For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40085 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ ¢ When a presidential transition occurs, the incoming President usually submits the budget for the upcoming fiscal year (under current practices) or revises the budget submitted by his predecessor (under past practices). Under either circumstance, the details of the President's budgetary proposals typically are provided to Congress about two months later than would be the case in a non-transition year. Consequently, concerns arise over the potential impact of delayed budget submission on the timetable for budgetary actions taken by the House and Senate. This report examines the timing of presidential budget submissions during the past five transition years--including submissions by Presidents Jimmy Carter in 1977, Ronald Reagan in 1981, George H.W. Bush in 1989, Bill Clinton in 1993, and George W. Bush in 2001--and the timeliness of House and Senate actions in those years regarding the consideration of budgetary measures. The budgetary legislation typically considered by the House and Senate during a session may be divided into several categories: budget resolutions, budget reconciliation acts, annual appropriations and other spending acts, and revenue and debt-limit acts. Congress and the President successfully completed action on key budgetary legislation during each presidential transition year, with many, but not all, actions completed in a timely manner: · in each instance, the House and Senate reached final agreement on the annual budget resolution, and did so no later than May 21; · the optional budget reconciliation process was invoked in four of five years, leading to the enactment of four budget reconciliation acts; · regular, supplemental, and continuing appropriations acts were enacted in each year, although few (or none) of the regular appropriations acts were enacted by October 1 (the first day of the fiscal year) in four instances; · in each instance, a major revenue bill was enacted (three of the five bills were reconciliation measures); and · between one and three debt-limit measures were enacted each year, except during the George W. Bush Administration (when no such measures were needed). ¢ Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Presidential Submission of Transition Budgets ............................................................................... 2 Submission Requirements for Transition Budgets .................................................................... 2 Budget Submissions During the Past Five Transitions ............................................................. 3 Overview of Budgetary Actions by Administration ........................................................................ 4 Congressional Action on Major Budgetary Legislation .................................................................. 7 Budget Resolutions ................................................................................................................... 7 Budget Reconciliation Acts....................................................................................................... 7 Annual Appropriations Acts ...................................................................................................... 8 Revenue Acts............................................................................................................................. 9 Debt-Limit Acts......................................................................................................................... 9 Table 1. Overview of Timing of Budgetary Actions, by Administration......................................... 5 Table 2. Dates of House and Senate Action on First Budget Resolutions ......................................11 Table 3. Dates of House and Senate Action on Budget Reconciliation Acts................................. 12 Table 4. Dates of House and Senate Action on Supplemental Appropriations Acts...................... 13 Table 5. Dates of House and Senate Action on Regular Appropriations Acts ............................... 15 Table 6. Dates of House and Senate Action on Continuing Appropriations Acts.......................... 20 Table 7. Dates of House and Senate Action on Selected Revenue Acts ........................................ 22 Table 8. Dates of House and Senate Action on Debt-Limit Acts................................................... 23 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 25 ¢ When a presidential transition occurs, the incoming President usually submits the budget for the upcoming fiscal year (under current practices) or revises the budget submitted by his predecessor (under past practices). Under either circumstance, the details of the President's budgetary proposals typically are provided to Congress about two months later than would be the case in a non-transition year. Consequently, concerns arise over the potential impact of delayed budget submission on the timetable for budgetary actions taken by the House and Senate. This report examines the timing of presidential budget submissions during the past five transition years--including submissions by Presidents Jimmy Carter in 1977, Ronald Reagan in 1981, George H.W. Bush in 1989, Bill Clinton in 1993, and George W. Bush in 2001--and the timeliness of House and Senate actions in those years regarding the consideration of budgetary measures. When a new Congress convenes in January, one of its first orders of business is to receive the annual budget submission of the President for the upcoming fiscal year, which begins later in the session.1 The President's budget consists of a set of proposals pertaining to spending, revenue, and debt levels. In the course of responding to the President's budget, Congress may accept, reject, or modify the proposals as it sees fit. While much of the spending and revenue in the federal budget is derived automatically each year from existing law, the remainder is provided through the enactment of legislation. The deadline for submission of the budget has changed several times over the years, as is discussed in more detail below. Currently, the deadline is the first Monday in February. Following receipt of the President's budget, Congress begins the consideration of the budget resolution and other budgetary legislation. The budget resolution, which takes the form of a