-CITE- 45 USC TITLE 45 - RAILROADS 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS TITLE 45 - RAILROADS -MISC1- Chap. Sec. 1. Safety Appliances and Equipment on Railroad Engines and Cars, and Protection of Employees and Travelers [Repealed, See Chapters 203 to 209 and 213 of Title 49] 1 2. Liability for Injuries to Employees 51 3. Hours of Service of Employees [Repealed, See Chapters 211 and 213 of Title 49] 61 4. Care of Animals in Transit [Repealed, See Chapter 39 of Title 46 and Section 80502 of Title 49] 71 5. Government-Aided Railroads [Repealed or Transferred] 81 6. Mediation, Conciliation, and Arbitration in Controversies Between Carriers and Employees [Repealed] 101 7. Adjustment Boards and Labor Boards [Repealed] 131 8. Railway Labor 151 9. Retirement of Railroad Employees 201 10. Tax on Carriers and Employees [Repealed or Omitted] 241 11. Railroad Unemployment Insurance 351 12. Temporary Railroad Unemployment Insurance Program 401 13. Railroad Safety [Repealed, See Chapters 201 and 213 of Title 49] 421 14. Rail Passenger Service [Repealed, See Chapters 241 to 247 of Title 49] 501 15. Emergency Rail Services 661 16. Regional Rail Reorganization 701 17. Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform 801 18. Milwaukee Railroad Restructuring 901 19. Rock Island Railroad Employee Assistance 1001 20. Northeast Rail Service 1101 21. Alaska Railroad Transfer 1201 22. Conrail Privatization 1301 -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 1 - SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 1 - SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS -HEAD- CHAPTER 1 - SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 1 to 14 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 1 - SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS -HEAD- Secs. 1 to 14. Repealed. Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379 -MISC1- Section 1, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, Sec. 1, 27 Stat. 531; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(1)(A), 102 Stat. 630, related to use of power driving-wheel brakes and appliances for operating train-brake systems. See section 20302 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 2, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, Sec. 2, 27 Stat. 531; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(1)(B), 102 Stat. 630, related to use of cars not equipped with automatic couplers. See section 20302 of Title 49. Section 3, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, Sec. 3, 27 Stat. 531; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(1)(C), 102 Stat. 630, related to refusal to receive insufficiently equipped cars from connecting lines. See section 20302 of Title 49. Section 4, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, Sec. 4, 27 Stat. 531; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(A), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(1)(D), 102 Stat. 630, related to grab irons or handholds for security in coupling and uncoupling cars. See section 20302 of Title 49. Section 5, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, Sec. 5, 27 Stat. 531; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(1)(E), 102 Stat. 630, related to exclusion from traffic of freight cars not complying with prescribed standard for height of drawbars. Section 6, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, Sec. 6, 27 Stat. 532; Apr. 1, 1896, ch. 87, 29 Stat. 85; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 909; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-135, Sec. 1(1), 71 Stat. 352; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(A), 80 Stat. 939; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94-348, Sec. 3(a), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95-574, Sec. 7(a), 92 Stat. 2461; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96-423, Sec. 8(b), 94 Stat. 1814; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(1)(F), 102 Stat. 630; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102-365, Secs. 4(a)(1), (c)(3), 9(a)(3), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 977, related to use of cars in violation of sections 1 to 7 of this title and enforcement duties of United States attorneys and Secretary of Transportation. See sections 20301, 21302, and 21304 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 7, acts Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, Sec. 8, 27 Stat. 532; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(1)(H), 102 Stat. 631, related to assumption of risk by railroad employees. See section 20304 of Title 49. Section 8, acts Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, Sec. 1, 32 Stat. 943; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(2)(A), 102 Stat. 631, extended provisions of sections 1 to 7 of this title to include railroads in the Territories and the District of Columbia and to apply in other cases. See sections 20301, 20302, 20304, and 21302 of Title 49. Section 9, acts Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, Sec. 2, 32 Stat. 943; Apr. 11, 1958, Pub. L. 85-375, 72 Stat. 86; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(B), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(2)(B), 102 Stat. 631, provided that locomotive engineers were to operate power and train brakes on not less than 50 percent of cars of trains operated with power or train brakes, and retained rules, standards, and instructions of Association of American Railroads for