286 MODERN CIVILIZATION science. I shuddered on hearing them. I said to my- self : If God is just, he will punish me." Luther felt himself continually menaced by the devil, who came to tempt him and to take possession of his soul; one day, in his cell at the castle of the Wartburg, he thought he felt that the devil was near him, and he threw his ink- stand at his head (the stain remained on the wall for a long time). Man, thought Luther, is born in sin, he is naturally corrupt and merits condemnation. He cannot purpose to do well, crushed as he is by the weight of his sins, and even good actions cannot take away the original corruption from the human heart. Given up to himself, man would then infallibly be damned. His only chance of salvation is to supplicate Christ that He would grant him pardon and belief in Him. Belief, according to the doctrines of Luther, is not only a credence in certain dogmas, it is also, and above all, a sentiment, the love of the Saviour and the desire to be united with Him. The one to whom Christ has indeed willingly granted the favor of imparting to him this faith is immediately delivered from sin, regener- ated, assured of salvation. This is what was called "to be justified by faith." When Luther had experi- enced this pardon: "I feel," said he, "as if born again, and it seems to me that I am entering through the open doors into Paradise." Calvin started out with a similar idea. "Original sin has made the heart of man wholly corrupt;1 his will has become so completely wicked that he is incapa- 1 Zwingle was less occupied with original sin; he said that men could be saved outside of belief; he wrote to Francis I: "He (the king) must hope to see the assembly of all the holy, courageous, faithful and virtuous men that there have been