concurrent resolution, reflects the agreement of the House and Senate on a budgetary "blueprint" that guides and constrains the subsequent consideration of individual spending, revenue, and debt measures. The consideration of significant spending, revenue, and debt measures by the House and Senate during a session may entail action on dozens of separate measures. In establishing and revising the deadline for submission of the President's budget, Congress has sought to reconcile two conflicting objectives. First, Congress is motivated to set the deadline as early as possible in order to maximize the time available to it for completing action on the budget resolution and other budgetary legislation before the new fiscal year begins. Although the completion of some budgetary legislation typically carries over into the period beyond the start of the fiscal year, the goal is to enact as much significant budgetary legislation as possible in a timely manner. Second, Congress also is impelled to afford the President as much time as necessary to finalize his budget submission following the completion of legislative action in the prior session. In recent decades, the House and Senate sometimes have not completed action on significant budgetary 1 For more information on federal budgeting, see CRS Report 98-721, Introduction to the Federal Budget Process, by Robert Keith. The requirement that the President submit an annual budget is established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, as amended (31 U.S.C. 1105(a)). ¢ legislation until December; in some instances, several major bills spanning hundreds of pages have been finalized in the last few days of the year. Seeking to draw a balance between the two competing motivations, Congress has set the deadline as early as the first week in January and as late as the first week in February. Under current law, the President may submit the budget as early as the first Monday in January, but he must submit it no later than the first Monday in February. Beginning with the FY1992 budget, Presidents have taken advantage of the full amount of time afforded them under law and submitted their budgets on the first Monday in February. The Congressional Budget Act of 1974, as amended, establishes an annual timetable for congressional action on budgetary legislation, beginning with the adoption of a budget resolution by the House and Senate no later than April 15.2 In an effort to provide Congress with more time to process budgetary legislation during the session, Section 501 (88 Stat. 321) of the act moved the start of the fiscal year from July 1 to October 1. The change became effective for FY1976, following a three-month transition quarter. The congressional budget process established by the 1974 act became fully effective in 1976 for FY1977, following a "dry run" in the prior year. During the period that the congressional budget process under the 1974 act has been in effect, five persons have assumed the presidency ­ Jimmy Carter in 1977, Ronald Reagan in 1981, George H.W. Bush in 1989, Bill Clinton in 1993, and George W. Bush in 2001. The requirements for budget submission applicable to these Presidents and the record of pertinent actions is discussed briefly below. The transition from one presidential administration to another raises special issues regarding the annual budget submission.3 Key questions include, which President--the outgoing President or the incoming one--is required to submit the budget, and how will the transition affect the timing and form of the submission? The deadline for submission of the budget, first set in 1921 as "on the first day of each regular session," has changed several times over the years: · in 1950, to "during the first 15 days of each regular session"; · in 1985, to "on or before the first Monday after January 3 of each year (or on or before February 5 in 1986)"; and · in 1990, to "on or after the first Monday in January but not later than the first Monday in February of each year." 2 The act P.L. 93-344 (Titles I-IX). The timetable is set forth in Section 300 (2 U.S.C. 631). 3 For more information on transition budgets, see CRS Report RS20752, Submission of the President's Budget in Transition Years, by Robert Keith. ¢ The 20th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1933, requires each new Congress to convene on January 3 (unless the date is changed by the enactment of a law) and provides a January 20 beginning date for a new President's four-year term of office. Therefore, under the legal framework for the beginning of a new Congress, the beginning of a new President's term, and the deadline for the submission of the budget, all outgoing Presidents prior to the 1990 change were obligated to submit a budget.4 All incoming Presidents before 1990, except for Roosevelt, Truman, and Johnson, modified their predecessor's policies by submitting budget revisions within a few months after taking office. The 1990 change in the deadline made it possible for an outgoing President to leave the annual budget submission to his successor. During the period covering the past five presidential transitions, the three outgoing Presidents required to submit a budget during this period (Ford, Carter, and Reagan) did so on or before the statutory deadline. Two of the incoming Presidents during this period, Carter and Reagan, submitted budget revisions and one, George H. W. Bush, did not. The FY1978 revisions by President Carter (a 101-page document) were submitted on February 22, 1977, and the FY1982 revisions by President Reagan (an initial 159-page document and a subsequent 435-page document) were submitted on March 10 and April 7, 1981, respectively. Because President George H. W. Bush chose not to submit a budget for FY1994 (and was not obligated to do so), President Clinton submitted the original budget for FY1994 rather than budget revisions. Similarly, the budget for FY2002 was submitted by the incoming President George W. Bush, rather than by outgoing President Clinton. Presidents Clinton and George W. Bush submitted the original budgets for FY1994 and FY2002 on April 8, 1993 and April 9, 2001, respectively. The experience with transition budgets during the period that the congressional budget process has been in operation is roughly comparable, in terms of timing, with the experience of earlier years. Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Nixon submitted their revised budget messages to Congress on April 30, March 24, and April 12 of their first year as President, respectively. Although Presidents Reagan, Clinton, and George W. Bush did not submit detailed budget proposals during their transitions until early April, each of them advised Congress regarding the general contours of their economic and budgetary policies in special messages submitted to Congress in February concurrently with a presentation made to a joint session of Congress: · on February 18, 1981, President Reagan submitted a document containing an economic plan and initial budget proposals for FY1982, America's New Beginning: A Program for Economic Recovery, in conjunction with an address to a joint session of Congress. · on February 17, 1993, President Clinton submitted to Congress a budgetary document, A Vision of Change for America, to accompany his address to a joint 4 Additional information on this matter is provided in: CRS Report 93-672, Budget Submissions of Outgoing Presidents, by Robert Keith (the report is archived and may be obtained from the author.) The 1990 change was made by Section 13112(c)(1) of the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 (104 Stat. 1388-608 and 609), which was included in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-508). ¢ session of Congress. The 145-page document outlined the President's economic plan and provided initial budget proposals in key areas. · on February 28, 2001, President George W. Bush submitted a 207-page budget summary to Congress, A Blueprint for New Beginnings: A Responsible Budget for America's Priorities, the day after his address to a joint session of Congress. Although President George H. W. Bush did not submit a revision of President Reagan's FY1990 budget, he submitted a 193-page message to Congress (Building a Better America) in conjunction with a joint address to Congress on February 9, 1989. The message included revised budget proposals. ¢ ¢ In a typical year, the unfolding of the federal budget process reflects both instances of cooperation and instances of conflict between the President and Congress (as well as between the House and the Senate, and between factions within each chamber). Cooperation promotes timely and successful action on budgetary legislation, while conflict leads to delay and ultimately may prevent the enactment of such legislation. In order to fully advance his budgetary agenda, a President must reach agreement with Congress on legislation in several different phases of the budget process. Congress responds to the President's budgetary proposals by adopting an annual budget resolution, and then implements budget resolution policies through the enactment of separate spending, revenue, and debt legislation. No President can be judged to be successful with respect to his budgetary agenda unless the House and Senate complete action on the requisite legislation, with timely rather than tardy enactment of legislation usually signifying greater success. Table 1 summarizes legislative action on the major phases of the budget process during the past five transition years. As Table 1shows, Congress and the President successfully completed action on key budgetary legislation during each presidential transition year, with many, but not all, actions completed in a timely manner: · in each instance, the House and Senate reached final agreement on the annual budget resolution, and did so no later than May 21; · the optional budget reconciliation process was invoked in four of five years, leading to the enactment of four budget reconciliation acts; · regular, supplemental, and continuing appropriations acts were enacted in each year, although few (or none) of the regular appropriations acts were enacted by October 1 (the first day of the fiscal year) in four instances; · in each instance, a major revenue bill was enacted (three of the five bills were reconciliation measures); and · between one and three debt-limit measures were enacted each year, except during the George W. Bush Administration (when no such measures were needed). .rebmetpeS dna ,tsuguA ,yluJ ,lirpA ni detcane stca snoitairporppa latnemelppus 4 .detcane snoituloser gniunitnoc 3 3991-01-80 .11 rebmevoN no detcane dna 3991-60-40 3991-01-80 tsetal ;1 rebotcO yb detcane stca snoitairporppa raluger 2 3991-01-80 1 lirpA 3991-80-40 notnilC .rebmetpeS dna ,enuJ ,lirpA ni detcane stca snoitairporppa latnemelppus 3 .detcane snoituloser gniunitnoc 3 9891-80-11 .12 rebmevoN no detcane dna 9891-80-80 9891-91-21 tsetal ;1 rebotcO yb detcane tca snoitairporppa raluger 1 9891-91-21 81 yaM ]enon[ hsuB .W.H.G .yluJ dna enuJ ni detcane stca snoitairporppa latnemelppus 2 .detcane snoituloser gniunitnoc 3 )stca owt( 1891-03-90 .92 rebmeceD no detcane 1891-70-40 dna 1891-70-20 1891-31-80 tsetal ;1 rebotcO yb detcane stca snoitairporppa raluger oN 1891-31-80 12 yaM dna 1891-01-30 nagaeR .)stca owt( yaM dna ,hcraM ,yraurbeF ni detcane stca snoitairporppa latnemelppus 4 .detcane snoituloser gniunitnoc 3 .12 rebotcO no detcane 7791-40-01 7791-32-50 tsetal ;1 rebotcO yb detcane stca snoitairporppa raluger 01 ]enon[ 71 yaM 7791-22-20 retraC )s(tcA tcA euneveR stcA snoitairporppA launnA tcA noituloseR tegduB tnediserP timiL-tbeD detceleS noitailicnoceR tegduB noitisnarT tegduB noitartsinimdA yb ,snoitcA yrategduB fo gnimiT fo weivrevO .1 elbaT .4991YF rof tcA snoitairporppA snoitarepO ngieroF eht fo eltit etarapes a ni dedivorp erew snoitairporppa latnemelppus ,tca snoitairporppa latnemelppus 3991 rebmetpeS eht fo esac eht nI .wal otni noitalsigel fo tnemtcane fo etad )3( ro ;noituloser tegdub eht fo noitpoda lanif fo etad )2( ;ssergnoC ot dettimbus tegdub noitisnart etad )1( :ot refer setaD :setoN .ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperP :ecruoS .rebmetpeS dna yluJ ni detcane stca snoitairporppa latnemelppus 2 .detcane snoituloser gniunitnoc 8 .raey gniwollof fo 01 yraunaJ no detcane ]enon[ 1002-70-60 tsetal ;1 rebotcO yb detcane stca snoitairporppa raluger oN 1002-70-60 01 yaM 1002-90-40 hsuB .W.G )s(tcA tcA euneveR stcA snoitairporppA launnA tcA noituloseR tegduB tnediserP timiL-tbeD detceleS noitailicnoceR tegduB noitisnarT tegduB ¢ ¢ The budgetary legislation typically considered by the House and Senate during a session may be divided into several categories: budget resolutions, budget reconciliation acts, annual appropriations and other spending acts, and revenue and debt-limit acts. Information on the timing of House and Senate action on budgetary measures during each of the past five transition years is provided below by category of legislation. The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-344, as amended) requires that the House and Senate reach agreement each year on a concurrent resolution on the budget.5 Originally, the act set a deadline of May 15 for completion of action on the budget resolution; in 1985, the deadline was revised to April 15. During the period from 1984 through 1990, actions on several budget resolutions was not completed until August or October. In four instances, the House and Senate were not able to reach agreement on a budget resolution.6 As Table 2 (at the end of the report) shows, the House and Senate reached final agreement on a budget resolution in each of the five transition years. In four years, final agreement was reached in May (no later than May 21). During the first year of the Clinton Administration, the two chambers reached agreement even earlier, on April 1. In this case, the agreement on the budget resolution was reached a week before President Clinton submitted his budget to Congress, but extensive negotiations between Congress and the President ensured that the budget resolution accommodated his major budgetary proposals. The budget reconciliation process is an optional procedure under the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 that operates as an adjunct to the annual budget resolution process. The chief purpose of the reconciliation process is to enhance Congress's ability to change current law in order to bring revenue and spending levels into conformity with the policies of the budget resolution. Accordingly, reconciliation probably is the most potent budget enforcement tool available to Congress for a large portion of the budget. Reconciliation was first used by the House and Senate in calendar year 1980 for FY1981. As an optional procedure, it has not been used every year. During the period from 1980 to 2008, 19 reconciliation measures were enacted into law and three were vetoed. 5 During the early years of the congressional budget process, the House and Senate were required to adopt a second budget resolution in the fall. The practice was abandoned during the 1980s. This report excludes House and Senate action on second budget resolutions in 1977 (for FY1978) and 1981 (for FY1982). 6 For more information on this topic, see CRS Report RL31443, The "Deeming Resolution": A Budget Enforcement Tool, by Robert Keith. ¢ The congressional budget process timetable prescribes June 15 as the deadline for completing action on any required reconciliation legislation, but there is no explicit requirement to that effect. The record of experience with all 22 reconciliation measures passed by the House and Senate since 1980 indicates considerable variation in the time needed to process such measures. The interval from the date the reconciliation instructions take effect (upon final adoption of the budget resolution) until the resultant reconciliation legislation is approved or vetoed by the President ranged from a low of 27 days (for the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990) to a high of 384 days (for the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005). On average, the process was completed in nearly five months, more than twice the amount of time contemplated by the congressional budget process timetable. With respect to the five transition years, Table 3 (at the end of the report) shows that reconciliation was used in four of the five instances. Reconciliation was not used during the Carter transition. In three instances, an omnibus budget reconciliation act was enacted into law between the spring and the summer recess. In 1989, an omnibus budget reconciliation was enacted late in the session, on November 22. Total federal spending encompasses discretionary spending, which is provided in annual appropriations acts under the jurisdiction of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, and mandatory spending, which stems from substantive law under the jurisdiction of the legislative committees of the House and Senate. This section provides information on the three categories of annual appropriations legislation--regular, supplemental, and continuing appropriations acts; information on mandatory spending legislation is excluded. Under the congressional budget process timetable, the House and Senate begin consideration of the regular appropriations acts following the adoption of the budget resolution with the aim of completing action on them by the start of the fiscal year on October 1. In addition, the two chambers act on at least one supplemental appropriations act, typically before consideration of the regular appropriations acts begins. Finally, the House and Senate usually consider at least one continuing resolution to provide stop-gap funding after the start of the fiscal year until action on all of the regular appropriations acts is completed. During the period that the congressional budget process has been in effect, the House and Senate have completed action on the regular appropriations acts before the start of the year only four times (for FY1977, FY1989, FY1995, and FY1997); action on unfinished regular appropriations acts usually is completed by the end of the calendar year, but sometimes carries over into the following session. Accordingly, multiple continuing resolutions are enacted in a typical year. Table 4, Table 5, and Table 6 (at the end of the report) provide information regarding congressional action on supplemental, regular, and continuing appropriations acts, respectively. Table 4 shows that a total of 15 supplemental appropriations acts were enacted during the five transition years, ranging from two to four such acts each year. All but four of the acts were enacted between February and July; one was enacted in August and three were enacted in September. Table 5 shows that while all thirteen of the regular appropriations bills were enacted during the transition years of the Carter, George H.W. Bush, Clinton, and George W. Bush administrations, ¢ and nine of the thirteen were enacted during the transition year of the Reagan administration, not all of this was accomplished in the prescribed timeframe. During the Carter