For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40001 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ ¢ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ ¢ Under the "Bali Action Plan," countries around the globe are endeavoring to reach agreement by the end of 2009 on effective, feasible, and fair actions beyond 2012 to address risks of climate change driven by human-related emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). This document provides a U.S.-centric chronology of the international policy negotiations to address climate change. It begins before agreement on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992, and proceeds through the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, the Marrakesh Accords of 2001, and the Bali Action Plan of 2007 that mandates the current negotiations toward a new agreement by the end of 2009 on commitments for the period beyond 2012. This chronology identifies selected external events and major multilateral meetings that have influenced the current legal and institutional arrangements, as well as contentious issues for further cooperation. Today's negotiations under the Bali Action Plan focus on four elements: mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions; adaptation to impacts of climate change; financial assistance to low income countries; and technology development and transfer. They also are intended to define a "shared vision" for reducing global GHG emissions by around 2050. For U.S. legislators, important issues include the compatibility of any international agreement with U.S. domestic policies and laws; the adequacy of appropriations, fiscal measures and programs to achieve any commitments under the agreement; and the desirable form of the agreement and related requirements for potential Senate ratification and federal implementing legislation. ¢ Overview of the International Climate Change Negotiations ......................................................... 1 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change................................................... 2 The Kyoto Protocol ......................................................................................................................... 2 The Bali Action Plan ....................................................................................................................... 3 Legislative Issues ............................................................................................................................ 3 Author Contact Information ............................................................................................................ 8 ¢ Formal international negotiations were launched in December 1990 to address human-driven climate change. These negotiations on a Framework Convention on Climate Change marked the progress of decades of scientific research toward conclusions--with uncertainties--that have remained remarkably stable in the years since: greenhouse gas (GHG)1 emissions from human- related activities are very likely causing the major portion of climate change observed in recent decades and, if these continue, could lead to potentially catastrophic impacts on human societies and their environment. Predicting the precise timing, magnitude and implications of changes remains subject to a variety of uncertainties; many questions may not be resolvable in a timeframe consistent with making effective and cost-effective decisions to address the risks of climate change. Only concerted global action can stabilize GHG concentrations, since emissions come from all countries. China and the United States are now approximately tied as leading emitters of GHG, although the United