U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation: 2002 Overview November 2003, NCJ 200030 ------------------------------------------------------------------ This file is text only without many of the tables. A spreadsheet (.wk1) of the Summary of State statutes by State and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cspsl02.htm This report is one in a series. More recent editions may be available. To view a list of all in the series go to http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#cspsl ------------------------------------------------------------------- Current status of the law Summary of State statutes By category By State Lawrence A. Greenfeld Director This report was prepared by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics, Gerald E. Wethington, Chairman, and Gary R. Cooper, Executive Director. The project director was Sheila J. Barton, Deputy Executive Director. Paul L. Woodard, Senior Counsel, and Eric C. Johnson, Policy Research Analyst, prepared the report. Twyla R. Cunningham, Manager, Corporate Communications, and Linda Townsdin, Writer/Editor, edited the report. Jane L. Bassett, Publishing Specialist, provided layout and design assistance. Adonica L. McGarr, Law and Policy Administrative Assistant, assisted in the preparation of data tables. The project was conducted under the direction of Carol G. Kaplan, Chief, Criminal History Improvement Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Report of work performed under BJS Cooperative Agreement No. 2000-MU-MU-K006 awarded to SEARCH Group, Incorporated, 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145, Sacramento, California 95831. Contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Bureau of Justice Statistics or the U.S. Department of Justice. Copyright (c) SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics, 2003 The U.S. Department of Justice authorizes any person to reproduce, publish, translate, or otherwise use all or any part of the copyrighted material in the publication with the exception of those items indicating that they are copyrighted by or reprinted by permission of any source other than SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics. Foreword This updated version of the Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation: 2002 Overview is the twelfth in a series of Bureau of Justice Statistics' publications referencing and analyzing State laws, administrative regulations and attorneys general's opinions relating to the security, confidentiality, accuracy, and completeness of criminal history records. The first Compendium was published in 1974 in conjunction with the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration's development and issuance of the Department of Justice regulations on privacy and security of criminal history record information. Subsequent editions were published in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, and now, in 2002. The volumes continue to provide assistance to legislators, planners, administrators, legal analysts, and other researchers in reviewing and contrasting the various approaches States have taken to maintain and use criminal records. Such assistance is particularly timely in light of the dramatic increase in recent years in the number of enacted State statutes that permit access to criminal history record information for background checks related to jobs, volunteer activities, security, and other purposes. This trend was intensified by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, following which the Federal government instituted or considered criminal record checks for workers in aviation, farming and food preparation, hazardous materials transportation, and other occupations. By utilizing the information contained in this Compendium, States can take a more enlightened approach to criminal record policymaking, balancing the public's interest in increased security through criminal background checks with individual rights regarding the protection and use of personal information. The Bureau of Justice Statistics hopes that this report will be a useful resource for policymakers as they seek to improve and promote the Nation's criminal history records. The efficient operation of complete and accurate records systems serves to benefit us all. Lawrence A. Greenfeld Director Contents Introduction The Compendium series Scope of this Compendium How to use the Compendium 3 Section 1: Review and analysis A. Current status of the law B. Analysis of critical issues 1. Data quality 2. Access to criminal history records for noncriminal justice purposes Section 2: Classification category definitions Section 3: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by classification category A. Survey comparison of changes in State statutes and regulations by classification category B. Summary of State statutes and regulations by classification category 1. State regulatory authority 2. Privacy and security council 3. Dissemination regulations 4. Inspection 5. Right to challenge 6. Judicial review of challenged information 7. Purging nonconviction information 8. Purging conviction information 9. Sealing nonconviction information 10. Sealing conviction information 11. Removal of disqualifications. 12. Right to state nonexistence of record 13. Research access 14. Accuracy and completeness 15. Dedication 16. Civil remedies 17. Criminal penalties 18. Public records 19. Separation of files 20. Regulation of intelligence collection 21. Regulation of intelligence dissemination 22. Security 23. Transaction logs 24. Training employees 25. Listing of information systems 26. Freedom of Information Act (including criminal justice information) 27. Freedom of Information Act (excluding criminal justice information) 28. Central State repository 29. National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact enacted Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State State code titles Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Electronic versions of the full text of legislation cited in this document are available as a whole (approximately 1,500 pages), or by State, from: SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145 Sacramento, California 95831 (916) 392-2550 Email: twyla@search.org Introduction The Compendium series This Compendium is the latest in a series of 12 U.S. Department of Justice publications that reference and analyze State laws and regulations relating to privacy and security of criminal history record information. ***Footnote1: The term "criminal history record information" is defined in the Department of Justice regulations to include "information collected by criminal justice agencies on individuals consisting of identifiable descriptions and notations of arrests, detentions, indictments, informations, or other formal criminal charges, and any disposition arising therefrom, sentencing, correctional supervision, and release." 28 C.F.R. ¤ 20.3(b) (1993).*** These compendia include: (1) compilations of State laws and administrative regulations, and (2) analyses of findings and trends reflected in that body of law and policy documents. The purpose of these compendia is to assist legislators, planners, administrators, legal analysts and others interested in reviewing State statutes and regulations governing the maintenance and use of criminal records, and in analyzing national trends in this important area. Comparing and contrasting the various approaches reflected in the many State laws and regulations cited in these documents should assist planners and administrators in developing effective and fair policies for their jurisdictions. By facilitating such comparisons and by furthering research in this area, the compendia are intended to promote the evolution of enlightened privacy and information policy. The first Compendium was published by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) in 1974 as part of its efforts connected with the promulgation of regulations covering the privacy and security of criminal history record information. ***Footnote2: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Office of General Counsel, Compendium of State Laws Governing the Privacy and Security of Criminal Justice Information (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974).*** A second Compendium, published in 1978, documented the growth of State privacy and security laws subsequent to the earlier survey. ***Footnote3: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service, Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information, Compendium of State Legislation (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, January 1978).*** At that time, LEAA also published a companion document that provided an overview of the significant changes in State laws that had occurred, largely as a result of the impact of the Federal regulations, and analyzed policy issues in specific areas of privacy and security law. ***Footnote4: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: An Analysis of Privacy Issues (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978).*** Updating supplements to those compendia were published in 1979 by the LEAA and in 1981 by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), covering State legislation and regulations up to July 1981. ***Footnote5: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service, Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Legislation, 1979 Supplement, by SEARCH Group, Inc. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1979); U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Legislation, 1981 Supplement, by SEARCH Group, Inc. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982).*** The 1984, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1997 and 1999 volumes - all of which were published by BJS - replaced all of the earlier volumes in the series and referenced all State laws and regulations up to their publication dates. ***Footnote6: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation, 1984 Edition: Overview, by SEARCH Group, Inc. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, September 1985); Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation, 1987 Overview, by SEARCH Group, Inc. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, August 1988); Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation, 1989 Overview, by SEARCH Group, Inc. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, April 1990); Criminal History Record Information: Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation, 1992, by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 1992); Privacy and Security of Criminal History Information: Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation, 1994 Overview, by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, January 1995); Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation: 1997 Overview by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 1998); Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation: 1999 Overview by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 2000).*** Scope of this Compendium This Compendium is an up-to-date and complete document that supercedes the earlier volumes in the series. It references all current State laws through December 2002, as well as regulations, executive orders and opinions of State attorneys general, where applicable. The Compendium also includes a review and analysis section containing a general overview of State laws and regulations and a discussion of trends and conclusions concerning two especially important information policy issues: (1) requirements imposed on criminal justice agencies to maintain record quality, and (2) dissemination and use of criminal history information for noncriminal justice purposes. Since this compiles the material from previous compendia, as well as more recent enactments, the sheer bulk of this body of material precludes reproducing the complete text of the State laws and regulations. The complete set of statutes is available electronically from SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics. A full, hard-copy library of these laws, regulations, and other materials is maintained by SEARCH at its offices in Sacramento, California. Copies of specific or all enactments may be ordered (for a fee) by mail or telephone. ***Footnote7: SEARCH is located at 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145, Sacramento, California 95831, (916) 392-2550.*** This Compendium contains four sections. Section 1 sets out an overview of State criminal history record laws and an analysis of State requirements relating to data quality and noncriminal justice access and use. Section 2 defines the 29 subject-matter categories into which the laws and regulations are classified in the Compendium tables. These categories are essentially the same as those used in previous volumes. ***Footnote8: Category 29, "National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact enacted" was added for the first time in 1999.