administration, 10 appropriations acts were enacted by October 1, but the during the other administrations, the number enacted by this date were none (Reagan, G.W. Bush), one (G.H.W. Bush), or two (Clinton). While the appropriations process was completed under most administrations by the end of the calendar year, the process extended into January under the G.W. Bush administration. Table 6 shows that continuing appropriations acts were used in transition years during all five administrations. Under the Carter, Regan, G.H.W. Bush, and Clinton administrations, three continuing resolutions were enacted each year, while under the G.W. Bush administration eight continuing resolutions were enacted. In the case of the G.W. Bush administration, the final continuing resolution, enacted December 20, provided funding into January, when the last of his regular appropriations acts were completed. As required by the Constitution, legislation affecting revenues originates in the House of Representatives, but the Senate has latitude to amend any revenue bills received from the House. Most laws that establish revenue sources are permanent and continue each year without legislative action, but in most years, Presidents propose changes in revenue law to alter tax rates, modify the distribution of the tax burden, or make other changes in revenue policy. Revenue acts can also be initiated through the reconciliation process provided for in the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. The act provides for the adoption of a budget resolution (discussed above), which may contain reconciliation directives instructing the relevant congressional committees to report changes to existing revenue legislation to meet the recommended levels of revenues. The reconciliation process was used to enact revenue legislation under the G.H.W. Bush, Clinton, and G.W. Bush administrations. The timing of action on major revenue legislation may vary considerably from one measure to the next. Some revenue measures may be enacted after only a few months of consideration, while the enactment of other revenue measures may not occur until well into the following year. This pattern also holds true for revenue measures considered under the reconciliation process. Table 7 illustrates that a major revenue measure was enacted into law during the transition year of each of the five administrations. Three of these revenue acts, under G.H.W. Bush, Clinton, and G.W. Bush, were reconciliation measures. Congressional action was fairly timely in four instances (with enactment occurring between May and August), but the 1989 legislation (under President G.H.W. Bush) was not enacted until November 22. Almost all borrowing by the federal government is conducted by the Treasury Department, within the restrictions established by a single, statutory limit on the total amount of debt that may be outstanding at any time. Most adjustments to the debt limit have been increases, but sometimes the change has been a reduction.7 7 For a detailed discussion of this matter, see CRS Report RS21519, Legislative Procedures for Adjusting the Public (continued...) ¢ The annual budget resolution includes recommended levels of the public debt limit for each fiscal year covered by the resolution. Because a budget resolution does not become law, Congress and the President must enact legislation in order to implement budget resolution policies. The House and Senate may develop and consider legislation adjusting the debt limit in any one of three ways: (1) under regular legislative procedures in both chambers, either as freestanding legislation or as a part of a measure dealing with other topics; (2) pursuant to House Rule XXVII (the so- called Gephardt rule); or (3) as part of the budget reconciliation process provided for under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. During the period from 1940 to the present, Congress and the President have enacted a total of 88 measures adjusting the public debt limit--70 under regular legislative procedures in both chambers, 14 under the Gephardt rule, and 4 under reconciliation procedures. The timing of legislative action on measures adjusting the debt limit is not as predictable as the timing of action on other types of budgetary legislation. Legislative action can occur at any point in the session as the need to adjust the debt limit requires. Table 8 shows that between one and three debt limit measures were enacted during each transition year, except during the G.W. Bush administration. All three methods of adjusting the debt limit were employed, but only one of the measures (in 1993 during the Clinton transition year) was a reconciliation act. (...continued) Debt Limit: A Brief Overview, by Bill Heniff Jr. .erusaem noinapmoc a no noitca ot refer egassap etaneS laitini fo setad ,secnatsni emos nI .)2891YF rof( 1891 dna )8791YF rof( 7791 ni snoituloser tegdub dnoces no noitca etaneS dna esuoH sedulcxe elbat sihT .s0891 eht gnirud denodnaba saw ecitcarp ehT .llaf eht ni noituloser tegdub dnoces a tpoda ot deriuqer erew etaneS dna esuoH eht ,ssecorp tegdub lanoissergnoc eht fo sraey ylrae eht gniruD :setoN .yarruM nitsuJ dna .rJ ffineH lliB yb , ediuG noitamrofnI dna scitsitatS detceleS :snoituloseR tegduB lanoissergnoC ,79203LR tropeR SRC :ecruoS )38 .seR.noC.H( 2002YF 01 yaM 9 yaM 6 lirpA 82 hcraM 1002 rof noituloseR tegduB hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP )46 .seRnoC.H( 4991YF 1 lirpA 13 hcraM 52 hcraM 81 hcraM 3991 rof noituloseR tegduB notnilC lliB tnediserP )601 .seR.noC.H( 0991YF 81 yaM 71 yaM 4 yaM 4 yaM 9891 rof noituloseR tegduB hsuB .W.H egroeG tnediserP )511 .seR.noC.H( 2891YF rof 12 yaM 02 yaM 21 yaM 7 yaM 1891 noituloseR tegduB tsriF nagaeR dlanoR tnediserP )91 .seR.noC.S( 8791YF rof 31 yaM 71 yaM 4 yaM 5 yaM 7791 noituloseR tegduB tsriF retraC ymmiJ tnediserP tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD 1002 dna ,3991 ,9891 ,1891 ,7791 sraeY radnelaC snoituloseR tegduB tsriF no noitcA etaneS dna esuoH fo setaD .2 elbaT ¢ .erusaem noinapmoc a no noitca ot refer egassap etaneS laitini fo setad ,secnatsni emos nI .8 elbaT ni dedulcni si osla dna timil tbed eht ni esaercni na dedulcni tca noitailicnocer 3991 eht ,noitidda nI . ni dedulcni era osla dna segnahc eunever dedulcni stca noitailicnocer 1002 dna ,3991 ,9891 ehT :setoN .rJ ffineH lliB dna htieK treboR yb ,serudecorP etaneS dna esuoH :ssecorP noitailicnoceR tegduB ehT ,03033LR tropeR SRC :ecruoS )1002 ,7 enuJ ;61 -701 .L.P( 1002 fo tcA noitailicnoceR feileR xaT 62 yaM 62 yaM 32 yaM 61 yaM 1002 dna htworG cimonocE hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP )3991 ,01 tsuguA ;66-301 .L.P( 3991 fo tcA noitailicnoceR 6 tsuguA 5 tsuguA 52 enuJ 72 yaM 3991 tegduB subinmO notnilC lliB tnediserP )9891 ,91 rebmeceD ;932-101 .L.P( 9891 fo tcA noitailicnoceR 22 rebmevoN 22 rebmevoN 31 rebotcO 5 rebotcO 9891 tegduB subinmO hsuB .W.H egroeG tnediserP )1891 ,31 tsuguA ;53-79 .L.P( 1891 fo tcA noitailicnoceR 13 yluJ 13 yluJ 52 enuJ 62 enuJ 1891 tegduB subinmO nagaeR dlanoR tnediserP -- -- -- -- 7791 ]enon[ retraC ymmiJ tnediserP tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD 1002 dna ,3991 ,9891 ,1891 ,7791 sraeY radnelaC stcA noitailicnoceR tegduB no noitcA etaneS dna esuoH fo setaD . 