States historically has contributed more--almost one-fifth of the rise of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. The greatest growth in GHG emissions is expected from countries, such as China, India and Brazil, that historically have contributed less, now emit much less per person, and have lower economic and governance capabilities to address the problem. The core issues for negotiation in 1990 remain the same today: · when and by how much to reduce greenhouse gas emissions globally in order to avoid "dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system";2 · how to share "common but differentiated responsibilities" among countries taking into account "respective capacities"of different people--in particular, the acceptable degree of participation of developing countries; · what mechanisms are best suited to assuring GHG reductions by all parties at the lowest cost and while supporting "sustainable economic development" and "the eradication of poverty"; · how cooperatively to understand the risks and facilitate adaptation to climate changes, especially by those least able to cope on their own; and 1 "Greenhouse gases" are defined in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as "those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic [human-driven] that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation." They may alter the composition of the atmosphere, changing the balance of radiation entering and leaving the Earth system, and consequently change the temperature or patterns of climate on Earth. The most important is water vapor, but it is believed not to be altered by human activities. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important human- related GHG, with about ¾ from fossil fuel use and about ¼ due to land use change and forestry. Other important gases listed under the Kyoto Protocol are methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O, hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Additional greenhouse gases are partially controlled internationally under the Montreal Protocol of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), etc., while others are emerging (e.g., nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Other radiatively important substances are significant but difficult to treat similarly, such as aerosols or tropospheric ozone. 2 Terms used particularly in association with the international climate change negotiations are frequently highlighted in italics in this document, to alert the reader to their significance. ¢ · how to adapt international arrangements over time as science, social conditions and capabilities evolve. The international negotiations launched in 1990 culminated in the 1992 adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The United States was the fourth nation to ratify the UNFCCC, and the first among industrialized countries. As of November 2008, 192 governments are Parties to the UNFCCC. As a framework convention, this treaty provides the structure for collaboration and evolution of efforts over decades, as well as the first step in that collaboration. The UNFCCC does not, however, include measurable and enforceable objectives and commitments.3 By the time the treaty entered into force and the Conference of the Parties (COP) met for the first time in 1995, the Parties agreed that achieving the objective of the UNFCCC would require new and stronger GHG commitments, though the Berlin Mandate deferred any new commitments for developing countries for future agreements. The resulting 1997 accord, the Kyoto Protocol, pledged to reduce the net GHG emissions4 of industrialized country Parties (Annex I Parties) to 5.2% below 1990 levels in the