installation, inspection, maintenance, and repair of such brakes. See sections 20301, 20302, and 21302 of Title 49. Section 10, acts Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, Sec. 3, 32 Stat. 943; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 909; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(B), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(2)(C), 102 Stat. 631; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102-365, Sec. 9(a)(4), 106 Stat. 977, related to continuation of duties, requirements, and liabilities specified under sections 1 to 7 of this title unless specifically amended by sections 8 to 10 of this title. See section 21302 of Title 49. Section 11, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, Sec. 2, 36 Stat. 298; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(3)(A), 102 Stat. 631, related to use of cars not equipped as required by sections 11 to 16 of this title. See section 20302 of Title 49. Section 12, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, Sec. 3, 36 Stat. 298; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(C), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(3)(B), 102 Stat. 631, continued to maintain designations of safety appliances by Secretary of Transportation as standards of equipment for railroad cars, unless changed by order of Secretary, and authorized Secretary to modify standard height of drawbars. See sections 20302 and 21302 of Title 49. Section 13, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, Sec. 4, 36 Stat. 299; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-135, Sec. 1(2), 71 Stat. 352; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94-348, Sec. 3(b), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95-574, Sec. 7(b), 92 Stat. 2461; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97-468, title VII, Sec. 704, 96 Stat. 2580; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(3)(C), 102 Stat. 632; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102-365, Secs. 4(a)(1), (c)(4), 9(a)(5), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 978, related to penalty for using cars not equipped as provided by sections 1 to 16 of this title, with provisos for hauling cars for repairs when equipment becomes defective, liability for death or injury to employees in connection with such hauling, and use of chains instead of drawbars in conducting such hauling. See sections 20303, 21302, and 21304 of Title 49. Section 14, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, Sec. 5, 36 Stat. 299; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(C), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(3)(D), 102 Stat. 632, related to liability for using cars with defective or insecure equipment. See section 21302 of Title 49. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 15 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 1 - SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS -HEAD- Sec. 15. Repealed. Pub. L. 97-449, Sec. 7(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2444 -MISC1- Section, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, Sec. 6, 36 Stat. 299; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(C), 80 Stat. 939, provided that it was the duty of the Secretary of Transportation to enforce the provisions of sections 11 to 16 of this title as to equipment of each car with safety appliances and that all powers theretofore granted to the Interstate Commerce Commission were extended to the Secretary for the purpose of such enforcement. See section 501(b) of Title 49, Transportation. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 16 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 1 - SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS -HEAD- Sec. 16. Repealed. Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379 -MISC1- Section, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, Sec. 1, 36 Stat. 298; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 13(3)(E), 102 Stat. 632, defined "railroad" as used in sections 1 to 16 of this title. See section 20102 of Title 49, Transportation. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 17 to 21 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 1 - SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS -HEAD- Secs. 17 to 21. Repealed. Pub. L. 97-468, title VII, Sec. 705, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2580 -MISC1- Section 17, act May 30, 1908, ch. 225, Secs. 1, 2, 35 Stat. 476, related to locomotives to be equipped with safety ash pans. Section 18, acts May 30, 1908, ch. 225, Sec. 3, 35 Stat. 476; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 909; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(D), 80 Stat. 939, set forth penalties for violations and authorized United States attorneys to bring actions for enforcement of provisions. Section 19, acts May 30, 1908, ch. 225, Sec. 4, 35 Stat. 476; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(D), 80 Stat. 939, provided for enforcement of the provisions of sections 17 to 21 of this title by the Secretary of Transportation. Section 20, act May 30, 1908, ch. 225, Sec. 5, 35 Stat. 476, specified those to be included in the term "common carrier". Section 21, act May 30, 1908, ch. 225, Sec. 6, 35 Stat. 476, provided that the provisions of sections 17 to 21 of this title not be applicable to locomotives on which an ash pan is not necessary. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 22 to 43a 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 1 - SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS -HEAD- Secs. 22 to 43a. Repealed. Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379 -MISC1- Section 22, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 1, 36 Stat. 913; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, Sec. 1, 43 Stat. 659; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 14(1), 102 Stat. 632, defined "railroad" as used in sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title. See section 20102 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 23, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 2, 36 Stat. 913; Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, Sec. 1, 38 Stat. 1192; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, Sec. 2, 43 Stat. 659; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 14(2), 102 Stat. 632, made it unlawful for railroads to use locomotives and appurtenances unless they were safe and inspected in accordance with provisions of sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title and tested as prescribed by rules and regulations. See section 20701 of Title 49. Section 24, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 3, 36 Stat. 914; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 148; May 27, 1947, ch. 85, Sec. 1, 61 Stat. 120; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title XI, Sec. 1106(a), 63 Stat. 972; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 14(3), 102 Stat. 633, provided for appointment and salaries of a director of locomotive inspection and two assistant directors of locomotive inspection, and was previously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, eff. July 27, 1965, 30 F.R. 9351, 79 Stat. 1320, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which abolished the offices of director of locomotive inspection, assistant directors of locomotive inspection, and district inspectors of locomotives. Acts June 26, 1918, ch. 105, 40 Stat. 616; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, Sec. 6, 43 Stat. 659; June 27, 1930, ch. 644, Sec. 1, 46 Stat. 822, which provided for the pay of chief inspector, assistant inspectors, and district directors of locomotives, and related to office allowances for each inspector, and which were cited as a credit to section 24, were repealed by Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 643, 646, 648. Section 25, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 3, 36 Stat. 914; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, Sec. 3, 43 Stat. 659; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 148; May 27, 1947, ch. 85, Sec. 1, 61 Stat. 120, provided for location of office of director of locomotive inspection in Washington, D.C., and for staffing of such office, and was previously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5. Section 26, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 4, 36 Stat. 914; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 148; May 27, 1947, ch. 85, Sec. 2, 61 Stat. 120, directed director of locomotive inspection to divide country into 50 locomotive boiler inspection districts so as to most effectively divide up work of inspector for each such district, and was previously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5, which abolished the offices of director of locomotive inspection, assistant directors of locomotive inspection, and district inspectors of locomotives, together with the function of the director of locomotive inspection with respect to dividing the country into districts. Acts June 26, 1918, ch. 105, 40 Stat. 616; June 27, 1930, ch. 644, Sec. 2, 46 Stat. 823, which were cited as a credit to section 26, were repealed by Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 643, 648. Section 27, act Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 4 (par), as added June 7, 1924, ch. 355, Sec. 4, 43 Stat. 659; amended Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 148, authorized appointment of 15 additional boiler inspectors over and above number authorized by section 26 of this title as the needs of the service may require, and was previously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5. Section 28, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 5, 36 Stat. 914; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 148; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(E), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 14(4), 102 Stat. 633, related to rules and instructions for inspection of locomotive boilers. See section 20702 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 29, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 6, 36 Stat. 915; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 148; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(E), 80 Stat. 939; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96-423, Sec. 13, 94 Stat. 1816; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 14(5), 102 Stat. 633, related to duties of district inspectors to make railroads inspect and repair locomotive boilers and notify railroads when boilers were not in serviceable condition and provided that railroads could appeal to director of locomotive inspection to have boiler reexamined and could then appeal to Secretary of Transportation if district inspector's decision was sustained by director. See section 20702 of Title 49. Section 30, acts Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, Sec. 2, 38 Stat. 1192; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 