H ht501 secivreS demrA .H ht901 ,ht701-ht601 tegduB .H ht901 MEEK, CARRIE P., a Representative from Florida. Born on April 29, 1926. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 107th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 2003. Succeeded by her son, Representative Kendrick Meek. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snoitairporppA .H 701-ht501 ,dr301 ht tegduB .H ht401 thgisrevO dna mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht401 MEEK, KENDRICK, a Representative from Florida. Born on September 6, 1966. Elected to the 108th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 7, 2003. Succeeded his mother, Representative Carrie Meek. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS demrA .H 011- ht801 ht ytiruceS dnalemoH .H ht901- ht801 snaeM dna syaW .H ht011 MEEKS, GREGORY, a Representative from New York. Born on September 25, 1953. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Floyd Flake; reelected to the 106th through 110th Congresses; has served since February 5, 1998. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H 601-ht501ht secivreS laicnaniF .H ht011-ht701 snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht901-ht601 sriaffA ngieroF .H ht011 METCALFE, RALPH H., a Representative from Illinois. Born on May 30, 1910; died on October 10, 1978. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 95th Congresses; served from January 3, 1971, to October 10, 1978. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ecremmoC ngieroF dna etatsretnI .H 59-dn29 ht seirehsiF dna eniraM tnahcreM .H ht59-dn29 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H ht59 MFUME, KWEISI, a Representative from Maryland. Born on October 24, 1948. Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 104th Congresses; served from January 6, 1987, to February 16, 1996, when he resigned to become executive director of the NAACP. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 103rd Congress. Co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th Congress, 1995-1996. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA nabrU dna ,ecnaniF ,gniknaB .H 301-ht001 dr secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H ht401 ssenisuB llamS .H ht401-ht001 robaL dna noitacudE .H ts101 lortnoC dna esubA scitocraN tceleS .H dn201-ts101 cimonocE .tJ ht401-dn201 tcudnoC laiciffO fo sdradnatS .H dr301 regnuH tceleS .H ht001 MILLENDER-McDONALD, JUANITA, a Representative from California. Born on September 7, 1938; died on April 22, 2007. Elected as a Democrat to the104th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Walter Tucker; reelected to the 105th through 110th Congresses; served from April 16, 1996, to April 22, 2007. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ssenisuB llamS .H ht ht 011- 401 erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H ht ht 911- 401 noitartsinimdA .H ht ht 011- 801 , 011 ,riahc eettimmoc( ht ts ).sses 1 yrarbiL .tJ ht ht 011 , 801 ht 011 , 011 ,riahc eettimmoc( ht ts )noisses 1 gnitnirP .tJ ht 011 ).sses 1 , 011 ,riahc eettimmoc( ht ts MILLER, THOMAS E., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on June 17, 1849; died on April 8, 1936. Elected as a Republican to the 51st Congress; served from September 24, 1890, to March 3, 1891, when he successfully contested the election of William Elliott. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ssergnoC fo yrarbiL .H ts15 MITCHELL, ARTHUR W., a Representative from Illinois. Born on December 22, 1883; died on May 9, 1968. Elected as a Democrat to the 74th through 77th Congresses; served from January 3, 1935, to January 3, 1943. First African American Democrat elected to Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC .H sdaoR tsoP dna eciffO tsoP ht77-ht47 MITCHELL, PARREN J., a Representative from Maryland. Born on April 29, 1922; died May 28, 2007. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 99th Congresses; served from January 3, 1971, to January 3, 1987. First African American Member of Congress from Maryland. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 95th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ycnerruC dna gniknaB .H dr 39-dn29 sriaffA nabrU dna ,ecnaniF ,gniknaB .H ht99-ht49 ssenisuB llamS tceleS .H dr39-dn29 ssenisuB llamS .H ht99-ht69 ,ht49 )ht99-ht79 ,riahc eettimmoc( tegduB .H ht59- dr39 noitcudorP esnefeD .tJ ht59-ht49 cimonocE .tJ ht99-ht59 MOORE, GWEN, a Representative from Wisconsin. Born on April 18, 1951. Elected as Democrat to the 109th Congress; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 4, 2005. First African American Member of Congress from Wisconsin. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF .H ht011-ht901 ssenisuB llamS .H 011- ht901 ht tegduB .H ht011 MOSELEY-BRAUN, CAROL, a Senator from Illinois. Born on August 16, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to a six-year term beginning with the 103rd Congress and served through the 105th Congress, from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 1999. First African American woman and African American Democrat to serve in the Senate. Ambassador to New Zealand from 1999-2001; candidate for U.S. President in 2004. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA nabrU dna ,gnisuoH ,gniknaB .S 501-dr301ht yraiciduJ .S dr301 ssenisuB llamS .S dr301 ecnaniF .S ht501-ht401 gnigA laicepS .S ht501-ht401 MURRAY, GEORGE W., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on September 22, 1853; died on April 21, 1926. Elected as a Republican to the 53rd and 54th Congresses; served from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1895, and from June 4, 1896, to March 3, 1897 (successfully contested an election). stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC noitacudE .H 45-dr35 ht yrusaerT eht ni serutidnepxE .H ht45 tnemtrapeD NASH, CHARLES E., a Representative from Louisiana. Born on May 23, 1844; died on June 21, 1913. Elected as a Republican to the 44th Congress; served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1877. First African American Member of Congress from Louisiana. tnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H ht44 NIX, ROBERT N.C. Sr., a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on August 9, 1905; died on June 22, 1987. Elected as a Democrat to the 85th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Earl Chudoff; reelected to the 86th through 95th Congresses; served from June 4, 1958, to January 3, 1979. First African American Member of Congress from Pennsylvania. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC seirehsiF dna eniraM tnahcreM .H ht 68-ht58 sriaffA ngieroF .H dr39-ht78 snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht59-ht49 sriaffA 'snareteV .H ht68-ht58 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H ht59-ht88 )ht59 ,riahc eettimmoc( tcudnoC dna sdradnatS tceleS .H ht98 emirC .H ts19 ht94 snoisneP dilavnI .H ht94 sgnidliuB cilbuP no serutidnepxE .H ht84 gniniM dna seniM .H ssergnoC stnemngissA eettimmoC 4, 1883, to March 3, 1887. September 15, 1905. Elected as a Republican to the 48th and 49th Congresses; served from March O'HARA, JAMES E., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on February 26, 1844; died on sriaffA ht011 latnemnrevoG dna ytiruceS dnalemoH .S ht011 snoisneP dna ,robaL ,noitacudE ,htlaeH .S ht011- ht901 sriaffA 'snareteV .S ht011- ht901 snoitaleR ngieroF .S ht011- ht901 skroW cilbuP dna tnemnorivnE .S ssergnoC stnemngissA eettimmoC the Senate. African American elected President but also the first African American male Democrat elected to 16, 2009, when he resigned after being elected President of the U.S. He is not only the first six-year term beginning with the 109th Congress; served from January 4, 2005, until November OBAMA, BARACK, a Senator from Illinois. Born on August 4, 1961. Elected as a Democrat to a ht ht 011- 801 ytiruceS dnalemoH .H r dn 301- 201 ssergnoC fo noitazinagrO eht no eettimmoC .tJ ht 401 ssenisuB llamS .H ht 011 mrofeR tnemnrevoG dna thgisrevO .H ht ht 901- 601 mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht ht 501- 401 thgisrevO dna mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht ht 011- 401 erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H dr dn 301- 201 noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H dr dn 301- 201 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H dr dn 301- 201 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H ssergnoC stnemngissA eettimmoC Congress; has served since January 3, 1991. 1937. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th NORTON, ELEANOR HOLMES, a Delegate from the District of Columbia. Born on June 13, OWENS, MAJOR R., a Representative from New York. Born on June 28, 1936. Elected as a Democrat to the 98th through 110th Congresses; served from January 3, 1983, to January 3, 2007. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H 301-ht89 dr lanoitacudE dna cimonocE .H ht401 seitinutroppO ecrofkroW eht dna noitacudE .H 901-ht501 ht snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H dr301-ht89 thgisrevO dna mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht501-ht401 mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht901-ht601 PAYNE, DONALD M., a Representative from New Jersey. Born on July 16, 1934. Elected as a Democrat to the 101st through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 3, 1989. First African American Member of Congress from New Jersey. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 104th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H ts101011 ,dr301- ht seitinutroppO lanoitacudE dna cimonocE .H ht 401 ecrofkroW eht dna noitacudE .H ht901-ht501 sriaffA ngieroF .H ht011 ,dr301-ts101 snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht901-ht401 snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H dr301-ts101 POWELL, ADAM CLAYTON Jr., a Representative from New York. Born on November 29, 1908; died on April 4, 1972. Elected as a Democrat to the 79th through 90th Congresses, but was not seated in the 90th Congress (excluded from that Congress on March 1, 1967). He served from January 3, 1945, to January 3, 1967. In April 1967, he was reelected in a special election to the seat from which he had been excluded, but he did not attempt to take the oath of office. He was reelected to the 91st Congress and served from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 1971. First African American Member of Congress from New York. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA naidnI .H ht 97 snoisneP dilavnI .H ht97 robaL .H ht97 robaL dna noitacudE .H ts19 ,ht98-ht08 )ht98-ht78 ,riahc eettimmoc( sriaffA ralusnI dna roiretnI .H ht68-ht48 RAINEY, JOSEPH H., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on June 21, 1832; died on August 2, 1887. Elected as a Republican to the 41st Congress when the House declared the seat of Representative Benjamin Whittemore vacant; reelected to the 42nd through 45th Congresses; served from December 12, 1870, to March 3, 1879. First African American Member of the House of Representatives and first African American Member of Congress from South Carolina. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA s'nemdeerF .H 24- 14 ts dn sriaffA naidnI .H dr34 snoisneP dilavnI .H ht54-ht44 desoporP fo noitarbeleC tceleS .H dr34 5781 fo susneC lanoitaN RANGEL, CHARLES B., a Representative from New York. Born on June 11, 1930. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 3, 1971. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 94th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC skroW cilbuP .H dn29 scituanortsA dna ecneicS .H dn 29 yraiciduJ .H dr39-dn29 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H dr39 snaeM dna syaW .H ht011-ht49 )ssergnoC ht011 ,riahc eettimmoc( emirC tceleS .H dr39-dn29 lortnoC dna esubA scitocraN tceleS .H dn201-ht49 )dn201-ht89 ,riahc eettimmoc( noitaxaT .tJ ht501-ht401 RANSIER, ALONZO J., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on January 3, 1834; died on August 17, 1882. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd Congress; served from March 3, 1873, to March 3, 1875. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC serutcafunaM .H dr34 RAPIER, JAMES T., a Representative from Alabama. Born on November 13, 1837; died on May 31, 1883. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd Congress; served from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1875. tnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H dr34 REVELS, HIRAM RHODES, a Senator from Mississippi. Born on September 27, 1827; died on January 16, 1901. Elected as a Republican to the 41st Congress after Mississippi was readmitted to the union, and served from February 25, 1870, to March 3, 1871. First African American Member of Congress; first African American Senator; first African American Republican elected to Congress; first African American Member of Congress from Mississippi. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .S 14 ts aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .S 14 ts REYNOLDS, MELVIN J., a Representative from Illinois. Born on January 8, 1952. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd and 104th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, until his resignation on October 1, 1995. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snaeM dna syaW .H dr301 lanoitacudE dna cimonocE .H 401 ht seitinutroppO RICHARDSON, LAURA., a Representative from California. Born on April 14, 1962. Elected as a Democrat to the 110th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Juanita Millender-McDonald; has served since September 4, 2007. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ygolonhceT dna ecneicS .H ht011 erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H ht011 RUSH, BOBBY L., a Representative from Illinois. Born on November 23, 1946. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA nabrU dna ,ecnaniF ,gniknaB .H 301 dr snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H dr301 ygolonhceT dna ,ecapS ,ecneicS .H dr301 ecremmoC .H ht601-ht401 ecremmoC dna ygrenE .H ht011-ht701 SAVAGE, GUS, a Representative from Illinois. Born on October 30, 1925. Elected as a Democrat to the 97th through 102nd Congresses; served from January 3, 1981, to January 3, 1993. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H ht79 noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H ht 201- 79 dn ssenisuB llamS .H 201-ht79 dn SCOTT, DAVID, a Representative from Georgia. Born on June 27, 1946. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th-109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 7, 2003. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC erutlucirgA .H 011- ht801 ht secivreS laicnaniF .H ht011 -ht801 sriaffA ngieroF .H ht011 tcudnoC laiciffO fo sdradnatS .H ht011 SCOTT, ROBERT C., a Representative from Virginia. Born on April 30, 1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H 011 ,dr301 ht seitinutroppO lanoitacudE dna cimonocE .H ht401 ecrofkroW eht dna noitacudE .H ht901 ,ht701-ht501 yraiciduJ .H ht011-dr301 ygolonhceT dna ,ecapS ,ecneicS .H dr301 /yratiliM dna ytiruceS lanoitaN .S.U tceleS .H ht601 s'elpoeP eht htiw snrecnoC laicremmoC anihC fo cilbupeR tegduB .H 011 ,ht801 ht SMALLS, ROBERT, a Representative from South Carolina. Born on April 5, 1839; died on February 22, 1915. Elected as a Republican to the 44th, 45th, and 47th through 49th Congresses. He served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1879; from July 19, 1882, to March 3, 1883, after he successfully contested the reelection of Representative George Tillman; and from March 18, 1884, to March 3, 1887, after he was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Edmund Mackey. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC erutlucirgA .H 74 ,ht44 ht aitiliM .H ht54 serutcafunaM .H ht84 smialC raW .H ht94 STEWART, BENNETT M., a Representative from Illinois. Born on August 6, 1912; died on April 26, 1988. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th Congress; served from January 3, 1979, to January 3, 1981. tnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snoitairporppA .H 69 ht )ht011 ,riahc eettimmoc( ht011-ht801 ytiruceS dnalemoH .H ht701-ht501 tegduB .H ht401-dr301 ssenisuB llamS .H dr301 seirehsiF dna eniraM tnahcreM .H ht801-dr301 erutlucirgA .H ssergnoC stnemngissA eettimmoC Congresses; has served since April 20, 1993. Representative Mike Espy to become secretary of agriculture; reelected to the 104th through 110th as a Democrat to the 103rd Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of THOMPSON, BENNIE G., a Representative from Mississippi. Born on January 28, 1948. Elected narI ot snoitcasnarT ht001 smrA etagitsevnI ot tceleS .H ht001-ht89 ecnegilletnI tceleS .H )ht59 ,riahc eettimmoc( ht59-ht49 snoitanissassA tceleS .H )dn201 ,ht89-ht79 ,riahc eettimmoc( dn201 ,ht89-ht69 tcudnoC laiciffO fo sdradnatS .H ht69-ht59 tegduB .H ht501-dn29 snoitairporppA .H ts 19 ytiruceS lanretnI .H ts 19 robaL dna noitacudE .H ssergnoC stnemngissA eettimmoC Caucus in the 92nd and 93rd Congresses. First African American Member of Congress from Ohio. Chair of the Congressional Black Democrat to the 91st through 105th Congresses; served from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 1999. STOKES, LOUIS, a Representative from Ohio. Born on February 23, 1925. Elected as a TOWNS, EDOLPHUS, a Representative from New York. Born on July 21, 1934.Elected as a Democrat to the 98th through 109th Congresses; reelected to the110th Congress; has served since January 3, 1983. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 102nd Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H dr 301-ht89 thgisrevO dna mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht501-ht401 mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht901-ht601 mrofeR tnemnrevoG dna thgisrevO .H ht011 noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H ht401-ht89 ecremmoC dna ygrenE .H ht011-ht701 ,dr301-ts101 ecremmoC .H ht601-ht401 lortnoC dna esubA scitocraN tceleS .H dn201-ht89 TUCKER, WALTER R., a Representative from California. Born on May 28, 1957. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd and 104th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, until his resignation on December 15, 1995. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC noitatropsnarT dna skroW cilbuP .H dr301 ssenisuB llamS .H 401-dr301ht erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H ht401 TURNER, BENJAMIN S., a Representative from Alabama. Born on March 17, 1825; died on March 21, 1894. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd Congress; served from March 4, 1871, to March 3, 1873. First African American Member of Congress from Alabama. tnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snoisneP dilavnI .H dn24 WALDON, ALTON R. Jr., a Representative from New York. Born on December 21, 1936. Elected as a Democrat to the 99th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Joseph Addabbo; served from July 29, 1986, to January 3, 1987. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H 99ht ssenisuB llamS .H ht99 WALLS, JOSIAH T., a Representative from Florida. Born on December 30, 1842; died on May 5, 1905. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd through 44th Congresses; served from March 4, 1871, to January 29, 1873 (when his election was successfully contested); from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1875; and from March 4, 1875, to April 19, 1876 (when his election was successfully contested). First African American Member of Congress from Florida. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC aitiliM .H dr34-dn24 egaeliM .H ht44 WASHINGTON, CRAIG A., a Representative from Texas. Born on October 12, 1941. Elected as a Democrat to the 101st Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Mickey Leland; reelected to the 102nd and 103rd Congresses; served from December 9, 1989, to January 3, 1995. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC robaL dna noitacudE .H dn 201- 101 ts yraiciduJ .H dr301-ts101 ecremmoC dna ygrenE .H dr301 snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H dr301 scitocraN no eettimmoC tceleS .H dn201 lortnoC dna esubA WASHINGTON, HAROLD D., a Representative from Illinois. Born on April 15, 1922; died on November 25, 1987. Elected as a Democrat to the 97th and 98th Congresses; served from January 3, 1981, to April 29, 1983, when he resigned to become mayor of Chicago. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snoitarepO tnemnrevoG .H 79 ht robaL dna noitacudE .H ht89-ht79 yraiciduJ .H ht89-ht79 WATERS, MAXINE, a Representative from California. Born on August 31, 1938.Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 109th Congresses, reelected to the110th Congress; has served since January 3, 1991. Chair of the CongressionalBlack Caucus in the 105th Congress; vice chair of the Democratic SteeringCommittee in the 105th through 108th Congresses; a Democratic chief deputywhip in the 106th through 110th Congresses. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA nabrU dna ,ecnaniF ,gniknaB .H 301-dn201 dr secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H ht601-ht401 secivreS laicnaniF .H ht011-ht701 sriaffA snareteV .H ht401-dn201 ssenisuB llamS .H ht401-dr301 yraiciduJ .H ht011-ht501 WATSON, DIANE E., a Representative from California. Born on November 12, 1933. Elected as a Democrat to the 107th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Julian Dixon; reelected to the 108th-110th Congresses; has served since June 7, 2001. U.S. ambassador to Micronesia from 1999 to 2001. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H 901-ht701 ht sriaffA ngieroF .H ht011 mrofeR tnemnrevoG .H ht901-ht701 mrofeR tnemnrevoG dna thgisrevO .H ht011 WATT, MELVIN L., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on August 26, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 109th Congresses; reelected to the 110th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 109th Congress. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA nabrU dna ,ecnaniF ,gniknaB .H dr 301 secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H ht ht 601- 401 secivreS laicnaniF .H ht011-ht701 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H dr301 yraiciduJ .H ht011-dr301 cimonocE .tJ ht801-ht701 WATTS, J.C. Jr., a Representative from Oklahoma. Born on November 18, 1957. Elected as a Republican to the 104th through 107th Congresses; served from January 3, 1995, to January 3, 2003. First African American Member of Congress from Oklahoma. Chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th through 107th Congresses. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H ht 401 ytiruceS lanoitaN .H ht 501- 401 ht erutcurtsarfnI dna noitatropsnarT .H ht601-ht501 secivreS demrA .H ht701-ht601 WHEAT, ALAN D., a Representative from Missouri. Born on October 16, 1951. Elected as a Democrat to the 98th through 103rd Congresses; served from January 3, 1983, to January 3, 1995. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H 301-ht89 dr seluR .H dr301-ht89 seilimaF dna ,htuoY ,nerdlihC tceleS .H dn201-ht89 regnuH tceleS .H dn201-ts101 WHITE, GEORGE H., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on December 18, 1852; died on December 28, 1918. Elected as a Republican to the 55th and 56th Congresses; served from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1901. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC erutlucirgA .H ht55 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD .H ht 65- 55 ht WYNN, ALBERT R., a Representative from Maryland. Born on September 10, 1951. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 110th Congresses; served from January 5, 1993, to May 31, 2008. stnemngissA eettimmoC ssergnoC sriaffA nabrU dna ,ecnaniF ,gniknaB .H 301 dr secivreS laicnaniF dna gniknaB .H ht 401 sriaffA ngieroF .H dr301 snoitaleR lanoitanretnI .H ht401 ecivreS liviC dna eciffO tsoP .H dr301 ecremmoC .H ht601-ht501 ecremmoC dna ygrenE .H ht011-ht701 ts ht D 1 OM -1002 - 701 .rJ ycaL mailliW ,yalC ts ht ts D 1 OM 1002-9691 601- 19 .rS .L mailliW ,yalC ht ht D 11 YN -7002 011 .D ettevY ,ekralC ht D LA IV -7991 - 501 annoD ,nesnetsirhC-naitsirhC ht ht ts e D 21 YN 3891-9691 79- 19 .A yelrihS ,mlohsihC dn dn ts R 2 CN 3981-9881 25- 15 .P yrneH ,mahtaehC ht ht d D 7 NI -8002 - 011 érdnA ,nosraC ht ht ht ht d D 7 , 01 NI 7002-7991 011- 501 M ailuJ ,nosraC ht 9781-7781 54 dr R LA CS 5781-3781 34 yevraH drahciR ,niaC ts -ht c D 1 CN -4002 801 .K.G ,dleifrettuB ht ht dr D 82 AC 9791-3791 59- 39 .B ennovY ,ekruB dr dr D 3 LF -3991 - 301 enirroC ,nworB dn dr dn b D 2 AP 5991-1991 301- 201 .E neicuL ,llewkcalB dn dr D 2 AG -3991 - 301 .rJ .D drofnaS ,pohsiB ts ht D 1 CN 4002-3002 801 .rJ .W knarF ,ecnallaB ytraP atcirtsiD etatS sraeY )se(ssergno C emaN sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH--ssergnoC fo srebmeM naciremA nacirfA .2 elbaT .ssergnoC fo rebmeM naciremA nacirfA tsrif ;0781 ,32 .beF no noinU eht ot dettimdaer saw ippississiM retfa detaeS .b .9002 ,02 .naJ gninnigeb mret eht rof .S.U eht fo tnediserP detcele gnieb retfa ,8002 ,61 .voN no dengiseR .a R SM 1781-0781 ts14 b.R mariH ,sleveR D LI 8002-5002 ht011-ht901 akcaraB ,amabO D LI 9991-3991 ht501-dr301 loraC ,nuarB-yelesoM R SM 1881-5781 ht64-ht44 .K ehcnalB ,ecurB R AM 9791-7691 ht59-ht09 .W drawdE ,ekoorB ytraP etatS sraeY )se(ssergnoC emaN etaneS--ssergnoC fo srebmeM naciremA nacirfA . 1 elbaT ht49 seluR .H dr39 gnisuoH dna ,ycnerruC ,gniknaB .H ssergnoC stnemngissA eettimmoC 1981. when he resigned to become U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. Elected mayor of Atlanta in Democrat to the 93rd through 95th Congresses; served from January 3, 1973, to January 29, 1977, YOUNG, ANDREW, a Representative from Georgia. Born on March 12, 1932. Elected as a D dr32 LF -3991 -dr301 .L eeclA ,sgnitsaH R ts1 LA 7781-5781 ht44 haimereJ ,noslaraH D ts1 NI 5891-2891 ht89-ht79 vB eitaK ,llaH D ht9 XT -5002 -ht901 lA ,neerG D dn2 AP 1991-9791 dn201-ht69 uIII .H mailliW ,yarG D ht11 HO -8002 -ht011 t.L aicraM ,egduF D LA IV 5991 ht401 .O rotciV ,rezarF R ht5 TC 7991-1991 ht401-dn201 .A yraG ,sknarF D ht9 NT 7991-5791 ht401-ht49 .rS .E dloraH ,droF D ht9 NT 7002-7991 ht901-ht501 .rJ .E dloraH ,droF D ht6 YN 7991-7891 ht501-ht001 .H dyolF ,ekalF D ht4 AL 7991-3991 ht401-dr301 oelC ,sdleiF D LA CD 1991-1791 ts101-dn29 s.E retlaW ,yortnuaF D dn2 AP -5991 -ht401 akahC ,hattaF R LA IV 1891-9791 ht69 .H nivleM ,snavE D dn2 SM 3991-7891 dr301-ht001 r)ekiM( .M treblA ,ypsE D ht5 NM -7002 ht011 htieK ,nosillE R dr3 CS 4781-1781 dr34-dn24 q.B treboR ,ttoillE D ht4 DM -8002 - ht011 p.F annoD ,sdrawdE D ts13 AC 3991-1891 dn201-ht79 .M nyvreM ,yllamyD D dn23 AC 0002-9791 ht601-ht69 o.C nailuJ ,noxiD D ht31 IM 0891-5591 ht69-ht48 n.rJ .C selrahC ,sggiD R ts1 LI 5391-9291 dr37-ts17 .S racsO ,tseirPeD D ht8 AC 8991-1791 ht501-dn29 m.V dlanoR ,smulleD R dn2 CS 3781-1781 dn24 l.C treboR ,egraLeD D ts1 LI 0791-3491 ts19-ht87 k.L mailliW ,noswaD D ht7 LI -7991 -ht501 .K ynnaD ,sivaD D ht7 LA -3002 -ht801 rutrA ,sivaD D ht7 DM -6991 -ht401 j.E hajilE ,sgnimmuC D ht31 IM 1991-0891 ts101-ht69 i.W egroeG ,ttekcorC D ht41 IM -5691 -ht98 .rJ nhoJ ,sreynoC D ht6 LI 2791-0791 dn29-ts19 h.W egroeG ,snilloC D ht7 LI 7991-3791 ht401-dr39 gssidraC ,snilloC D ht51 IM 7991-1991 ht401-dn201 esoR-arabraB ,snilloC D ht6 CS -3991 -dr301 .E semaJ ,nrubylC D ht5 OM -5002 -ht901 leunamE ,revaelC D ts1 CN 3002-2991 ht701-dn201 f.M avE ,notyalC ytraP a tcirtsiD etatS sraeY )se(ssergnoC emaN D LA CD -1991 -dn201 semloH ronaelE ,notroN D dn2 AP 9791-8591 ht59-ht58 kk.rS .C.N treboR ,xiN R ht6 AL 7781-5781 44 ht .E selrahC ,hsaN 7981-6981 R ht7 CS 5981-3981 ht45-dr35 jj.W egroeG ,yarruM D ht4 IW -5002 ht901 newG ,erooM D ht7 DM 7891-1791 ht99-dn29 .J nerraP ,llehctiM D ts1 LI 3491-5391 ht77-ht47 .W ruhtrA ,llehctiM R ht7 CS 1981-0981 ts15 ii.E samohT ,relliM D ht73 AC 7002-6991 ht011-ht401 hhatinauJ ,dlanoDcM-rednelliM D ht7 DM 6991-7891 ht401-ht001 ggisiewK ,emufM D ts1 LI 8791-1791 ht59-dn29 ff.H hplaR ,eflacteM D ht6 YN -8991 -ht501 eeyrogerG ,skeeM D ht71 LF -3002 -ht801 kcirdneK ,keeM D ht71 LF 3002-3991 ht701-dr301 .P eirraC ,keeM D ht4 AG 5002-3002 ht801 .L esineD ,ettejaM 7002-5002 ht901 D ht 4 AG 3002-3991 ht701 -dr301 .A aihtnyC ,yenniKcM 3881-2881 ht74 R ht7 SM 7781-3781 ht44-dr34 dd.R nhoJ ,hcnyL R ht4 AG 1781-0781 ts14 cc.F nosreffeJ ,gnoL D ht5 AG -7891 -ht001 .R nhoJ ,siweL D ht81 XT 9891-9791 ts101-ht69 bb)yekciM( .T egroeG ,dnaleL D ht9 AC -8991 -ht501 aaarabraB ,eeL R ht4 AV 1981-0981 ts15 z.M nhoJ ,notsgnaL D ht31 ,ht51 IM -7991 -ht501 .C nyloraC ,kcirtapliK D ht81 XT 9791-3791 ht59-dr39 .C arabraB ,nadroJ D ht11 HO 8002-9991 ht011-ht601 ysbbuT einahpetS ,senoJ D ht4 AG -7002 - ht011 .rJ )knaH( .C yrneH ,nosnhoJ D ht03 XT -3991 -dr301 ecinreB eiddE ,nosnhoJ D dn2 AL -1991 -dn201 .J mailliW ,nosreffeJ D ht81 XT -5991 -ht401 aliehS ,eeL noskcaJ D dn2 LI -5991 -ht401 x.rJ .L esseJ ,noskcaJ R dn2 CN 7781-5781 ht44 smadA nhoJ ,namyH D ht7 LA 3002-3991 ht701-dr301 .F lraE ,drailliH D ts1 LI 3991-3891 dn201-ht89 w.A selrahC ,seyaH D 92 ht AC 1991-3691 ts 101-ht88 .F sutsuguA ,snikwaH ytraP a tcirtsiD etatS sraeY )se(ssergnoC emaN D ht4 DM 8002-3991 ht011-dr301 xx.R treblA ,nnyW R dn2 CN 1091-7981 ht85-ht55 .H egroeG ,etihW D ht5 OM 5991-3891 dr301-ht89 .D nalA ,taehW R ht4 KO 3002-5991 ht701-ht401 .rJ .C.J ,sttaW D ht21 CN -3991 -dr301 .L nivleM ,ttaW D dr33 ,dn23 AC -1002 - ht701 ww.E enaiD ,nostaW D ht53 AC -1991 -dn201 enixaM ,sretaW D ts1 LI 3891-1891 ht89-ht79 vv .D dloraH ,notgnihsaW D ht 81 XT 