period of 2008 to 2012. It also pledged to assess the adequacy of these commitments early in the new century. ¢ The United States signed the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997. However, opposition in the U.S. Congress was strong. In the "Byrd-Hagel" Resolution5 in July 1997, the Senate expressed its opposition (95-0 vote) to the terms of the Berlin Mandate, by stating that the U.S. should not sign any treaty that does not include specific, scheduled commitments of non-Annex I Parties in the same compliance period as Annex I Parties, or that might seriously harm the U.S. economy. The Kyoto Protocol (KP) was not submitted to the Senate for ratification by President Clinton, nor by his successor, President George W. Bush. Newly elected President Bush announced in 2001 that the United States would oppose the agreement because it did not include GHG commitments by other large emitting (developing) countries and because of his conclusion that it would cause serious harm to the U.S. economy. As of 1 November 2008, 183 governments had become Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, with the United States and Kazakhstan6 being the only industrialized countries to remain outside of the Kyoto Protocol. In KP Article 9, the Parties to The Kyoto 3 The commitment by industrialized Parties to prepare national action plans aiming to reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels is measurable, but no effective penalties or mechanisms were established to address any non-compliance with obligations. 4 "Net" emissions are the gross emissions minus the removals of GHG from the atmosphere by "sinks" (sequestration), particularly by growing forests and other vegetation (or prevention of release of GHG by burning or decomposing vegetation). 5 S.Res. 98. 6 Kazakhstan is unusual in being considered an Annex I Party for the purposes of the Kyoto Protocol, but not for the purposes of the UNFCCC, once it ratifies the Kyoto Protocol. [COP report FCCC/CP/2006/5] ¢ Protocol agreed to begin a process no later than 2005 to consider commitments beyond 2012, when the first commitment period ends. In December 2007, the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC agreed to a "Bali Action Plan" to negotiate (parallel to a process under the Kyoto Protocol) new GHG mitigation actions and other commitments for the post-2012 period. The negotiators are due to reach agreement by the end of 2009 (at their 15th meeting, in Copenhagen, Denmark). The Bali Action Plan does not provide for binding GHG commitments by non-Annex I Parties. In April 2008, negotiators in Bangkok agreed that the 2009 decision should include long-term GHG goals (a "vision" to be shared among all countries) to stop growth of emissions in the next 10 to 15 years and to achieve large reductions by 2050. The key items for negotiation in an agreement to address climate change beyond 2012 are: · mitigation of climate change (primarily to reduce GHG emissions or to enhance removals of carbon by forests and other vegetation "sinks"); · adaptation to impacts of climate change; · financial assistance to low income countries; · technology development and transfer; and · the shared vision for long-term goals and action. Four meetings in 2008 and four in 2009 were scheduled for an ambitious attempt to reach an agreement of some kind by the end of 2009. In Poznan, Poland, at the 14th COP, Parties decided to "shift into full negotiating mode" and that a first, full negotiating text should be available for a meeting in Bonn in June 2009. To this end, Parties are expected to put forward their proposals as early in 2009 as possible, in particular regarding specific targets for greenhouse gas reductions. The