*** Section 3 presents summary tables showing trends and developments in criminal justice information law and policy by classification category. Section 4 provides summary tables of criminal justice information statutes and regulations by State, along with a list of the titles of the State codes (see page 55) from which the citations were extracted. All of the tables in Sections 3 and 4 include complete citations to the official State codes or other State compilations where the full text of the laws and regulations may be found. These citations should be used when ordering copies of particular provisions. The methodology used in compiling the Compendium included a survey of State officials involved with criminal record programs and policy, followed by extensive research in the State codes to verify and augment survey responses. The survey and research compiled the laws of 53 jurisdictions: the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In the Compendium, all of these jurisdictions are referred to as "States." How to use the Compendium Because this volume is a complete revision of all prior compendia and supplements, it is not necessary to consult prior volumes. To facilitate use of this volume, the laws and regulations have been classified into 29 subject-matter categories that are defined in Section 2. Numerous tables are included in Sections 3 and 4 to assist readers in finding laws dealing with particular subjects, or to determine which aspects of information policy are addressed by particular States. The summary tables in Section 3 list citations to all State statutes and regulations under each of the 29 classification categories. For example, the table for the category "State regulatory authority" (see page 20) indicates which States have provisions establishing or designating an agency to promulgate statewide regulations governing criminal history records and provides the legal citations to the provisions. In addition to finding particular citations, the reader is able to quickly identify the concentration of States addressing a particular policy area. Another view of State privacy and security trends is reflected in the table on page 18 titled "Survey comparison of changes in State statutes and regulations by classification category." At a glance, the table indicates the degree of attention that a particular area of information policy has received in the States over the past 28 years, as reflected by surveys and research conducted in 1974, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999 and 2002. A summary table for each State is included in Section 4. These tables use the 29 classification categories relating to criminal history record information privacy and security and set out citations to all of the laws and regulations of particular States. If no entry appears under one or more classification categories for a State, it means the State has no law or regulation addressing that policy area, or that research has failed to discover any. The State summary tables presented in Section 4 include subdivisions of four classification categories: * Category 3, "Dissemination Regulations," is subdivided to show whether the States authorize or prohibit access by various types of groups or individuals (criminal justice agencies, governmental noncriminal justice agencies, and private agencies or individuals) to various types of information (conviction, nonconviction and arrest information). * Category 4, "Inspection," is subdivided to indicate whether the States permit an individual to inspect his criminal history record; inspect his record and take notes; or inspect his record and obtain a copy of information contained in that record. * Category 14, "Accuracy and Completeness," is subdivided to permit statutes to be classified as relating to disposition reporting, auditing, or other accuracy and completeness requirements. * Category 22, "Security," is subdivided to enable statutes to be classified as relating to physical, administrative or computer security. These classification subdivisions should present a more accurate and detailed view of State legislative and regulatory activity in these four important policy areas, and will make the Compendium a more useful research tool. Section 1: Review and analysis A. Current status of the law In the early 1970s, at a time when public concern about privacy, automation and mushrooming information systems was at its height, Congress considered several legislative proposals that would have imposed a uniform nationwide information management scheme for State and local handling of criminal history record information. Although Congress did not enact comprehensive legislation, in 1973 it did amend the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. ***Footnote9: Now ¤ 812(b), Justice Assistance Act of 1984; Pub. L. 98-473.*** The amendment provided in general terms that all criminal history record information collected, maintained or disseminated by State and local criminal justice agencies with financial support made available under the Act must be kept complete and secure, must be made available for review and challenge by record subjects, and must be used only for law enforcement and other lawful purposes. ***Footnote10: The amendment does not cover investigative and intelligence information.*** In 1976, the U.S. Department of Justice's Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) issued comprehensive information systems regulations to implement the amendment. ***Footnote11: "Criminal Justice Information Systems Regulations," 28 C.F.R. Part 20.*** These regulations, usually referred to as the Department of Justice (DOJ) regulations, are applicable to all State and local criminal justice agencies that have used Federal funding for the support of criminal history record systems. The regulations impose minimum general requirements for criminal history information management, leaving the development of specific programs and procedures to State legislation and policymaking. ***Footnote12: Wanted person information, original records of entry, court records or traffic offense records are specifically exempted from coverage of the Department of Justice regulations.*** As intended, the regulations have been instrumental in stimulating many States to enact their own laws to comply with the Federal government requirements. In addition, the regulations triggered a reassessment of existing State privacy and security laws that has gone beyond mere compliance, as evidenced by the fact that the majority of the States have enacted comprehensive criminal history laws, some of which contain provisions stricter than the requirements of the regulations. Today, virtually all States have enacted legislation governing at least the dissemination of criminal history records. Although the approaches differ considerably, virtually all States have followed the lead of the DOJ regulations in distinguishing between information referring to convictions and current arrests, on the one hand, and nonconviction data on the other (information referring to cases without recorded dispositions or with dispositions favorable to the accused). Most States have placed stricter limits on the release of nonconviction data for noncriminal justice purposes, such as background screening for employment and licensing purposes. All but two States have also established procedures to permit record subjects to review their records and to institute procedures to correct inaccuracies. Finally, most States have established security procedures complying generally with the requirements of the regulations. In these areas, as in other areas of record management, the regulations do not require the enactment of legislation, so long as adequate operational procedures are implemented by regulation, agency rule or other appropriate means. Thus, the number of State statutes in these areas cited in this volume do not fully reflect the significant progress made in these areas of privacy protection. Two areas of criminal history record information management merit special analysis: (1) data quality and (2) dissemination of criminal records for noncriminal justice purposes, particularly in light of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and the subsequent enactment of new homeland security measures. B. Analysis of critical issues 1. Data quality As noted earlier, the broad language of the 1973 Congressional amendment provided the basis for comprehensive regulations issued by LEAA in 1976 covering all State and local criminal history record systems supported in whole or in part by Federal funding. Among other things, the regulations require all covered agencies to implement operational procedures designed to ensure that criminal history record information is complete and accurate. ***Footnote13: 28 C.F.R. ¤ 20.21(a)(2002).*** The regulations state that to be complete, a record of an arrest must contain information concerning any disposition occurring within the State within 90 days after the disposition has occurred. In order to promote the dissemination of complete criminal history records, the regulations require that State and local agencies establish procedures to query the State central repository prior to disseminating information unless the agency is assured that it is disseminating the most up-to-date disposition data, or time is of the essence and the repository is technically incapable of responding within the necessary time period. ***Footnote14: 28 C.F.R. ¤ 20.21(a)(1)(2002).*** The provisions of the regulations dealing with accuracy define accuracy literally to mean that "no record containing criminal history record information shall contain erroneous information." ***Footnote15: 28 C.F.R. ¤ 20.21(a)(2)(2002).*** In order to promote accuracy, two types of operational procedures are required: (1) a process of data collection, entry, storage and systematic audit that will minimize the possibility of recording and storing inaccurate information; and (2) procedures for sending correction notices to all criminal justice agencies known to have received inaccurate information. As a practical matter, this provision requires agencies to create and maintain dissemination logs so corrections can be sent to recipients of erroneous information. Finally, the regulations require agencies to give criminal record subjects an opportunity, upon request, to review their criminal history record information for purposes of ensuring accuracy and completeness. ***Footnote16: 28 C.F.R. ¤ 20.21(g)(2002).*** State statutory provisions As noted earlier, the DOJ regulations do not require the States to enact legislation dealing with accuracy and completeness. Many States, however, have chosen to address data quality issues through State law. In 1974, just prior to publication of the regulations, only 14 States had adopted statutory data quality safeguards. By 1978, 2 years after the adoption of the LEAA regulations, 41 States had added data quality provisions of one kind or another to their criminal history record statutes. That number increased to 45 States in 1979, to 49 States in 1981, to 51 States in 1984, and to 52 States in 1991 through 2002. ***Footnote17: As used in the Compendium, the term "State" includes the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. All except the Virgin Islands have enacted data quality provisions.*** Although the regulations do not expressly require that the States establish State central criminal record repositories, the "Commentary" published with the regulations noted that the provisions on accuracy and completeness were written with State central repositories in mind. Indeed, the provisions of the regulations dealing with completeness state that complete records "should" be maintained in State central repositories. ***Footnote18: 28 C.F.R. ¤ 20.21(a)(1)(2002).*** Today every State, as well as the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, have established State central repositories and most of them conform generally to the model described in the "Commentary." In all of those States, pursuant to statute, regulation or established practice, criminal justice agencies throughout the State are required to report arrest and disposition data to the State repositories for all serious offenses (usually felonies and serious misdemeanors). All of the States have statutory provisions expressly requiring the reporting of arrest information. Arrest information was historically reported on arrest fingerprint cards, which included the subject's name and identification information, arrest event information (date, place, etc.), arrest charges and inked fingerprint impressions. Automated fingerprint systems are assuming these functions in a growing number of States. The FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division reported that more than 60 percent of the 16,776,328 fingerprints it received and processed between June 1, 2001, and May 31, 2002, were transmitted to the Bureau electronically. All 52 of the jurisdictions with data quality provisions also have adopted legislation that imposes some form of disposition reporting requirement on some types of State and local agencies. ***Footnote19: "Disposition" is used here to mean post-arrest case processing information, including information relating to prosecution, court adjudication, sentencing and correctional status.