5991-9891 dr301-ts101 uu.A giarC ,notgnihsaW 6781-5781 ht44 5781-3781 dr34 R LA LF 3781-1781 dn24 tt.T haisoJ ,sllaW D ht6 YN 7891-6891 ht99 ss.rJ .R notlA ,nodlaW R ts1 LA 3781-1781 dn24 .S nimajneB ,renruT D ht73 AC 5991-3991 ht401-dr301 rr.R retlaW ,rekcuT D ht01 YN -3891 -ht89 suhplodE ,snwoT D dn2 SM -3991 -dr301 qq.G einneB ,nospmohT D ts12 HO 9991-9691 ht501-ts19 siuoL ,sekotS D ts1 LI 1891-9791 ht69 .M ttenneB ,trawetS 7881-4881 ht94-ht84 3881-2881 ht74 R ht5 CS 9781-5781 ht54-ht44 pptreboR ,sllamS D dr3 AV -3991 -dr301 .C treboR ,ttocS D ht31 AG -3002 -ht801 divaD ,ttocS D dn2 LI 3991-1891 dn201-ht79 suG ,egavaS D ts1 LI -3991 -dr301 .L ybboB ,hsuR D ht73 AC -7002 - ht011 ooaruaL ,nosdrahciR D dn2 LI 5991-3991 ht401-dr301 nn.J nivleM ,sdlonyeR R dn2 LA 5781-3781 dr34 .T semaJ ,reipaR R dn2 CS 5781-3781 dr34 .J oznolA ,reisnaR D ht51 YN -1791 -dn29 .B selrahC ,legnaR R ts1 CS 9781-0781 ht54-ts14 mm.H hpesoJ ,yeniaR 1791-9691 ts19 D ht81 YN 7691-5491 ht98-ht97 ll.rJ .C madA ,llewoP D ht01 JN -9891 -ts101 .M dlanoD ,enyaP D ht11 YN 7002-3891 ht701-ht89 .R rojaM ,snewO R dn2 CN 7881-3881 ht94-ht84 .E semaJ ,araH'O ytraP a tcirtsiD etatS sraeY )se(ssergnoC emaN .8991 ,5 .beF no detaes ;ekalF dyolF .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .ee .3881 ,3 .raM ot ,2881 ,92 .rpA morf devres ;ssergnoC ht74 eht ot sremlahC .R semaJ .peR fo noitcele eht detsetnoc yllufsseccuS .dd .1781 ,3 .raM ot ,0781 ,22 .ceD morf devres ;taes sih ot deltitne ton saw evoG leumaS .peR taht gniralced esuoH eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .cc .seegufer gnoma regnuh gnitagitsevni ruot gnidnif-tcaf a no aipoihtE ni elihw ,9891 ,7 .guA no hsarc enalp a ni deiD .bb .8991,02 .rpA no detaes ;smulleD dlanoR .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .aa .1981 ,3 .raM ot ,0981 ,32 .peS morf devres dna elbaneV .C drawdE .peR fo noitcele eht detsetnoc yllufsseccuS .z .8002 ,02 tsuguA no deiD .y .5991 ,41 .ceD no detaes ;sdlonyeR leM .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .x .3891 ,21 .peS no detaes ;notgnihsaW dloraH .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .w .2891 ,92 .voN no detaes ;nimajneB madA .peR fo htaed eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .v .1991 ,11 .peS no eciffo morf dengiseR .u .8002,91 .voN no detaes ;senoJ sbbuT einahpetS .peR fo htaed eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .t .1791 ,91 .rpA no ni nrows dna noitcele laiceps a ni detcelE .aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD eht morf etageleD .s .erutlucirgA fo yraterceS emoceb ot ,3991 ,52 .naJ no eciffo morf dengiseR .r .4781 ,1 .voN evitceffe ,eciffo morf dengiseR .q .8002 ,91 enuJ no detaes ;nnyW treblA .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .p .0002 ,8 .ceD no deiD .o .0891 ,3 enuJ no eciffo morf dengiseR .n .8991 ,6 .beF no eciffo morf dengiseR .m .detsetnoc yllufsseccus saw noitcele s'egraLeD treboR .peR retfa ,3781 ,42 yraunaJ no tnacav deralced taeS .l .0791 ,9 .voN no deiD .k .6991 ,52 .rpA no detaes ;emufM isiewK .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .j .0891 ,21 .voN no detaes ;.rJ sggiD .C selrahC .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .i .2791 ,8 .ceD no hsarc enalpria na ni dellik yltneuqesbus saw eH .0791 ,61 .voN no detaes ;nanoR .J leinaD .peR fo htaed eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .h .3791 ,7 enuJ no detaes ;snilloC .W egroeG .peR ,dnabsuh reh fo htaed eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .g .2991 ,5 .voN no eciffo koot ;senoJ retlaW .peR fo htaed eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .f .2791 ,etadidnac laitnediserp elamef naciremA nacirfA tsrif dna ssergnoC ot detcele namow naciremA nacirfA tsriF .e .8002 ,31 .raM no nosraC érdnA .peR ,nosdnarg reh yb decalper dna ,7002 ,51 .ceD no deiD .d .4002 ,12 yluJ no detaes ,ecnallaB knarF .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .c .1991 ,31 .voN no detaes ;yarG mailliW .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .b .egral-ta devres rebmeM eht taht setacidni "LA" .ssergnoC ni tsal saw ehs ro eh nehw ti ot dengissa saw ro ti ot dengissa won si hcihw taht si tcirtsid lanoissergnoc s'rebmeM a rof deton rebmun ehT .a D ht5 AG 7791-3791 ht59-dr39 yy.J werdnA ,gnuoY ytraP a tcirtsiD etatS sraeY )se(ssergnoC emaN hsuR .L ybboB nosnhoJ ecinreB eiddE ekralC .D ettevY nosdrahciR aruaL nosreffeJ .J mailliW nesnetsirhC legnaR .B selrahC eeL noskcaJ aliehS -naitsirhC annoD enyaP .M dlanoD .rJ noskcaJ .L esseJ nosraC .M ailuJ notroN semloH ronaelE sgnitsaH .L eeclA nosraC érdnA erooM newG neerG lA dleifrettuB .K.G dlanoDcM egduF .L aicraM nworB enirroC -rednelliM atinauJ hattaF akahC .rJ pohsiB .D drofnaS esuoH a24 )9002-7002( ssergnoC ht011 semaN rebmahC .oN ssergnoC yb ,ssergnoC fo srebmeM naciremA nacirfA fo semaN dna rebmuN .3 elbaT .snoitaN detinU eht ot rodassabma .S.U emoceb ot ,7791 ,92 .naJ no taes sih dengiseR .yy .8002 ,13 yaM no eciffo morf dengiseR .xx .1002 ,7 enuJ no detaes ;noxiD nailuJ .peR fo htaed eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .ww .ogacihC fo royam emoceb ot ,3891 ,92 .rpA no dengiseR .vv .9891 ,9 .ceD no detaes ;dnaleL yekciM .peR fo htaed eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .uu .noitcele sih degnellahc yllufsseccus ohw ,yelniF .J esseJ .peR ot tsol saw taes nehw ,6781 ,91 .rpA litnu ,5781 ,4 .raM morf devreS .noitcele sih degnellahc yllufsseccus ohw ,kcalbiN .L saliS .peR ot tsol saw taes nehw ,3781 ,92 yraunaJ litnu ,1781 ,4 .raM morf devreS .tt .6891 ,92 yluJ no detaes ;obbaddA hpesoJ .peR fo htaed eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .ss .5991 ,51 .ceD no eciffo morf dengiseR .rr .3991 ,02 .rpA no detaes ;ypsE ekiM .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav llif ot detcelE .qq .4881 ,81 .raM no detaes ;yekcaM dnumdE .peR fo htaed eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot ssergnoC ht84 eht ot detcele tsrif ;sessergnoC ht94-ht84 eht ot detcele yltneuqesbuS .2881 ,91 yluJ no ssergnoC ht74 eht ni detaes dna noitcele na detsetnoc yllufsseccuS .pp .7002 ,4 .peS no detaes ;dlanoDcM-rednelliM atinauJ .peR fo htaed eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .oo .5991 ,1 .tcO no eciffo morf dengiseR .nn .0781 ,21 .ceD no detaeS .tnacav eromettihW nimajneB .peR fo taes eht gniralced esuoH eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot ssergnoC ts14 eht ot detcelE .sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH .S.U eht fo rebmeM naciremA nacirfA tsriF .mm .0791 ni ssergnoC dn29 eht ot noitanimoner rof detaefeD .detaes dna ssergnoC ts19 eht ot detceleeR .eciffo fo htao eht koot reven tub ,noisulcxe sih yb detacav taes eht ot detceleeR .detaes ton dna dedulcxe tub ,ssergnoC ht09 eht ot detcelE .ll .8591 ,4 enuJ no detaes ;ffoduhC lraE .