meeting also ended with "some bitterness, in that it proved to be impossible to raise additional resources for adaptation," concluded Yvo de Boer, the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC. For U.S. legislators, important issues include the compatibility of any international agreement with U.S. domestic policies and laws; the adequacy of appropriations and fiscal incentives to achieve any commitments under the agreement; and the desirable form of the agreement and any requirements for potential ratification and implementing legislation. .ymonoce .S.U eht mrah ylsuoires dluow taht ro ,doirep emas eht ni seirtnuoc gnipoleved rof snoitagilbo edulcni ton seod taht tnemeerga lanoitanretni yna otni retne ton dluohs setatS detinU eht taht ,noituloseR legaH-dryB eht )0-59( sessap etaneS .S.U ehT 7991 yluJ .)ATSBS( ecivdA lacigolonhceT dna cifitneicS no ydoB yraidisbuS eht dna )IBS( noitatnemelpmI no ydoB yraidisbuS eht :seititne owt hsilbatse ot dna ,noitatnemelpmI tnioJ rof esahP toliP a ot eerga osla POC ehT .seitraP 1 xennA-non rof stnemtimmoc wen on tub ,seitraP 1 xennA fo stnemtimmoc GHG eht nehtgnerts ot doirep 0002-tsop eht rof snoitaitogen gnitaitini ,etadnaM nilreB eht stpoda erofereht tI .etauqedani era yeht sedulcnoc dna )b( dna )a(2.4 selcitrA CCCFNU rednu stnemtimmoc fo ycauqeda eht sweiver )1-POC( seitraP eht fo ecnerefnoC eht fo gniteem tsrif eht ,ynamreG ,nilreB nI 5991 lirpA-hcraM ).CCCFNU eht deifitar evah stnemnrevog 291 ,8002 rebmevoN fo sA( .seirtnuoc 05 yb noitacifitar gniwollof ,CCCFNU eht fo ecroF otni yrtnE 4991 hcraM 12 .CCCFNU eht yfitar ot noitan dezilairtsudni tsrif eht semoceb setatS detinU ehT 2991 rebotcO 1 .gnitroper dna ,gninnalp noitatpada ,noitagitim GHG rof gnidulcni ,snoitagilbo lareneg evah seitraP I xennA-noN .CCCFNU eht fo msinahcem laicnanif miretni eht deman si )FEG( ytilicaF tnemnorivnE labolG ehT .snoitagilbo lanoitidda dna ,snoissime GHG troper ,ecnatsissa laicnanif dna lacinhcet edivorp ot )setatS detinU eht gnidulcni( II xennA ni detsil seitraP rof snoitagilbo sedulcnI .0002 raey eht yb slevel 0991 ot snoissime GHG ecuder ot )gnidnib-non ,.e.i( mia taht serusaem htiw snalp noitca lanoitan hsilbatse ot seitraP "I xennA" yrtnuoc depoleved fo stnemtimmoc sedulcni tI .metsys etamilc eht htiw ecnerefretni cinegoporhtna suoregnad gnidiova fo evitcejbo na htiw ,seitraP lla fo seitilibapac evitcepser dna seitilibisnopser detaitnereffid tub nommoc setic ytaert ehT .lizarB ,orienaJ ed oiR ni )DECNU( tnempoleveD dna tnemnorivnE no ecnerefnoC snoitaN detinU eht ta erutangis rof snepo )CCCFNU( egnahC etamilC no noitnevnoC krowemarF snoitaN detinU ehT 2991 enuJ .egnahC etamilC no noitnevnoC krowemarF a rof eettimmoC gnitaitogeN latnemnrevogretnI eht sehsilbatse ylbmessA lareneG snoitaN detinU ehT 0991 .edaced a ot pu rof ,revewoh ,demrifnoc eb ton dluoc noitubirtnoc namuh ehT .gnimraw labolg erutuf evird dluoc dna ,)TMG( erutarepmet naem labolg ni sesaercni devresbo gnisuac eb yam eseht ;snoitartnecnoc cirehpsomta desaercni evah taht )GHG( sesag esuohneerg time seitivitca namuh taht sedulcnoc CCPI eht fo tropeR tnemssessA tsriF 0991 .5202 dnuora litnu %05 hcaer ot detcejorp ton ,snoissime GHG labolg fo ht5/1 time ,noitalupop s'dlrow eht fo %08 ot emoh ,seirtnuoc gnipoleveD .)setatS detinU eht morf 5/1( seirtnuoc dezilairtsudni morf 5/4 htiw ,yllaunna snot noillib 12 era snoissime 2OC labolG .0571 ni mpp 082 tuoba fo snoitartnecnoc lairtsudni-erp ot derapmoc ,)mpp( noillim rep strap 453 tuoba era erehpsomta eht ni snoitartnecnoc 2OC labolG 0991 .gnikam-noisiced latnemnrevog rof hcraeser egnahc etamilc ssessa ot ,emmargorP tnemnorivnE NU eht dna noitazinagrO lacigoloroeteM dlroW NU eht fo secipsua tnioj eht rednu )CCPI( egnahC