*** Many of these statutes are quite specific as to the types of data to be reported, the responsible agency or official, time requirements and sanctions. Others, however, merely state a general reporting requirement with little or no detail as to how or by whom reporting is to be accomplished, leaving these particulars to be spelled out in regulations. Even in those States with more detailed reporting laws, not all types of information are covered. Only 33 States specifically require the reporting of prosecutor declinations to the central repository. ***Footnote20: The 33 States are: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virgin Islands, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming. (Sheila J. Barton, Survey of State Criminal History Information Systems, 2001, Criminal Justice Information Policy series [publication pending] Table 5. Hereafter, 2001 Survey.)*** Forty-seven States require courts with felony jurisdiction to report felony dispositions. ***Footnote21: The 47 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virgin Islands, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. (Ibid., Table 5).*** Forty States require correctional agencies to report felon admissions and releases. ***Footnote22: The 40 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming (Ibid., Table 5).*** States employ a variety of methods to link disposition information to arrest charge information in the criminal history record. Thirty-four States employ a unique tracking number for individual subjects. ***Footnote23: The 34 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia. Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming (Ibid., Table 16).*** Thirty-nine use a unique arrest event identifier. ***Footnote24: The 39 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming (Ibid., Table 16).*** Other methods involve the use of a unique charge identifier (17 States ***Footnote25: The 17 States are: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont (Ibid., Table 16).***); arrest data (39 States ***Footnote26: The 39 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virgin Islands, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming (Ibid., Table 16).***); subject name (38 States ***Footnote27: The 38 States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virgin Island, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming (Ibid., Table 16).***); and name and reporting agency case number (25 States ***Footnote28: The 25 States are: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming (Ibid., Table 16).***). Statutes that impose transaction log requirements are the most common type of data quality provision other than disposition reporting. Thirty-six States have adopted statutory provisions that require criminal justice agencies to maintain logs of criminal history record information dissemination. ***Footnote29: The 36 States are: Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming (see Table 23, Page 18).*** Statutes in 37 States require the central repositories to conduct some type of audit. ***Footnote30: The 37 States are: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming (see Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State, beginning on Page 53).*** Auditing is generally viewed as one of the most effective data quality procedures. Statutes in 28 of these States require the central repository to conduct continuing or periodic audits of State and local agencies that submit records to the repository. ***Footnote31: The 28 States are: Alaska, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington and Wyoming (see Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State, beginning on Page 53).*** The scope of this kind of local agency audit usually includes: (1) adherence by the local agency to Federal and State regulations; (2) completeness and accuracy of criminal history record reporting; (3) adherence to dissemination standards; (4) implementation of appropriate security safeguards; and (5) compliance with mandated subject-access and review provisions. Fourteen States require the repository to conduct an in-house audit of its own records, usually on an annual basis. ***Footnote32: The 17 States are: Alaska, Arizona, California, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah and Wyoming (see Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State, beginning on Page 53).*** In general, the scope of these audits parallels the scope of the audits of local agency systems. However, statutes in some of these States expressly require that the in-house audit also attempt to identify case cycles with dispositions that are likely to have occurred but that have not been reported. Statutes in 15 of the States require both an in-house repository audit and audits of contributing agencies. ***Footnote33: The 15 States are: Alaska, Arizona, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming (see Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State, beginning on Page 53).*** Finally, statutory provisions adopted in a few States impose other kinds of data quality requirements: * Statutes in 16 States require State and local criminal justice agencies to query the central repository prior to disseminating criminal history record information in order to assure that the most up-to-date disposition information is being used. ***Footnote34: The 16 States are: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Virginia and Washington (see Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State, beginning on Page 53).*** * Thirteen States have added provisions to their statutes that require the repository to implement some kind of delinquent disposition monitoring system (for example, a system designed to periodically identify arrest entries for which dispositions are probably available but not reported). ***Footnote35: The 13 States are: Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire and Washington (see Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State, beginning on Page 53).*** * Nine States have adopted statutory provisions that specifically impose training requirements on personnel involved in entering data into criminal history record systems. ***Footnote36: The nine States are: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana and Wyoming (see Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State, beginning on Page 53).*** * Seven States have adopted statutory provisions that address the use of automated programs to provide systematic editing procedures for the purpose of detecting missing or nonconforming data. ***Footnote37: The seven States are: Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Kentucky, Nebraska, South Carolina and Virginia (see Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State, beginning on Page 53).*** Of course, in almost every State, the bulk of data quality requirements is expressed in regulations or administrative policies and procedures, rather than in legislation. However, the extent to which State legislation addresses data quality issues is a reflection of a State's concern about data quality. The issuance of regulations are not enough to solve data quality problems. In addition, States must be committed to put into place - and practice - procedures to collect and maintain complete and accurate data, and to scrupulously and regularly conduct systematic audits to ensure compliance with those procedures. 2. Access to criminal history records for noncriminal justice purposes Background Reversing a trend that began after issuance of the DOJ regulations, criminal history record information is increasingly becoming available outside the criminal justice system. Even nonconviction information is now more available to noncriminal justice agencies. Twenty-three States have adopted open record or freedom of information statutes that cover some types of criminal history record information. (See the survey comparison table on page 18.) This does not mean that criminal history record information is publicly available in these States in all circumstances, but it does mean that some types of information are now more available. As a part of this trend, a majority of the States now permit access to some criminal history records by at least some types of noncriminal justice agencies and private entities. For example, special access rights are increasingly accorded to governmental agencies with national security missions, to licensing boards and to some governmental and private employers screening applicants for sensitive positions, such as those involving public safety, supervision of children or custody of valuable property. Great diversity of statutory schemes exists in the States. As the various interests press their cases with legislatures, the volume of authorized noncriminal justice uses has steadily increased. The FBI's CJIS Division reported that, between June 1, 2001, and May 31, 2002, more than half the fingerprints submitted for processing were for noncriminal justice background checks. In contrast, a 1993 study found that only around 9 percent of the fingerprint cards received by the FBI from States that year were for noncriminal justice purposes. ***Footnote38: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, Survey of Criminal History Information System, 1993, prepared by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, NCJ 148951, January 1995).*** In many of these States, every session of the legislature in recent years has resulted in new statutory authority for noncriminal justice agencies and groups to obtain criminal record checks for such purposes as public and private employment, suitability determinations for foster and adopted parents, occupational licensing, and the issuance of various permits, certifications and clearances. As a result, those now required to undergo background checks include such varied categories as pawnshop workers, alcohol distributors, masseuses, bail bond personnel and even timber buyers. The devastating terror attacks of September 11, 2001, spurred legislators to consider additional noncriminal justice background check requirements for employees in industries that provided access to critical infrastructure facilities or systems, including private-sector workers in banking, chemicals, energy, transportation, shipping, public health, and farming and food preparation. Federal initiatives such as the USA PATRIOT Act ***Footnote39: Public Law 107-56.*** and the Aviation and Transportation Security Act ***Footnote40: Public Law 107-71.*** mandated criminal history checks on truck drivers who transport hazardous materials (hazmat) (PATRIOT Act) and on airport workers such as air marshals, baggage screeners and those who have access to secure areas of the airport (Aviation Security Act). As of March 2003, the rules governing hazmat driver checks were not completed, whereas some 750,000 air industry workers at 438 commercial service airports throughout the country had been checked. Regardless of the source of the background mandate, it is now literally true that no two State statutes on noncriminal justice access are identical. The following analysis of State statutory provisions confirms these observations. State statutory provisions State statutes governing dissemination of criminal history records for noncriminal justice purposes are so varied as to defy classification. A few States have no statutory provisions setting statewide policies on noncriminal justice access; in these States, the DOJ regulations control access and use. In a few other States, the statute merely delegates to a designated official the authority to issue rules and regulations on noncriminal justice dissemination. In States that do have laws dealing with the subject, the statutory approaches vary from those of Florida, Wisconsin, Oklahoma and other "open record" States, where anyone can obtain access to criminal history records for any purpose, to that of Tennessee and California, which prohibit noncriminal justice access and use except for limited purposes specifically authorized by statute, and which make it a criminal offense to release criminal history records for unauthorized purposes. The other States fall somewhere in between, with statutory approaches that differ greatly as to what types of noncriminal justice agencies may have access to particular types of records for particular purposes. Twenty-nine of the 43 States that responded to an informal email survey conducted by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics, in 2001 reported that "anyone" could obtain official criminal history record information, although, in many cases, only limited data is provided after specific requirements are met. ***Footnote41: Survey results are available at http://www.search.org/policy/surveys/open_records_survey.pdf.