U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Correctional Populations in the United States, 1998 September NCJ 192929 --------------------------------------------------------- This file is text only without graphics and many of the tables. A Zip archive of the tables in this report in spreadsheet format (.wk1) and the full report including tables and graphics in .pdf format are available from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/corpop98.htm This report is one in a series. More recent editions may be available. To view a list of all in the series go to http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm --------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 2: Jails Methodology Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ) In each year between the full censuses, a survey of jails is conducted to estimate baseline characteristics of the Nation's jails and the inmates housed in these jails. The 1998 Annual Survey of Jails is the 14th such survey in a series begun in 1982. The reference date for the 1998 survey was June 30. Based on information from the 1993 Census of Jails, a sample of jail jurisdictions was selected for the 1994-1998 surveys. A jurisdiction is a county (parish in Louisiana) or municipal government that administers one or more local jails. The sample included all jails in 795 selected jail jurisdictions and 25 multijurisdiction jails. A multijurisdiction jail is one in which two or more jurisdictions have a formal agreement to operate the facility. In the drawing of the sample, jail jurisdictions were first stratified into two groups: single- jurisdiction jails and multijurisdiction jails. All of the multijurisdiction jails were included in the survey. The remaining jurisdictions were then further stratified into two groups: jurisdictions with jails authorized to hold juveniles and jurisdictions with jails holding adults only. Jurisdictions were then selected based on the average daily population in the 1993 census. All jails in 204 jurisdictions were automatically included if in 1993 the jurisdiction held juveniles and had an average daily population of 250 or more inmates or if it held only adults and had an average population of 500 or more. The other jurisdictions (591) were then selected based on stratified probability sampling. Data were obtained by mailed questionnaires. After follow-up phone calls to nonrespondents, the response rate for the survey was 100%. Sampling error Survey estimates have an associated sampling error because not all jurisdictions were contacted for the survey. Estimates based on the sample survey may differ somewhat from the results of conducting a complete census. Different samples could yield somewhat different results. Standard error is a measure of the variation among the estimates from all possible samples, stating the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the average of all possible samples. The estimated relative sampling error for the number of persons under the jurisdiction of jail authorities of 664,847 on June 30, 1998, was 0.87%; for persons held in custody of jail authorities of 592,462, 0.67%. Measuring confinement status For the first time, in 1995 the ASJ obtained separate counts of the total number of offenders under jail supervision, those held in jail facilities, and those supervised outside jail facilities. Previous surveys and censuses included a small but unknown number of offenders under community supervision. To estimate the percentage change from 1994 to 1995 in the jail population, the 1995 survey included a count of inmates held at midyear 1994. In the 1996 survey, the number of persons supervised outside a jail facility included for the first time persons under drug, alcohol, mental health, or other medical treatment. Comparisons with the 1995 estimates should exclude these persons. Juveniles State statutes and judicial practices allow juveniles to be incarcerated in adult jails under a variety of circumstances. Because of the differing statutes and practices, however, accurate and comparable data on juveniles are difficult to collect. Beginning in 1994 the ASJ provided estimates of the total number of jail inmates under age 18, the number held as adults, and the number held as juveniles. New sampling procedures were also introduced in 1994 to minimize the standard errors of these estimates. By stratifying jurisdictions based on the authority to house juveniles, the precision of the juvenile counts was improved. Chapter 3: Probation Explanatory notes Because many States update their population counts, the January 1, 1998, numbers may differ from those previously published for December 31, 1997. Federal Data for the Federal system are from the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts as provided to the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program. Definitional differences exist between probation data reported here and in other BJS data series. "Other" entries include probationers whose cases were reopened statistically. "Other" discharges include probationers for which specific codes were not assigned. Includes such cases as closings at chief's discretion, closings because of revocation in another case, and withdrawing of warrants after expiration. "Asian" includes an unspecified number of "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander" probationers. "Other" offense type includes petty offenses. Although no formal intensive supervision program exists at the national level, some individual probation offices that use electronic monitoring may regard such a program to be an intensive supervision program. Alabama Alabama has 3 reporting agencies: 1 State and 2 local. Alabama's state agency, which represents 76% of all Alabama's probationers, estimated all data. One local agency did not provide data. The December 31, 1997 population count was used as an estimate of the January 1, 1998 and December 31, 1998 population counts. "Other" offense type includes driving under the influence of alcohol cases. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision and electronic monitoring. Alaska All data are estimated. Data exclude 668 absconders. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision. Arizona Arizona has 2 reporting agencies: 1 State and 1 local. The local agency estimated all data. The State agency's probation population on December 31, 1998 includes an additional 1,251 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. The probation population on December 31, 1998 excludes an unknown number of persons under the supervision of Limited Jurisdiction courts (includes municipal and other courts). The active probation population of the Limited Jurisdiction courts is estimated to have been less than 500; no estimate is available for the inactive population under the supervision of such courts, though it is known to be much larger. The State agency reported that "other" supervision status includes 7,789 indirect service cases for which Arizona is legally responsible but which are not under active supervision. "Total" entries are estimated as reported by the State. The State also reported that "other" discharges include an unspecified number of transfers to various locations. "Asian" includes an unspecified number of "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander" probationers as reported by the State agency. It was also reported by the State that "other" offense type includes an unspecified number of the State's driving while intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol cases. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, and jail. Arkansas All data are estimated. "Split sentence" refers to probationers incarcerated in a substance abuse treatment program as a condition of probation. "Other" supervision status includes transfers to other counties. "Successful completion" includes early discharges and administrative closures. "Other unsuccessful" discharges include probationers who completed their sentence but still owe fines. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 495 Hispanics probationers of unknown race. California All data are estimated. Colorado Colorado has 9 reporting agencies: 1 State and 8 local. Colorado's State agency, which represents approximately 79% of all Colorado's probationers, and one local agency estimated all data. Missing local agency data were imputed based on the ratio of entries to the January 1, 1998 population among local agencies in Colorado which were able to provide data. Exits were imputed from the requirement that the beginning of year population, plus entries, minus exits, must equal the end of year population. Total population on December 31, 1998 excludes 1,376 probationers in an intensive supervision program. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 2,840 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, and jail. Connecticut "Unknown or not reported" race includes 8,505 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Detailed data are estimated for electronic monitoring. Delaware Total population on January 1, 1998 is estimated. "Total" entries are estimated. Data for "total" entries and exits exclude "Attorney General probation" and "pretrial diversion" cases "Attorney General probation" includes persons with charges which have been adjudicated, but the disposition was withheld. Successful completion results in dismissal of charges. "Pretrial diversion" includes persons who have not been found guilty, but who have been placed on supervised probation by the court pending disposition of their charges. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 661 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. District of Columbia "Other" offense type includes 653 domestic violence civil protection orders and 536 domestic violence deferred sentences. The intensive supervision and electronic monitoring program are combined. There are 105 probationers in an intensive supervision program who are also on electronic monitoring. Florida Florida has 14 reporting agencies: 1 State and 13 local. Approximately 21% of the local agencies in Florida estimated all of the data. In addition, approximately 21% of the localities in Florida estimated one or more characteristics of the total population on December 31, 1998. Missing local agency data were imputed based on the ratio of entries to the January 1, 1998 population among local agencies in Florida which were able to provide data. Exits were imputed from the requirement that the beginning of year population, plus entries, minus exits, must equal the end of year population. Total population on December 31, 1998 excludes 313 probationers in an intensive supervision program and 226 probationers in an electronic monitoring program in 2 local agencies. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 85 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, and jail. Georgia Georgia has 3 reporting agencies: 1 State and 2 local. Inclusion of an additional local agency added 1,530 persons to the January 1, 1998 probation population, and 2,321 to the December 31, 1998 probation population. It was reported by the State agency that "other" entries include out-of-State probationers. "Other unsuccessful" discharges include probationers whose supervision was revoked and they were returned to prison as reported by the State. The State agency reported race in two classifications, "white" and "non-white", and included "non-white" under "Black or African American". Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision. Illinois "Other" offense type includes 41,365 administrative offenses, 17,729 driving under the influence of alcohol offenses, and 2,406 traffic offenses. Indiana "Other" probation status includes "shock" probationers, probationers sentenced to probation in lieu of prosecution, and others. Iowa Total population on December 31, 1998 excludes an unspecified number of misdemeanor cases from two districts whose records for inactive misdemeanor cases are maintained on paper only. "Active" and "inactive" probationers could not be separated. Active counts include an undetermined number of inactive probationers. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 671 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Kansas Total probation population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 345 persons under pretrial diversion supervision. Data exclude 6,869 absconders and 591 probationers supervised out-of-State. "Other" entries include transfers from other jurisdictions. "Other" discharges include transfers to Community Corrections programs. "American Indian or Alaska Native" includes an unspecified number of "Asian" probationers. "Other" offense type includes driving under the influence of alcohol and other traffic offenses. Louisiana The probation population on December 31, 1998 includes an unspecified number of interstate compact cases supervised for other jurisdictions. "Successful completion" includes probationers with court orders and overturned sentences. Maine Imputation of entries was based on the ratio of entries to the January 1, 1998 population among similar States. Exits were imputed from the requirement that the beginning of year population, plus entries, minus exits, must equal the end of year population. Maryland "Other" supervision status includes 981 probationers "delinquent in custody". "Other unsuccessful" discharges include 3,793 probationers with outstanding warrants. Probationers confined in local jails or State and Federal prisons could not be separately counted. Massachusetts Total probation population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional unspecified number of persons, who because of the offense they were accused of, were placed under supervision prior to arraignment. The December 31, 1998 population also excludes an additional 729 probate and family cases. Michigan Michigan has 131 reporting agencies: 1 State and 130 local. A total of 18 additional local agencies, created through changes in authority and fragmentation of District Court probation agencies in Michigan, were included in the 1998 survey. Inclusion of these agencies added 11,183 persons to the January 1, 1998 probation population, and 11,261 to the December 31, 1998, probation population. Two local agencies in Michigan did not provide data. For these agencies, the December 31, 1997 population count was used as an estimate of the January 1, 1998, and December 31, 1998 counts. Approximately 39% of Michigan's local agencies estimated all of their data. In addition, approximately 18% of Michigan's localities estimated one or more characteristics of the total population on December 31, 1998. Imputation of entries was based on the ratio of entries to the January 1, 1998 population among similar States. Missing local agency data were imputed based on this same ratio among local agencies in Michigan which were able to provide data. Exits were imputed from the requirement that the beginning of year population, plus entries, minus exits, must equal the end of year population. Total population on December 31, 1998 excludes an unspecified number of probationers in an electronic monitoring program. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 181 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, jail, and prison. Mississippi Data exclude 6,456 persons on inactive supervision, 864 probationers supervised out-of-State, and 44 absconders. "Other" discharges include 858 probationers whose sentences were held in abeyance. Missouri Missouri has 2 reporting agencies: 1 State and 1 local. Missouri's State agency, which represents approximately 99% of all Missouri's probationers, estimated all data. The State agency's probation population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 1,165 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. "Other" offense type includes ordinance violations. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision and electronic monitoring. Montana All data are estimated. Imputation of entries was based on the ratio of 1997 entries to the January 1, 1997 population in Montana. Exits were imputed from the requirement that the beginning of year population, plus entries, minus exits, must equal the end of year population. Total probation population on December 31, 1998 excludes an unspecified number of probationers in an intensive supervision and electronic monitoring program. Nevada "Total" entries are estimated. "Successful completion" includes an unspecified number of deaths. "Other unsuccessful" discharges include 750 issued warrants and an unspecified number of revocations. New Hampshire "Other" supervision status includes probationers on bail supervision. New Jersey Total population on December 31, 1998 excludes 1,149 probationers in an intensive supervision program. "Total" entries are estimated. "Other" includes approximately 12,000 probationers in a pretrial intervention or conditional discharge program, approximately 8,500 probationers in a community service program, and approximately 6,000 probationers supervised for collections. "Total" exits are estimated. "Other unsuccessful" includes 3,225 probationers who violated probation. "Other" includes 7,788 probationers in a community service program. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 15,721 Hispanics probationers of unknown race. New Mexico New Mexico has 2 reporting agencies: 1 State and 1 local. The local agency estimated "total" entries. New York "Other" probation status includes an unspecified number of persons on local conditional release and other unknowns. Ohio Ohio has 53 reporting agencies: 1 State and 52 local. Inclusion of an additional local agency added 355 persons to the January 1, 1998 probation population, and 380 persons to the December 31, 1998 probation population. Approximately 16% of Ohio's local agencies estimated all of their data. Additionally, approximately 18% of Ohio's localities estimated one or more characteristics of the total population on December 31, 1998. Missing local agency data were imputed based on the ratio of entries to the January 1, 1998 population among local agencies in Ohio which were able to provide data. Exits were imputed from the requirement that the beginning of year population, plus entries, minus exits, must equal the end of year population. Total probation population on December 31, 1998 excludes 53 probationers in an intensive supervision program and 94 probationers in an electronic monitoring program in 2 local agencies. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 519 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, jail, and prison. Oklahoma Oklahoma has 3 reporting agencies: 1 State and 2 local. Oklahoma's State agency, which represents approximately 95% of all Oklahoma's probationers, estimated all data. The State agency's probation population on December 31, 1998 excludes 2,181 probationers in an intensive supervision program. The State reported that "other" probation status includes 85 probationers with a delayed sentence. "Other" supervision status includes 269 probationers on hearing status. "Total" exits are estimated. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 30 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Detailed data are estimated for jail. Oregon "Successful completion" includes seven offender appeals. "Other unsuccessful" discharges include 453 probationers with an expired absconder status. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 3,422 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Pennsylvania "Total" entries are estimated. "Total" exits are estimated. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 4,807 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. "American Indian or Alaska Native" and "Asian" include State data only. "Felony," "misdemeanor," and "driving while intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol" include county data only. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision and jail. Data for the intensive supervision and electronic monitoring programs include county data only. The State operated an intensive supervision program and an electronic monitoring program but the number of probationers in the programs was unknown. Rhode Island Total population on December 31, 1998 is estimated. "Total" exits are estimated. "Other" discharges include 2,000 administrative closures. South Carolina "Other" offense type includes 11,765 unclassified offenses for which a majority are minor offenses. South Dakota Data exclude 160 probationers supervised out-of-State. Tennessee Tennessee has 3 reporting agencies: 1 State and 2 local. One local agency estimated all data. Total probation population on December 31, 1998 excludes 52 probationers in an electronic monitoring program. The State agency reported that "other" discharges include 933 internal transfers and 160 interstate compact cases. The State also reported that "Asian" includes an unspecified number of "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander" and "unknown or not reported" race includes 373 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision and jail. Texas Total probation population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 616 probationers on civil probation. The characteristics of gender, race, Hispanic origin, and specific offense are unknown for the 10,039 persons on pretrial supervision. "Active" includes interstate transfers to Texas. "Other" supervision status includes indirect supervision cases of the following types: persons deported or waiting to be deported from an Immigration and Naturalization Service detention center whose cases have not been officially closed, persons in Federal prison whose cases have not been officially terminated, persons in a Substance Abuse Felony Punishment Facility who have been released to a Transitional Treatment Center, persons incarcerated in another State with a case pending in Texas, persons appealing the revocation of their probation, and others. "Other" discharges include 14,431 pretrial terminations and 10,638 administrative closures. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 149,937 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Utah "Other" entries include 40 reinstatements and five court orders. "Other unsuccessful" discharges include 173 revocations. "Other" includes 28 probationers deported, ten released on court orders, and six appeals. "Asian" includes an unspecified number of "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander" probationers. Virginia "Unknown or not reported" race includes an unspecified number of "Asian," "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander," and probationers of other races. "Other" offense type includes an unspecified number of driving while intoxicated offenses and unknowns. Washington Washington has 38 reporting agencies: 1 State and 37 local. Washington's State agency, which represents 59% of all Washington's probationers, estimated all data. A total of 15 additional local agencies, created through the growth and fragmentation of probation agencies in Washington, were included in the 1998 survey. Inclusion of these agencies added 14,596 persons to the January 1, 1998 probation population, and 15,960 to the December 31, 1998 probation population. In addition, one office with 625 probationers on December 31, 1997 has been deleted because the probation department had been eliminated. Missing local agency data were imputed based on the ratio of entries to the January 1, 1998 population among local agencies in Washington which were able to provide data. Exits were imputed from the requirement that beginning population, plus entries, minus exits, must equal the end of year population. The probation population on December 31, 1998 includes an additional 2,835 interstate compact cases supervised for other jurisdictions. Approximately 30% of the local agencies in Washington estimated all data. In addition, approximately 16% of the local agencies in Washington estimated one or more characteristics of the total population on December 31, 1998. Total probation population on December 31, 1998 excludes 59 probationers in an electronic monitoring program. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 664 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, jail, and prison. West Virginia All data are estimated. Imputation of entries was based on the ratio of entries to the January 1, 1998 population among similar States. Exits were imputed from the requirement that the beginning of year population, plus entries, minus exits, must equal the end of year population. Wisconsin "Other" probation status includes 199 probationers with a deferred sentence. "Other" supervision status includes 1,086 probationers with a violation warrant. "Successful completion" includes probationers released on court orders. "Asian" includes an unspecified number of "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander" probationers. Wyoming "Unknown or not reported" race includes 291 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Chapter 5: Prisoners Explanatory notes Federal prisons Movement data were provided but, when added to the population for January 1, 1998, minus the releases, do not equal population on December 31, 1998. Other releases and admissions: Include miscellaneous and unknown admission types. Inmates with a year or less sentence: Include inmates whose sentence length is unknown. Other deaths: All deaths are reported in the "Unspecified cause" category because they are unable to breakdown categories by gender. The death totals for each category are: Executions- 0; Illness/natural causes- 186; AIDS- 19; Suicides- 12; Accidental injury to self- 3; Death caused by another person- 3; Other deaths-0. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Alabama Other conditional release violators with new sentences: Include inmates returned from supervised release under Act 754 and split sentence/probation with and without new sentences. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Other admissions: Unspecified in the Alabama data system, but include other conditional release violators with no new sentence. Deaths: Alabama's data system does not distinguish cause of death, except by execution and AIDS-related deaths. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Alaska Admissions and releases: Alaska is unable to determine if movements are longer than 30 days. All movements are considered estimates since Alaska's fields do not exactly match NPS categories. Jurisdiction and custody counts: Include inmates in prisons and jails, which form an integrated system in Alaska. Other releases, unconditional and conditional: Court-ordered releases and other releases. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Alaska's "Hispanic" race category. Arizona Population, admissions and releases: Based on custody data. Total jurisdiction population: Excludes 183 male and 14 female inmates housed in local jails solely to ease prison crowding. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases. Other conditional releases: Include supervised early releases, provisional releases, supervised work furloughs, earned credit releases and releases to home arrest program. Other releases: Include early releases to detainer and persons returned to prison pending revocation hearing where no revocation occurred and the inmate was returned to supervision. Cause of death: Type of death pending investigation at time of data collection. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Arizona's "Other" race category. Arkansas Other admissions: Consists of 37 returns from Department of Community Punishment (DCP), a separate agency. These inmates were returned to the Arkansas DOC because of a violation or were sent to DCP by mistake. This item also includes an adjustment residual to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 jurisdiction population. Other conditional releases: Persons released under the provisions of Arkansas' Acts 378, 814, and Boot Camp to some form of community supervision. Other releases: Consists of persons released to Department of Community Punishment (DCP), a separate agency. Jurisdiction population, inmates with a sentence of a year or less: Includes 71 male and 6 female inmates incarcerated in the county jail awaiting transfer to Department of Correction for whom the Arkansas DOC does not know the sentence. Custody population: Includes 69 male and 4 female inmates transferred from the county jail for whom the Arkansas DOC is awaiting complete sentence data. Unknown race: Includes Arkansas' "Cuban" race category. California Sentencing information: Reported population with a sentence of more than 1 year include some inmates with a maximum sentence of 1 year or less. Other conditional release violators with new sentences: May include some parole violators with new sentences and returns from supervised mandatory release with new sentences. Other conditional release violators only, no new sentences: May include some parole violators without new sentences. Also includes supervised mandatory and parole releases returned pending a revocation hearing. Escapees returns: Include AWOL returns, with or without new sentences. Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include some court-ordered releases. Conditional releases, supervised mandatory releases: Include some court-ordered releases and parole releases. Other releases, escapes from confinement: Include inmates that are AWOL. Other releases: Consists of releases to appeal/bond and an adjustment residual to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 jurisdiction population. These are most likely temporary releases to courts, jails, and hospitals, who had not been returned to prison as of December 31, 1998. Cause of death: Not specified, or drug overdose. Jurisdiction population, unsentenced inmates: Include civil narcotic addict commitments and county diagnostic cases. Unknown race and not known Hispanic origin: Include some Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic inmates admitted to California prisons prior to January 1990 (when these categories were added to the California computer system). Also includes California's "Hispanic/Mexican" category. Colorado Sentencing information: Reported populations with sentences of more than 1 year include a small number of inmates with a maximum sentence of 1 year or less. Transfers from other jurisdictions: Include admissions through interstate compact agreements. Escapee and AWOL prisoners: Numbers are estimates. Other releases: Court-ordered releases not determinable as conditional or unconditional. Race and Hispanic origin: Numbers are estimated. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Connecticut Jurisdiction population: The 1998 jurisdiction counts for Connecticut includes inmates in its Community Program (Transitional Supervision). Other admissions: Type of admission is unknown. Includes adjustment residuals to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 jurisdiction population. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered discharges. Other conditional releases: Releases to home jurisdiction and community releases, or discharge from Connecticut supervision. Other releases: Type of release is unknown. Include adjustment residuals to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 jurisdiction population. Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and custody counts include inmates in prisons and jails, which form an integrated system in Connecticut. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Connecticut's "Hispanic" category. Delaware Parole and other conditional release violators with new sentences: Include parole violators both with and without new sentences. Other admissions: Include persons whose status changed from a jail sentence of less than 1 year to prison sentences of more than 1 year. Other releases: Include releases to a state or local hospital and persons serving weekend sentences. Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include some releases to probation. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases. Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and custody counts include inmates in prisons and jails, which form an integrated system in Delaware. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Includes an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. District of Columbia Population, admissions, and releases: The January 1, 1998 jurisdiction counts differ from the December 31, 1997 jurisdiction counts. Movement data were provided; however when admissions are added to the population for January 1, 1998 and releases are subtracted, the total does not equal the December 31, 1998 population. Sentencing information, partially suspended sentences: Populations and movements of inmates given partially suspended sentences (part served in prison, part under probation) are included with the "Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence" only if the prison portion of the sentence exceeds one year. As a result, the "Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence" populations and movements are understated and the "Inmates with a year or less maximum sentence" are overstated. Transfers to and from other jurisdictions: Include transfers from and to mental hospitals, other State and Federal facilities. Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include some inmates with partially suspended sentences (part served in prison, part under probation) released subject to conditions of probation. Other conditional releases: Emergency Power Act releases. Number of deaths: The District of Columbia is unable to provide number of deaths by sex. Therefore, all deaths have been reported under "males." As a result, total male counts are overcounted and female releases are slightly undercounted. Total male and female inmate populations will be similarly affected. Total jurisdiction population: Include male and female District of Columbia code violators housed in Federal Bureau of Prison facilities and male inmates housed in other state facilities. Of these, an undetermined number are being housed solely to ease District of Columbia prison crowding. Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and custody counts include inmates in prisons and jails, which form an integrated system in the District of Columbia. Unsentenced inmate populations: Jurisdiction and custody counts include unsentenced inmates held in the District of Columbia jail or Detention Center Racial composition is estimated. Estimates assume that 96% of the male and female inmate populations is black. Race, Asians, and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Florida Population, admissions, and releases: Based on custody data. Other conditional release violators with new sentences: Include control release violators with new sentences. Other conditional release violators without new sentences: Include conditional medical returns, conditional medical violators, provisional release violators, conditional release violators, and supervised community release violators without new sentences. Transfer from other jurisdictions: Include admissions through interstate compact agreements both with and without new sentences and inmates returning from concurrent sentences served elsewhere. Other admissions: Consists of returns from court with new sentences and adjustment residuals to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 custody population. Other unconditional releases: Include sentences vacated by the court. Other conditional releases: Include provisional releases, conditional pardons, control releases with supervision, conditional medical releases, conditional releases, reinstatements, supervised community releases, mandatory conditional releases, and releases by Florida Parole Commission order. Transfers to other jurisdictions: Include interstate and out of state transfers. Interstate transfers are those inmates that have been sentenced in Florida but go directly to another state or Federal prison to serve their sentence. Other releases: Include inmates who are releases from custody, discharges, discharges from provisional supervision, discharges from parole, and an adjustment residual to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 custody population. Race: Racial categories may include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Includes 980 male and 96 female inmates from Florida's "Latin" category. Georgia The January 1, 1998 jurisdiction counts differ from the December 31, 1997 jurisdiction counts due to delayed data entry. Population, admissions, and releases: Based on custody data. Parole violators with new sentences: May include a small undetermined number of other conditional release violators with new sentences. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Other conditional releases: Consists of special reprieves and supervised reprieves which are conditional releases controlled by Georgia's Parole Board. Other deaths: Cause of death is unknown. Jurisdiction population: Excludes an undetermined number of inmates awaiting pick-up from local jails. Unknown race: Include inmates who identify race categories other than those specified. May include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Hawaii Category estimates: Hawaii's total jurisdiction and custody figures are actual counts. However, the movement data, race, and ethnicity compositions are estimates based on information from Hawaii's Correctional Information System (CIS). New court commitments: Consists of new admissions and status change admissions. Other unconditional releases: Dismissals and suspended sentences. Other conditional releases: Consists of conditional releases and conditional discharges. Other releases: Include emergency releases, supervised releases, releases to own recognizance (ROR), temporary ROR, administrative releases, releases to other individuals/agencies, status change releases, other releases and an adjustment to balance the movement data with the December 31,1998 population.. Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and custody counts include inmates in prisons and jails, which form an integrated system in Hawaii. Unknown race: Include inmates who identified themselves with more than one racial category, except for individuals who are part-Hawaiian. Prisoners of part-Hawaiian ancestry are counted as "Asians/Pacific Islanders." Hispanic origin: Hawaii's "Puerto Rican" category. Idaho Other admissions: Department receives report that now has only 2 categories - "Timers" and "those sentenced to retained jurisdiction". "Timers" are persons sentenced to prison. "Sentenced to retained jurisdiction" are persons assigned by a judge to a 120 day assessment/ treatment program and then the judge will sentence the person to prison or release them to probation. Also consists of an adjustment in admissions to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 jurisdiction population. Releases: Department now releases report that has only 3 categories - Probation, Parole, and Expiration of sentences. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Jurisdiction population, sentenced to more than 1 year: Counts for inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence are estimates based on historical averages. Race and Hispanic origin: Numbers are estimates. Illinois Population, admissions, and releases: Based on custody data. Sentencing information: Inmates with sentences of more than 1 year include some inmates with a 1 year maximum sentence. Other conditional release violators with new sentences: Include some parole violators with new sentences. Other conditional release violators only, no new sentences: Include some parole violators without new sentences. Escapees: Illinois reports the movement of escapees using the Offender Tracking System. This accounts for part of the increase in the number of escapes and returns from escape, because all the Community Correctional Centers and Electronic Detention Centers are now included. Three males and zero females escaped from prison. Other releases: Includes the net difference between long-term admission and release movements not reported in other categories (e.g., transfers, writs, and medical furloughs) in order to balance end-of-year populations. Also includes an undetermined number of transfers to other jurisdictions. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Illinois' "Hispanic" race category. Indiana New court commitments: Include probation violators, both with and without new sentences because numbers can not be differentiated. Other unconditional releases: Terminations of sentence determined by Parole Board. Other deaths: Includes all deaths except death by execution because cause of death was not recorded during 1998. Iowa Population, admissions, and releases: Based on custody data. Parole violators only, no new sentences: Include persons remanded prior to formal revocation hearing. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered discharges. Conditional releases, paroles: Include returns to parole of persons remanded to prison prior to a formal revocation hearing and inmates released to parole by Conditional Communication Orders. Other conditional releases: Releases to a work release program. Transfers to another state: Consists of 100 women prisoners transferred to a Virginia correctional facility to relieve crowding. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Iowa's Hispanic race category. Kansas New court commitments: May include a small undetermined number of returns from appeal/bond and includes all probation violators, both with and without new sentences, who may have previously spent time in prison. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Other admissions: Type unknown at time of data collection. Paroles: Include releases to "post release supervision". Other conditional releases: Kansas' "Conditional Release" to supervision. It is similar to parole. Transfers: Kansas inmate transfers were not counted in 1998. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Kentucky Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Kentucky's data system does not distinguish AWOLs from escapes. Other admissions: Consists of court-ordered returns to prison. Other releases: Consists of court-ordered releases not determinable as conditional or unconditional. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Consists of an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders and inmates whose race cannot be classified elsewhere. Louisiana Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Other admissions: Consists of admissions to treatment programs from Probation and Parole Districts. Expiration of sentence: Includes good-time releases. Other unconditional releases: Consists of court-ordered releases. Deaths: Deaths are not categorized anymore. Other releases: Consists of inmates released in error. Jurisdiction population, sentenced to more than 1 year: Includes the 12,018 males and 1,193 females housed in local jails through Cooperative Endeavor Agreements and Partnerships. American Indians or Alaska Natives: American Indians only. Unknown race: Includes Latinos, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders and Louisiana's "Other" race category. Hispanic origin: Louisiana's data system does not include ethnicity. Maine Other conditional release violators with new sentences: Include probation violators with new sentences. Other conditional release violators only, no new sentences: Include probation violators with no new sentences. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Other unconditional releases: Consists of releases by expiration of hold orders. Other conditional releases: Consists of releases by custody detainer or warrant. Other releases: Contains inmates with an erroneous release code. Race: Numbers by gender are estimates. Categories may include Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Consists of inmates of "mixed" race. Maryland Category estimates: The number of inmates with over one year maximum sentence for the population and movement categories is estimated by taking the percentages for over-one-year- maximum-sentence inmates from the automated data and applying these percentages by category to the manual data totals. The manual data provide actual movement counts but includes inmates with a year or less maximum sentence, whereas the automated data makes it possible to distinguish inmates with over one year maximum sentences. New court commitments: May include a small undetermined number of returns from appeal/bond. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Other admissions: Consists of interstate compact admissions. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases and a small undetermined number of releases to appeal/bond. Other conditional releases: Inmates paroled from the Patuxent Institution to work release. Other releases: Include a small number of interstate compact releases and releases of new admissions that had been double counted on the admissions side. Other deaths: Includes 5 deaths for which the cause is unknown. Race, Asian, and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Hispanic origin: Maryland's data system does not include ethnicity. Massachusetts Sentencing information: Population totals are actual counts, however, sentence lengths are estimated for approximately 42 cases for the jurisdiction and custody populations, while there are 342 sentences estimated for the admissions and releases sections (these may include multiple moves for an individual with missing sentence information). Parole violators only, no new sentences: Include parole violators with no new sentences and parole violators with new sentences. Expirations of sentence: Include an undetermined number of releases to probation. Other unconditional releases: Include court-ordered releases. Releases and jurisdiction population: Population counts may include a small, undetermined number of inmates who were remanded to court, transferred to the custody of another state, Federal, or county system, and subsequently released. Jurisdiction and custody population: The jurisdiction and custody population on December 31 are actually the January 4, 1999 counts. Jurisdiction population: By law, offenders in Massachusetts may be sentenced to terms of up to 2« years in locally-operated jails and correctional institutions. Such populations are excluded from the state jurisdiction count, but are included in published population counts and rates for local jails and correctional institutions. There are approximately 6,200 male inmates in the county system serving a sentence of over 1 year. Jurisdiction population, unsentenced inmates: Include inmates housed in state facilities awaiting trial and civil commitments as well as 125 males awaiting trial for the state housed in county facilities. State prison overcrowding: Other states housing Massachusetts inmates include Connecticut, Maine, New Mexico, Ohio, Vermont, Virginia and Pennsylvania. Unknown race: Massachusetts' "Hispanic" race category. Michigan Population, admissions, and releases: Michigan's movement and population counts are based on custody data plus 1,317 inmates housed in beds leased from the Virginia DOC. Counts exclude 208 male inmates housed in local jails solely to ease prison crowding. Admissions and releases: Michigan is unable to determine if movements are longer than thirty days. Transfers from and to other jurisdictions: Include transfers from and to mental hospitals, and Federal and other states' facilities. Escapes: Consist predominantly of zero tolerance escapes from community residential programs. Returns from and admissions to appeal/bond: The net difference of all movements to and from the courts. The length of time out to court is not available. Other admissions: Include returns from county jail and administrative returns from parole status. Other releases: Consists of inmates temporarily sent to a county jail and administrative returns to parole status. State prison crowding: Michigan is unable to distinguish gender of prison inmates housed in jails; therefore, all inmates are reported as males. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: May include a small undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Include Mexican Americans and Michigan's "Other" race category. Hispanic origin: Mexican Americans. Minnesota Other conditional release violators with new sentences: Include supervised mandatory release and work release violators with new sentences. Other conditional release violators only, no new sentences: Include supervised mandatory release and work release violators with no new sentences. Transfers, escapes, AWOL prisoners, and admissions/returns from appeal/bond: Minnesota does not consider AWOLs, escapes, transfers, releases to appeal/bond as prison releases; therefore returns from these statutes are not considered admissions. Other unconditional releases: Include inmates discharged by court/executive order and may include an undetermined number of commutations and overturned convictions. Other conditional releases: Include inmates on supervised release and intensive supervised release. May also include inmates on conditional release, intensive community supervision and work release. State prison crowding: Consists of 50 males in an in-state private correctional facility and 12 males in county jail. Unknown race: Includes 374 Hispanic males and 11 Hispanic females because Minnesota classifies "Hispanic" as a race. Also includes inmates reported in Minnesota's "Other" race category. Mississippi New court commitments: Include an undetermined number of probation violators both with and without new sentences. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Other admissions: Include inmates awaiting a revocation hearing and returns from appeal/bond, as well as inmates whose admission category had not yet been keyed at the date of submission. Also includes an adjustment residual to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 population. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases. Other releases: Consists of a small number of releases to appeal/bond and returns to community supervision after a revocation hearing where no revocation occurred. State prison crowding: Include inmates housed in regional jails, county jails, and private prisons. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Mississippi's "Hispanic" category. Missouri Missouri revised its December 31, 1997 jurisdiction population count. Admissions, releases, and population data: Starting in the 1998 report year, Missouri changed the classification of the Electronic Monitoring Program (EMP) and the Residential Treatment Facility (RTF). The new computer system does not allow analysis of EMP and RTF (inmates are considered to be under Parole Board supervision). Previously a certain number of offenders in EMP and RTF were classified as state prison inmates and were included in the NPS-1 report, therefore the data for 1997 and 1998 are not comparable. Other conditional releases violators returned, with and without new sentences: Include admissions from Electronic Monitoring Program (EMP) and Residential Treatment Facility (RTF). Other admissions: Include parole board holdovers (offenders arrested by local authorities who are returned to DOC custody, instead of to the local jail's custody, as was customary in the past) and return of inmates erroneously released. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases and cases with reversed or remanded sentences. Other conditional releases: Conditional releases to custody/detainer, parole board holdover releases, and releases to EMP/RTF. Other releases: Erroneous releases. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Montana Montana revised its December 31, 1997 female jurisdiction population count. Population, movement, and releases: Inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year include a small undetermined number of inmates with a maximum sentence of 1 year or less. Admissions and releases: Include admissions to and releases from the Intensive Supervision Program (ISP). Unknown race: Montana's "Hispanic" category. Nebraska Parole violators only, no new sentences: Include an undetermined number of parole violators with new sentences. Race and ethnicity: Numbers are estimates. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include and undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Nebraska's "Other" race category. Nevada Total admissions and releases: Include a small undetermined number of inmates with a maximum sentence of 1 year or less. New court commitments: May include a very small undetermined number of returns from appeal/bond. AWOL returns and AWOL releases: Nevada does not consider AWOLs as releases, therefore, do not consider these returns as admissions. Escapee returns and releases: Nevada's data system carries escapees as part of the jurisdictional population, therefore neither their departure or return is reported. Other admissions: Inmates admitted to boot camp, county safekeepers, and inmates in the 120-day evaluation program. Also included is an adjustment residual to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 population. Other unconditional releases: Inmates whose sentences were overturned by court action and inmates who were released from boot camp and the 120-day evaluation program. Custody population, inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year: Include 500 female inmates currently being housed with Corrections Corporation of America, a private prison located in Nevada. These inmates are counted because this facility is located in Nevada and is dedicated to housing only Nevada female inmates. Custody population, inmates with 1 year or less sentences: Include inmates in boot camp and the 120-day evaluation program. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Race and Ethnicity: Numbers are estimates. Unknown race: Nevada's "Hispanic," "Cuban," and "Other" race categories. Ethnic origin: Nevada's "Hispanic" and "Cuban" race categories. New Hampshire Parole violators only, no new sentence: Include parole violators with a new sentence. Other conditional releases: Include parole violators who were not revoked and were re-released. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases. Other releases: Released on court-ordered bail. Jurisdiction population, Inmates with a sentence of more than 1 year: 1997 data were revised to reflect 4 corrections to the 1997 figures. Changes also made in race and ethnicity numbers to reflect these changes. State prison crowding: Includes 76 inmates housed in over 20 different states. Race: Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders are included in item 8b(4) "Asian" category. New Jersey Sentencing information: Inmates with sentences of more than 1 year include an undetermined number of inmates with a sentence equal to one year. New court commitments: Include an undetermined number of transfers from other jurisdictions. Other conditional releases violators only, no new sentences: Returns from the Intensive Supervision Program (an experimental program, administered by the Administrative Office of the Courts, that is an intermediate form of punishment between incarceration and probation). An undetermined number of these returns may have new sentences. Other conditional releases: Prisoners released to the Intensive Supervision Program. AWOLS returns and releases: Due to changes in its data system which are not yet complete, New Jersey is unable to report AWOLS/Walkaways. Other Releases: Release type not coded in data system. Other deaths: Unknown at time of data collection. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: "Hispanic" inmates who are not classified as "White" or "Black." New Mexico The January 1, 1998 jurisdiction counts differ from the December 31, 1997 jurisdiction counts due to a delay in data entry. Other conditional release violators only, no new sentences: Include returns from community corrections program and conditional release violators both with and without new sentences. Cause of death: New Mexico's data system does not distinguish cause of death other than death by execution. Other releases: Releases from the Probation and Parole Division. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. New York Admissions, releases, and population data: Excludes 2248 male and 40 female inmates housed in local jails solely to ease prison crowding because New York does not maintain movement data for these inmates. New court commitments: Include parole violators with new sentences and other conditional release violators with new sentences. Transfers from other jurisdictions: Transfers to and from the jurisdiction of the Department of Mental Hygiene for psychiatric treatment. Other admissions: Consists of inmates returned following erroneous discharge from drug treatment. Other releases: Consists of inmates classified as erroneous releases. Unknown race: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. North Carolina Sentencing information, partially suspended sentences: Partially suspended sentences (part served in prison, part under probation) are only included in the "Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence" counts if the prison portion of these sentences is more than 1 year. Virtually all inmates with a partially suspended sentence are included in the December 31, 1998 "Inmates with a year or less maximum sentence" populations. As a result, the "Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence" populations and movements are understated and the "Inmates with a year or less maximum sentence" populations are overstated. Parole violators with new sentences: Include an undetermined number of parole violators without new sentences and other conditional-release violators, both with and without new sentences. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Other admissions: Consists of an adjustment residual to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 population. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases. Paroles: Include some supervised mandatory releases. Jurisdiction population: North Carolina's "Total inmate population" is an actual count. However, "Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence" and "Inmates with a year or less maximum sentence" populations are estimated. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: North Carolina's "Other" race category. Hispanic origin: North Carolina does not collect ethnicity information. North Dakota Parole violators only, no new sentences: Include some parole violators with new sentences. Other conditional release violators only, no new sentences: Include an undetermined number of conditional-release violators with new sentences. Other conditional releases: Court-ordered releases. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Ohio Sentencing information: Inmates with maximum sentences of more than 1 year include some inmates with sentences of 1 year or less. As a result, the "Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence" populations and movements are overstated and the "Inmates with a year or less maximum sentence" populations are understated. Parole violators, with new sentences: Include supervised mandatory release violators with new sentences. Parole violators only, no new sentences: Include supervised mandatory release violators with no new sentences. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Ohio's data system classifies all unauthorized absences as escapes. Other unconditional releases: Consists of sentences vacated by the court. Paroles: Include an undetermined number of releases from transitional control to intensive supervision. Racial and ethnic composition: Numbers are estimates. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Oklahoma Sentencing information: Inmates with maximum sentences of more than 1 year includes a small number of inmates with a one year sentence. New court commitments: Include probation violators with and without new sentences. Other conditional release violators, with and without new sentences: Include returns from the probation part of a split sentence. Other unconditional releases: Legislative CAP releases (Senate Bill 445). Other conditional releases: CAP releases (Senate Bill 445) to probation supervision. State prison crowding: Consists of 4522 male and 767 female inmates in private prison facilities in Oklahoma that are included in Oklahoma's jurisdiction population (Item 5a). These inmates have been given a new code of "70" to reflect they are housed in private prisons within state. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: "Other" races not specified. Unknown race: Includes Hispanics. Oregon Transfers from and to other jurisdictions: Oregon cannot distinguish transfers from any other admission or release category. Transfers may be included in any admission or release category. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Oregon classifies all unauthorized absences as escapes. Other admissions: Includes 65 male and 6 female inmates whose admission reason was unknown at time of data collection. Other unconditional releases: Type of unconditional release unknown at time of data collection. Other conditional releases: Consists of 128 male and 8 female inmates released to local control status, and 56 male and 6 female inmates recorded as "unspecified other" releases. Other releases: Consists of 3 male inmates admitted in error, and 2 female inmates whose type of release was unknown at time of data collection. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Pennsylvania Other admissions: Type of admission unknown at the time of data collection. Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases. Other releases: Detentioners who were released. Other deaths: Unknown cause of death at time of data collection. Unknown race: Pennsylvania's "Hispanic" race category. Also includes an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Rhode Island Sentencing information, partially suspended sentences: In Rhode Island, populations and movements of inmates given partially suspended sentences (part served in prison, part under probation) are included with the "Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence" only if the prison portion of the sentence exceeds one year. As a result, the "Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence" populations and movements are understated and the "Inmates with a year or less maximum sentence" populations are overstated. Other admissions: Consists of returns from erroneous release. Other conditional releases: Court-ordered releases to drug and/or alcohol treatment programs. Other releases: One erroneous release. Jurisdiction and custody population, unsentenced inmates: Includes 11 males held on civil contempt of court for not paying child support. Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and custody counts include inmates in prisons and jails, which form an integrated system in Rhode Island. Unknown race: Rhode Island's Hispanic race category. South Carolina Other admissions and releases: Include resentenced inmates who are released from a Youthful Offender Act sentence and readmitted to begin serving the adult portion of their sentence. Other unconditional releases: Inmates released by court order or payment of fine and inmates ordered by the court to be remanded to the county jail to await retrial. Other conditional releases: Inmates released under "community supervision" after serving 85% of sentence under "Truth in Sentencing". Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: South Carolina's "Other" race category, which includes Hispanic inmates as well as other races. South Dakota Admissions, releases, and population data: Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence include a small undetermined number of inmates with a maximum sentence of 1 year or less. Other admissions: Includes 33 male inmates admitted to a relapse group (a program for parole violators who voluntarily recommit themselves for substance abuse treatment after a violation). Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Includes commutations and pardons. Ethnic origin: South Dakota's data system does not include ethnicity. Tennessee Sentencing information: Inmates with maximum sentences of 1 year are included in the movement and population counts of "Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence." As a result, the "Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence" populations and movements are overstated and the "Inmates with a year or less maximum sentence" populations are understated. Parole violators with new sentences: Include a small undetermined number of parole violators with no new sentences. Other conditional release violators with new sentences: Include some probation and community correction program violators returned with no new sentences. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Tennessee's data system does not distinguish AWOLs from escapes. Paroles: May include a small number of supervised mandatory releases. Other conditional releases: Releases to community correction programs. Total jurisdiction population: Population counts include 1,865 males and 254 females housed in local facilities to ease crowding in state prison facilities but exclude 3,700 felons sentenced to serve their time in local facilities (the state pays to house these 3,700 felons, but the local court maintains jurisdiction). Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Tennessee's "Other" race category which consist of Hispanics. Texas Admissions, releases, and jurisdiction population: Includes 3,516 male inmates and 1,131 female inmates in a substance abuse program with a year or less maximum sentence who cannot be removed from the appropriate admission and release categories. Parole violators with and without new sentences: Texas' data system does not distinguish parole violators with new sentences from those without new sentences. Other conditional release violators with and without new sentences: Texas' data system does not distinguish other conditional release violators with new sentences from those without new sentences. Other conditional release violators, with new sentences: "State jail" felons who had their probation revoked and were returned to a "state jail" facility. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Other admissions and releases: Offenders with unclear or incomplete admission or release information. Other deaths: Unknown cause of death at time of data collection. Custody population, inmates sentenced to less than 1 year: Inmates in a substance abuse program. Unknown race: All racial groups that are not white or black as well as Texas' "Hispanic" category. Utah Other unconditional releases: Inmates whose sentences were terminated prior to expiration and no supervision was required following their release. Custody population, sentencing: Include parole violators whose parole has not officially been revoked. These parole violators that generally total around 500 offenders are included in Utah's custody population not their jurisdiction population. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Vermont Other admissions: Readmission of furlough violators. Other conditional releases: Releases to furlough. Other releases: Inmates where type of release was unknown. Total inmates population: Jurisdiction and custody counts include inmates in prisons and jails, which form an integrated system in Vermont. Race, Asians, and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Ethnicity: Vermont's data system does not record ethnicity. Virginia Other unconditional releases: Include unconditional administrative releases and an undetermined number of commutations and releases by court order. Conditional releases, supervised mandatory releases, and paroles: Include releases to detainer and transfers to other jurisdictions. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Virginia's "Hispanic", "Chinese", and "Other" race categories. Washington Total population, admissions, and releases: Includes 2 male and 5 female inmates with a year or less maximum sentence who cannot be removed from the appropriate admission and release categories. Escapee and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. Other admissions and releases: An adjustment residual to balance the movement data with the December 31, 1998 population. Other unconditional releases: Vacated sentences. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Inmates of mixed racial origins. West Virginia Admissions, releases, and jurisdiction population: Includes 17 male and 2 female unsentenced inmates held for diagnostic purposes (testing for mental capacity before sentencing) who cannot be removed from the appropriate admission and release categories. Wisconsin Wisconsin changed its jurisdiction population, racial and ethnic composition counts for December 31, 1997. Admission, releases, and jurisdiction population: Jurisdiction population was determined independently of admissions and releases due to the way the older data have been stored. An undetermined number of admissions and releases are not reported, therefore the admissions when added to the population count for January 1, minus the releases, do not equal the December 31, 1998 jurisdiction population. Other admissions: Include returns of alternative to revocation (561 males and 33 females), who are persons temporarily returned to an institution without a formal revocation. Includes returns pending revocation hearing (1,683 males and 115 females), returns from probation and parole as special placements (17 males and 16 females), and erroneous admissions (2 males and 1 female). Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases. Other conditional releases: Include early releases. Other deaths: Unknown cause of death at time of data collection. Other releases: Include releases of alternative to revocation admissions (754 males and 89 females) who are persons who can be temporarily returned to an institution without a formal revocation. Includes releases from probation and parole special placements (19 males and 16 females), releases from holds pending revocation hearing (775 males and 45 females), inmates erroneously released (3 males and 2 females), and releases to mental health facilities under Wisconsin's predator law (9 males). State prison crowding: Inmates housed in other facilities under contract with the WI. Dept. of Corrections include Texas County Jail Contract: 699 males; Corrections Corp. of America(CCA): TN facilities: 1256 males, OK facilities: 612 males; Federal Contracts: MN facilities: 310 males, WV facilities: 152 females. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Wisconsin's "Other" race category. Wyoming New court commitments and expirations of sentence: May include a small undetermined number of administrative turnovers (starts and expirations of consecutive sentences). Parole violators only, no new sentences: Include an undetermined number of parole violators with new sentences. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include an undetermined number of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Unknown race: Wyoming's "Hispanic" category. Chapter 6: Parole Explanatory notes Because many jurisdictions update their population counts, the January 1, 1998, numbers may differ from those previously published for December 31, 1997. Federal Data for the Federal system are from the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts as provided to the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program. Parole includes supervised release, parole, military parole, special parole, and mandatory release. Definitional differences exist between parole reported here and in other BJS data series. "Other" discharges include cases for which specific codes were not assigned. Includes such cases as closings at chief's discretion, closings because of revocation in another case, and withdrawing of warrants after expiration. "Asian" includes an unspecified number of "Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander" parolees. Although no formal intensive supervision program exists at the national level, some individual parole offices that use electronic monitoring may regard such a program to be an intensive supervision program. Alabama Alabama has two reporting agencies: One State and one local. Alabama's State agency estimated all data. Alaska All data are estimated. Arizona Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 440 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. "Other" entries include 245 interstate compact cases accepted in Arizona. The intensive supervision and electronic monitoring programs are combined. The 97 parolees in an intensive supervision program are also on electronic monitoring. Arkansas All data are estimated. Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 313 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. "Unknown or not reported" race includes Hispanic parolees of unknown race. California California has two reporting agencies: Department of Corrections and the California Youth Authority (CYA). California's Youth Authority estimated race and Hispanic origin. Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 4,230 civil narcotic addict outpatients and interstate compact cases supervised for other States by California's State agency. California State data excludes 19,883 absconders. CYA's "returned to prison or jail, other" includes parolees committed to other jurisdictions. "Other unsuccessful" discharges include parolees placed on probation or sentenced to jail as a result of a new offense. "Other" discharges include parolees released on a pending court action and others. CYA's "unknown or not reported" race includes an unspecified number of Hispanic parolees and unknowns. "Mandatory" release from prison includes a small number of life imprisonment parolees that received a discretionary release from prison. Colorado Growth in the parole population may have been the result of a State law which mandates a period of parole supervision for all persons sentenced to prison for crimes committed on or after July 1, 1993. "Total" entries include 249 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 1,598 Hispanics of unknown race. Intensive supervision and electronic monitoring are a combined program. An unknown number of the 529 parolees in an intensive supervision program are also on electronic monitoring. "Other" release type includes interstate compact cases supervised for other States. Connecticut "Unknown or not reported" race includes 314 Hispanic parolees of unknown race. Delaware Entries were imputed from the requirement that the beginning of year population, plus entries, minus exits, must equal the end of year population. "Total" entries are estimated. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 21 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. District of Columbia "Total" entries are estimated. "Other" includes grants to consecutive sentences, detainers, and parolees classified under administrative status. "Returned to prison or jail, other" includes parolees classified under warrant executed status. Florida "Successful completion" includes 189 parolees who were pardoned, deported, or being held by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Georgia Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 741 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. "Total" entries and exits include an unspecified number of interstate compact cases which Georgia supervises for other States. Georgia reported race in two classifications, "White" and "non-White," and included "non- White" under "Black/African American". The intensive supervision program and the electronic monitoring program cannot be separated. The 790 parolees in electronic monitoring program are included in the 856 involved in an intensive supervision program. Hawaii Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 30 interstate compact cases supervised for another State. Illinois "Other" entries include transfers from other States and others. "Other" discharges include transfers (not discharged) to the Apprehension Unit and others. Illinois Department of Corrections also had 349 parolees in a Day Reporting Center and 426 in a Community Drug Intervention Program on December 31, 1998. "Other" release type includes parolees identified as "Sexually Dangerous Persons". Indiana Data exclude 400 absconders and 300 parolees supervised out-of-State. "Other" entries include transfers from other States. "Other" release type includes releases from other States. Iowa "Unknown or not reported" race includes 70 Hispanic parolees of unknown race. Kansas Data exclude 614 absconders. The Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act with its determinate sentencing structure became effective July 1, 1993. Previously, Kansas had indeterminate sentencing. As a result, a number of entries and exits to parole (reported in these tables) involve offenders with "guidelines" or "new law" sentences (which have determinate periods of post-incarceration supervision). For purposes of these tables, it is not feasible to differentiate movements of "old law" versus "new law" offenders. For example, releases to post- incarceration supervision (for a determinate period under new law) are included with the regular parole releases (for an indeterminate period under old law) in "discretionary release from prison" (table 6.4). Both of these groups of releases are under the same type of post- incarceration supervision by parole officers and are subject to return to prison, as always, for violation of the conditions of release. "Other" entries include releases from pre- revocation and administrative hold. "Returned to prison or jail, other" includes 110 parolees on pre-revocation confinement, 65 parolees on administrative hold, and one parolee released to a Community Corrections program. "Other unsuccessful" discharges include 109 cases closed by an issued warrant. "Other" discharges include 158 cases involving out-of- State offenders and others. "Asian" includes an unknown number of "Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander" parolees. Maximum sentence to incarceration of "more than a year" includes a relatively small but undetermined number for whom the incarceration portion of the sentence is "a year or less"; Kansas considers all of these to be felons. Louisiana "Other" entries include parolees who were returned after absconding. "Other" discharges include parolees whose court order sentences were vacated. Maine Total population on December 31, 1998, is estimated. Maryland As a result of a change in State law in May 1997, prisoners sentenced to a period of incarceration of a year or less are now classified as having an "expired sentence" and are no longer placed under the supervision of the Division of Parole and Probation. This has accounted for