etamilC no lenaP latnemnrevogretnI eht hsilbatse stnemnrevoG 8891 rebmevoN .5002 raey eht yb slevel 8891 morf %02 yb snoissime 2OC labolg fo noitcuder a rof llac erehpsomtA gnignahC eht no ecnerefnoC otnoroT eht ot strepxE 8891 .egnahc etamilc decudni-GHG fo etar eht wols ot snoitca dna sisylana ycilop rof sllac dna ,hcraeser dna snoitavresbo fo sedaced sweiver ,airtsuA ,hcalliV ni ecnerefnoc cifitneics rojaM 5891 .egnahc etamilc ni detacilpmi ,)GHG( sesag esuohneerg gnitsal-gnol dna lufrewop osla era sCFC sa hcus ,secnatsbus eseht fo ynaM .enozo cirehpsotarts etelped taht secnatsbus fo noitcudorp tuo-esahp ot eerga stnemnrevog 75 ,locotorP laertnoM eht nI 7891 .)TMG( erutarepmet naem labolg ni esaercni Co5.4-4.1 a ot dael yllautneve dluow slevel lairtsudni-erp revo snoitartnecnoc )2OC( edixoid nobrac fo gnilbuod a taht setamitse ecnerefnoC egnahC etamilC dlroW tsriF 9791 9002-9791 ,snoitaitogeN egnahC etamilC lanoitanretnI fo ygolonorhC cirtnec-.S.U A ¢ .detcepxe neeb dah naht troppus erom sniag tub ,)55-34( sliaf ,tcA pihsdrawetS etamilC namrebeiL-niaCcM eht ,metsys gnidart snoissime-dna-pac a hguorht GHG lortnoc ot noitalsigel no etov etaneS .S.U tsrif ehT 3002 rebotcO 03 .evawtaeh emertxe eht fo ecnerrucco fo ecnahc eht delbuod tsael ta dah gnimraw labolg taht detacidni hcraeser cifitneicS .shtaed ssecxe 000,07 naht erom htiw detaicossa era eporuE nretseW ni noitullop ria dna taeh lanoitpecxE 3002 remmuS .tnempoleveD elbaniatsuS dna egnahC etamilC no noitaralceD ihleD tsedom a seussi 8-POC 2002 rebmevoN .locotorP otoyK eht ot detaler snoitarebiled ni revresbO na sa emit tsrif eht rof setapicitrap setatS detinU ehT .troppus noitatnemelpmi lanoitidda dna noitcA fo smargorP noitatpadA lanoitaN rof gnidnuf ,)GEL( puorG trepxE CDL eht dna margorp krow CDL na hsilbatse osla seitraP ehT .locotorP otoyK eht rednu dnuF noitatpadA na fo tnemhsilbatse )4( dna ;noitarepo sti no ecnadiug htiw ,)dnuF CDL( dnuF yrtnuoC depoleveD tsaeL a fo tnemhsilbatse )3( ;refsnart ygolonhcet dna noitatpada troppus ot )FCCS( dnuF egnahC etamilC laicepS fo tnemhsilbatse )2( ;serusaem esnopser fo ro egnahc etamilc fo stceffe esrevda ot eud seirtnuoc gnipoleved fo sdeen sserdda ot FEG fo tnemhsinelper )1( :edulcni stnemeerga ,seirtnuoc gnipoleved ni noitatpada troppus oT .gnidarT ecnawollA dna ,noitatnemelpmI tnioJ ,msinahceM tnempoleveD naelC eht :smsinahcem ytilibixelf eerht eht rof yllaicepse ,etarepo ot locotorP otoyK eht rof senilediug dna selur tsom gnihsilbatse ,sdroccA hsekarraM eht stpoda 7-POC 1002 rebmeceD .dnuF noitatpadA eht dna ,dnuF yrtnuoC depoleveD tsaeL eht ,dnuF egnahC etamilC laicepS eht :smsinahcem laicnanif wen eerht hsilbatse ot dna ,ecnailpmoc-non rof seitlanep noissime ,sknis nobrac ,)msinahceM tnempoleveD naelC eht dna noitatnemelpmi tnioj ,gnidart snoissime( smsinahcem ytilibixelf eht fo esu no edam era snoisiceD .snoissucsid locotorP otoyK eht ot ytrap a ton ,revresbo na sa emit tsrif eht rof setapicitrap setatS detinU eht ,sib6-POC tA 1002 yluJ .locotorP eht gninrecnoc snoitarebiled ot )ytraP a ton( revresbO na semoceb dna ,locotorP otoyK eht ot noitisoppo 'setatS detinU secnuonna hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP 1002 hcraM .srehto naht erom egnahc dluow snoiger emos ;0012 yb )Fo4.41 ot Fo2.3( C°8.5 ot o4.1 yb 0991 revo esir dluoc erutarepmet egareva labolg detaicossA .0571 raey eht ni level mpp 082 eht evoba %052 ot 09--0012 yb mpp 079 ot 045 ot esir dluoc snoitartnecnoc 2OC cirehpsomta ,snoissime GHG etaba ot snoitca detrecnoc tuohtiW .esu leuf lissof morf stluser hcihw fo tsom ,snoitartnecnoc GHG desaercni eht ot eud ylekil si sraey 05 tsal eht revo gnimraw devresbo eht fo tsoM .sraey noillim 02 tsap eht gnirud ton ylekil dna sraey 000,024 tsap