* ** For example, while anyone can theoretically obtain rap sheet information in Alaska, he or she must provide the record subject's fingerprints before information is released. Then, only information on convictions within the last 10 years and pending prosecutions is made available. In contrast, anyone who provides the Colorado Department of Public Safety with a record subject's name and date of birth is provided with the subject's entire record except for sealed or most juvenile records. There are, however, some patterns and similarities, due to the influence of the DOJ regulations. The regulations do not place any restrictions on the dissemination of conviction records or open arrest records (arrest records with no recorded disposition) less than one year old. Nonconviction records (favorable dispositions, including decisions not to refer or prosecute charges and indefinite postponements, and open arrest records over a year old and not actively pending) may be disseminated for any purpose authorized by statute, ordinance, executive order or court ruling. Most States have followed the approach of treating conviction records differently from nonconviction records. Commonly, States place few or no restrictions on the dissemination of conviction records and a number of States also do not restrict the dissemination of open arrest records less than a year old. Nonconviction records are restricted to a greater degree and in some States may not be disseminated at all for noncriminal justice purposes, or may be disseminated only for particular purposes under specified circumstances. It is interesting to note that the public has become aware of these distinctions as well. A survey conducted by SEARCH and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, in 2001 found substantial public support for making certain types of criminal justice records available for noncriminal justice purposes when there is a perceived public benefit and/or safety rationale. ***Footnote42: Public Attitudes Toward Uses of Criminal History Information, A Privacy, Technology and Criminal Justice Information Report, NCJ 187663 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2001).*** Support declines significantly when the goal for making records available is purely private. Eighty-four percent of the 1,030 individuals surveyed favored limits on either the type of criminal history record information disseminated or the user. Another similarity among many States is that the statutory provisions do not specifically identify particular noncriminal justice agencies or organizations that may obtain criminal history records. Instead, they define classes or types of agencies or organizations that may obtain certain types of records for specified purposes. Out-of-State or Federal agencies may be included, in addition to in-State, private and governmental agencies. The statutes may define permitted purposes in specific or more general terms. For example, some States authorize the use of criminal history records for any occupational licensing or employment purpose, while others authorize such use only for screening applicants for high-risk occupations, such as those involving the public safety, supervision of children, or custody of cash, valuable property or information. Many of the laws also require certain agencies or organizations to show specific legal authority under other statutory provisions to obtain criminal records or the need for the record must be approved by a designated board, council or official. The statutory provisions that require separate legal authority for certain types of agencies vary considerably from State to State. The requirement may simply provide that the requestor must be "authorized by law" or must have "legal authority" or that the records must be necessary for a "lawful purpose." Such provisions are interpreted in some States as authorizing the dissemination of criminal records for employment and occupational licensing purposes where the employing or licensing agencies are required by law to screen out applicants who lack "good moral character." Other State criminal record statutes, however, authorize the release of records for noncriminal justice purposes only if the requesting agency is "expressly" authorized by some other provision of State or Federal law to obtain criminal records for use in the course of official duties. This is a much stricter standard. Still-stricter provisions authorize the release of criminal records only pursuant to statutory provisions that expressly refer to criminal conduct or to criminal records and contain requirements, exclusions or limitations based upon such conduct or records. Where prior approval by a council, board or designated official is required for the release of criminal records for noncriminal justice purposes, the designated standard for approval varies among the States. For example, criminal record laws in New Hampshire and South Dakota delegate general discretion to the director of the criminal history record repository to determine who may have access, while Massachusetts law provides that the Criminal History Systems Board must find that the public interest in releasing criminal records to particular noncriminal justice requesters outweighs the security and privacy interests of the record subject. Several States require that the record subject must consent in writing to any release of his or her criminal history record for noncriminal justice purposes. State dissemination policies As evident from the discussion above, the criminal history record laws in many States provide only the framework for the State's policies on dissemination. Specific legal authority for particular agencies or organizations to obtain criminal records may be set out in separate statutory provisions, executive orders or even local ordinances. In addition, the actual policies and practices of particular States may be set out in regulations or may be based upon written or unwritten repository policies. These policies and practices often provide for more restrictive dissemination approaches than the criminal record laws require them to be. That is, usually due to lack of staff and facilities, some State repositories may not provide records to all of the noncriminal justice agencies and organizations that are authorized to obtain them under their laws. In addition, many States impose administrative requirements that may not be required specifically by their laws. For example, some States require that the subject's fingerprints be submitted with all requests for noncriminal justice access, and that records may be released only when a fingerprint comparison positively verifies that the requested record relates to the subject of the request. All except a handful of the States charge fees ranging from $2 to $50 for processing record searches for noncriminal justice purposes. ***Footnote43: Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and West Virginia have not statutorily established fees for noncriminal justice requests for criminal history record information. (Fee amounts from 2001 Survey, Table 22).*** Interstate dissemination For many years, the considerable disparity among State dissemination laws was not perceived as a serious obstacle to the interstate dissemination of criminal records for noncriminal justice purposes, such as employment and occupational licensing. This was due primarily because there was no effective system linking the State repositories together in such a way as to permit the efficient exchange of records from State to State for noncriminal justice purposes. National criminal record checks for noncriminal justice purposes have been feasible in the past only through use of the criminal files maintained in the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, which contain arrest and disposition information voluntarily submitted by criminal justice agencies throughout the country. Pursuant to Federal laws and regulations, searches of these files are conducted for Federal noncriminal justice agencies for such purposes as civilian employment, security clearances, military recruitment, alien registration, visas and other official purposes, and for Federal and State law enforcement agencies for criminal justice employment purposes. Searches are also conducted for State and local governmental employment and licensing agencies with approved legal authority to request such searches and for employment in federally chartered or insured banks and designated segments of the securities and commodities industries. Although the criminal files of the U.S. Department of Justice are made up primarily of arrest and disposition data submitted by State and local criminal justice agencies, these records are subject to Federal law and are disseminated by the FBI pursuant to Federal laws and regulations authorizing record checks for the agencies and organizations noted above. Under this program, inquiring Federal agencies are provided with all of the information the FBI possesses on subject individuals, including favorable dispositions and open arrest records without regard to the age of the record. Responses provided to banks, securities firms and State employment and licensing agencies include the subject's entire record with the exception of open arrests that are over a year old and not actively pending. Thus, because most States' dissemination laws are more restrictive than the Federal standard, it is possible for authorized Federal and State noncriminal justice agencies to legally obtain State-contributed records from the FBI for purposes for which they could not, in some cases, obtain the records directly from the States in which the records originated. This system of duplicate State and Federal files is being phased out because of concern about the expense of maintaining and updating records at both the State and Federal levels. The emerging system replaces the "national repository" concept with a system based on a national index linking State repositories. This system is known as the Interstate Identification Index (usually referred to as "III" or "Triple I"). When the system is fully operational nationwide, the III index maintained at the national level will contain personal identification data on individuals whose criminal records are maintained in State criminal record repositories (State offenders) and in the criminal files of the FBI (Federal offenders), but it will not contain any charge or disposition information. The index serves as a "pointer" to refer inquiring criminal justice agencies to the State or Federal files where the requested criminal history records are maintained. The records are exchanged directly between the States and between State and Federal criminal justice agencies by means of telecommunications lines linking Federal, State and local criminal justice agencies throughout the country. Dissemination and use of the records obtained by means of the system are governed by the laws and policies of the receiving jurisdictions. Each State enforces its own laws and policies within its borders; record dissemination and use by Federal agencies are governed by Federal law. Conclusion The absence of Federal legislation or regulations establishing a uniform nationwide dissemination policy for State criminal record systems has permitted States to develop and implement their own approaches to the release of criminal records for noncriminal justice purposes. This has had the laudable effect of leaving the States free to establish their own privacy and confidentiality laws and policies to strike a proper balance between the rights of record subjects and the public interest. However, this has also resulted in the evolution of widely varying State approaches, and in laws and policies in many States that are more restrictive than the Federal standard that governs noncriminal justice use of the FBI's files of State-contributed criminal history records. These factors have presented serious obstacles to the full implementation of the III "index-pointer" system for the interstate exchange of criminal records. It was apparent to the State and Federal officials who developed the III concept that full participation in the index-pointer system would eventually require most States to modify their existing laws and policies governing the availability of criminal history records for noncriminal justice purposes in order to meet the proposed interstate standard on record availability. In addition, Federal and State officials recognized a need to formally commit the FBI and participating State repositories to long-term participation in a decentralized system. From the initial phases of the III concept, a strong consensus developed for the use of an interstate/Federal-State compact to implement the system. Such a compact must be ratified in identical form by all parties, and no party can unilaterally amend it after ratification. Ratifying parties can withdraw from the compact only through the same formal action used for ratification, a feature that provides some assurance of long-term participation by ratifying parties. Because the compact takes precedence over conflicting State or Federal laws, and because the compact authorizes State repositories to provide record responses for all authorized III purposes, ratification of the compact would have the effect of providing the repositories with needed interstate record dissemination authority in those cases where such authority is now lacking under State law. The National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact, which governs III use for noncriminal justice purposes, was approved by the Congress on October 8, 1998, and signed by the President on October 9, 1998. ***Footnote44: Public Law 105-251; 112 Statutes at Large 1870. Codified at 42 USCA ¤ 14611 et seq.