2, 54 Stat. 148, related to powers, duties, and examinations of locomotive inspectors and provided that provisions of sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title were applicable to all parts of locomotives and tenders. See sections 20701 to 20703 and 21302 of Title 49. Section 31, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 7, 36 Stat. 916; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 148; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(E), 80 Stat. 939, related to annual report of director of locomotive inspection to Secretary of Transportation. Section 32, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 8, 36 Stat. 916; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 148; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 14(6), 102 Stat. 633, required railroad to report accidents resulting from failure of locomotive boilers or appurtenances to director of locomotive inspection and to preserve disabled parts for inspection, investigation, and report by director. See section 20703 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 33, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 8, 36 Stat. 916; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 148; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(E), 80 Stat. 939; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93-633, title III, Sec. 304, 88 Stat. 2168, related to reports by Secretary of Transportation of accident investigations conducted pursuant to section 32 of this title. See section 20703 of Title 49. Section 34, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, Sec. 9, 36 Stat. 916; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 148; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-135, Sec. 3, 71 Stat. 352; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94-348, Sec. 3(c), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95-574, Sec. 7(c), 92 Stat. 2461; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96-423, Sec. 8(c), 94 Stat. 1814; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 14(7), 102 Stat. 633; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102-365, Secs. 4(a)(1), (c)(7), 9(a)(8), 106 Stat. 973, 975, 978, related to penalty for willful violations of sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title, or rules or regulations made thereunder, or any lawful order of any inspector, duty of United States attorney to sue for such violations, and duty of director of locomotive inspection to inform proper United States attorney of violations coming to his knowledge. See sections 21302 and 21304 of Title 49. Section 35, acts June 30, 1906, No. 46, 34 Stat. 838; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(H), 80 Stat. 939, directed Secretary of Transportation to investigate and report on block-signal systems and appliances for automatic control of trains and empowered Secretary to obtain evidence to carry out and give effect to this provision. Section 36, acts May 27, 1908, ch. 200, Sec. 1, 35 Stat. 325; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(I), 80 Stat. 939, related to investigation and testing by Secretary of Transportation of appliances or systems to promote safety of railway operation. See section 20504 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 37, acts May 27, 1908, ch. 200, Sec. 1, 35 Stat. 325; Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 299, Sec. 1, 35 Stat. 965; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91-375, Sec. 4(a), 84 Stat. 773, related to inspection of mail cars. See section 20305 of Title 49. Section 38, acts May 6, 1910, ch. 208, Sec. 1, 36 Stat. 350; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86-762, Sec. 1, 74 Stat. 903; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(K), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 15(1), 102 Stat. 633, related to duty of railroad to make monthly reports of railroad accidents to Secretary of Transportation and defined "railroad" for purposes of sections 38 to 43 of this title. See sections 20102 and 20901 of Title 49. Section 39, acts May 6, 1910, ch. 208, Sec. 2, 36 Stat. 351; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93-633, title II, Sec. 204(b), 88 Stat. 2166; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 15(2), 102 Stat. 634; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102-365, Sec. 4(a)(3), 106 Stat. 973, related to penalty for failure of railroad to make report provided for in section 38 of this title. See sections 20901 and 21311 of Title 49. Section 40, acts May 6, 1910, ch. 208, Sec. 3, 36 Stat. 351; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(K), 80 Stat. 939; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93-633, title III, Sec. 304, 88 Stat. 2168; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 15(3), 102 Stat. 634, authorized Secretary of Transportation to investigate railroad accidents, with proviso that Secretary cooperate with State commissions in such investigations if convenient and make reports of such investigations when in the public interest. See section 20902 of Title 49. Section 41, act May 6, 1910, ch. 208, Sec. 4, 36 Stat. 351, provided that reports required by sections 38 and 40 of this title were not admissible as evidence in suits for damages. See section 20903 of Title 49. Section 42, acts May 6, 1910, ch. 208, Sec. 5, 36 Stat. 351; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86-762, Sec. 2, 74 Stat. 904; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(1)(K), 