eht gnirud dedeecxe neeb ton sah noitartnecnoc 2OC devresbo ehT .etamilc fo srotacidni rehto dna ,ytilanosaes deretla ,sreicalg gnitlem ,tnetxe eci dna wons gnisaerced ni devresbo eb nac stceffe dna ,esaercni ot eunitnoc noitatipicerp dna erutarepmet labolg taht gnidulcnoc ,tropeR tnemssessA drihT sti sesaeler CCPI ehT 1002 yaM-yraunaJ .1002 yluJ ni "sib6-POC" ta sklat emuser ot eerga seitraP .locotorP otoyK eht ni smsinahcem ytilibixelf eht tnemelpmi ot selur no tnemeerga tuohtiw dednepsus ,espalloc snoissucsid POC htxis eht ,sdnalrehteN ,eugaH eht nI 0002 rebmevoN .snoissime GHG ecuder ot stnemtimmoc yratnulov no ekat ot seirtnuoc gnipoleved sserp ot seunitnoc setatS detinU ehT .locotorP otoyK eht tnemelpmi ot selur ezilanif ot 0002 fo enildaed a htiw ,noitcA fo nalP seriA soneuB eht ot seerga POC ehT 8991 .noitacifitar fo srepap dettimbus evah ,snoissime GHG 0991 fo %55 tsael ta gnidulcni ,seirtnuoc 55 nehw ecrof otni retne dluow locotorP ehT .cte ,emiger ecnailpmoc eht fo erutan eht ,noitartseuqes nobrac desab-dnal rof tnuocca ot woh ,smsinahcem ytilibixelf eht fo snoitarepo gnirevoc ,detaitogen eb ot niamer selur gnitnemelpmi ynaM .seitraP yb gnitroper seriuqer dna ,msinahcem ecnailpmoc a seniltuo tI .msinahceM tnempoleveD naelC eht dna ,noitatnemelpmI tnioJ ,stnuoma dengissa fo gnidart gnidulcni ,smsinahcem ytilibixelf rof sedivorp tI .B xennA ni seitraP yb snoissime GHG elbawolla fo stnuoma dengissa stsil dna ,2102-8002 fo doirep tnemtimmoc tsrif eht gnirud slevel 0991 woleb %5 ot snoissime GHG 'seirtnuoc dezilairtsudni gnicuder fo laog a stes tI .seirtnuoc 051 naht erom yb dengis ,detpoda si CCCFNU eht ot locotorP otoyK ehT 7991 rebmeceD ¢ ".ytivitca NU gniogno tnemelpmoc ot" dna laog labolg mret-gnol a poleved ot ,seirtnuoc fo puorg llams a gnoma krowemarf 2102 -tsop wen a etaitogen ot )MEM( sgniteeM seimonocE rojaM eht setaitini hsuB tnediserP .S.U 7002 yaM .snoissime eseht gnitaluger redisnoc ot tcA riA naelC eht yb ti ot detnarg ytirohtua eht esicrexe tsum APE taht dna stnatullop ria era GHG taht APE .v sttesuhcassaM ni sediced truoC emerpuS .S.U 7002 lirpA .yrtnuoc yna fo tsehgih eht emoceb evah yam anihC morf snoissime eht ,snoissime GHG labolg fo %81 tuoba sdda setatS detinU eht elihW .egnahc esu dnal si dnoces eht dna esu leuf lissof si esaercni taht fo ecruos yramirp eht ;level lairtsudni-erp eht revo %53 naht erom pu dna ,0991 ecnis mpp 52 pu ,mpp 973 si 2OC fo noitartnecnoc cirehpsomta labolg eht ,5002 yB ".snoitartnecnoc GHG cinegoporhtna ni esaercni devresbo eht ot eud ylekil yrev si yrutnec ht02-dim eht ecnis serutarepmet degareva yllabolg ni esaercni devresbo eht fo tso]m[" taht dna "lacoviuqenu si metsys etamilc eht fo gnimraw" taht gnidulcnoc ,tropeR tnemssessA htruoF sti sesaeler CCPI ehT 7002 yaM-yraurbeF .ni nioj seirtnuoc rehto fi woleb %03 ot dna ,0202 yb slevel 0991 woleb %02 yb yllaretalinu snoissime GHG sti ecuder ot suisleC o2 ot gnimraw labolg gnitimil fo ycilop wen a setats noinU naeporuE eht fo noissimmoC 7002 yraunaJ 01 .MDC eht rof gnidliuB yticapaC no krowemarF iboriaN eht dna ,noitatpadA no emmargorP kroW iboriaN eht ,dnuF noitatpadA eht gninrecnoc stnemeerga hcaer 2-PMC dna 21-POC ,ayneK ,iboriaN nI 6002 rebmevoN .setatS detinU eht ni snoissime GHG ecuder ot secnawolla elbadart fo metsys a hsilbatse ot lasoporp namrebeiL-niaCcM eht )06-83( stcejer etaneS .S.U eht ,etabed fo keew a retfA 6002 enuJ 6 .CCCFNU eht rednu dehsilbatse eb ot eugolaid rehtona dna ,)PK-GWA( locotorP otoyK eht rednu seitraP I xennA rof stnemtimmoC rehtruF no puorG gnikroW coH dA eht ,doirep 2102-tsop eht ni snoitca redisnoc ot skcart lellarap owt ot seerga POC eht ,gniteem eht fo tuo sklaw noitageled .S.U eht retfA .steem )PMC( "locotorP otoyK eht ot seitraP 