*** It became effective, by its terms, on April 28, 1999, when ratified by the second State. As of December 2002, 16 States - Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, Oklahoma and South Carolina - have ratified the compact. The compact binds the FBI and ratifying States to participate in the III noncriminal justice access program in accordance with the compact and established system policies. Authorized users are the same as those currently authorized to obtain records from the FBI's files. Participating State repositories are authorized and required to make all unsealed criminal history records available in response to authorized noncriminal justice requests. All noncriminal justice access to the system is through the FBI and the State repositories and is based upon fingerprint identification of record subjects to ensure positive identification. Release and use of information obtained through the system for noncriminal justice purposes is governed by the laws of the receiving States, and the receiving repositories are required to screen record responses and delete any information that cannot legally be released within the State. The compact established a Compact Council, comprised of Federal and State officials and other members representing user interests, to create operating policies for noncriminal justice uses of the III system. Section 2: Classification category definitions The following are definitions of the 29 subject-matter categories into which State laws and regulations have been classified in this Compendium, as illustrated in both the individual classification category tables in Section 3 and the summary State tables in Section 4. 1. State regulatory authority. A grant of power to a State agency to promulgate statewide security and privacy regulations for criminal justice information systems. 2. Privacy and security council. A State board, committee, commission or council whose primary statutory function is monitoring, evaluating or supervising the confidentiality and security of criminal justice information. 3. Dissemination regulations. Restrictions on dissemination of criminal history information. 4. Inspection. The right of an individual to examine his or her criminal history record. 5. Right to challenge. The right to an administrative proceeding in which an individual may contest the accuracy or completeness of his or her criminal history record. 6. Judicial review of challenged information. The right of an individual to appeal to a State court an adverse agency decision concerning challenged information. 7. Purging nonconviction information. The destruction or return to the individual of criminal justice information where no conviction has resulted from the event triggering the collection of the information. 8. Purging conviction information. The destruction or return to an individual of criminal history information indicating a conviction. 9. Sealing nonconviction information. The removal of criminal history information from active files where no conviction has resulted from the event triggering the collection of the information. 10. Sealing conviction information. The removal from active files of individual criminal history information indicating a conviction. 11. Removal of disqualifications. The restoration of rights and privileges, such as public employment, to persons who have had criminal history records purged or sealed. 12. Right to state nonexistence of record. The right to indicate in response to public or private inquiries the absence of criminal history in cases of arrest not leading to conviction or where an arrest or conviction record has been purged. 13. Research access. The provision for and regulation of access to criminal justice information by outside researchers. 14. Accuracy and completeness. A requirement that agencies institute procedures to ensure reasonably complete and accurate criminal history information, including setting deadlines for reporting prosecutorial and court dispositions. 15. Dedication. The requirement that computer configurations be assigned exclusively to the criminal justice function. 16. Civil remedies. Statutory actions for damages or other relief resulting from violations of privacy and security laws. 17. Criminal penalties. Criminal sanctions for violations of privacy and security laws. 18. Public records. Requirements that official records maintained by public officials be open to the public. 19. Separation of files. Requirements that criminal history information be stored separate from investigative and intelligence information. 20. Regulation of intelligence collection. Restrictions on the kind of intelligence information that may be collected and retained and/or prohibition on its storage in computerized systems. 21. Regulation of intelligence dissemination. Restrictions on dissemination of intelligence information. 22. Security. Requirements that criminal justice agencies institute procedures to protect their information systems from unauthorized disclosure, sabotage and accidents. 23. Transaction logs. Records that must be maintained by criminal justice agencies indicating when and to whom criminal justice information is disseminated. 24. Training employees. Security and privacy instruction that must be provided to employees handling criminal justice information. 25. Listing of information systems. A mandatory disclosure of the existence of all criminal justice information systems describing the information contained in such systems. 26. Freedom of Information Act (including criminal justice information). Provisions for public access to government records that apply to criminal justice records. 27. Freedom of Information Act (excluding criminal justice information). Provisions for public access to government records from which criminal justice records are specifically excluded. 28. Central State repository. Establishment of a bureau, agency or other entity to collect and maintain criminal history records or criminal identification data for all criminal justice agencies in the State. 29. National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact enacted. Enactment of the National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact, which authorizes the State repository to provide record responses for all authorized III purposes. Section 3: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by classification category A. Survey comparison of changes in State statutes and regulations by classification category The table on the following page[TRC1], "Survey comparison of changes in State statutes and regulations by classification category," graphically depicts comparative results of legislative survey findings for the years 1974, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999 and 2002, which track changes in State security and privacy statutes and regulations by classification category. The reader should note, however, that each survey year is included in the results of the succeeding survey, with the cumulative sum of the legislative activity reflected in the current survey year. The table shows that the leveling trend detected in the 1984 survey has continued. Surveys through 1981 showed significant increases in the number of States enacting new laws or regulations in most categories. More recent surveys show that legislative activity defining the criminal record dissemination philosophies and practices of particular States has slowed. This probably reflects two developments: 1. Most of the States have now settled on the basic approach they favor concerning the regulation of the maintenance and use of criminal records, and recent legislation has dealt with refinements in existing laws rather than enactment of new initiatives. (State legislatures have been busy in recent years, however, dramatically expanding the number of noncriminal justice agencies and private sector entities that are authorized to access criminal history records for licensing purposes and to determine employment suitability.) 2. The basic principles of security and privacy reflected in the DOJ regulations have become widely recognized and understood by criminal justice officials, and procedures to prevent abuses have been established and enforced. Security and privacy issues and concerns are not as prevalent as they were in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the States were beginning to wrestle with the problem of compliance with the regulations. As a result, the survey comparison table shows that, in many categories, the numbers for 2002 are the same - or only slightly higher or lower - as those for 1984 through 1999. In most of the others, the numbers reflect new enactments by only one or two States. Survey comparison of changes in State statutes and regulations by classification category* *The figures presented are cumulative and may include statutes or regulations previously enacted but excluded from prior surveys. **Data are unavailable for these years. ***The Compact was signed into law October 1998, and became effective April 1999 after its ratification by two States. +In some cases, where the total number has decreased, laws have been repealed. B. Summary of State statutes and regulations by classification category The other 29 tables in this section - titled "Summary of State statutes and regulations by classification category" - contain detailed matrixes summarizing State statutes and regulations through July 1999. For easy reference, the table for each particular classification category is organized alphabetically by State, and the matrix references are keyed to section numbers of the State codes. These summary tables, and all other tables in this Compendium, reflect the laws of 53 jurisdictions: the 50 States and the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The citations are to official compilations of State laws and regulations. Only title and section numbers are set out in these summary tables. For the full titles of the compilations to which the citations refer, please refer to the "State Code Titles" table in section 4, page 55. Summary of State statutes and regulations by classification category 1. State regulatory authority AL 41-9-591, 594; AAC 265-X-1-.01. -.02 AK AS 12.62.110(5) AZ 41-1750, 2405 AR 12-12-201, 207, 211, 1003; 015 07 CARR 001; 183 00 CARR 001 CA Penal Code 11077 CO 24-33.5-401, 412; 24-72-301 CT 29-11; 54-142j DE 3-10208; 11-8501, 8601, 8605 DC FL 943.05 GA 35-3-31, 32, 33 HI 846-2.5 ID 19-5203; 67-3003 IL 20-3930/4, 7 IN 5-2-5-10; 10-1-2.5-1 IA 232.45, .148; 690.1; 692.10 KS 22-4704 KY 17.147, .150(6) LA 15:579 ME 25-1541(4) MD 27-746 MA 6-168 MI 28.155; 28.241 et seq. MN 299C.01, .03 MS 45-27-7(1)(a) MO 43.509, 515 MT 44-2-201; 44-5-105 NE 29-3516 NV 179A.080 NH 106-B:14 NJ 53:1-12 NM 29-3-1; 32A-15-4 NY Exec. Law 837, Subd. 8; Corr. Law 29(2); Pub. Off. Law 89(1)(b) NC 114-10.1, .5, 12, 19; 132-1.4 ND 12-60-07; Admin. Code 10-13-02-01 OH 109.57 OK 47-2-124; 74-150.4, Subd. 4.; 74-150.7, Subd. 2.; 74-150.7d OR 181.066, .511, .521, .540, .555, .560, .575; 181.730(3); Reg. Ch. 257, Div. 10 PA 18-9152, 9161 PR 4-531 RI SC 23-3-130 SD 23-5-5, 6; Reg. 2:02:01, 05 TN 38-6-101; 38-10-101 through 105 TX Crim. Proc. Art 60.02; Gov't Code 411.042 UT 53-10-201 VT 20-2051, 2056d VI 3-258 VA 9.1-102, 127 WA 10.97.090 WV 15-2-25 WI WY 7-19-105; 9-1-623 2. Privacy and security council AL 41-9-594; AAC 265-X-1-.04 AK AS 12.62.100 AZ 41-2404.A.11(i) AR 12-12-201, 202, 203 CA CO CT 54-142q DE 11-8603 DC FL 943.06, .08; Reg. 11C-5 GA 35-3-32 HI ID IL 20-3930/2, 7 IN 5-2-5-11 IA KS KY LA 15:578 ME MD 27-744 MA MI Regs. ¤ 28.5107 MN MS 45-27-7(1)(f) MO 43.515, 518 MT NE 29-3505 NV 179A.080 NH Reg. 7.C, D NJ NM NY Pub. Off. Law 89, Subd. (2)(a) NC ND OH OK 74-150.4 OR 181.540, .715; Regs. ¤ 257-10 PA PR 4-531g RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY 3. Dissemination regulations AL 16-22A-5, -6, -9, -10; 22-50-90; 22-14-31; 26-1-4; 27-8A-13; 32-2-60, 61, 62; 38-12-3, -13-7; 41-9-621, 621(6), 639, 642; AAC 20-X-5-.01, -23-.01; AAC 290- 3-2-.01; AAC 660-5-26-.07, -27-.05; AAC 265-X-2-.02; AAC 660-5-46-.01 et seq.; Reg. 