806                   MODERN  CIVILIZATION

and the saints, they did not succeed in arriving at an
understanding, and the reconciliation fell through.

The surest means of weakening the Protestants was
to destroy the abuses, which had driven the faithful
from the church, and had been an important factor in
the success of the reform movement. The bishops be-
gan a surveillance of the conduct of the priests and of
all the members of the religious orders, so that scandal
might be prevented. Especially had the prelates been
reproached for their luxurious and worldly manner
of living; the pope himself set the example, and lived
like a hermit. Then, as in the eleventh and thirteenth
centuries, the clergy made an effort to purify the
church, infected by the spirit of the world. The
Franciscan order was reformed under the name of
Capuchins. Other orders were founded. The six-
teenth century, which had been a period of reform,
was also a century of saints; Saint Gaetan, Saint
Charles Borromeo, Saint Francis Xavier, Saint John
of God, Saint Ignatius, Saint Theresa, Saint Louis of
Gonzaga, Saint Philip of Neri.

The Jesuits,—As the Renaissance of the eleventh
century had given rise to Cluny and Citeaux, and that
of the thirteenth to the mendicant friars, so this renais-
sance of piety produced a new religious order. This
was the "Society of Jesus," founded by Ignatius
Loyola, in order to combat the growing heresies of the
Protestants. "The world/' said the founder, "must
be represented as two armies in battle array, one
serving under God, the other under Satan/' The
Protestants are with Satan, the Society of Jesus is
;fightmg in the army of God, for the greatest glory of