THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY 123 which surrounded his palace were filled up. But it was not until the thirteenth century that handsome buildings were erected. In our contemporary Paris, there remains of the Paris of Philip only the tower of Saint Germain des Pres and the little church of Saint Julien le Pauvre. Saint Louis.—Saint Louis was the perfect king, such as he was understood to be in the Middle Ages, a hum- ble Christian, an accomplished knight, a severe judge. He had all the virtues that were understood in his time, devotion, bravery, and justice. He heard two masses daily, was present at matins, wore a hair shirt, washed the feet of the poor, was disciplined for his sins, ordered the Jews to be persecuted, burned the heretics, and pierced with a red-hot iron the tongues of blasphemers. In battle "he proved the superior of all his race." "Never/' says Joinville, "did one see so handsome a knight." He was "wise in his time as a God." He felt it to be his duty to dispense justice to all. He often went and seated himself under an oak in the forest of Vincennes, or in his garden in the Cite; all who had any business came and spoke with him without being embarrassed by his tipstaffs (huis- siers), and he decided the case. He wanted to render equal justice to all. One of the great lords of the kingdom, Enguerrand de Coucy, had had three stu- dents hung for having hunted in his woods. The king had him arrested and brought to his court. The other knights demanded that "according to the custom" de Coucy should defend himself by the duel Louis re- fused, saying that "in the affairs of the poor, of the church, or of persons whom one ought to pity," one