003 AK 12.62.160(b)(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (8), (9), (10); 18.20.302; 21.27.040; 47.33.100; 4 AAC 12.010, 62.210; 7 AAC 50.210, 56.210, 75.215; 13 AAC 68.215, 300-345 AZ 4-202; 14-5308; 15-350; 20-142, -340.04; 32-921, -1109, -2304; 41-172, - 1279.02, .04, -1750.G.1, .2, .4, -2147, 2204.6; R 13-1-01; R 13-1-06, .A AR 6-17-410, 414; 9-13-105, -28-409; 12-12-211, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1102, 1303, -33-202, 203, 207; 17-1-103, -19, 203, -27-313, -97-312, -103-307; 20- 13-1102, 1103, -33-202, 203, 207, -48-802, 806, -78-602; 21-15-102, 103, 107; 015 07 CARR 01; 007 05 CARR 005; 016 06 CARR 006 CA Business & Professions Code 144, 6054, 7583.9, 18868, 19527; Civil Code 1798.24a; Education Code 44237, 44830.1, 45125, 87013; Family Code 8712, 8811, 8908, 17505, 17506; Financial Code 777.5, 4990, 6525, 14409.2, 17331, 17414.1, 50317; Government Code 8880.35, 8880.38, 13968.5, 50317; Health & Safety Code 1522, 1568.09, 1569.17, 1596.871, 1797.172; 12101, 25186.3; Labor Code 432.7; Penal Code 273.75, 830.11, 11076, 11077, 11105, 13300, 14202; Public Utilities Code 394, 5135; Vehicle Code 12523.6; Welfare & Institutions Code 272, 4689.2, 16501; Step Foundation Inc. v. Younger (App 1979), 157 Cal. Rptr. 117 CO 10-13-112, 803, -15-103; 12-7-103, -25.5-106, -38.1-104, -47-304, 307, 411, 412, -47.1-511, -48.5-105, -60-503, -61-103; 13-14-102; 16-11.7-106, -11.8- 103, 17-1-204; 18-12-105.1; 19-2-411.5, -5-207; 22-32-109.8, .9; 24-33.5- 415.4, -35-205, 206, -72-301, 303, 305, 305.3, .4, .5, 306; 25-1-124.5, -3.5- 203, -27-104, 105, -3.5-203; 26-6-103.5, 107; 27-1-110 CT 10-221d; 13b-97; 14-14; 17a-151; 17b-749k, 750; 18-81l; 21-40, 100; 19a-80, 87b; 22a-6m; 29-11, 16, 29, 36f, 152f; 54-142k, n, p, 227, 231 DE 3-10128(b), 10202; 10-2702; 11-1448A, 6506, 8511, 8513, 8514, 8516, 8561, 8571; 13-2205(a)(3)(e); 14-2901; 16-122, 1141, 6712, 9405, 9809A; 21-2708; 24-904A, 1203, 1204, 1311, 1329, 5504; 29-4805(a)(16), (17), 4807A, 7920A; 31-309(d)(1), (2), 613, 613(c) DC 2-531 et seq.; 5-113.04; 10-404; 23-1303(a); 1 DCMR 1004.1, 1004.4, .5 FL 24.108; 39.306; 114.05; 119.07; 125:5801; 166:0442; 285.18; 311.12; 397.451; 400.215; 409:907; 415.1045; 454.026; 455:213; 456:039, :0391; 464:009; 468:453; 475:175, .615; 493.6121; 548.024; 550.902, 908; 624:34; 626.8732; 648:34, .355; 744.3135; 790.06, 0.65; 943.053, .0535, .0542, .0575, .0585, .059, .14; 957.13, .14; 1012:21; Reg. 11C-6, 7 GA 15-11-83; 16-11-129; 35-3-33, 34, 34(b), 35, 37(d)(5); 42-8-101; 43-47-6; 50- 18-101; Reg. 140-2-.01, .04(1)(b), (1)(b)(3), (1)(e), (1)(f), (1)(g), .04(2), (2)(b) HI 261-17; 333F-22; 346-19.6, 19.7, 154; 352-5.5; 353C-5; 463-5 et seq; 514A-82; 571-34; 846-9, 10, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45; 846D-4, 6 ID 32-717D; 33-130A; 39-1105, -1208, -1210; 67-3008 IL 15-305/13, -310/10b.1; 20-205/205-425, -415/8b.1, /10; 20-505/5; 20-415/8b.1; 20-510/510-100; 20-1205/6; 20-1505/1505-200; 20-1605/10.1; 20-1710/1710-75; 20-1905/1905-150; 20-2105/2105-15; 20-2310/2310-185; 20-2505/2505-675; 20- 2605/55a(22), (28), (32), (34), /2605-315, /2605-320; 20-2630/3, 3.1, 5, (Sealed Records Only), 7; 20-2635/1 et seq.; 20-2705/2705-90; 20-3205/5; 40- 5/2-156; 40-5/14-149; 40-5/15-187; 40-5/18-163; 50-705/6.1; 50-708/15; 65- 5/10-2.1-6.2; 105-5/10-21.9; 105-5/34-18.5; 215-5/401; 220-5/4-101; 225-10/4, 4.1, 4.2, 5(d), 22; 225-210/2002; 225-446/75, 80; 230-5/9, /15, /15(3); 230- 10/22; 235-5/4-7; 325-5/7.4; 625-5/6-106.1, 411; 625-5/189-200; 705-405/1-7, 5-905 IN 4-30-6-3, -5; 4-32-13-4; 5-2-5-4; 5-2-5-5, 5.1; 5-2-5-15; 10-1-1-21; 12-17.4- 4-3, 5-3; 16-25-6-2, -27-2-4, -28-13-4; 20-5-2-7, -6.1-3-7.1; 25-36.5-1-18; 28-11-5-4.5; 34-28-2-3; 35-47-2.5-3, -6 IA 216A.136; 232.71.15, .71B; 252B.9.7(h); 481-57.12(3)(a), 58.11(3)(a), 59.13(1)(a), 62.9(a), 63.11(3)(a), 64.34(1), 65.9(a); 571-15.9(3)(f), .10(3)(f); 657-6.2(4)(b); 661-4.4(5), 8.104(d), 11.12; 692.2, .2(5), .2(b)(6); 692A.13A; 692.17; 724.10, .17; 904.602, 602.2(g); Reg, 61- 2.13.2(j); Regs. 441-107.8(c), 108.8(13), 109.6(b), 110.25.8(a), 110.31, 113.13, 157.3(17)(b); Regs. 661-11.12 KS 16-5-1(e)(2)(B); 17-20-1(c), 2234; 22-4704, 4707(b); 32-964; 39-969, -970; 41-311b; 65-516, 1120, 2839a, 3503, 4209, 5117; 74-4905, 8705, 8803, 8804, 8806, 9804, 9805; 75-712; 17-20-1(c); Reg. 10-11-2; Reg. 10-12-1, 2 KY 7.111; 15A.310; 17.150, .151, .160, .165, .167; 27A.450; 60.380; 165A.465; 230.310; 238.525; 281A.300; 329A.040; Reg. 500 KAR 2:020; Reg. 502 KAR 30:060; Reg. 503 KAR 1:140 LA 4:275, 4.75; 15:546, 547, 548, 576, 584, 587, 587.1, 587.2, 587.3; 17:15, 2047, 2048.31; 26:800; 36:454, 654; 37:760, 763.1, 918, 920.1 , 969, 969.1, 1270, 1277, 1395.1, 3505, 3507.1; 40:61.1, 1235.2, 1236.2, 1300.52, 1379(k); 44:3; 46:51.2, 282, 286.1; 49:654; 51:911.24; Reg. LAC 22-507, 1303, 1305 ME 5-5301; 16-612(3), 612(3)(A), (B), 612(A), 613(1), (2), 615, 617, 631; 18-A- 9-304; 20-A-6103, 13011; 22-3480, 4021 MD 10-102, 103, 104; 11-506.1; 12-204, 207; 19-907; 20-305; 27-255C(e)(4); 27- 749; 38A-7A; 83C-132; Fam. Law 5-560 through 5-568; Reg. 12.15.01.10, .11, .12, .13; Reg. 12.15.02.06; MA 6-168, 168A, 172, 172B, 172C, 172E, 178A, 178I, 183; 22C-37; 128A-9A; 140- 122, 122B, 129B, 131; 234A-33; Reg. 803 CMR 3.02, 3.03, 3.04, 3.06, 4.01(3), 4.02, 4.04(3), 5.00 et seq. 7.03, 7.03(1)(d) MI 15.231 et seq.; 28.243, 244; 256.604, 605b, 605c; 257.248f; 259.85, 85a; 333.20173; 338.1068; 380.1230, 1230a; 380.1230, 1230a; 432.221; 500.249a; 600.949; 722.13; Regs. 432.1301; Governor's Executive Order 1990-10 MN 13.82 Subd. 15; 53A.03; 65B.81; 122A.18; 123B.03; 148B.21, .22; 148C.09; 171.321, .3215; 221.84; 241.021; 244.052; 245A.041 ; 299C.046, .095, .13, .46 .62, .68; 299F.035 ; 299L.03; 326.336; 349.151; 364.04(1), (2), (3); 525.545; 9555.6125 ; Admin. Code 7400.0200; 7406.0360; 7411.0610; 7414.0400; 7570.0020; 7862.0010; 7863.0010; 7864.0010; 9502.0345 ; Reg. 6 S.R. 269-272 MS 25-53-51; 31-5, 7, 12; 37-9-17, -13-89; 41-4-7; 43-11-13, -15-6, -20-8, -57; 45-27-7(1)(d), 12; 45-31-5, 7, 12, 13; 47-5-26; 67-1-57; 75-67-323, -421, - 509; 81-18-13 [repealed eff. 7/01/05]; 97-37-7 MO 43.540, .541, .543; 84.720; 590.060, .070; 610.100, 120; 660-317; Reg. CSR 30-4.070, 4.370, 4.375 MT 44-5-214, 301, 301(1)(a), (1)(b), 302, 303 NE 2-1247; 7-102; 14-702; 29-3520; 28-1229; 29-210, 3520, 3523, 4013; 43-107, 3201; 69-2410, 2412; 71-15, 163, 1903; 79-8, 112, 114; 81-1410, 1810; 83- 1217, 1217.02 NV 7.030; 127.281; 179A.075.4(a); 179A.100, .180 through .240; 179B.250; 202.254; 202.366; 239B.010; 379.0077; 391.033, 100; 394.465; 414.290; 422.393; 424.033; 425.393; 432A.175; 449.176, .179; 453A.210; 463.335; 482.3163; 574.040; 599B.115; 624.165, .265; 632.344; 645D.180; 648.203 NH 159-C:2, :3; 170-E:7, -G:8-c; 189:13-a; 328-B:4; Reg. 3.A.2; Reg. 3.B, Reg. 3.B.2, .3, .8 ; Gen. 106-B:14, :14-a; 651-B:7 NJ NJAC 2B1-3; 5:2A-5, 15; 5:12-76; 6:1-100; 8:43I-3.1; 9:3-54.2; 10:121-4.2; 11:1-28.7, -37.17, :5-15, :5-3.3; 13:1E-128; 13:39-3.13, :445-9.2; 13:59-1.1; 13:85-3.1; 15A:3A-2; 16:79-1.1; 17:15A-36, 15C-23, 22B-6; 18A:6-4.14, -7.2, 2a, :39-19.1; 19:8-10.1, :9-5.1; 26:2H-7.18, -83, 2Y-5; 27:25-15.1; 30:4-3.5, :4C-26.8, -86, :6D-65; 32:2-37; 39:4-197.10; 40A:12A-22.2; 45:5A-26, -35; :11-24.4; 48:16-22.3a; 52:4B-5.1; 53.1-20.8, .9a, 9b,. .9c, 16, 17 NM 6-24-12; 11-13-1; 14-2-1; 14-2A-1; 28-2-3; 29-3-2, 3; 29-6-4.2; 29-10-4, 5, 6, 7; 29-17-5; 32A-2-32; 32A-3B-22; 32A-15-3; 34-2-9; 59A-11-2; 60-2E-5, 11, 3A-9; 74-4-4.7, 6-5.1, 9-21 NY Alco. & Bev. Con. Law ¤126; Arts & Cul. Aff. Law ¤ 61.11; Bank. Law ¤¤ 22(a), 22(b), 369, 591, 591(a), 4002(a), 4002(b), 9001-a(a), 9000-a(b); Civ. Ser. Law ¤ 50(4)(d); CPL ¤¤ 330.20; Ch. 264, Laws of 1993; Corr. Law 29, ¤ 168- 1(5); Dom Rel ¤ 115-d; Educ. ¤ 305, ¤ 3004-b, ¤ 3035; Env. Cons. Law ¤¤ 27- 0913, 27-1517; Exec. Law ¤ 243, ¤ 837(6), (8-a), c(c), m, n, p, ¤ 99; Family Court Act ¤ 306.2; General Bus. Law ¤¤ 69-o, 72, 81, 89-e, 89-I, 89-ddd, 359- e, 421; Gen. Muni. Law, Art. 9-A, ¤ 481; Insur. Law ¤¤ 1102(e)(2), 2108(d), 6802(g), 7802(f)(4), 7803; Men. Hyg. Law ¤¤ 7.09, 9.27, 9.37, 9.39, 9.41, 9.43, 9.45; Penal Law ¤ 400.00(4); Pub A ¤ 1728; Pub. Health ¤ 230; Pub. Off. Law 87(2)(e); Rac. Pari-Mut. Wag. & Breed. Law ¤¤ 213, 309, 407; Racing & Wagering ¤¤ 1101, 1107; Soc Serv ¤ 378-a; ¤ 390-b; Tax Law 1605(e); Veh. & Traffic ¤ 509-d, 1229-d; Reg. 9 NYCRR 6052.1, 6150.4; CPL 160.30, .50(1)(c), .55(1)(c), 170.56(3) NC 14-404, 415.12; 18B-902; 48-3-309; 53-243.16; 58-7-37, -71-50; 62-333; 66- 165; 74C-8; 74D-2; 84-24; 85B-3.2; 90-11, -30, -85.15, -171.48, -210.25, - 224; 90D-7; 93A-4; 95-47.2; 106-65.26; 110-90.2; 114-10, 10.1, 19, 19.2, 19.9, .3, .4, .5, .6, .7, .8., .10, .11; 115C-238.29K, -332; 122C-80; 131D- 10.3A, 40; 131E-265; 132-1.4; 143B-146.16; 160A-304; Reg. NCAC 4F.0401, .0402, .0403, .0407, .0408; Reg. 10 NCAC 34.2701, .2702, .2703, .2704; 10 NCAC 41F.0813; 12 NCAC 2I.0203; 12 NCAC 4F.0405, .0406; 12 NCAC 9B.0102, .0103; 12 NCAC 10B.0305; 12 NCAC 70.0201, .0203, .0902, .0904; 12 NCAC 11.0201; 14A NCAC 8H.0203; 16 NCAC 6C.0313; 19A NCAC 3J.0902; 21 NCAC 4B, 4B.0201 ND 4-41-02; 5-02-02; 12-60-16.5, .6; 12-60-16.6 after one year; 12.1-32; 14-15- 11; 15-38; 15.1-13-14; 43-30-06; 50-11-02, 02.4, 06.8; 50-11.1-06.2; 50-11.3- 01; 50-12-03.2; 53-06.1-06, -06.2-05; Admin. Code 10-13-04-01; 93-02-01-06; 93-02-02-13; 99-01.3-02-02 OH 109.57(A), .77, .572 ; 173.41; 311.01 ; 2950.03 ; 3301.32, .88, .541; 3319.39; 3712.09; 3721.121; 3722.151; 3734.42 ; 3770.02; 4734.20; 5104.012, .013; 5119.072; 5123.081; 5126.28; 5153.111; Admin. Code 109:5-1-01; 4501:2- 10-03 OK 10-404.1, 7004-1.5, 7209; 21-1290.12; 51-24A.2, .8; 56-1025.2; 57-138, 566.4; 59-698.7; 63-1-1950.8; 70-6-190; 74-150.9, 9B, 9C OR 181.537, .538, .539, .555(1), (2), .560(1)(b); 267.237; 326-607; 418.747; 657A.030; Reg. 411-009-0015, 0021; 416-540-0060; 416-800-0060; Reg. 411-009- 0015, 0021; 416-540-0060; 416-800-0060 PA 3-456.4; 5-3302; 18-6111.1, 9121(a), (b), 9124, 9125; 23-6344; 24-1-111; 35- 7131.503, 10225.502; 42-1904, 6342, 9798; 53-2164; 62-432; 63-456.310, 674; Reg. 4-7.343; 6-11.18; 6-15.121; 22-8.2; 37-21.11; 52-30.12, 30.72; 55- 3490.125, 2380.20, 6000.22, 6000.31, 6400.21, 6500.23; 365-11.3-303, 11.8- 801, 11.9-901 PR 4-531, 531c; 7-2003; 8-69, -73; 34-1725, -1725d; 34-1725, -1725d; Reg. 8(a), (c)(1) RI 11-37.1-6, -12; 12-1-4; 14-1-34; 15-7-11; 16-48.1-4, 1-5; 23-19.1-10; 38-2-2 SC 13-7-610; 20-7-23-3-45, -130; 20-7-610, 616, 635, 1640, 2386, 2725, 2730, 2740, 2800, 2810, 2850, 2860, 2900, 3097; 40-35-230; 59-25-115, -150-165; 61- 6-505, 2005; Gen. 23-3-130, 140; Reg. 73-23, 23E. SD 13-49-14.3; 23-3-15.2, 15.3; 23-5-11, 12, 12.1; 23-6-9, 14; 23-7-7; 42-7B- 19.2; 58-30-23.6; Reg. 2:02:03:06 TN 8-8-102 ; 10-7-504(a)(2) ; 33-1-209 ; 37-1-408; 37-5-511 ; 38-6-106, 109 ; 39-13-525, -17-1351 ; 40-15-106(b), (c)(1); 40-32-101(c)(1); 45-6-206 ; 49-5- 413, -7-2005 ; 54-1-132 ; 62-26-201-230, -35-107, 119 ; 71-2-403 ; 71-3- 504(4), 507 ; Op. Atty. Gen. (Feb. 28, 1984); Regs. 1395-1-1-.09, .09(3) TX Alco. Bev. Code 109.532; Crim. Proc. Art 60.02; Educ. Code 22.082, .083, .084, 51.215; Fam. Code 58.0051; Finance Code 14.151, .153, .155, 156.206; Gov't Code 411.081 through .138, 176, 466.201, 467.036; Health & Safety Code 250.002, .007, 765.003; Hum. Res. Code 32.0322, 40.054, 42.056, .105, 91.0165 ; Ins. Code art. 21.28; Labor Code 301.042 ; Occ. Code 504.057, .155, 161, 901.253, .354, 1702.282, 2003.051 ; Ops. Atty. Gen. (May 14, 1976) No. 127; (Sept. 24, 1976) No. 144; Prob. Code 698 ; Civ. Stat. Art. 41a-1; art. 179e, Sec. 5.04; art. 179f, Sec.3; art. 4413, Sec. 39; art. 45120, Sec. 17A; TRCS Art. 6252-17a UT 26-8a-310, -21-9.5, -39-107; 31A-16-103, -23-203, -25-203, -26-203; 53-5-706, -10-108, 108(1), 201; 58-31b-302, -47b-302, -55-302, -63-302, -65-302; 61-2- 9, -2c-202; 62A-2-120, -4a-202.4; 76-10-526; 78-2-4.5, -3a-307.1, -30-3.5; Admin. Code R501-14-1 VT 10-6605f; 15A-1-113; 20-2053, 2056a, e, 2060; 33-309; CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 4.10(i), 6.30(a), (b); CVR 80-70-001, Rule 38 VI 32-428(b)(8) VA 9.1-142; 15.2-709.1; 18.2-308, 308.2:2, .2:3; 19.2-389, 389.1, 391, 392.02, 80.2; 22.1-296.2, .3; 27-6.2, 97.2; 32.1-126.01, .02, 162.9:1; 37.1-183.3, 197.2, 20.3; 54.1-2506, 306, 3925.2, 4407; 58.1-4008; 63.1-198.1, 248.7:2; 6 VAC 20-120-50 WA 9.46.210; 10.97.030(2), 050(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6); 10.98.150; 18.165.070, .170.130; 21.20.370; 28A.400.303, 304, 305, 306; 43.33A.025; 43.43.700; 43.43.745, .838; 43.43.815, .830 through .845; 43.52.525; 46.72.100; 66.08.030, .24.010, .025; 67.17..005, 060; 70.74.360; 71.09.115; 72.09.345, .580; 74.15.030(2)(b); 82.36.060; 82.38.110; 82.42.040 WV 15-2-24(c), (d), (e); 17B-2-5a; 18A-3-10; 19-12E-5; 19-24-1; 29-3-12, 22B-601 WI 19.35(1); 134.59; 165.82, 825, 83; 939.615, 615(6)(c) WY 7-4-211; 7-19-106(a), 106(k), 201; 9-1-627; 11-25-104; 21-7-401; 33-21- 122(c)(viii) 4. Inspection AL 41-9-642, 643; 32-2-60, 61; AAC 265-X-02-.03 AK 12.62.160(b)(11) AZ 41-1750.G.7; R 13-1-08 AR 12-12-211, 1013 CA Penal Code 11121, 11124, 13320, 13323 CO 24-72-301, 303, 306 CT 54-142k DE 