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcele tsriF .kk .7981 ,3 .raM ot ,6981 ,4 enuJ morf devres ;noitcele na detsetnoc yllufsseccuS .jj .1981 ,3 .raM ot ,0981 ,42 .peS morf devres ;noitcele na detsetnoc yllufsseccuS .ii .7002 ,22 .rpA no deiD .6991 ,61 .rpA no detaes ;rekcuT retlaW .peR fo noitangiser eht yb desuac ycnacav eht llif ot detcelE .hh .6991 ,61 .beF no eciffo morf dengiseR .gg .8791 ,01 .tcO no deiD .ff ttocS divaD senoJ sbbuT einahpetS nosraC erdnA hsuR .L ybboB nosnhoJ ecinreB eiddE nworB enirroC legnaR .B selrahC nosreffeJ .J mailliW dleifrettuB .K.G enyaP .M dlanoD eeL noskcaJ aliehS .rJ pohsiB .D drofnaS snewO .R rojaM .rJ noskcaJ .L esseJ .rJ ecnallaB .W knarF esuoH c 93 )5002-3002( ssergnoC ht801 amabO kcaraB etaneS 1 sgnitsaH .L eeclA notroN semloH ronaelE neerG lA erooM newG .rJ droF .E dloraH dlanoDcM hattaF akahC -rednelliM atinauJ sivaD .K ynnaD nnyW .R treblA skeeM .W yrogerG sivaD rutrA ttaW .L nivleM keeM kcirdneK sgnimmuC .E hajilE nostaW .E enaiD yenniKcM aihtnyC .rJ sreynoC nhoJ sretaW enixaM siweL nhoJ nrubylC .E semaJ snwoT suhplodE eeL arabraB revaelC leunamE nospmohT .G einneB kcirtapliK .rJ yalC ycaL mailliW ttocS .C treboR skeehC nyloraC nesnetsirhC ttocS divaD senoJ sbbuT einahpetS -naitsirhC annoD hsuR .L ybboB nosnhoJ ecinreB eiddE nosraC .M ailuJ legnaR .B selrahC nosreffeJ .J mailliW dleifrettuB .K.G enyaP .M dlanoD eeL noskcaJ aliehS nworB enirroC snewO .R rojaM .rJ noskcaJ .L esseJ .rJ pohsiB .D drofnaS esuoH 24 )7002-5002( ssergnoC ht901 semaN rebmahC .oN amabO kcaraB etaneS b 1 nosillE htieK nnyW .R treblA skeeM .W yrogerG sdrawdE .F annoD ttaW .L nivleM keeM kcirdneK sivaD .K ynnaD nostaW .E enaiD siweL nhoJ sivaD rutrA sretaW enixaM eeL arabraB sgnimmuC .E hajilE snwoT suhplodE kcirtapliK .rJ sreynoC nhoJ nospmohT .G einneB skeehC nyloraC nrubylC .E semaJ ttocS .C treboR senoJ sbbuT einahpetS revaelC leunamE ttocS divaD nosnhoJ )knaH( yrneH .rJ yalC ycaL mailliW semaN rebmahC .oN legnaR .B selrahC nosnhoJ ecinreB eiddE .rS yalC .L mailliW enyaP .M dlanoD nosreffeJ .J mailliW nesnetsirhC snewO .R rojaM eeL noskcaJ aliehS -naitsirhC annoD notroN semloH ronaelE .rJ noskcaJ .L esseJ nosraC .M ailuJ dlanoDcM drailliH lraE nworB enirroC -rednelliM atinauJ sgnitsaH .L eeclA .rJ pohsiB .D drofnaS esuoH 93 )1002-9991( ssergnoC ht601 enoN etaneS notroN semloH ronaelE drailliH lraE dlanoDcM sgnitsaH .L eeclA -rednelliM atinauJ .rJ droF .E dloraH nnyW .R treblA skeeM .W yrogerG hattaF akahC .rJ sttaW .C.J keeM .P eirraC sivaD .K ynnaD ttaW .L nivleM yenniKcM .A aihtnyC sgnimmuC .E hajilE nostaW .E enaiD siweL nhoJ .rJ sreynoC nhoJ sretaW enixaM eeL arabraB nrubylC .E semaJ snwoT suhplodE kcirtapliK notyalC .M avE nospmohT .G einneB skeehC nyloraC .rJ yalC ycaL mailliW ttocS .C treboR senoJ sbbuT einahpetS nesnetsirhC hsuR .L ybboB nosnhoJ ecinreB eiddE -naitsirhC annoD legnaR .B selrahC nosreffeJ .J mailliW nosraC ailuJ enyaP .M dlanoD eeL noskcaJ aliehS nworB enirroC snewO .R rojaM .rJ noskcaJ .L esseJ .rJ pohsiB .D drofnaS esuoH d93 )3002-1002( ssergnoC ht701 enoN etaneS sgnitsaH .L eeclA .rJ droF .E dloraH notroN semloH ronaelE hattaF akahC dlanoDcM sivaD .K ynnaD -rednelliM atinauJ sivaD rutrA nnyW .R treblA skeeM .W yrogerG sgnimmuC .E hajilE ttaW .L nivleM keeM kcirdneK .rJ sreynoC nhoJ nostaW .E enaiD ettejaM esineD nrubylC .E semaJ sretaW enixaM siweL nhoJ .rJ yalC ycaL mailliW snwoT suhplodE eeL arabraB nesnetsirhC nospmohT .G einneB kcirtapliK -naitsirhC annoD ttocS .C treboR skeehC nyloraC nosraC .M ailuJ semaN rebmahC .oN sretaW enixaM yenniKcM .A aihtnyC smulleD .V dlanoR rekcuT retlaW siweL nhoJ sgnimmuC .E hajilE snwoT suhplodE eeL noskcaJ aliehS .rJ sreynoC nhoJ nospmohT .G einneB nosnhoJ ecinreB eiddE snilloC ssidraC sekotS siuoL nosreffeJ .J mailliW snilloC esoR-arabraB ttocS treboR .rJ noskcaJ .L esseJ nrubylC .E semaJ hsuR .L ybboB drailliH .F lraE notyalC .M avE sdlonyeR .J nivleM sgnitsaH .L eeclA .rS yalC .L mailliW legnaR .B selrahC rezarF rotciV nworB enirroC enyaP .M dlanoD sknarF yraG .rJ pohsiB .D drofnaS esuoH f04 )7991-5991( ssergnoC ht401 nuarB-yelesoM loraC etaneS 1 nnyW .R treblA skeeM .W yrogerG .rJ sttaW .C.J keeM .P eirraC hattaF akahC ttaW .L nivleM yenniKcM .A aihtnyC noxiD .C nailuJ sretaW enixaM siweL nhoJ smulleD .V dlanoR snwoT suhplodE eeL arabraB sivaD .K ynnaD nospmohT .G einneB kcirtapliK sgnimmuC hajilE sekotS siuoL skeehC nyloraC .rJ sreynoC nhoJ ttocS treboR nosnhoJ ecinreB eiddE nrubylC .E semaJ hsuR ybboB nosreffeJ .J mailliW notyalC .M avE legnaR .B selrahC eeL noskcaJ aliehS .rS yalC .L mailliW enyaP .M dlanoD .rJ noskcaJ .L esseJ neerG snewO .R rojaM drailliH lraE -naitsirhC .M annoD notroN semloH ronaelE sgnitsaH .L eeclA nosraC .M ailuJ dlanoDcM .rJ droF .E dloraH nworB enirroC -rednelliM atinauJ ekalF dyolF .rJ pohsiB .D drofnaS esuoH e93 )9991-7991( ssergnoC ht501 enoN etaneS nnyW .R treblA skeeM .W yrogerG .rJ droF .E dloraH .rJ sttaW .C.J keeM .P eirraC hattaF akahC ttaW .L nivleM yenniKcM .A aihtnyC noxiD .C nailuJ sretaW enixaM siweL nhoJ sivaD .K ynnaD snwoT suhplodE eeL arabraB sgnimmuC hajilE nospmohT .G einneB kcirtapliK .rJ sreynoC nhoJ ttocS .C treboR skeehC nyloraC nrubylC .E semaJ hsuR .L ybboB senoJ sbbuT einahpetS notyalC .M avE semaN rebmahC .oN enyaP .M dlanoD ekalF .H dyolF .rS yalC .L mailliW esuoH i42 )1991-9891( ssergnoC ts 101 enoN etaneS snewO .R rojaM ypsE ekiM notroN semloH ronaelE yllamyD .M nyvreM taehW .D nalA emufM isiewK noxiD .C nailuJ sretaW enixaM siweL nhoJ smulleD .V dlanoR notgnihsaW .A giarC nosreffeJ .J mailliW .rJ sreynoC nhoJ snwoT suhplodE seyaH .A selrahC snilloC ssidraC sekotS siuoL III yarG .H mailliW snilloC esoR-arabraB egavaS suG sknarF yraG notyalC .M avE legnaR .B selrahC .rS droF .E dloraH .rS yalC .L mailliW enyaP .M dlanoD ekalF .H dyolF llewkcalB neicuL esuoH h72 )3991-1991( ssergnoC dn201 nuarB-yelesoM loraC etaneS 1 legnaR .B selrahC ekalF .H dyolF enyaP .M dlanoD sdleiF oelC nnyW .R treblA snewO .R rojaM ypsE ekiM taehW .D nalA notroN semloH ronaelE noxiD .C nailuJ ttaW .L nivleM emufM isiewK smulleD .V dlanoR sretaW enixaM keeM .P eirraC .rJ sreynoC nhoJ notgnihsaW giarC yenniKcM .A aihtnyC snilloC ssidraC rekcuT retlaW siweL nhoJ snilloC esoR-arabraB snwoT suhplodE nosnhoJ ecinreB eiddE nrubylC .E semaJ nospmohT .G einneB nosreffeJ .J mailliW notyalC .M avE sekotS siuoL sgnitsaH .L eeclA .rS yalC .L mailliW ttocS treboR drailliH .F lraE nworB enirroC hsuR .L ybboB sknarF yraG llewkcalB neicuL sdlonyeR .J nivleM .rS droF .E dloraH .rJ pohsiB .D drofnaS esuoH g93 )5991-3991( ssergnoC dr301 nuarB-yelesoM loraC etaneS 1 snewO .R rojaM .rS droF .E dloraH notroN semloH ronaelE ekalF .H dyolF dlanoDcM nnyW .R treblA -rednelliM atinauJ sdleiF oelC .rJ sttaW .C.J emufM isiewK hattaF akahC ttaW .L nivleM keeM .P eirraC noxiD .C nailuJ semaN rebmahC .oN llehctiM .J nerraP yllamyD .M nyvreM taehW .D nalA dnaleL yekciM noxiD .C nailuJ notgnihsaW .D dloraH seyaH .A selrahC smulleD .V dlanoR snwoT suhplodE snikwaH .F sutsuguA ttekcorC .W egroeG sekotS siuoL llaH eitaK .rJ sreynoC nhoJ egavaS suG III yarG .H mailliW snilloC ssidraC legnaR .B selrahC .rS droF .E dloraH .rS yalC .L mailliW esuoH j12 )5891-3891( ssergnoC ht89 enoN etaneS taehW .D nalA llehctiM .J nerraP yllamyD .M nyvreM .rJ nodlaW notlA dnaleL yekciM noxiD .C nailuJ snwoT suhplodE seyaH .A selrahC smulleD .V dlanoR sekotS siuoL snikwaH .F sutsuguA ttekcorC .W egroeG egavaS suG III yarG .H mailliW .rJ sreynoC nhoJ legnaR .B selrahC .rS droF .E dloraH snilloC ssidraC snewO .R rojaM yortnuaF .E retlaW .rS yalC .L mailliW esuoH 12 )7891-5891( ssergnoC ht99 enoN etaneS snewO .R rojaM yortnuaF .E retlaW emufM isiewK ypsE ekiM siweL nhoJ yllamyD .M nyvreM dnaleL yekciM noxiD .C nailuJ taehW .D nalA seyaH .A selrahC smulleD .V dlanoR snwoT suhplodE snikwaH .F sutsuguA ttekcorC .W egroeG sekotS siuoL III yarG .H mailliW .rJ sreynoC nhoJ egavaS suG .rS droF .E dloraH snilloC ssidraC legnaR .B selrahC ekalF .H dyolF .rS yalC .L mailliW esuoH 32 )9891-7891( ssergnoC ht001 enoN etaneS snewO .R rojaM yortnuaF .E retlaW emufM isiewK ypsE ekiM taehW .D nalA siweL