92 MEDIAEVAL CIVILIZATION how to say mass. The greater number had bought their livings from the laity, and had sold them again to other ecclesiastics: this traffic in holy things was called simony. The clergy became gross, ignorant, and covetous, like the laity; it was said that the church was infected with the "spirit of the century." * The New Monastic Orders.—These scandals caused great horror to those ecclesiastics who had remained faithful to the spirit of the church, and they urged the most zealous to lay new foundations. Some left this corrupt world and fled to the desert, Saint Bruno coming from the north of France, buried himself in the wild mountain regions of Dauphiny, and with a few companions founded the order of the Carthusians (Chartreux hermits who live in a chartre or cell). An Italian seignior, Saint Romualdo, founded in the same manner, an order in the mountains of Tuscany, called the "Camalclules." Others wished to put an end to the scandals by making the clergy come back under the regulations. They began by reestablishing severe discipline in a convent, which afterward served as a model for reforming the others. The great centres of reform were Cluny, the oldest, where the reform took place in the eleventh century; Citeaux, founded in 1094, both in Burgundy; Clairvaux founded in 1115, Prcmontre founded in 1120. It was not a question of replacing the ancient regulations of Saint Benedict, but, on the contrary, of restoring them to vigor by the practice of labor, obedience, and espec- 1 In the language of the church the century is the world. The clergy, who lived among the laity, were called the secular clergy, they were the priests and bishops; the regular clergy were those who lived out of the world, like the monks.