3 elbaT ¢ )9891 ,92 rebmetpeS ;001 -101 .L.P( 9891YF ,feileR oguH enacirruH dna ,0991YF ,snoitairporppA -- -- 82 rebmetpeS 62 rebmetpeS 9891 gniunitnoC )9891 ,03 enuJ ;54-101 .L.P( 9891YF ,latnemelppuS -- -- 81 yaM 81 yaM 9891 ycnegremE eriD )9891 ,81 lirpA ;41-101 .L.P( aciremA lartneC no droccA nasitrapiB -- -- 31 lirpA 31 lirpA 9891 eht tnemelpmI ot tcA hsuB .W.H egroeG tnediserP )1891 ,92 yluJ ;62-79 .L.P( 1891YF -- -- 32 yluJ 32 yluJ 1891 ,latnemelppuS tnegrU )1891 ,5 enuJ ;21-79 .L.P( 1891YF ,tcA noissicseR dna snoitairporppA 4 enuJ 4 enuJ 12 yaM 31 yaM 1891 latnemelppuS nagaeR dlanoR tnediserP )7791 ,31 yaM ;92-59 .L.P( 7791YF ,snoitairporppA 5 yaM 4 yaM 2 yaM 51 hcraM 7791 sulumitS cimonocE )7791 ,4 yaM ;62-59 .L.P( 22 lirpA 12 lirpA 1 lirpA 61 hcraM 7791 7791YF ,latnemelppuS )7791 ,12 hcraM ;31-59 .L.P( 7791YF ,latnemelppuS -- -- 11 hcraM 3 hcraM 7791 retsasiD tnegrU )7791 ,61 yraurbeF ;3-59 .L.P( 7791YF ,latnemelppuS -- -- 7 yraurbeF 7 yraurbeF 7791 rewoP tnegrU retraC ymmiJ tnediserP tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD 1002 dna ,3991 ,9891 ,1891 ,7791 sraeY radnelaC stcA snoitairporppA latnemelppuS no noitcA etaneS dna esuoH fo setaD . 4 elbaT ¢ .ecnerefnoc a naht rehtar erudecorp "stnemdnema fo egnahcxe" na fo snaem yb secnereffid rieht devloser srebmahc owt eht ro ,tnemdnema tuohtiw rebmahc rehto eht morf erusaem eht dessap rebmahc eno rehtie ,derrucco noitca ecnerefnoc on erehw secnatsni nI .erusaem noinapmoc a no noitca ot refer egassap etaneS laitini fo setad ,secnatsni emos nI :setoN .)8002 rebotcO( 9002 ot 0002 morf snoitairporppA latnemelppuS dna ,)1002 hcraM( s0991 eht ni snoitairporppA latnemelppuS ,)0991 yraurbeF( s0891 eht ni snoitairporppA latnemelppuS ,)1891 yluJ( s0791 eht ni snoitairporppA latnemelppuS ,eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC dna metsyS noitamrofnI evitalsigeL :ecruoS )1002 ,81 rebmetpeS ;83-701 .L.P( 1002YF ,latnemelppuS -- -- 41 rebmetpeS 41 rebmetpeS 1002 ycnegremE )1002 ,42 yluJ ;02-701 .L.P( 02 yluJ 02 yluJ 01 yluJ 02 enuJ 1002 1002YF ,latnemelppuS hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP )3991 ,03 rebmetpeS ;78-301 .L.P( )3991YF ,latnemelppuS ,IV eltiT( 4991YF 03 rebmetpeS 92 rebmetpeS 32 rebmetpeS 71 enuJ 3991 ,snoitarepO ngieroF )3991 ,21 tsuguA ;57-301 .L.P( 3991YF ,latnemelppuS -- -- 4 tsuguA 72 yluJ 3991 ycnegremE )3991 ,2 yluJ ;05-301 .L.P( 1 yluJ 1 yluJ 22 enuJ 62 yaM 3991 3991YF ,latnemelppuS )3991 ,32 lirpA ;42-301 .L.P( 4991YF ,latnemelppuS -- -- 12 lirpA 91 hcraM 3991 ycnegremE notnilC lliB tnediserP tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD ¢ )9614 .R.H( 2891YF ,etatS b-- b-- b -- 9 rebmetpeS 1891 ,ecitsuJ ,ecremmoC )1891 ,32 rebmeceD ;301-79 .L.P( 51 rebmeceD 51 rebmeceD 03 rebotcO 72 yluJ 1891 2891YF ,erutlucirgA nagaeR dlanoR tnediserP )7791 ,13 yluJ ;18-59 41 yluJ 41 yluJ 02 enuJ 8 enuJ 7791 .L.P( latsoP ,yrusaerT )7791 ,2 tsuguA ;58 02 yluJ 81 yluJ 32 enuJ 8 enuJ 7791 -59 .L.P( noitatropsnarT )7791 ,2 tsuguA 91 yluJ 81 yluJ 42 enuJ 31 enuJ 7791 ;68-59 .L.P( ecitsuJ ,etatS )7791 ,7 tsuguA ;69 52 yluJ 52 yluJ 31 yluJ 41 enuJ 7791 -59 .L.P( skroW cilbuP )7791 ,51 tsuguA ;101-59 .L.P( 8791YF 5 tsuguA 5 tsuguA 92 enuJ 12 enuJ 7791 ,noitcurtsnoC yratiliM )7791 ,5 tsuguA ;49-59 62 yluJ 62 yluJ 81 yluJ 92 enuJ 7791 .L.P( hcnarB evitalsigeL )5557 .R.H( 3 rebmevoN a -- 92 enuJ 71 enuJ 7791 8791YF ,WEH ,robaL )7791 ,4 rebotcO ;911 32 rebmetpeS 91 yluJ 42 enuJ 51 enuJ 7791 -59 .L.P( 8791YF ,DUH )7791 ,62 yluJ ;47-59 31 yluJ 21 yluJ 71 enuJ 9 enuJ 7791 .L.P( 8791YF ,roiretnI )7791 ,13 rebotcO ;841-59 .L.P( 8791YF 91 rebotcO 81 rebotcO 5 tsuguA 32 enuJ 7791 ,ecnatsissA ngieroF )8791 ,5 enuJ )8791( )8791( ;882-59 .L.P( 8791YF 32 yaM 61 yaM 4 rebotcO 61 rebmetpeS 7791 ,aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD )7791 ,12 rebmetpeS ;111-59 9 rebmetpeS 8 rebmetpeS 91 yluJ 03 enuJ 7791 .L.P( 8791YF ,esnefeD )7791 ,21 tsuguA ;79-59 .L.P( 92 yluJ 72 yluJ 92 enuJ 12 enuJ 7791 8791YF ,erutlucirgA retraC ymmiJ tnediserP tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD 1002 dna ,3991 ,9891 ,1891 ,7791 sraeY radnelaC stcA snoitairporppA ralugeR no noitcA etaneS dna esuoH fo setaD . 5 elbaT ¢ )9891 ,12 rebmevoN ;861-101 .L.P( 0991YF d-- d -- 41 rebmetpeS 3 tsuguA 9891 ,aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD )9891 ,12 rebmevoN ;561-101 71 rebmevoN 51 rebmevoN 92 rebmetpeS 4 tsuguA 9891 .L.P( 0991YF ,esnefeD )9891 ,12 rebmevoN ;261-101 .L.P( )troper dnoces( )troper dnoces( 0991YF ,yraiciduJ ,etatS 8 rebmevoN 7 rebmevoN 92 rebmetpeS 1 tsuguA 9891 ,ecitsuJ ,ecremmoC )9891 ,12 rebmevoN ;161-101 .L.P( 61 rebmevoN 61 rebmevoN 72 yluJ 81 yluJ 9891 0991YF ,erutlucirgA hsuB .W.H egroeG tnediserP )1214 c -- c -- c -- 03 yluJ 1891 .R.H( 2891YF ,yrusaerT )1891 ,32 rebmeceD ;201-79 .L.P( 41 rebmeceD 41 rebmeceD 3 rebmevoN 01 rebmetpeS 1891 2891YF ,noitatropsnarT )1891 ,32 rebmeceD ;601-79 .L.P( 2891YF 51 rebmeceD 51 rebmeceD 4 rebmeceD 61 rebmetpeS 1891 ,noitcurtsnoC yratiliM )0214 .R.H( 2891YF ]rebmahc rehtie yb deredisnoc ton[ 1891 ,hcnarB evitalsigeL )0654 .R.H( 2891YF ,noitacudE b -- b -- b -- 6 rebotcO 1891 ,htlaeH ,robaL )1891 ,32 rebmeceD ;001-79 01 rebmeceD 21 rebmevoN 72 rebotcO 22 yluJ 1891 .L.P( 2891YF ,roiretnI )1891 ,32 rebmeceD ;101 12 rebmevoN 51 rebmetpeS 03 yluJ 12 yluJ 1891 -79 .L.P( 2891YF ,DUH )1891 ,92 rebmeceD ;121-79 .L.P( 2891YF 61 rebmeceD 61 rebmeceD 11 rebmeceD 11 rebmeceD 1891 ,ecnatsissA ngieroF )1891 ,4 rebmeceD ;88-79 .L.P( 2891YF 12 rebmevoN 02 rebmevoN 5 rebmevoN 42 yluJ 1891 ,retaW dna ygrenE )1891 ,4 rebmeceD ;19-79 .L.P( 2891YF 91 rebmevoN 81 rebmevoN 03 rebotcO 22 rebmetpeS 1891 ,aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD )1891 ,92 rebmeceD ;411-79 51 rebmeceD 51 rebmeceD 4 rebmeceD 81 rebmevoN 1891 .L.P( 2891YF ,esnefeD tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD ¢ )3991 ,82 rebotcO ;621-301 .L.P( 4991YF 72 rebotcO 62 rebotcO 03 rebmetpeS 42 enuJ 3991 ,retaW dna ygrenE )3991 ,92 rebotcO ;721-301 .L.P( 4991YF 72 rebotcO 72 rebotcO 72 yluJ 03 enuJ 3991 ,aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD )3991 ,11 rebmevoN ;931-301 01 rebmevoN 01 rebmevoN 12 rebotcO 03 rebmetpeS 3991 .L.P( 4991YF ,esnefeD )3991 ,72 rebotcO ;121-301 .L.P( 4991YF ,yraiciduJ ,etatS 12 rebotcO 91 rebotcO 92 yluJ 02 yluJ 3991 ,ecitsuJ ,ecremmoC )3991 ,12 rebotcO ;111-301 .L.P( 32 rebmetpeS 6 tsuguA 72 yluJ 92 enuJ 3991 4991YF ,erutlucirgA notnilC lliB tnediserP )9891 ,9 rebmevoN ;441-101 72 rebotcO 42 rebotcO 82 rebmetpeS 02 yluJ 9891 .L.P( 0991YF ,DUH ,AV )9891 ,3 rebmevoN ;631-101 .L.P( 0991YF 81 rebotcO 71 rebotcO 4 tsuguA 82 yluJ 9891 ,latsoP ,yrusaerT )9891 ,12 rebmevoN ;461-101 .L.P( 9 rebmevoN 13 rebotcO 72 rebmetpeS 3 tsuguA 9891 0991YF ,noitatropsnarT )9891 ,01 rebmevoN ;841-101 .L.P( 0991YF 72 rebotcO 62 rebotcO 51 rebmetpeS 13 yluJ 9891 ,noitcurtsnoC yratiliM )9891 ,12 rebmevoN ;361-101 .L.P( 0991YF 1 rebmevoN 82 rebmetpeS 7 rebmetpeS 13 yluJ 9891 ,hcnarB evitalsigeL )9891 ,12 rebmevoN ;661-101 .L.P( 0991YF d -- d -- 62 rebmetpeS 2 tsuguA 9891 ,noitacudE ,SHH ,robaL )9891 ,32 rebotcO ;121-101 7 rebotcO 3 rebotcO 62 yluJ 21 yluJ 9891 .L.P( 0991YF ,roiretnI )9891 ,12 rebmevoN ;761-101 .L.P( 0991YF d -- d -- 62 rebmetpeS 12 yluJ 9891 ,snoitarepO ngieroF )9891 ,92 rebmetpeS ;101-101 .L.P( 0991YF 41 rebmetpeS 21 rebmetpeS 72 yluJ 82 enuJ 9891 ,retaW dna ygrenE tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD ¢ )2002 ,01 yraunaJ ;511-701 .L.P( 2002YF 02 rebmeceD 91 rebmeceD 42 rebotcO 42 yluJ 1002 ,snoitarepO ngieroF )1002 ,21 rebmevoN ;66-701 .L.P( 2002YF 1 rebmevoN 1 rebmevoN 91 yluJ 82 enuJ 1002 ,retaW dna ygrenE )1002 ,12 rebmeceD ;69-701 .L.P( 2002YF 7 rebmeceD 6 rebmeceD 7 rebmevoN 52 rebmetpeS 1002 ,aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD )2002 ,01 yraunaJ ;711-701 02 rebmeceD 02 rebmeceD 7 rebmeceD 82 rebmevoN 1002 .L.P( 2002YF ,esnefeD )1002 ,82 rebmevoN ;77-701 .L.P( 2002YF ,yraiciduJ ,etatS 51 rebmevoN 41 rebmevoN 31 rebmetpeS 81 yluJ 1002 ,ecitsuJ ,ecremmoC )1002 ,82 rebmevoN ;67-701 .L.P( 51 rebmevoN 31 rebmevoN 52 rebotcO 11 yluJ 1002 2002YF ,erutlucirgA hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP )3991 ,82 rebotcO ;421-301 12 rebotcO 91 rebotcO 22 rebmetpeS 92 enuJ 3991 .L.P( 4991YF ,DUH ,AV )3991 ,82 rebotcO ;321-301 .L.P( 4991YF 62 rebotcO 92 rebmetpeS 3 tsuguA 22 enuJ 3991 ,latsoP ,yrusaerT )3991 ,72 rebotcO ;221-301 .L.P( 12 rebotcO 12 rebotcO 6 rebotcO 32 rebmetpeS 3991 4991YF,noitatropsnarT )3991 ,12 rebotcO ;011-301 .L.P( 4991YF 91 rebotcO 31 rebotcO 03 rebmetpeS 32 enuJ 3991 ,noitcurtsnoC yratiliM )3991 ,11 tsuguA ;96-301 .L.P( 4991YF 6 tsuguA 6 tsuguA 32 yluJ 01 enuJ 3991 ,hcnarB evitalsigeL )3991 ,12 rebotcO ;211-301 .L.P( 4991YF 81 rebotcO 7 rebotcO 92 rebmetpeS 03 enuJ 3991 ,noitacudE ,SHH ,robaL )3991 ,11 rebmevoN ;831-301 9 rebmevoN 02 rebotcO 51 rebmetpeS 51 yluJ 3991 .L.P( 4991YF ,roiretnI )3991 ,03 rebmetpeS ;78-301 .L.P( 4991YF 03 rebmetpeS 92 rebmetpeS 32 rebmetpeS 71 enuJ 3991 ,snoitarepO ngieroF tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD ¢ .ecnerefnoc a rof deen eht gnitaivbo ,srebmahc owt eht yb mrof lacitnedi ni dessap saw erusaem tneuqesbus a ,tca eht fo )s(noisrev laitini no noitca lufsseccusnu gniwolloF .d .derrucco noitca rehtruf on dna llib eht ,ssap ton did tub ,deredisnoc etaneS ehT .c .derrucco noitca rehtruf on dna llib eht redisnoc ton did etaneS ehT .b .lufsseccus ton erew llib eht no srebmahc owt eht neewteb secnereffid eht evloser ot snoitca rehtruf dna troper ecnerefnoc eht ot eerga ton did esuoH eht ;3 rebmevoN no erusaem eht no troper ecnerefnoc driht a ot deerga etaneS ehT .a .ecnerefnoc a naht rehtar erudecorp "stnemdnema fo egnahcxe" na fo snaem yb secnereffid rieht devloser srebmahc owt eht ro ,tnemdnema tuohtiw rebmahc rehto eht morf erusaem eht dessap rebmahc eno rehtie ,derrucco noitca ecnerefnoc on erehw secnatsni nI .erusaem noinapmoc a no noitca ot refer egassap etaneS laitini fo setad ,secnatsni emos nI :setoN .sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH eht fo sradnelaC dna metsyS noitamrofnI evitalsigeL :ecruoS )1002 ,62 rebmevoN ;37-701 8 rebmevoN 8 rebmevoN 2 tsuguA 13 yluJ 1002 .L.P( 2002YF ,DUH ,AV )1002 ,21 rebmevoN ;76-701 .L.P( 2002YF 1 rebmevoN 13 rebotcO 91 rebmetpeS 52 yluJ 1002 ,latsoP ,yrusaerT )1002 ,81 rebmeceD ;78-701 .L.P( 4 rebmeceD 03 rebmevoN 1 tsuguA 62 enuJ 1002 2002YF ,noitatropsnarT )1002 ,5 rebmevoN ;46-701 .L.P( 2002YF 81 rebotcO 71 rebotcO 62 rebmetpeS 12 rebmetpeS 1002 ,noitcurtsnoC yratiliM )1002 ,21 rebmevoN ;86-701 .L.P( 2002YF 1 rebmevoN 1 rebmevoN 91 yluJ 13 yluJ 1002 ,hcnarB evitalsigeL )2002 ,01 yraunaJ ;611-701 .L.P( 2002YF 02 rebmeceD 91 rebmeceD 6 rebmevoN 11 rebotcO 1002 ,noitacudE ,SHH ,robaL )1002 ,5 rebmevoN ;36-701 71 rebotcO 71 rebotcO 21 yluJ 12 enuJ 1002 .L.P( 2002YF ,roiretnI tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD ¢ )3991 ,03 rebmetpeS ;88-301 .L.P( 4991YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 92 rebmetpeS 92 rebmetpeS 3991 gniunitnoC notnilC lliB tnediserP )9891 ,51 rebmevoN ;451-101 .L.P( 0991YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 51 rebmevoN 51 rebmevoN 9891 gniunitnoC rehtruF )9891 ,62 rebotcO ;031-101 .L.P( 0991YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 52 rebotcO 42 rebotcO 9891 gniunitnoC rehtruF )9891 ,92 rebmetpeS ;001-101 .L.P( 0991YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 82 rebmetpeS 62 rebmetpeS 9891 gniunitnoC hsuB .W.H egroeG tnediserP )1891 ,51 rebmeceD ;29-79 .L.P( 2891YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 11 rebmeceD 01 rebmeceD 1891 gniunitnoC rehtruF )1891 ,32 rebmevoN ;58-79 .L.P( 2891YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 32 rebmevoN 32 rebmevoN 1891 gniunitnoC rehtruF )1891 ,1 rebotcO ;15-79 .L.P( 2891YF rof snoitairporppA 03 rebmetpeS 03 rebmetpeS 52 rebmetpeS 61 rebmetpeS 1891 gniunitnoC nagaeR dlanoR tnediserP )7791 ,9 rebmeceD ;502-59 .L.P( 8791YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 6 rebmeceD 6 rebmeceD 7791 gniunitnoC rehtruF )7791 ,9 rebmevoN ;561-59 .L.P( 8791YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 4 rebmevoN 3 rebmevoN 7791 gniunitnoC rehtruF )7791 ,31 rebotcO ;031-59 .L.P( 8791YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 31 rebotcO 31 rebotcO 7791 gniunitnoC retraC ymmiJ tnediserP tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD 1002 dna ,3991 ,9891 ,1891 ,7791 sraeY radnelaC stcA snoitairporppA gniunitnoC no noitcA etaneS dna esuoH fo setaD . 