nhoJ yllamyD .M nyvreM notgnihsaW .A giarC dnaleL yekciM noxiD .C nailuJ snwoT suhplodE seyaH .A selrahC smulleD .V dlanoR sekotS siuoL snikwaH .F sutsuguA ttekcorC egroeG egavaS suG III yarG .H mailliW .rJ sreynoC nhoJ legnaR .B selrahC .rS droF .E dloraH snilloC ssidraC semaN rebmahC .oN .rS xiN .C.N treboR .rJ sggiD .C selrahC ekruB .B ennovY esuoH 61 )5791-3791( ssergnoC dr39 ekoorB .W drawdE etaneS 1 eflacteM .W hplaR smulleD .V dlanoR gnuoY .J werdnA nadroJ .C arabraB .rJ sreynoC nhoJ sekotS siuoL snikwaH .F sutsuguA snilloC ssidraC legnaR .B selrahC .rS droF .E dloraH .rS yalC .L mailliW .rS xiN .C.N treboR yortnuaF .E retlaW mlohsihC .A yelrihS llehctiM .J nerraP .rJ sggiD .C selrahC ekruB .B ennovY esuoH 71 )7791-5791( ssergnoC ht49 ekoorB .W drawdE etaneS 1 eflacteM .H hplaR smulleD .V dlanoR gnuoY .J werdnA nadroJ .C arabraB .rJ sreynoC nhoJ sekotS siuoL snikwaH .F sutsuguA snilloC ssidraC legnaR .B selrahC .rS droF .E dloraH .rS yalC .L mailliW .rS xiN .C.N treboR yortnuaF .E retlaW mlohsihC .A yelrihS llehctiM .J nerraP .rJ sggiD .C selrahC ekruB .B ennovY esuoH 71 )9791-7791( ssergnoC ht59 enoN etaneS sekotS siuoL III yarG .H mailliW smulleD .V dlanoR trawetS .M ttenneB .rS droF .E dloraH ttekcorC .W egroeG legnaR .B selrahC yortnuaF .E retlaW .rJ sreynoC nhoJ llehctiM .J nerraP snavE .H nivleM snilloC ssidraC dnaleL yekciM noxiD .C nailuJ .rS yalC .L mailliW snikwaH .F sutsuguA .rJ sggiD .C selrahC mlohsihC .A yelrihS esuoH k71 )1891-9791( ssergnoC ht69 enoN etaneS dnaleL yekciM noxiD .C nailuJ snikwaH .F sutsuguA smulleD .V dlanoR notgnihsaW .D dloraH llaH .B eitaK ttekcorC .W egroeG sekotS siuoL III yarG .H mailliW .rJ sreynoC nhoJ egavaS suG .rS droF .E dloraH snilloC ssidraC legnaR .R selrahC yortnuaF .E retlaW .rS yalC .L mailliW llehctiM .J nerraP yllamyD .M nyvreM mlohsihC .A yelrihS esuoH 91 )3891-1891( ssergnoC ht79 enoN etaneS snewO .R rojaM yortnuaF .E retlaW semaN rebmahC .oN .rJ llewoP .C madA .rJ sggiD .C selrahC noswaD .L mailliW esuoH 3 )7591-5591( ssergnoC ht48 enoN etaneS .rJ llewoP .C madA .rJ sggiD .C selrahC .rS xiN .C.N treboR noswaD .L mailliW esuoH 4 )3691-7591( sessergnoC ht78 - ht58 enoN etaneS .rS xiN .C.N treboR .rJ sggiD .C selrahC .rJ llewoP .C madA snikwaH .F sutsuguA noswaD .L mailliW :esuoH 5 )5691-3691( ssergnoC ht88 enoN etaneS llewoP notyalC madA snikwaH .F sutsuguA noswaD .L mailliW .rS xiN .C.N treboR .rJ sggiD selrahC .rJ sreynoC nhoJ esuoH 6 )7691-5691( ssergnoC ht98 ekoorB .W drawdE etaneS 1 snikwaH .F sutsuguA noswaD .L mailliW .rS xiN .C.N treboR .rJ sggiD .C selrahC .rJ sreynoC nhoJ esuoH l5 )9691-7691( ssergnoC ht09 ekoorB .W drawdE etaneS 1 xiN .C.N treboR snikwaH .F sutsuguA .rJ sggiD .C selrahC snilloC .W egroeG sekotS siuoL noswaD .L mailliW .rS yalC .L mailliW .rJ llewoP .C madA .rJ sreynoC nhoJ mlohsihC .A yelrihS esuoH 01 )1791-9691( ssergnoC ts 19 ekoorB .W drawdE etaneS 1 llehctiM .J nerraP smulleD .V dlanoR eflacteM .H hplaR .rJ sreynoC nhoJ sekotS siuoL snikwaH .F sutsuguA snilloC .W egroeG legnaR .B selrahC yortnuaF .E retlaW .rS yalC .L mailliW .rS xiN .C.N treboR .rJ sggiD .C selrahC mlohsihC .A yelrihS esuoH 31 )3791-1791( ssergnoC dn29 ekoorB .W drawdE etaneS 1 llehctiM .J nerraP smulleD .V dlanoR eflacteM .H hplaR .rJ sreynoC nhoJ gnuoY .J werdnA nadroJ .C arabraB snilloC ssidraC sekotS siuoL snikwaH .F sutsuguA .rS yalC .L mailliW legnaR .B selrahC yortnuaF .E retlaW mlohsihC .A yelrihS semaN rebmahC .oN )1881-9781( ssergnoC ht64 enoN etaneS sllamS treboR hcnyL .R nhoJ esuoH 2 )3881-1881( ssergnoC ht74 enoN etaneS sllamS treboR araH'O .E semaJ esuoH 2 )7881-3881( sessergnoC ht94 - ht84 enoN etaneS enoN esuoH )9881-7881( ssergnoC ht05 enoN etaneS relliM .E samohT notsgnaL .M nhoJ mahtaehC .P yrneH esuoH 3 )1981-9881( ssergnoC ts15 enoN etaneS mahtaehC .P yrneH esuoH 1 )3981-1981( ssergnoC dn25 enoN etaneS yarruM .W egroeG esuoH 1 )7981-3981( sessergnoC ht45 - dr35 enoN etaneS etihW .H egroeG esuoH 1 )1091-7981( sessergnoC ht65 - ht55 enoN etaneS enoN esuoH )9291-1091( sessergnoC ht07 - ht75 enoN etaneS tseirPeD .S racsO esuoH 1 )5391-9291( sessergnoC dr37 - ts17 enoN etaneS llehctiM .W ruhtrA esuoH 1 )3491-5391( sessergnoC ht77 - ht47 enoN etaneS noswaD .L mailliW esuoH 1 )5491-3491( ssergnoC ht87 enoN etaneS .rJ llewoP .C madA noswaD .L mailliW esuoH 2 )5591-5491( sessergnoC dr38 -ht97 semaN rebmahC .oN .sgnimmuC hajilE .peR yb decalper saw dna dengiser emufM isiewK .peR dna ;dlanoDcM-rednelliM atinauJ .peR yb decalper saw dna dengiser rekcuT retlaW .peR ;.rJ noskcaJ .L esseJ .peR yb decalper saw dna dengiser sdlonyeR .J nivleM .peR .emit eno yna ta evres ot rebmun tsehgih eht saw 04 ,ssergnoC ht401 eht ni esuoH eht ot detcele erew slaudividni naciremA nacirfA 34 hguohtlA .f .eeL arabraB .peR yb decalper saw dna dengiser smulleD noR .peR dna ,skeeM yrogerG .peR yb decalper saw dna dengiser ekalF dyolF .peR .emit eno yna ta evres ot rebmun tsehgih eht saw 93 ,ssergnoC ht501 eht ni esuoH eht ot detcele erew slaudividni naciremA nacirfA 14 hguohtlA .e .e .nostaW enaiD .peR yb decalper retal saw dna ssergnoC eht fo tnemecnemmoc eht erofeb deid ,ssergnoC ht701 eht ot detceleer saw ohw ,noxiD nailuJ .peR .emit eno yna ta evres ot rebmun tsehgih eht saw 93 ,ssergnoC ht701 eht rof esuoH eht ot detcele erew slaudividni naciremA nacirfA 04 hguohtlA .d .dleifrettuB .K .G .peR yb decalper saw dna dengiser ecnallaB knarF .peR .emit eno yna ta evres ot rebmun tsehgih eht saw 93 ,ssergnoC ht801 eht rof esuoH eht ot detcele erew slaudividni naciremA nacirfA 04 hguohtlA .c .S.U eht fo tnediserP detcele gnieb retfa ,8002 ,61 .voN no etaneS eht morf dengiser amabO kcaraB .neS .b .8002 ,91 .voN no egduF .L aicraM .peR yb decalper saw dna ,8002 ,02 .guA no deid senoJ sbbuT einahpetS .peR dna ;8002 ,91 enuJ no sdrawdE .F annoD .peR yb decalper saw dna ,8002 ,13 yaM no dengiser nnyW treblA .peR ;8002 ,31 .raM no nosraC érdnA .peR yb decalper saw dna ,7002 ,51 .ceD no deid nosraC ailuJ .peR ;7002 ,4 .tpeS nosdrahciR aruaL .peR yb decalper saw dna ,7002 ,22 .rpA no deid dlanoDcM-rednelliM atinauJ .peR .emit eno yna ta evres ot rebmun tsegral eht si 24 ,ssergnoC ht011 eht rof esuoH eht ot detcele neeb evah slaudividni naciremA nacirfA tnereffid 64 hguohtlA .a sleveR .R mariH etaneS 1 yeniaR .H hpesoJ gnoL .F nosreffeJ esuoH 2 m)1781-9681( ssergnoC ts14 enoN etaneS renruT .S nimajneB ttoillE .B treboR sllaW .T haisoJ yeniaR .H hpesoJ egraLeD .C treboR esuoH 5 )3781-1781( ssergnoC dn24 enoN etaneS reipaR .T semaJ hcnyL .R nhoJ reisnaR .J oznolA ttoillE .B treboR sllaW .T haisoJ yeniaR .H hpesoJ niaC .H drahciR esuoH 7 )5781-3781( ssergnoC dr34 ecurB .K ehcnalB etaneS 1 sllamS treboR hcnyL .R nhoJ yeniaR .H hpesoJ namyH .A nhoJ sllaW .T haisoJ hsaN .E selrahC noslaraH haimereJ esuoH 7 )7781-5781( ssergnoC ht44 ecurB .K ehcnalB etaneS 1 sllamS treboR yeniaR .H hpesoJ niaC .H drahciR esuoH 3 )9781-7781( ssergnoC ht54 ecurB .K ehcnalB etaneS 1 enoN esuoH semaN rebmahC .oN .noisses dn2 ,ssergnoC ts14 eht ,0781 litnu ssergnoC .S.U eht fo srebmeM naciremA nacirfA on erew erehT .m .taes sih koot reven tub ,ssergnoC ht09 eht ot detceleer saw .rJ ,llewoP notyalC madA .peR .l .ttekcorC egroeG .peR yb decalper saw dna dengiser .rJ sggiD selrahC .peR .emit eno yna ta evres ot rebmun tsegral eht saw 71 ,ssergnoC ht69 eht ni esuoH eht ot detcele erew slaudividni 81 hguohtlA .k .seyaH selrahC .peR yb decalper saw dna dengiser notgnihsaW dloraH .peR .emit eno yna ta evres ot rebmun tsegral