decreases in both the number of entries to post-prison supervision by mandatory release and in the number of successful discharges (such persons generally had short periods of post-prison supervision) during 1997 and 1998. "Other" supervision status includes parolees delinquent in custody. Massachusetts "Unknown or not reported" race includes an unspecified number of Hispanic parolees and other parolees of unknown race. Michigan Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 755 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. Minnesota "Other" supervision status includes offenders held in local jails for absconding and issuance of a warrant, or held on a detainer or pretrial status for a new offense. "Other" entries include offenders released to intensive supervision programs and on conditional medical release. "Unknown or not reported" race includes Asian parolees, and Hispanic parolees of unknown race. Mississippi Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 523 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. Data exclude 781 parolees on inactive supervision, 270 parolees supervised out-of- State, and two absconders. Missouri All data are estimated. Montana All data are estimated. Imputation of entries was based on the ratio of 1997 entries to the January 1, 1997 population in Montana. Exits were imputed from the requirement that the beginning of year population, plus entries, minus exits, must equal the end of year population. Nebraska "Other" supervision status includes detainers. Nevada Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 336 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. "Total" entries are estimated. "Successful completion" includes an unspecified number of "deaths." "Other unsuccessful" discharges include parolees discharged after the issuance of a warrant. New Hampshire "Other" supervision status includes parolees on administrative home confinement. "Other" release type includes parolees released from administrative home confinement. New Jersey "Total" entries are estimated. "Total" exits are estimated. New Mexico Data include parolees in the Community Corrections Program, a therapeutic program with a high needs caseloads. "Other" discharges include "Special Actions". New York "Other" entries include 657 cases which were judicially sanctioned. "Other" discharges include 307 board actions and 11 court orders. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 21,107 Hispanic parolees of unknown race. "Special conditional" releases include parolees released by the Parole Board prior to their eligibility date due to a terminal illness and certain "non-violent" parolees released due to participation in a six month treatment program. "Other" release type includes 1,543 cases which were judicially sanctioned. North Carolina The active population includes 327 post-release offenders. Post-release supervision is defined by North Carolina as a reintegrative program for serious offenders who have served extensive prison terms. This form of supervision was created by the Structured Sentencing Act of 1993 to replace parole supervision for offenders who had served long prison sentences and needed assistance in re-adjusting to life outside of the correctional institution. North Dakota Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 41 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. Oklahoma Total population on December 31, 1998, is estimated. "Other" supervision status includes nine parolees awaiting transfer to incarceration. "Total" exits are estimated. Oregon "Other" entries include 219 transitional leave parolees. "Successful completion" discharges include eight dismissals. "Other" discharges include an inmate appeal. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 1,882 Hispanic parolees of unknown race. Pennsylvania "Total" entries are estimated. "Total" exits are estimated. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 4,177 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. "American Indian/Alaska Native" and "Asian" include State data only. Data for the intensive supervision and electronic monitoring programs include county data only. The State operated an intensive supervision and electronic monitoring program but an unknown number of probationers were involved in both programs. Release type of "mandatory release from prison" includes State data only. Rhode Island Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional unspecified number of interstate compact cases supervised for other States. Supervised "out-of-State" includes four parolees serving out-of-State sentences. "Other" supervision status includes 40 persons supervised by U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 22 inmates held in the Rhode Island Adult Correctional Institution on detention warrants issued by the parole board, six persons serving a U.S. sentence, one person held on a U.S. detention warrant, and one person in the Federal Witness Program. "Reinstatement" includes persons placed on "re- parole" after revocation because either (a) there were no new sentences or (b) all new sentences were six months or less to serve. "Returned to prison or jail, other" includes parolees who completed parole through parole time expiration while held on detention warrants. "Absconder" includes four parolees who absconded from Home Confinement Parole and 13 who absconded from other parole. As of May 5, 1999, 10 of the 17 absconders had been returned to prison; seven were still at large. "Other" discharges include one parolee whose parole supervision date expired while still at the Rhode Island Department of Corrections awaiting discharge to Immigration authorities. "Unknown or not reported" race includes 79 Hispanic probationers of unknown race. Tennessee Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 450 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. "Returned to prison or jail, other" includes detainers. "Successful completion" includes 571 parolees with expired sentences. Texas All data are estimated. "Total" entries include an unspecified number of parolees from out-of-State jurisdictions. "Total" exits include and unspecified number of parolees from out-of-State jurisdictions. "Other" discharges are an adjustment needed because interstate compact cases could not be eliminated from entries and exits. The 1,576 parolees in an electronic monitoring program are also included in the 3,528 parolees in an intensive supervision program. Utah "Other" discharges include 110 parolees whose sentence expired or was terminated and one parolee who was deported. "Asian" includes an unspecified number of "Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander" parolees. Washington All data are estimated. Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 630 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. "Unknown or not reported" race includes parolees of mixed races. Wisconsin Total parole population on December 31, 1998 excludes an additional 264 interstate compact cases supervised for other States. "Other" entries include mental health conditional release parolees. "Returned to prison or jail, other" includes one parolee voluntarily housed in a minimum security facility. "Asian" includes an unspecified number of "Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander" parolees. "Other" release type includes mental health conditional release parolees. These include persons found not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect and who were placed under the supervision of a non-DOC State agency. When released on parole, they are supervised by Wisconsin's DOC. The population also includes "sexual predators" that completed their sentence but were placed under the care of a non-DOC State agency after being declared "sexual predators". Wyoming "Total" entries are estimated. Chapter 7: Capital Punishment Explanatory notes The statistics reported for capital punishment may differ from data collected by other organizations. The differences occur for a variety of reasons: * Inmates under sentence of death are originally added the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) counts when they enter correctional facilities rather than when judges pronounce sentence. * Following the year when prisoners are first counted, their admissions or releases as a result of court order are attributed to the year for the sentence or court order. For example, a prisoner sentenced in November 1996 entering prison custody in January 1997 would be counted as an admission in the 1997 report; the 1997 report would count him or her as being under sentence of death at yearend 1996. Similarly, a prisoner whose sentence is overturned in 1995 but who remains in the count until 1997 when the court's decision is reported would be subtracted from the 1995 and 1996 reports. * NPS counts of persons under sentence of death are always for the last day of a calendar year and will differ from more recent counts. * Some figures shown for yearend 1997 are revised from those reported in Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997. The revised figures include 18 inmates who either were reported late to the NPS program or were not in custody of the State correctional authorities at yearend 1997: Alabama (1) Arizona (1) California (2) Florida (1) Illinois (2) Kentucky (1) Louisiana (1) Mississippi (1) Nevada (2) Ohio (2) Texas (3) Wyoming (1). Twenty-seven inmates had sentences to death removed in 1997 but were not reported: Alabama (1) Arizona (1) Federal Bureau of Prisons (1) Florida (4) Georgia (7) Louisiana (1) Mississippi (3) Nevada (3) Ohio (4) Texas (2) * The data for 12/31/97 also include 2 inmates who were listed erroneously as being removed from death row: Connecticut (1) and Pennsylvania (1). * Race has been changed from that previously reported for 7 inmates: 3 in Pennsylvania (from white to "other") and 1 each in Delaware, North Carolina, Texas, and Arizona (from white to black). Chapter 8: U.S. military corrections Explanatory notes In 1994 the U.S. Department of Defense Corrections Council established an annual military confinement report. The council, comprising representatives from each branch of military service, adopted a standardized questionnaire with a common set of definitions. With the Corrections Council, the Bureau of Justice Statistics produced a series of tables that provide a unified profile of persons in the custody of U.S. military authorities. The annual confinement report provides yearend counts of persons in U.S. military confinement facilities inside and outside the continental United States, by branch of service, gender, race, and Hispanic origin, conviction status and sentence length, and offense. It also provides counts of the number of persons admitted to confinement and the number released during the calendar year, by branch of service, type of commitment, and type of release. The confinement report also includes the number of facilities and their design and rated capacities, by level. Information on Air Force confinement facilities was reported for the first time in 1997. With the full participation of all military services, the annual confinement report now provides a complete enumeration of U.S. military confinement facilities, both inside and outside the continental United States. End of file 06/26/02