80 Stat. 939, authorized Secretary of Transportation to prescribe rules, regulations, and forms for making reports as necessary to implement and effectuate purposes of sections 38 to 43 of this title. Section 43, acts May 6, 1910, ch. 208, Sec. 7, 36 Stat. 351; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86-762, Sec. 3, 74 Stat. 904; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 15(4), 102 Stat. 634; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102-365, Secs. 4(a)(1), (c)(5), 9(a)(6), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 978, related to penalty for willful violations by any person of sections 38 to 43 of this title or any rule, regulation, order, or standard issued under such sections or the Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 (formerly 45 U.S.C. Sec. 431 et seq.) and duty of United States attorney to sue for such violations. See sections 21302 and 21304 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 43a, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 24, June 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 639, related to accident reports in which railroads assign human error as cause of accident or incident and provision that such reports contain an explanatory statement by employees involved. See section 20901 of Title 49. SHORT TITLE Act May 6, 1910, ch. 208, 36 Stat. 350, as amended, popularly known as the "Accident Reports Act", was classified to sections 38 to 43 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 44 to 46 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 1 - SAFETY APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT ON RAILROAD ENGINES AND CARS, AND PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND TRAVELERS -HEAD- Secs. 44 to 46. Transferred -COD- CODIFICATION Sections 44 to 46 were transferred to sections 1201 to 1203, respectively, of former Title 49, Transportation, and were subsequently repealed and restated in section 80504 of Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 103-272, Secs. 1(e), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1358, 1379. Section 44, acts Feb. 23, 1905, ch. 744, Sec. 1, 33 Stat. 743; June 13, 1957, Pub. L. 85-50, Sec. 1(1), 71 Stat. 69, related to awards for acts of heroism involving railroads or motor vehicles. Section 45, act Feb. 23, 1905, ch. 744, Sec. 2, 33 Stat. 743, related to issuance of rosettes and ribbons. Section 46, acts Feb. 23, 1905, ch. 744, Sec. 3, 33 Stat. 743; June 13, 1957, Pub. L. 85-50, Sec. 1(2), 71 Stat. 69, related to authorization of appropriations for carrying out sections 44 and 45 of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -MISC1- Sec. 51. Liability of common carriers by railroad, in interstate or foreign commerce, for injuries to employees from negligence; employee defined. 52. Carriers in Territories or other possessions of United States. 53. Contributory negligence; diminution of damages. 54. Assumption of risks of employment. 54a. Certain Federal and State regulations deemed statutory authority. 55. Contract, rule, regulation, or device exempting from liability; set-off. 56. Actions; limitation; concurrent jurisdiction of courts. 57. Who included in term "common carrier". 58. Duty or liability of common carriers and rights of employees under other acts not impaired. 59. Survival of right of action of person injured. 60. Penalty for suppression of voluntary information incident to accidents; separability. -SECREF- CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This chapter is referred to in sections 721, 1207 of this title; title 15 section 3901; title 28 section 1445; title 49 section 28103. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 51 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 51. Liability of common carriers by railroad, in interstate or foreign commerce, for injuries to employees from negligence; employee defined -STATUTE- Every common carrier by railroad while engaging in commerce between any of the several States or Territories, or between any of the States and Territories, or between the District of Columbia and any of the States or Territories, or between the District of Columbia or any of the States or Territories and any foreign nation or nations, shall be liable in damages to any person suffering injury while he is employed by such carrier in such commerce, or, in case of the death of such employee, to his or her personal representative, for the benefit of the surviving widow or husband and children of such employee; and, if none, then of such employee's parents; and, if none, then of the next of kin dependent upon such employee, for such injury or death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier, or by reason of any defect or insufficiency, due to its negligence, in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, roadbed, works, boats, wharves, or other equipment. Any employee of a carrier, any part of whose duties as such employee shall be the furtherance of interstate or foreign commerce; or shall, in any way directly or closely and substantially, affect such commerce as above set forth shall, for the purposes of this chapter, be considered as being employed by such carrier in such commerce and shall be considered as entitled to the benefits of this chapter. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 1, 35 Stat. 65; Aug. 11, 1939, ch. 685, Sec. 1, 53 Stat. 1404.