5002 eht fo gniteeM eht sa gnivres seitraP eht fo ecnerefnoC" tsrif eht ,adanaC ,laertnoM nI rebmeceD-rebmevoN .rotces etavirp eht yb noitapicitrap sedulcni dna ,aeroK htuoS dna ,napaJ ,aidnI ,anihC ,adanaC ,ailartsuA ,setatS detinU eht sedulcni PPA ehT .segnahcxe ygolonhcet yratnulov hguorht seimonoce rieht fo ytisnetni GHG eht gnicuder no etarepooc ot ,)PPA( etamilC dna tnempoleveD naelC no pihsrentraP cificaP-aisA eht secnuonna setatS detinU ehT 5002 yluJ 72 .ymonoce .S.U eht "mrah yltnacifingis" ton dluow taht rennam a ni dna etar a ta ,snoissime GHG fo htworg eht esrever dna ,pots ,wols ot "stimil desab-tekram ,yrotadnam ... evitceffe dna evisneherpmoc" tcane ot ssergnoC no gnillac )6 .R.H ot tnemdnemA( noituloseR etaneS eht fo esneS a sessap etaneS .S.U ehT 5002 enuJ 52 .seicilop ygrene elbawener dna ycneiciffe ygrene suoitibma secnuonna anihC 5002 .)tem neeb ydaerla gnivah CCCFNU eht ot seitraP 55 tsael ta rof tnemeriuqer eht( snoissime 2OC fo ytirojam-repus %55 a tsael ta gnitneserper seitraP yb noitacifitar rof tnemeriuqer eht steem noitacifitar s'aissuR retfa ecrof otni sretne locotorP otoyK ehT 5002 yraurbeF 61 .seinapmoc dnasuoht 21 gnoma gnidart ecnawolla GHG gnittimrep ,snigeb )STE( metsyS gnidarT snoissimE s'noinU naeporuE ehT 5002 yraunaJ 1 .CCCFNU eht ot snoitacinummoC lanoitaN tsrif rieht timbus anihC dna lizarB .serusaeM esnopseR dna noitatpadA no kroW fo emmargorP seriA soneuB eht sevorppa dna noitatpada no sucof sesaercni 01-POC 4002 rebmeceD .sthgir namuh ot stcapmi egnahc etamilc knil selpoep suonegidnI ".smetsysoce dna seiceps citcrA ot sksir sa llew sa ... stnediser citcrA fo gnieb-llew dna erutluc ,htlaeh namuh rof segnellahc fo egnar a stneserp ... srosserts rehto htiw rehtegot ,egnahc etamilC" sedulcnoc tnemssessA tcapmI etamilC citcrA ehT 4002 rebmevoN .)dnuF CDL( dnuF seirtnuoC depoleveD tsaeL eht dna )FCCS( dnuF egnahC etamilC laicepS eht sa llew sa ,sknis tserof yb noitprosba nobrac rof stiderc no snoisiced hguorhtkaerb lareves sehcaer 9-POC 3002 rebmeceD ¢ .seirtnuoc gnipoleved fo spuorg eerht gnoma stnemtimmoc GHG wen rof dna ,stsoc noitcuder dna ,seicneiciffe ,snoissime larotces ot gnidrocca ,seitraP I xennA gnoma stegrat GHG rof stroffe fo ytilibarapmoc etaerc ot ,)stnemtimmoc htiw seirtnuoc emoceb ot ,.e.i( I xennA otni seirtnuoc lanoitidda gniretne rof airetirc sesoporp tI .sraey 02 ot 01 txen eht ni kaep dluohs snoissime GHG labolG .0502 yb snoissime GHG labolg fo noitcuder %05 tsael ta gniveihca fo "noisiv derahs" a tpoda seitraP lla taht sesoporp napaJ fo tnemnrevoG 8002 rebmetpeS .snoitca noitagitim fo stceffe "revollips" suoirav no deecorp lliw sisylanA .snoissime rieht ton tub ,CFCH dna CFC fo noitcudorp tuo sesahp locotorP laertnoM eht taht seton tI .4RA CCPI eht yb deifitnedi )3FN,.g.e( sesag wen dna sesag fo spuorg wen seton dna ,doirep tnemtimmoc dnoces eht ni GHG elpitlum gnidulcni ot "hcaorppa teksab" evisneherpmoc a no eerga PK-GWA ehT .)sthgir ytreporp lautcelletni fo noitcetorp sa hcus( srefsnart ygolonhcet dna laicnanif no "ytilanoitidnoc" esoppo dna ,eussi hcae rof smsinahcem wen rof llac yltneuqerf seirtnuoc gnipoleveD .meht rof etairporppani eb dluow eugra seirtnuoc gnipoleved emos hcihw ,sehcaorppa larotces ediwdlrow troppus snoitageled emoS .meht fo noitatnemelpmi ylno ,locotorP otoyK ro CCCFNU eht ot stnemdnema redisnoc ot detadnam ton era PA-GWA dna ACL-GWA eht taht eugra seirtnuoc gnipoleved emoS .ytiradilos gniniatniam 77-G eht dna anihC htiw ,suoitnetnoc eb ot seunitnoc seitraP I xennA-non gnoma noitaitnereffid fo noitseuq ynA .ecnanif dna ygolonhcet ,noitatpada ,noitagitim ",noisiv derahs" ot sehcaorppa evitanretla no seunitnoc ACL-GWA eht rednu sweiv fo egnahcxe ,anahG ,arccA nI 8002 tsuguA .stegrat GHG