11-8513 DC 1-1522; 5-113.06; 1 DCMR 1004.1 et seq. FL 943.056; Reg. 11C-8 GA 35-3-37, 37(b); Reg. 140-2-.10 HI 92F-12; 846-14 ID 67-3007 IL (For 4.2) 20-2630/7; (For 4.3) 20-2630/7 (Redacted copy) IN 5-2-5-8, 5-14-3-3 IA 692.5; Regs. 661-11.4, .5, .15 KS 22-4709, 4711; Reg. 10-13-2 KY 17.150; 27A.450; 61-874, 884; Reg. 502 KAR 30:070 LA 15:588; Reg. LAC 22-701 et. seq. ME 16-620(1) MD 27-751; Reg. 12.15.01.05 MA 6-175; Reg. 803 CMR 6.02, 6.05, 605(5), 6.06 MI 15.233, .235 MN 13.03(3), .04, Subd 3 MS 45-27-11 MO Reg. CSR 30-4.070 MT 44-5-214 NE 29-3520, 3525 NV 179A.150 NH 91-A:4; Reg. 3.B.9 NJ NM 14-2-1 et seq.; 14-2A-1; 29-10-6, 8; 32A-2-26, 32; 32A-3B-22 NY CPL 160.50(1)(d), .55(1)(d); Reg. 9 NYCRR 6050.1 NC Reg. NCAC 4F.0404 ND 12-60-16.3; Admin. Code 10-13-07-01 OH OK 51-24A.5 OR 181.540(1)(b) PA 18-9151, 9152; Reg. 37-195.4 PR 4-531c; Reg. 9(a) RI 38-2-3 SC Reg. 73-25 SD 1-11-13; 23-5-12, 13; 23-6-9, 11, 14; Reg. 2:02:03:01, :06 TN 10-7-506, 507; 40-15-106; 40-32-101; 40-35-313; Regs. 1395-1-1-.08(1)(k) TX Gov't Code ¤ 552.023; Reg. 37 TAC 27.1 UT 53-10-108(8); Admin. Code 722-2-3 VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 8.10, .20 VI 3-881(b) VA 9.1-132; 19.2-389; 6 VAC 20-120-50, 60 WA 10.97.080; 43.43.730; Reg. WAC 446-20-090 WV 29B-1-3 WI 19.35(1) WY 7-19-109 5. Right to challenge AL 41-9-645; AAC 265-X-02-.03 AK AS 12.62.170(b) AZ R 13-1-08.D AR 12-12-211, 1013; 20-13-1107; 20-33-208, -48-807; 016 06 CARR 006; 016 14 CARR 004; 183 00 CARR 001 CA Penal Code 11126, 13324 CO 24-72-307 CT 54-142l DE 11-1448A, 8506(e), 8560 DC FL 943.0585; Reg. 11C-7 GA 35-3-37(b); Reg. 140-2-.10 HI 92F-24; 846-14 ID 67-3007 IL 20-2630/7; 20-3930/7(h) IN 5-2-5-8(b), 10(b) IA 692.5; Regs. 661-11.4 KS 22-4709, 4711 KY Reg. 502 KAR 30:070 LA 15:588; Reg. LAC 22-903 ME 16-620(2), (3) MD 19-908; 20-306; 27-752; Reg. 12.15.01.05, .06, .07 MA 6-175; Reg. 803 CMR 6.07, 6.08 MI MN 13.04, Subd. 4 MS 45-27-11 MO Reg. CSR 30-4.070 MT 44-5-215 NE 29-3525, 3526 NV 179A.150 NH Reg. 7 NJ NJAC 13:59-1.6(b) NM 29-10-8 NY Reg. 9 NYCRR 6050.2 NC Reg. NCAC 4F.0404 ND 12-60-16.3 and Administrative Rules OH OK OR 181.540(1)(b) PA 18-9151, 9152; Reg. 37-195.5 PR 4-531n; Reg. 9(b) RI SC Reg. 73-25 SD Reg. 2:02:03:02, 05 TN TX Health & Safety Code 250.005; Reg. 37 TAC 27.1 UT 53-10-108(8)(b)(i); Admin. Code R722-2-5 VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 8.30 VI VA 9.1-132; 6 VAC 20-120-70 WA 10.97.080; 43.43.730; Reg. WAC 446-20-120 WV WI WY 7-19-109 6. Judicial review of challenged information AL 41-9-645; AAC 265-X-02-.03 AK AS 12.62.170(c) AZ AR CA Penal Code 11126 CO 24-72-307 CT DE 11-1448A DC FL GA 35-3-37(c); Reg. 140-2-.10 HI 92F-25 ID IL IN IA 692.5; Regs. 661-11.6 KS KY 17.150(5); Reg. 502 KAR 30:070, Sec. (6) LA Reg. LAC 22-917 ME 16-620(4) MD 27-753(c), Reg. 12.15.01.05, .07 MA 6-176 MI MN 13.04, Subd. 4; 14-63 et seq. MS 45-27-11 MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM 29-10-8 NY NC ND OH OK OR Reg. 257-010-0035(5) PA 18-9152(e) PR 4-531o RI SC SD Reg. 2:02:05:01 TN TX UT VT VI VA WA 43.43.730 WV WI WY 7-19-109 7. Purging nonconviction information AL 41-9-625 AK AS 12.62.190 AZ AR CA Health & Safety Code 11361.5 ; Penal Code 851.8 CO CT 54-142a DE 11-8506(c) DC FL 943.0585; Reg. 11C-7 GA 35-3-37(c) HI 831-3.2; 853-1(e) ID 67-3004 IL 20-2605/55(a); 20-2630/5; 705-405/5-915 IN 35-38-5-1, -3 IA 661-8.305.1; 692.16, .17 KS KY LA 15:586; 44:9 ME MD 27-736, 737 MA 6-175; Reg. 803 CMR 6.07(3) MI 28.243 MN 152.18; 299C.11; 609A.03 MS 45-27-9(2), (4) MO 610.123, 124, 125, 126 MT 44-5-202(8), 212 NE 29-3523 NV 179A.075.3c; 179A.160 NH Reg. 3.D NJ NM 30-31-28; 32A-2-26; 32A-3B-21; 32A-20-1 NY CPL 160.50; Family Court Act ¤ 354.1 NC 15A-146; 90-96(b), (d); Reg. NCAC 4F.0501, .0502 ND Admin. Code 10-13-11-02 OH 109.60; 2951.04.1 OK 22-18, 19, 305.4, 991cv1, cv2 OR 137.225 PA 18-9122 PR RI 12-1-12, 12.1 SC 17-1-40; Reg. 73-27 SD 23-6-8.1; Reg. 2:02:03:02, 05 TN 40-15-106; 40-32-101 TX Code of Crim. Proc. Art. 55.01 UT 53-10-108; 77-18-10(1) VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 10.10 VI VA WA 10.97.060 WV 15-2-24(h) WI 165.84(1) WY 8. Purging conviction information AL AK AS 12.62.190 AZ AR CA Health & Safety Code 11361.5 ; Penal Code 1203.45 CO CT 54-142a DE 11-8506(c) DC FL 943.0585; Reg. 11C-7 GA 35-3-37(c) HI ID IL 705-405/5-915 (juvenile only, class B and below) IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA 6-175; Reg. 803 CMR 6.07(3) MI MN 152.18; 364.04; 609A.03 MS 45-27-9(10), 11 MO MT 44-5-202(8), 212 NE NV 179A.160 NH 651:5; Reg. 3.D NJ NM NY CPL 160.55; Family Court Act ¤ 354.1 NC 15A-145; 90-96; Reg. 12 NCAC 4F.0501, .0502 ND Admin. Code 10-13-11-01 OH OK 22-991cv1, cv2; 63-2-410 OR 137.225 PA 18-9122 PR 4-531g; 34-1731 RI 12-1.3-1 SC 22-5-910; 56-5-750(F); Reg. 73-27 SD 23-6-8.1; Reg. 2:02:03:02, 05 TN 38-6-118 TX UT 77-18-11; 78-3a-905 VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 10.10 VI VA WA 9.94A.230; 9.96.060; 10.97.060 WV WI WY 7-13-301; 14-6-241; 35-7-1037 9. Sealing nonconviction information AL AK AS 12.62.180 AZ 13-4051 AR 16-90-904, 905 CA Penal Code 851.8, .85 CO 24-72-308 CT 29-16; 54-142a DE 11-4372 DC SCR-Crim. 118 FL 943.059; Reg. 11C-7 GA 42-8-62 HI 831-3.2 ID IL 20-2630/5; 705-405/5-915 IN 35-38-5-1 IA KS 12-4516a; 21-4619 KY 17.142 LA 44:9 ME MD MA 276-100A, B, C; Reg. 803 CMR 7.02 MI 333.7411; 750.350a(4); 762.14; 769.4a MN 152.18; 299C.11; 609A.02(1) MS MO 610.100, 105, 120 MT 44-5-202(8) NE NV 179.255, .275 NH NJ 2C:36A-1, :52-6 NM 30-31-28; 32A-2-26 NY CPL 160.50(1)(c), 170.56, 720.15, 725.15 NC ND OH OK 22-18, 19, 991cv1, cv2; 63-2-410 OR 137.225(1)(b) PA PR RI 12-1-12.1 SC SD TN TX UT 77-18-10(1) VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 10.10 VI VA 19.2-392.2; 6 VAC 20-120-80 WA 13.50.050 WV 5-1-16a WI WY 10. Sealing conviction information AL AK AS 12.62.180 AZ 13-907 AR 16-90-904, 905 CA Penal Code 1203.45 CO 24-72-308 CT 54-142a, 142b DE DC 48-904.01; SCR-Crim.118, Crim. 32(f) FL 943.059; Reg. 11C-7 GA HI 712-1256; 831-3.1 ID IL IN 35-38-5-5 IA KS 12-4516; 21-4619 KY LA 44:9 ME MD MA 94C-34; 127-152; 276-100A, B, C; Reg. 803 CMR 7.02 MI 712A.18e; 780.623 MN 242.31; 364.04; 609A.02(2); 638.02, Subd. 3-5 MS MO 610.106, 120 MT 46-18-204 NE NV 179.245, .275; 453.336 NH 318-B:28-a; 651:5 NJ 2C:52-2, 3, 4, 5 NM NY CPL 160.55(1)(c), 720.15 NC ND OH 2953.32 OK 22-18, 19, 991cv1, cv2; 63-2-410 OR 137.225(1)(a) PA PR RI 12-1.3-1, 2 SC SD 23A-27-14, 17 TN TX UT 77-18-11 VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 10.10 VI VA WA 13.50.050 WV 5-1-16a; 49-5-18 WI WY 11. Removal of disqualifications AL AK AZ 13-907 AR CA Penal Code 851.8 ; 1203.4, .4a, .45 CO 24-72-308 CT DE DC FL 943.0585 GA 42-9-1 et seq. HI 712-1255; 853-1 ID 18-3316 IL IN IA KS 12-4516(e); 21-4619; 22-3722 KY LA 44:9 ME MD 27-641; 27-735 through 741 MA 276-100A, C MI MN 152.18; 242.31; 364.03 MS MO MT NE NV NH 651:5 NJ 2C:52-27 NM 30-31-28; 32A-2-26; 32A-3B-21 NY CPL 160.60; 720.35(1) NC ND OH 2951.04.1; 2953.33(A) OK 22-18, 19; 63-2-410 OR 137.225 PA PR RI 12-1.3-4 SC SD 23A-27-14, 17 TN 40-35-313(b) TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY 12. Right to state nonexistence of record AL AK AS 12.62.180(d) AZ AR 16-90-902 CA Labor Code 432.7 ; Penal Code 851.8, 1203.45 CO 24-72-308 CT 54-142a DE DC 48-904.01 FL 943.0585 GA HI 712-1256; 831-3.2(b)(e) ID IL 20-2630/7 IN IA KS 12-4516(e); 12-4516a(d) KY LA ME 16-618 MD 27-641, 739, 740 MA 94C-34; 127-152; 151B-4(9); 276-100A, C MI 37.2205a MN 152.18, Subd. 2 MS MO 610.110 MT NE NV 179.285 NH 651:5 NJ 2C:52-27 NM 30-31-28; 32A-2-26; 32A-3B-21 NY CPL 160.30, .60, 170.56(4) NC 15A-145, 146; 90-96 ND OH 2953.33(B) OK 22-18, 19; 63-2-410 OR 137.225(3) PA PR RI 12-1.3-4 SC SD 23A-27-14, 17 (Exceptions: 23A-27-14.1, 23-3-42) TN 40-35-313(b) TX Code of Crim. Proc. Art. 55.03 UT VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 6.20 VI VA 19.2-392.4 WA 10.97.030(8) WV WI WY 13. Research access AL Reg. 003 AK AS 12.62.160(b)(7) AZ AR 12-12-1010 CA Penal Code 11144, 13202 CO CT 54-142m DE 11-8513, 8514, 8516, 8521 DC FL 943.057; Reg. 11C-6 GA 33-3-33(8); Reg. 140-2-.04(1)(f) HI 846-9(4); 846D-4 ID IL IN IA 692.4, .7(1), .22 KS KY 17.150 LA 15:548; Reg. LAC 22-1305 ME 16-613(4) MD 27-749; Reg. 12.15.01.12 MA 6-173; Reg. 803 CMR 7.03(1)(b), 8.00 - 8.03 MI MN 13.03 MS MO 43.507; 45.531 MT 44-5-304 NE NV 179A.075.2a, .6; 179A.100.5a, .175 NH Reg. 3.B.7 NJ NJAC 13:59-1.6(e) NM 29-10-6(B) NY Exec. Law ¤ 837(4) NC Reg. 12 NCAC 4F.0407, .0408 ND 12-60-16.3; Admin. Code 10-13-10-01; 10-13-11-03 OH OK OR Reg. 257-010-0030 PA PR Reg. 8(c)(3) RI SC Reg. 73-24D. SD 23A-27-13.1, 16 TN TX Gov't Code 411.083 UT 53-10-108(1)(f) VT 20-2056b; CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 8.90 VI VA 19.2-389 WA 10.97.050(6); Reg. WAC 446-20-190, 420 WV WI 19.35(1) WY 7-19-106(a)(v) 14. Accuracy and completeness AL 41-9-622, 648 AK 12.62.120, 150 (a), (b), (c), 170 AZ 41-1750.U, -1751, 2205.A,.B; R 13-1-02, 04, 08.E, .G AR 12-12-209, 210, 1004, 1007, 1013, 1015; 015 07 CARR 01; 183 00 CARR 001 CA Government Code 69844.5, 71280.5; Penal Code 11079, 11107, 11115, 13100, 13100.1, 13125, 13127, 13150, 13151, 13152 ; Reg. 702(c), 707(c) CO 24-33.5-412(3), 72-307 CT 29-11, 12, 13; 54-142h(a), (b), (c), 142j DE 11-8506, 8506(f), 8507, 8508, 8509, 8510, 8511, 8512, 8525 DC 5-113.01, .02, .05 FL 943.052, .055, .056; Reg. 11C-4 GA 17-4-27; 35-3-33(4), 36, 36(k), 37(c), (d)(5); 42-8-62; Reg. 140-2-.03, 07; 1975 Atty. Gen. Op. No. 75-110 HI 846-3, 4, 5, 6, 13; 846D-3 ID 67-3005, 3007 IL 20-2630/2.1; 20-2635/21; 20-3930/7(i); 705-405/5-901 IN 4-1-6-2, 5; 5-2-5-3, 10, 10(a)(1), 12; 10-1-1-15, 18; 10-1-2.5-4 IA 690.4, .5; 692.5, .13, .15, .17, .19(6), .21; Regs. 661-11.9, .10 KS 21-2501; 22-4705(a), 4706(f); Reg. 10-10-1, 2, 3, 4 KY 17.110, .150(1), (1)(c), (6), .152, .1521, .1522; 27A.300; 194A.065; 196.093; Reg. 502 KAR 30:030 LA 15:579, .580, .581, .591, .594; Reg. LAC 1519; Reg. LAC 22-1103, 1105, 1503, 1507, 1509 ME 16-612(3)(B), 616; 25-1542-A, 1544, 1547 MD 27-746(5), 747, 748(6); Reg. 12.15.01.08, .09, .16; Court Rule 16-308, 503 MA 6-18.75; 6-171, 175; 66A-2; 127-23, 27; 263-1A ; Reg. 803 CMR 6.07, 6.08, 6.10 MI 28.155, .243, .245a; 712A.11, .18; 769.1, .16a; 764.29; Regs. ¤ 28.5018 MN 13.05; 299C.06, .10 through .14, .10(2), .10(3), .17 MS 45-27-7(2)(c), 9 MO 43.503; Reg. CSR 30-4.040, .050 MT 44-2-206, -5, -105, 202, 206, 213, 213(5), (6), 215 NE 29-209, 3507, 3515, 3516, 3517, 3526; 81-1423 NV 179A.075.3, .080.3, 090, .150 NH 106-B:14, 14-a; Reg. 4, 5 NJ 53:1-13, 14, 15, 18, 20.1, 20.2 NM 29-3-1, 3, 8 NY CPL 160.20, 30; Exec. Law ¤ 837(4), 837-a, 837-b, c; Family Court Act ¤¤ 306.1(4), 354.1 NC 15A-502, 1382; Reg. 12 NCAC 4F.0201, .0202, .0302, .0801 ND 12-60-16.2, 16.3; Admin. Code 10-13-02-01; 10-13-03-03; 10-13-07-12; 10-13- 08-01, 02; 10-13-12-01, 02, 03, 04, 05; 10-13-13-01 OH 109.57(A), .61, .62; 1347.05 OK 47-2-124; 74-150.10, .12 OR 181.511(1)(b), (c), .521, .530, .555(3) PA 18-9111, 9112, 9113, 9114, 9141, 9142, 9161; 61-2173, 2174; Reg. 37-195.2 PR Reg. 6, 7, 10 RI 12-1-7, 8, 9, 10, 11 SC 14-17-325; 23-1-90; 23-3-40, 120, 130; Reg. 73-21, 22, 22E, 28; 20-7-780 SD 23-5-4, 8; 23-6-16; Reg. 2:02:02:01, 03, 04, 05; 2:02:04:01 TN 38-6-103; 38-10-101 through 105 TX Code of Crim. Proc., Ch. 60 UT 53-10-208; 63-25a-104 VT 20-2053(b), 2054; CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 3.20, 4.10, 6.30(1), (b)(5), 11.10- 11.30, 11.40 VI VA 9.1-102, 131; 16.1-299, 299.1, 301; 19.2-389D, 390; 6 VAC 20-120-40, 90 WA 10.97.040, 045, 090(3); 10.98.100, 050, 090; Reg. WAC 446-20-260, 310 WV 15-2-24(f), (g) WI 165.83, .84 WY 7-19-104, 105, 107, 107(h); 9-1-625 15. Dedication AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA 35-3-33(13) HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY 16. Civil remedies AL AK AS 12.62.200 AZ 39-121.02; R 13-1-05.C AR 015 07 CARR 01; 183 00 CARR 001 CA Civil Code 1798.53 ; Labor Code 432.7 CO 24-72-305; 30-10-101 CT 4-197 DE 11-1448A, 8514, 8523; 29-10005 DC 2-537 FL 119.02 GA 35-3-39 HI ID IL 20-2635/1 et seq. IN IA 692.2(3), .6 KS 22-4707 KY 17.157; 61.882 LA 15:596 ME 25-1550 MD 27-753; Reg. 12.15.01.10 MA 6-168, 177; Reg. 803 CMR 5.06, 6.08(4) MI MN 13.08; 299C.21 MS MO MT 44-2-205; 44-5-112 NE 29-3528; 84-712.03, .07 NV 179A.230 NH NJ 47:1A-4; 53:1-20 NM 14-2-12 NY Exec. Law 837-b(3); Corr. Law 755 NC Reg. 12 NCAC 4G.0201 ND OH 1347.10 OK OR 192.490 PA 18-9181, 9183 PR RI 12-1-12; 12-1.3-4 SC 23-1-90; 30-4-100 SD Reg. 2:02:04:03 TN TX UT VT 1-319, 320; 20-2056a, 2056c; CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 7.50, 13.10-13.22 VI VA 2.1-346.1; 9-194 WA 10.97.050(8), .110; 42.17.390; 43.43.834(7); Reg. WAC 446-20-300 WV WI 19.37 WY 17. Criminal penalties AL 32-2-63; 41-9-600 AK AZ 41-1756 AR 12-12-212, 1002; 015 07 CARR 01; 183 00 CARR 001 CA Government Code 6200, 6201; Labor Code 432.7; Penal Code 502, 11125, 11141, 11142, 11143, 13302, 13303, 13304 CO 24-33.5-424, -72-309 CT 29-17; 54-142c, 54-142k(e) DE 11-1448A, 8514, 8523, 8562 DC FL 119.02, .10; 409:175 GA 16-11-182 ; 35-3-38 HI 846-16; 846D-7 ID 67-3008 IL 