6 elbaT ¢ .ecnerefnoc a naht rehtar erudecorp "stnemdnema fo egnahcxe" na fo snaem yb secnereffid rieht devloser srebmahc owt eht ro ,tnemdnema tuohtiw rebmahc rehto eht morf erusaem eht dessap rebmahc eno rehtie ,derrucco noitca ecnerefnoc on erehw secnatsni nI .)2891 ,13 hcraM ;161-79 .L.P( raey radnelac gniwollof eht ni detcane saw 2891YF rof tca snoitairporppa gniunitnoc htruof a ,nagaeR tnediserP rednU :setoN .htieK treboR yb ,sraeY tneceR ni snoituloseR gniunitnoC fo noitaruD ,41623LR tropeR SRC dna metsyS noitamrofnI evitalsigeL :ecruoS )1002 ,12 rebmeceD ;79-701 .L.P( 2002YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 02 rebmeceD 02 rebmeceD 1002 gniunitnoC rehtruF )1002 ,51 rebmeceD ;38-701 .L.P( 2002YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 41 rebmeceD 31 rebmeceD 1002 gniunitnoC rehtruF )1002 ,7 rebmeceD ;97-701 .L.P( 2002YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 5 rebmeceD 5 rebmeceD 1002 gniunitnoC rehtruF )1002 ,71 rebmevoN ;07-701 .L.P( 2002YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 51 rebmevoN 51 rebmevoN 1002 gniunitnoC rehtruF )1002 ,13 rebotcO ;85-701 .L.P( 2002YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 52 rebotcO 52 rebotcO 1002 gniunitnoC rehtruF )1002 ,22 rebotcO ;35-701 .L.P( 2002YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 71 rebotcO 71 rebotcO 1002 gniunitnoC rehtruF )1002 ,21 rebotcO ;84-701 .L.P( 2002YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 21 rebotcO 11 rebotcO 1002 gniunitnoC rehtruF )1002 ,82 rebmetpeS ;44-701 .L.P( 2002YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 52 rebmetpeS 42 rebmetpeS 1002 gniunitnoC hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP )3991 ,92 rebotcO ;821-301 .L.P( 4991YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 82 rebotcO 82 rebotcO 3991 gniunitnoC rehtruF )3991 ,12 rebotcO ;311-301 .L.P( 4991YF rof snoitairporppA -- -- 12 rebotcO 12 rebotcO 3991 gniunitnoC rehtruF tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD ¢ .3 elbaT ni dedulcni era dna stca noitailicnocer era osla stca eunever 1002 dna ,3991 ,9891 ehT :setoN .rJ ffineH lliB dna htieK treboR yb ,serudecorP etaneS dna esuoH :ssecorP noitailicnoceR tegduB ehT ,03033LR tropeR SRC dna ;71-61 .pp ,2 elbaT ,6002 rebmetpeS desiver ,18 repaP gnikroW ATO ,ikslapmeT yrreJ yb ,slliB xaT rojaM fo stceffE euneveR,sisylanA xaT fo eciffO ,yrusaerT eht fo tnemtrapeD ;metsyS noitamrofnI evitalsigeL :secruoS )1002 ,7 enuJ ;61-701 .L.P( 1002 fo tcA noitailicnoceR feileR xaT 62 yaM 62 yaM 32 yaM 61 yaM 1002 dna htworG cimonocE hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP )3991 ,01 tsuguA ;66-301 .L.P( 3991 fo tcA noitailicnoceR 6 tsuguA 5 tsuguA 52 enuJ 72 yaM 3991 tegduB subinmO notnilC lliB tnediserP )9891 ,91 rebmeceD ;932-101 .L.P( 9891 fo tcA noitailicnoceR 22 rebmevoN 22 rebmevoN 31 rebotcO 5 rebotcO 9891 tegduB subinmO hsuB .W.H egroeG tnediserP )1891 ,31 tsuguA ;43-79 .L.P( 1891 fo 3 tsuguA 4 tsuguA 13 yluJ 92 yluJ 1891 tcA yrevoceR cimonocE nagaeR dlanoR tnediserP )7791 ,32 yaM ;03-59 .L.P( 7791 fo tcA noitacifilpmiS 61 yaM 61 yaM 92 lirpA 8 hcraM 7791 dna noitcudeR xaT retraC ymmiJ tnediserP tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP raeY erusaeM ecnerefnoC ecnerefnoC etaneS esuoH radnelaC ot deergA ot deergA laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD etaneS etaD esuoH etaD 1002 dna ,3991 ,9891 ,1891 ,7791 sraeY radnelaC stcA euneveR detceleS no noitcA etaneS dna esuoH fo setaD .7 elbaT ¢ a)3991 ,01 tsuguA ;11131 .ceS ,66-301 .L.P( 3991 6 tsuguA 5 tsuguA 52 enuJ 72 yaM 3991 fo tcA noitailicnoceR tegduB subinmO )3991 ,6 lirpA ;21-301 .L.P( timiL tbeD cilbuP eht -- -- 5 lirpA 2 lirpA 3991 ni esaercnI yraropmeT a rof edivorP oT notnilC lliB tnediserP )9891 ,8 rebmevoN ;041-101 .L.P( tbeD cilbuP -- -- 7 rebmevoN 71 yaM 9891 eht no timiL yrotutatS eht gnisaercnI )9891 ,7 tsuguA ;27-101 .L.P( tbeD cilbuP -- -- 4 tsuguA 1 tsuguA 9891 eht no timiL yrotutatS eht esaercnI oT hsuB .W.H egroeG tnediserP )1891 ,03 rebmetpeS ;94-79 .L.P( timiL tbeD cilbuP eht ni esaercnI yraropmeT -- -- 92 rebmetpeS 12 yaM 1891 a rof edivorP ot noituloseR tnioJ A )1891 ,03 rebmetpeS ;84-79 .L.P( timiL tbeD cilbuP eht ni esaercnI -- -- 92 rebmetpeS 12 yaM 1891 yraropmeT a rof edivorP ot lliB A )1891 ,7 yraurbeF ;2 -79 .L.P( timiL tbeD cilbuP eht ni esaercnI -- -- 6 yraurbeF 5 yraurbeF 1891 yraropmeT a rof edivorP ot lliB A nagaeR dlanoR tnediserP )7791 ,4 rebotcO ;021-59 .L.P( timiL -- -- 03 rebmetpeS 82 rebmetpeS 7791 tbeD yraropmeT eht esaercnI ot tcA nA retraC ymmiJ tnediserP tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP esuoH raeY radnelaC erusaeM ecnerefnoC ot ecnerefnoC etaneS laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD deergA etaneS etaD ot deergA esuoH etaD 1002 dna ,3991 ,9891 ,1891 ,7791 sraeY radnelaC stcA timiL-tbeD no noitcA etaneS dna esuoH fo setaD .8 elbaT .3 elbaT ni dedulcni si osla taht tca noitailicnocer a ni deniatnoc saw 3991 ni esaercni timil-tbed dnoces ehT .a ecnerefnoc a naht rehtar erudecorp "stnemdnema fo egnahcxe" na fo snaem yb secnereffid rieht devloser srebmahc owt eht ro ,tnemdnema tuohtiw rebmahc rehto eht morf erusaem eht dessap rebmahc eno rehtie ,derrucco noitca ecnerefnoc on erehw secnatsni nI :setoN .331-031 .pp ,3-7 elbaT,8002 ,4 yraurbeF , selbaT lacirotsiH ,9002 raeY lacsiF ,tnemnrevoG setatS detinU eht fo tegduB ,tegduB dna tnemeganaM fo eciffO dna metsyS noitamrofnI evitalsigeL :secruoS -- -- -- -- 1002 ]enon[ hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP tropeR tropeR egassaP egassaP esuoH raeY radnelaC erusaeM ecnerefnoC ot ecnerefnoC etaneS laitinI fo etaD laitinI fo etaD deergA etaneS etaD ot deergA esuoH etaD ¢ Robert Keith Momoko Soltis Specialist in American National Government Analyst on the Congress and the Legislative Process rkeith@crs.loc.gov, 7-8659 esoltis@crs.loc.gov, 7-8668 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40085