eht saw 12 ,ssergnoC ht89 eht ni esuoH eht ot detcele erew slaudividni naciremA nacirfA 22 hguohtlA .j .notgnihsaW giarC .peR yb decalper saw ,hsarc enalpria na ni dellik saw ohw ,dnaleL yekciM .peR .emit eno yna ta evres ot rebmun tsegral eht saw 42 ,ssergnoC ts101 eht ni esuoH eht ot detcele erew slaudividni naciremA nacirfA 52 hguohtlA .i .llewkcalB neicuL .peR yb decalper saw dna dengiser III yarG .H mailliW .peR .emit eno yna ta evres ot rebmun tsegral eht saw 72 ,ssergnoC dn201 eht ni esuoH eht ot detcele erew slaudividni naciremA nacirfA 82 hguohtlA .h .nospmohT einneB .peR yb decalper saw dna dengiser ypsE ekiM .peR .emit eno yna ta evres ot rebmun tsegral eht saw 93 ,ssergnoC dr301 eht ni esuoH eht ot detcele erew slaudividni naciremA nacirfA 04 hguohtlA .g 0791-3491 noswaD .L mailliW 3491-5391 llehctiM .W ruhtrA 5391-9291 tseirPeD .S racsO 61 sionillI -7002 .rJ nosnhoJ )knaH( .C yrneH -3002 ttocS divaD 5002-3002 ettejaM .L esineD 7002-5002 ,3002-3991 yenniKcM .A aihtnyC -3991 .rJ pohsiB .D drofnaS -7891 siweL .R nhoJ 7791-3791 gnuoY .J werdnA 1781-0781 gnoL .F nosreffeJ 8 aigroeG -3002 keeM kcirdneK 3002-3991 keeM .P eirraC -3991 nworB enirroC -3991 sgnitsaH .L eeclA 6781-1781 sllaW .T haisoJ 5 adirolF -1991 notroN semloH ronaelE 1991-1791 yortnuaF .E retlaW 2 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD 7991-1991 sknarF .A yraG 1 tucitcennoC -7002 nosdrahciR aruaL -1002 nostaW .E enaiD -8991 eeL arabraB 7002-6991 dlanoDcM-rednelliM atinauJ 5991-3991 rekcuT .R retlaW -1991 sretaW enixaM 3991-1891 yllamyD .M nyvreM 0002-9791 noxiD .C nailuJ 9791-3791 ekruB etiawhtiarB ennovY 8991-1791 smulleD .V dlanoR 1991-3691 snikwaH .F sutsuguA 11 ainrofilaC -3002 sivaD rutrA 3002-3991 drailliH .F lraE 7781-5781 noslaraH haimereJ 5781-3781 reipaR .T semaJ 3781-1781 renruT .S nimajneB 5 amabalA ecivreS fo sraeY semaN rebmuN etatS etatS yb ,ssergnoC fo srebmeM naciremA nacirfA fo semaN dna rebmuN . 4 elbaT -3991 nospmohT .G einneB 3991-7891 ypsE )ekiM( .M treblA 1881-5781 a ecurB .K ehcnalB 3881-2881 7781-3781 hcnyL .R nhoJ 1781-0781 asleveR sedohR mariH 5 ippississiM -7002 nosillE htieK 1 atosenniM -7991 kcirtapliK skeehC nyloraC 7991-1991 snilloC esoR-arabraB 1991-0891 ttekcorC .W egroeG -5691 .rJ sreynoC nhoJ 0891-5591 .rJ sggiD .C selrahC 5 nagihciM 9791-7691 aekoorB .W drawdE 1 sttesuhcassaM -8002 sdrawdE annoD -6991 sgnimmuC .E hajilE 8002-3991 nnyW .R treblA 6991-7891 emufM isiewK 7891-1791 llehctiM .J nerraP 5 dnalyraM 7991-3991 sdleiF oelC -1991 nosreffeJ .J mailliW 7781-5781 hsaN .E selrahC 3 anaisiuoL -8002 nosraC érdnA 7002-7991 nosraC ailuJ 5891-2891 llaH .B eitaK 3 anaidnI 8002-5002 aamabO kcaraB -7991 sivaD .K ynnaD -5991 .rJ ,noskcaJ .L esseJ -3991 hsuR .L ybboB 5991-3991 sdlonyeR .J nivleM 9991-3991 anuarB-yelesoM loraC 3991-3891 seyaH .A selrahC 3891-1891 notgnihsaW .D dloraH 3991-1891 egavaS suG 1891-9791 trawetS .M ttenneB 7991-3791 snilloC ssidraC 8791-1791 eflacteM .H hplaR 2791-0791 snilloC .W egroeG ecivreS fo sraeY semaN rebmuN etatS 5781-3781 reisnaR .J oznolA 9781-7781 5781-3781 niaC .H drahciR 4781-1781 ttoillE .B treboR 3781-1781 egraLeD .C treboR 9781-0781 yeniaR .H hpesoJ 9 aniloraC htuoS -5991 hattaF akahC 5991-1991 llewkcalB .E neicuL 1991-9791 III yarG .H mailliW 9791-8591 .rS xiN .C.N treboR 4 ainavlysnneP 3002-5991 .rJ sttaW .C.J 1 amohalkO -8002 egduF .L aicraM 8002-9991 senoJ sbbuT einahpetS 9991-9691 sekotS siuoL 3 oihO -4002 dleifrettuB .K.G 4002-3002 .rJ ecnallaB .W knarF -3991 ttaW .L nivleM 3002-2991 notyalC .M avE 1091-7981 etihW .H egroeG 3981-9881 mahtaehC .P yrneH 7881-3881 araH'O .E semaJ 7781-5781 namyH .A nhoJ 8 aniloraC htroN -7002 ekralC .D ettevY -8991 skeeM yrogerG 7991-7891 ekalF .H dyolF 7891-6891 .rJ nodlaW .R notlA -3891 snwoT suhplodE 7002-3891 snewO .R rojaM -1791 legnaR .B selrahC 3891-9691 mlohsihC .A yelrihS 1791-9691 7691-5491 .rJ llewoP notyalC madA 9 kroY weN -9891 enyaP .M dlanoD 1 yesreJ weN -5002 revaelC leunamE -1002 .rJ yalC ycaL mailliW 5991-3891 taehW .D nalA 1002-9691 .rS yalC .L mailliW 4 iruossiM ecivreS fo sraeY semaN rebmuN etatS .etaneS eht ni devres/sevreS .a -5002 erooM newG 1 nisnocsiW -7991 nesnetsirhC-naitsirhC .M annoD 7991-5991 rezarF .O rotciV 1891-9791 snavE .H nivleM 3 sdnalsI nigriV -3991 ttocS .C treboR 1981-0981 notsgnaL .M nhoJ 2 ainigriV -5002 neerG lA -5991 eeL noskcaJ aliehS -3991 nosnhoJ ecinreB eiddE 5991-1991 notgnihsaW .A giarC 9891-9791 dnaleL )yekciM( .T egroeG 9791-3791 nadroJ .C arabraB 6 saxeT 7002-7991 .rJ droF .E dloraH 7991-5791 .rS droF .E dloraH 2 eessenneT -3991 nrubylC .E semaJ 7981-6981 5981-3981 yarruM .W egroeG 1981-0981 relliM .E samohT 7881-4881 3881-2881 9781-5781 sllamS treboR ecivreS fo sraeY semaN rebmuN etatS 1191 ­ ­ ­ -9091 ts16 9091 ­ ­ ­ -7091 ht06 7091 ­ ­ ­ -5091 ht95 5091 ­ ­ ­ -3091 ht85 3091 ­ ­ ­ -1091 ht75 1091 ­ 1 1 -9981 ht65 9981 ­ 1 1 -7981 ht55 7981 ­ 1 1 -5981 ht45 5981 ­ 1 1 -3981 dr35 3981 ­ 1 1 -1981 dn25 1981 ­ 3 3 -9881 ts15 9881 ­ - ­ -7881 ht05 7881 ­ 2 2 -5881 ht94 5881 ­ 2 2 -3881 ht84 3881 ­ 2 2 -1881 ht74 1881 1 ­ 1 -9781 ht64 9781 1 3 4 -7781 ht54 7781 1 7 8 -5781 ht44 5781 ­ 7 7 -3781 dr34 3781 ­ 5 5 -1781 dn24 1781 1 2 3 -9681 ts14 etaneS fo srebmeM a esuoH fo srebmeM ssergnoC fo srebmeM raeY ssergnoC naciremA nacirfA naciremA nacirfA naciremA nacirfA latoT )8002-0781( sessergnoC ht 011-ts14 ,ssergnoC .S.U eht ni srebmeM naciremA nacirfA fo rebmuN . 5 elbaT 5591 ­ 2 2 -3591 dr38 3591 ­ 2 2 -1591 dn28 1591 ­ 2 2 -9491 ts18 9491 ­ 2 2 -7491 ht08 7491 ­ 2 2 -5491 ht97 5491 ­ 1 1 -3491 ht87 3491 ­ 1 1 -1491 ht77 1491 ­ 1 1 -9391 ht67 9391 ­ 1 1 -7391 ht57 7391 ­ 1 1 -5391 ht47 5391 ­ 1 1 -3391 dr37 3391 ­ 1 1 -1391 dn27 1391 ­ 1 1 -9291 ts17 9291 ­ ­ ­ -7291 ht07 7291 ­ ­ ­ -5291 ht96 5291 ­ ­ ­ -3291 ht86 3291 ­ ­ ­ -1291 ht76 1291 ­ ­ ­ -9191 ht66 9191 ­ ­ ­ -7191 ht56 7191 ­ ­ ­ -5191 ht46 5191 ­ ­ ­ -3191 dr36 3191 ­ ­ ­ -1191 dn26 etaneS fo srebmeM a esuoH fo srebmeM ssergnoC fo srebmeM raeY ssergno C naciremA nacirfA naciremA nacirfA naciremA nacirfA latoT 9991 1 93 04 -7991 ht501 7991 1 04 14 -5991 ht401 5991 1 93 04 -3991 dr301 3991 ­ 72 72 -1991 dn201 1991 ­ 42 42 -9891 ts101 9891 ­ 32 32 -7891 ht001 7891 ­ 12 12 -5891 ht99 5891 ­ 12 12 -3891 ht89 3891 ­ 91 91 -1891 ht79 1891 ­ 71 71 -9791 ht69 9791 1 71 81 -7791 ht59 7791 1 71 81 -5791 ht49 5791 1 61 71 -3791 dr39 3791 1 31 41 -1791 dn29 1791 1 01 11 -9691 ts19 9691 1 5 6 -7691 ht09 7691 ­ 6 6 -5691 ht98 5691 ­ 5 5 -3691 ht88 3691 ­ 4 4 -1691 ht78 1691 ­ 4 4 -9591 ht68 9591 ­ 4 4 -7591 ht58 7591 ­ 3 3 -5591 ht48 etaneS fo srebmeM a esuoH fo srebmeM ssergnoC fo srebmeM raeY ssergno C naciremA nacirfA naciremA nacirfA naciremA nacirfA latoT mamer@crs.loc.gov, 7-8304 Specialist on the Congress Mildred Amer .8002 ,61 .voN no noitangiser sih litnu ssergnoC ht011 eht ni etaneS eht ni devres amabO kcaraB tcele-tnediserP .b .ssergnoC eht gnirud emit eno yna ta devres evah 34 ylno tub ,ssergnoC ht011 eht ot detcele erew srebmeM naciremA nacirfA 74 fo rebmun drocer a ,elpmaxe roF .ssergnoC a gnirud emit eno yna ta esuoH eht ni evres ot srebmeM naciremA nacirfA fo rebmun tsehgih eht tcelfer ereh srebmun ehT .a 9002 b­ 24 b24 -7002 ht011 7002 1 24 34 -5002 ht901 5002 0 93 93 -3002 ht801 3002 0 93 93 -1002 ht701 1002 0 93 93 -9991 ht601 etaneS fo srebmeM a esuoH fo srebmeM ssergnoC fo srebmeM raeY ssergno C naciremA nacirfA naciremA nacirfA naciremA nacirfA latoT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL30378