20-2630/7; 20-2635/1 et seq. IN 5-2-4-7; 5-2-5-5(c); 35-47-2.5-10 IA 169.6; 147.21; 154A.6; 155.17; 455B.213; 542B.32; 542C.16; 543B.52; 544A.27; 602.3301, .10141; 692.5, .7 KS 22-4707, 4710 KY 17.157 LA 15:596; 44:9D; Reg. 22-311, 313 ME 16-619 MD 27-739; State Gov't Code ¤ 10-627 MA 6-178 MI 28.243a, .246 MN 13.09; 364.10 MS 25-53-59; 45-27-13 MO 109.180; 610.115 MT NE 29-3527; 69-2419 NV 179A.240, .300; 239.010 NH 106-B:14; 159-C:10; 651:5.X NJ 2C:52-30; 53:1-20 NM 32A-2-32; 32A-3B-22 NY NC 14-454 ND 12-60-16.10 OH 1347.99; 2953.35 OK 21-461 OR PA 18-6111; 61-2176 PR 8-77 RI SC 23-1-90; 30-4-100 SD 23-5-4; 23-6-4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16 TN 10-7-505; 37-1-409(b), (c); 40-15-106(c); 40-32-101(c); 62-26-230 TX Gov't Code 411.085; 552.351, .352; Health & Safety Code 250.008 UT 53-10-108; 76-10-527 VT 20-2054(b) VI VA 9.1-136; 18.2-308.2:2, 2:3; 19.2-392.3C, 392.4C; 52-8.3 WA 10.97.120; 43.43.810, .856 WV 15-2-24(j); 29B-1-5 WI 946.72(1) WY 18. Public records AL 36-12-40 AK AS 40.25.120 AZ 39-121.01; 41-1346 AR 25-19-103 CA Government Code 6251 et seq. CO 24-72-301, 303; 30-10-101 CT 1-200 et seq. DE 29-10002(d)(4) DC 2-531 et seq. FL 119.01 GA 50-18-70 et seq. HI 92F-12 ID 9-335 et seq. IL 5-160/1 et seq.; 20-2635/1 et seq. IN 4-1-6-1; 5-14-3-1 IA 22.7(9); 692.2; Regs. 661-11.12 KS 45-215 et seq. KY 61.870 et seq.; Reg. 200 KAR 1:020 LA 44:1 et seq. ME 1-401-410 MD State Gov't Code ¤¤ 10-611 et seq. MA 4-7, cl. 26; 6-172; 66-10; 66A-1 et seq. MI 750.492 MN 13.01 et seq.; 13.87 MS 25-53-53; 25-59-19 MO 109.180, .190 MT 2-6-101 NE 29-3520; 84-712 et seq. NV 179A.100; 239.010 et seq. NH 7-A:1; 91-A:4 NJ 47:1A-1 NM 14-3-1 et seq. NY Pub. Off. Law 87 et seq. NC 132-1 et seq. ND 44-04-18 OH 149.43 et seq. OK 51-24A OR 181.540 PA 65-66.1 et seq. PR 32-1781 RI 38-2-1 et seq. SC 30-4-10 et seq. SD 1-27-1 et seq. TN 10-7-504 et seq. TX Gov't Code 552.001 et seq. UT 63-2-101 et seq. VT 1-315 et seq. VI 3-881 VA 42.1-76 et seq. WA 10.97.030; 42.17.250 WV 29B-1-1 WI 19.35(1) WY 16-4-201 through 205 19. Separation of files AL AK AZ AR 16-90-904 CA Penal Code 11075, 11105 CO CT DE DC FL GA 35-3-32; Reg. 140-2-.02 HI ID IL IN 5-2-4-2 IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI 15.232; 28.272 MN MS MO 610.120 MT NE NV 62.350.3 NH NJ NM 32A-20-1 NY Family Court Act ¤ 306.1(4); Exec. Law ¤ 837(8) NC ND OH OK OR PA 18-9106 PR RI SC SD TN 37-10-207; Regs. 1395-1-1-.09(4) TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI 48.396 WY 20. Regulation of intelligence collection AL 41-9-639 AK AZ AR 12-12-1011 CA Civil Code 1798.14, .15 CO CT DE DC FL 943.08 GA 35-3-32(2); Reg. 140-2-.02 HI ID IL IN 5-2-4-3, 4 IA 692.8, .9; Regs. 661-8.202(5), (6); 661-8.203(4), (5) KS KY 17.150(2) LA ME MD MA MI MN 13.05, Subd. 4 MS 25-53-53, 55 MO MT 44-5-501 through 515 NE NV 179A.070.2 NH NJ 53:6-4, 5 NM 29-3-1 et seq.; 32A-20-1 NY NC ND OH OK OR 181.575 PA 18-9106 PR RI SC SD 23-5-10, 11 TN TX UT 53-10-105 VT 20-1954 VI VA WA 43.43.854 WV WI WY 9-1-627 21. Regulation of intelligence dissemination AL 41-9-641 AK AZ AR 12-12-1011 CA Civil Code 1798.18, .24 CO 24-72-305(5) CT DE 29-10002(d)(5) DC 2-534 FL 119.07, .072; 943.08 GA 35-3-32(4); Reg. 140-2-.02 HI 92E-3(1)(B) ID IL 5-140/7(1)(d) IN 5-2-4-6 IA 216A.136; 252B.9.7(h); 692.8, .8A, .9; Regs. 61-2.13.2(j); 661-8.202(7), .203(6) KS KY LA ME 16-611(8), 614 MD 10-618(f) MA MI 15.243 MN 13.05, Subd. 4 MS 25-53-53, 55; 45-27-19, 31-5(5)(a) MO 45.531; 610.100 MT 44-5-103(3)(b), 303, 404(2), 501 through 515 NE NV 179A.120.2, .150.1 NH NJ 53:6-5 NM 29-3-1 et seq.; 32A-15-4 NY Pub. Off. Law 87(2)(e) NC ND OH OK OR PA 18-9106, 9121(d); Reg. 37-195.1 PR RI SC SD 23-5-11 TN 10-7-504; 40-15-106(b), (c)(1); 40-32-101(b), (c)(1) TX UT 53-10-105 VT 20-1955 VI VA WA 42.17.310; 43.43.854, .856 WV WI WY 9-1-627 22. Security AL 41-9-594, 621(9); AAC 265-X-2-.02; Reg. 004, 005 AK 12.62.150(a)(3), (4), (6); 13 AAC 68.220 AZ 13-2316 AR 12-12-1014, 015 07 CARR 01; 183 00 CARR 001 CA Penal Code 11077(a); Reg. 707, 707(a), 708 CO CT 54-142i DE 11-8505, 8608, 8609, 8521 DC FL 119.031; 943.08; Reg. 11C-6 GA 35-3-33(13); 16-9-90 et seq.; Reg. 140-2-.02, .08, .09, .11 HI 846-7; 846D-5 ID 67-3007 IL 20-3930/7(g) IN 4-1-6-2; 5-2-5-10(2); 5-14-3-7 IA 692.12, .14, .19(8); Reg. 661-8204 KS 22-4704; Reg. 10-11-1 KY LA 15:578(F); 15:589; Reg. LAC 22-1705, 1707, 1709, 1711, 1713, 1715, 1717, 1719, 1721, 1723, 1727 ME 16-614(1)(G); 25-1541(4), 2904 MD Reg. 12.15.01.10, .11, .12, .15 MA 6-171; 174; 66A-2; Reg. 803 CMR 7.06 MI Regs. ¤ 28.5009, .5318 MN 13.05, Subd. 5; 299C.48(a) MS 45-27-7(1)(f), 12 MO Reg. CSR 30-4.090 MT 44-5-401, 402, 403, 404, 405 NE 29-3518, 3519 NV 179A.080.1, .2 NH Reg. 1, 2 NJ NJAC 13:59-1.6(E); S.O.P. B-33, B-34, B-35 NM NY Exec. Law 837 (amended); Pub. Off. Law ¤ 87, 87(2)(i) NC 114-10(2); Reg. 12 NCAC 4E.0203, .0303, .0401, 4F.0101, 4G.0102 ND 12-60-16.3; Admin. Code 10-13-06-01, 02, 03 OH 1347.05; Admin. Code 4501:2-10-03, 11 OK 51-24A.1 et seq. OR Reg. 257-010-0025 PA 18-9131; Gen. Reg. 37-195.6 PR 4-531g; Reg. 14, 16, 17 RI SC Reg. 73-21A.(3), 73-26 SD TN 39-14-601 et seq. TX UT VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 6.70, 7.10, .20, .30, .40 VI VA 6 VAC 20-120-110, 150, 160 WA 10.97.090; 43.43.815, .838; Reg. WAC 446-20-210 through 230, 270, 300 WV WI WY 7-19-105; 9-1-627 23. Transaction logs AL 41-9-640; AAC 265-X-02-.01 AK AS 12.62.150(a)(7)(B); AS 12.62.160(c)(4) AZ AR 12-12-1008; 015 07 CARR 01; 183 00 CARR 001 CA Penal Code 11078 ; Reg. 707(c) CO CT 54-142h(c) DE 11-1448A, 8513(e); Reg. 1.5 DC FL 943.055 GA 35-3-33(2); Reg. 140-2-.06 HI 846-6 ID Id. APA 11.10.01.023 IL IN 4-1-6-2 IA KS Reg. 10-14-1 KY LA Reg. LAC 22-1311 ME 16-620(5) MD Reg. 12.15.01.10, .11, .12 MA 6-172 MI Regs. ¤ 28.5105 MN MS 45-27-7(2)(b) MO MT 44-5-215, 305, 404(3) NE 29-3517 NV 179A.130 NH Reg. 3.C.4 NJ NM NY NC Reg. 12 NCAC 4F.0401, .0402 ND 12-60-16.3; Admin. Code 10-13-04-02; 10-13-05-04 OH Admin. Code 4501:2-10-06 OK 47-2-124; 51-24A.1 et seq. OR Reg. 257-010-0035 PA 18-9121(f) PR Reg. 9(e)(f), 10 RI SC Reg. 73-23F. SD Reg. 2:02:02:05 TN TX UT VT CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 6.50, 14.10-14.30 VI VA 9.1-132; 6 VAC 20-120-50, 160 WA 10.97.050(7) WV WI WY 7-19-106(h) 24. Training employees AL AK AS 12.62.150(a)(5) AZ AR 12-12-210, 211 CA Penal Code 11077(d) CO CT 54-142i(d) DE 11-1448A, 8505, 8561 DC FL 943.08 GA 35-3-33(6); Reg. 140-2-.09(4) HI 846-7(5) ID 67-3007 IL IN 4-1-6-2; 10-1-1-13 IA 692.11 KS KY 17.147(4) LA Reg. LAC 22-2105 ME MD MA 6-171 MI MN 299C.10(2), .65 MS 25-53-51(c); 45-27-7(1)(b) MO MT 44-2-202 NE 29-3518 NV NH NJ NM 29-3-9 NY NC Reg. 12 NCAC 4E.0401, .0402, .0403 ND OH 109.56; Admin. Code 4501:2-10-03 OK OR Reg. 257-10 PA PR RI SC Reg. 73-26D. SD TN 62-26-226 TX UT VT VI VA 6 VAC 20-120-130, 140 WA 10.97.090; Reg. WAC 446-20-240 WV WI WY 9-1-624(a)(iii) 25. Listing of information systems AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN 4-1-6-7 IA 22.11 KS KY LA ME MD MA Reg. 803 CMR 3.08 MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH 7-A:2 NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA 18-9171 PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY 26. Freedom of Information Act (including criminal justice information) AL AK AZ AR CA CO 24-72-301, 303 CT DE DC 2-531 et seq. FL 119.01, .07; 943.053 GA 50-18-70 HI ID IL IN 4-1-6-1; 5-14-3-2(6) IA KS 45-215 et seq. KY 61.878 LA 44:3(4) ME MD MA 66A-1 MI 15.231 et seq. MN 13.03, .80 et seq. MS 25-59-19 MO MT NE 29-3520 NV NH NJ NM NY Pub. Off. Law 87(2)(e) NC ND 44-04-18 OH OK 51-24A.8 OR 181.540 PA PR RI 38-2-1 SC SD 1-27-1 TN TX Gov't Code 552.108(c) UT VT 1-317(b)(5) VI 3-881(g) VA 2.1-342.2(F)(1) WA WV WI WY 27. Freedom of Information Act (excluding criminal justice information) AL AK 12.62.160(a) AZ 39-121.01 AR 12-12-909, 1003; 25-19-105 CA Government Code 6254 CO CT 4-190(i) DE 29-10002(d)(4) DC FL 119.07 GA HI 92F-11 through 92F-19 ID 9-340B IL 5-140/7(1)(d) IN IA KS KY 17-150(4); 61.878 LA 44:3(4) ME 1-402 MD State Gov't Code ¤¤ 10-611 et seq. MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH 91-A:5; 106-B:14 NJ Exec. Order 123 NM NY Pub. Off. Law 87(2)(e) NC ND OH 109.57(D); 1347.04 OK 51-24A.8 OR 192.501, .502, .505 PA PR RI 38-2-1 SC SD TN 10-7-504; 40-15-106(b), (c)(1); 40-32-101(b), (c)(1) TX Gov't Code 552.108(a), (b) UT 63-2-102 VT 1-317(b)(5); 20-2056 VI VA 2.1-342.2(F)(1); 2.1-384(3), (7) WA 42.17.250; 43.43.710 WV 29B-1-4 WI WY 9-1-627; 16-4-201 28. Central State repository AL 41-9-591 AK AS 12.62.110(1) AZ 41-1750.A, 2205 AR 12-12-210, 207, 208, 1001 CA Penal Code 11105 CO 24-33.5-401, 412 CT 29-11 DE 11-8501(b)(1) DC 5-113.02 FL 943.051 GA 35-3-31 HI 846-2, 2.5 ID 67-3003 IL 20-2605/55(a); 20-2630/8 IN 5-2-5-2; 10-1-1-12; 10-1-2.5-1 IA 690.1 KS 22-4705 KY 17.140, .151 LA 15:578(1) ME 25-1541 MD 27-747(b); Reg. 12.15.01.04 MA 6-168 MI 28.241 et seq. MN 299C.05, .06, .09 MS 45-27-7(1)(a) MO 43.500, .540 MT 44-5-213 NE 29-209, 210 NV 179A.075.1 NH 106-B:14 NJ 53:1-13 NM 29-3-1 NY Exec. Law 837(6) NC 114-10.1; 132-1.4 ND 12-60-07 OH 109.57(C) OK 74-150.9 OR 181.066 PA 18-9101 PR Act 13; Reg. 6 RI 12-1-7 SC 23-3-110 SD 23-5-1, 2; 23-6-1 TN 38-6-101; 38-10-101 et seq. TX Code of Crim. Proc. Art. 60.02; Gov't Code 411.042 UT 53-10-201 VT 20-2051; CVR 28-050-001, Sec. 3.10 VI VA 19.2-388 WA 43.43.700 WV 15-2-24 WI 165.83, .84 WY 7-19-107(a) 29. National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact enacted AL AK AS 12.64.010 AZ 41-1750.01 AR 12-12-1010(b)(2)(A) CA CO 24-33.5-412; 24-60-2701, 2702 CT 29-164f DE DC FL 943.0543 GA 35-3-39.1 HI ID IL IN IA 692B.1, .2, .3 KS 22-5001 KY LA ME 25-1701 et seq. MD MA MI MN 299C.58 MS MO MT 44-5-601 NE NV 179A.800 NH NJ 53:1-32 NM NY NC ND OH OK 74-150.9a, .9b OR PA PR RI SC 23-3-1010 SD TN TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY Full titles of State code compilations are set out in individual State tables in section 4. Section 4: Summary tables of statutes and regulations by State This section of the Compendium sets forth (1) A "State code titles" table that lists the full titles of the official compilations of each State's laws and regulations, and (2) Summary tables of each State's criminal history record privacy and security laws and regulations that includes (a) the full titles for each classification category and subcategory, and (b) the citations for that particular category or subcategory, which indicate section numbers of the State codes. These summary tables are set out in alphabetical order by State. The purpose of this collection is to make available to the researcher the variety of approaches and alternatives taken by the States with regard to their criminal history information practices. However, please note that this effort is current through July 1999; thus, further review of a particular State's legislation or regulations may be appropriate to include more recent enactments. Readers are reminded that the full text of the State laws cited herein is available for a small fee from SEARCH. A full, hard-copy library of these laws, regulations and other materials is maintained by SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics, at its offices in Sacramento, California. Copies of specific enactments may be ordered (for a fee) by mail, telephone, or email. (SEARCH is at 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145, Sacramento, California 95831, 916/392-2550. Email twyla@search.org.) State code titles Alabama Code Alaska Statutes Arizona Revised Statutes Annotated Arkansas Statutes Annotated California (Codes listed on summary table) Colorado Revised Statutes Connecticut General Statutes Annotated (West) Delaware Code Annotated District of Columbia Code Florida Statutes Annotated Georgia Code of 1981 Hawaii Revised Statutes Idaho Code Illinois Compiled Statutes Indiana Code Annotated Iowa Code Annotated (West) Kansas Statutes Annotated Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated (Baldwin) Louisiana Revised Statutes Annotated (West) Maine Revised Statutes Maryland Annotated Code of 1957 Massachusetts General Laws Annotated (West) Michigan Compiled Laws Annotated Minnesota Statutes Annotated Mississippi Code Annotated Missouri Annotated Statutes (Vernon) Montana Revised Codes Annotated Nebraska Revised Statutes Nevada Revised Statutes New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated New Jersey Statutes Annotated (West) New Mexico Statutes Annotated New York (Codes listed on summary table) North Carolina General Statutes North Dakota Century Code Ohio Revised Code Annotated (Page) Oklahoma Statutes Annotated (West) Oregon Revised Statutes Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated (Purdon) Puerto Rico Laws Annotated Rhode Island General Laws South Carolina Code South Dakota Compiled Laws Annotated Tennessee Code Annotated (Vernon) Texas Codes Annotated (Vernon) Utah Code Annotated Vermont Statutes Annotated Virgin Islands Code Annotated Virginia Code Washington Revised Code Annotated West Virginia Code Wisconsin Statutes Annotated (West) Wyoming Statutes 11/21/03 jb