larotces ot sehcaorppa dna ;seirogetac ecruos dna srotces ,sesag esuohneerg ;)FCULUL( yrtserof dna egnahc esu dnal ,esu dnal ;smsinahcem ytilibixelf eht sredisnoc 5-PK-GWA dna ",noisiv derahs" eht ssucsid ot snigeb dna ,ygolonhcet dna ecnanif ,noitatpada no spohskrow sdloh 2-ACL-GWA ,nnoB nI 8002 enuJ-hcraM .smargorp ralimis tuohtiw snoitan rehto dna aidnI ,anihC morf stropmi gnisserdda ylevitceffe tuohtiw detcane eb dluohs GHG no setadnam wen on taht )04-55( setov etaneS .S.U ehT 8002 yaM 51 ".1 xennA ni snoitca citsemod ot latnemelppus eb" dna 2102 dnoyeb eunitnoc dluohs smsinahcem ytilibixelf locotorP otoyK eht taht sedulcnoc 4PK-GWA ehT .8002 rof smargorp krow rieht nalp PK-GWA dna ACL-GWA eht ,dnaliahT ,kokgnaB nI 8002 lirpA-hcraM .noitatserofed ecuder ot stnemtimmoc dna snoitartsnomed etaitini dna ,knaB dlroW eht rednu dnuF noitatpadA eht fo tnemeganam ecalp snoisiced lanoitiddA .ecnanif dna ,ygolonhcet ,noitatpada ,noitagitim :stnemele niam 4 seifitnedi dna "noitca evitarepooc mret-gnol rof noisiv derahs a" rof sllac nalP noitcA ilaB ehT .)kramneD ,negahnepoC ni gniteem 41-POC ta( 9002 fo dne eht yb tnemeerga hcaer ot dna doirep 2102-tsop eht ni stnemtimmoc dna snoitca noitagitim GHG wen drawot etaitogen ot CCCFNU eht ot seitraP rof etadnam a htiw )ACL-GWA( noitcA evitarepooC mret-gnoL no puorG gnikroW coH dA eht sehsilbatse ­ "nalP noitcA ilaB" eht ot seerga 31-POC 7002 rebmeceD .tnemeerga 2102-tsop a no snoissucsid level-hgih lamrofni sdloh noom-iK naB lareneG-yraterceS ,ylbmessA lareneG snoitaN detinU eht fo gniteem eht tA 7002 rebmetpeS 42 .sepyt tcejorp dettimrep ni yticirtcele laoc fo noisulcni esoppo spuorg latnemnorivne emoS .seirtnuoc gnipoleved ni stcejorp ygrene rof gnicnanif lanoissecnoc troppus ot sronod gnoma noillib 01$ esiar ot gnitcepxe ,knaB dlroW eht rednu )FTC( dnuF ygolonhceT naelC a rof sraey eerht revo noillib 2$ segdelp hsuB egroeG tnediserP .S.U ,setatS detinU eht yb detsoh ,)MEM( gniteeM seimonocE rojaM tsrif eht tA 7002 rebmetpeS 32 .aissuR dna napaJ ,adanaC yb detsiser si egnar siht hguoht ,0202 yb seirtnuoc dezilairtsudni rof slevel 0991 woleb %04 ot %52 fo stegrat noitcuder GHG fo egnar a redisnoc ot eerga locotorP otoyK eht ot seitraP ,anneiV nI 7002 tsuguA 13 .CCCFNU eht troppus dluohs ssecorp MEM eht taht eerga dna ,seimonoce gnigreme yb snoitca fo smrof evitanretla yfitnedi ",0502 yb snoissime labolg fo gnivlah a tsael ta edulcni hcihw napaJ dna adanaC ,noinU naeporuE eht yb edam snoisiced eht ylsuoires redisnoc lliw" yeht eralced ,ynamreG ,mmadnegnilieH ni sredaeL 8G ehT 7002 yluJ ¢ jaleggett@crs.loc.gov, 7-9525 Specialist in Energy and Environmental Policy Jane A. Leggett .stnemtimmoc 2102-tsop rof ,nalP noitcA ilaB eht yb tes eludehcs eht htiw ecnadrocca ni ,detapicitna tnemeergA 9002 rebmeceD .tnemeerga 2102-tsop a rof txet gnitaitogen tsrif a no nigeb lliw noitarebileD .8-PK-GWA dna 6-ACL -GWA ;03-IBS dna 03-ATSBS ­ seidob yraidisbus CCCFNU eht fo snoisses ht03 ,nnoB nI 9002 enuJ 21-1 .7-PK-GWA dna 5-ACL-GWA ,nnoB nI 9002 lirpA 8-hcraM 92 .7102 yb %05 tsael ta yb noitatserofed tuc ot segdelp lizarB .0502 yb slevel 2002 morf snoissime GHG evlah ot laog a secnuonna ,tnemtimmoc noitcuder GHG a reffo ot seitraP I xennA-non tsrif eht gnoma ,ocixeM fo tnemnrevoG ehT .seinom noitatpada lanoitidda rof stnemtimmoc eveihca ton did seirtnuoc gnipoleved hguoht ,dnuF noitatpadA eht gnidrager seussi evloser osla seitraP .9002 enuJ yb elbaliava eb dluohs txet gnitaitogen lluf a taht eerga seitraP .snoitaitogen yfisnetni ot seerga dna ",noitca evitarepooc mret-gnol rof noisiv derahs" a no stnemetats lacitilop sessentiw 41-POC fo tnemges level-hgih a ,dnaloP ,nanzoP nI 8002 rebmeceD ¢ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40001