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1939 - Act Aug. 11, 1939, inserted last par. SHORT TITLE The Act of Apr. 22, 1908, as amended, which comprises this chapter, is popularly known as the "Employers' Liability Act". The following are also popularly known as Employers' Liability Acts: June 11, 1906, ch. 3073, 34 Stat. 232 [Unconstitutional]. Apr. 5, 1910, ch. 143, 36 Stat. 291. See sections 56 and 59 of this title. Aug. 11, 1939, ch. 685, 53 Stat. 1404. See sections 51, 54, 56, and 60 of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 52 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 52. Carriers in Territories or other possessions of United States -STATUTE- Every common carrier by railroad in the Territories, the District of Columbia, the Panama Canal Zone, or other possessions of the United States shall be liable in damages to any person suffering injury while he is employed by such carrier in any of said jurisdictions, or, in case of the death of such employee, to his or her personal representative, for the benefit of the surviving widow or husband and children of such employee; and, if none, then of such employee's parents; and, if none, then of the next of kin dependent upon such employee, for such injury or death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier, or by reason of any defect or insufficiency, due to its negligence, in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, roadbed, works, boats, wharves, or other equipment. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 2, 35 Stat. 65.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 53 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 53. Contributory negligence; diminution of damages -STATUTE- In all actions on and after April 22, 1908 brought against any such common carrier by railroad under or by virtue of any of the provisions of this chapter to recover damages for personal injuries to an employee, or where such injuries have resulted in his death, the fact that the employee may have been guilty of contributory negligence shall not bar a recovery, but the damages shall be diminished by the jury in proportion to the amount of negligence attributable to such employee: Provided, That no such employee who may be injured or killed shall be held to have been guilty of contributory negligence in any case where the violation by such common carrier of any statute enacted for the safety of employees contributed to the injury or death of such employee. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 3, 35 Stat. 66.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 54a of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 54 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 54. Assumption of risks of employment -STATUTE- In any action brought against any common carrier under or by virtue of any of the provisions of this chapter to recover damages for injuries to, or the death of, any of its employees, such employee shall not be held to have assumed the risks of his employment in any case where such injury or death resulted in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier; and no employee shall be held to have assumed the risks of his employment in any case where the violation by such common carrier of any statute enacted for the safety of employees contributed to the injury or death of such employee. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 4, 35 Stat. 66; Aug. 11, 1939, ch. 685, Sec. 1, 53 Stat. 1404.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1939 - Act Aug. 11, 1939, inserted "where such injury or death resulted in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier; and no employee shall be held to have assumed the risks of his employment in any case" after "of his employment in any case". -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 54a of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 54a 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 54a. Certain Federal and State regulations deemed statutory authority -STATUTE- A regulation, standard, or requirement in force, or prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation under chapter 201 of title 49 or by a State agency that is participating in investigative and surveillance activities under section 20105 of title 49, is deemed to be a statute under sections 53 and 54 of this title. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 4A, as added Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 4(i), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1365.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 55 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 55. Contract, rule, regulation, or device exempting from liability; set-off -STATUTE- Any contract, rule, regulation, or device whatsoever, the purpose or intent of which shall be to enable any common carrier to exempt itself from any liability created by this chapter, shall to that extent be void: Provided, That in any action brought against any such common carrier under or by virtue of any of the provisions of this chapter, such common carrier may set off therein any sum it has contributed or paid to any insurance, relief benefit, or indemnity that may have been paid to the injured employee or the person entitled thereto on account of the injury or death for which said action was brought. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 5, 35 Stat. 66.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 56 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 56. Actions; limitation; concurrent jurisdiction of courts -STATUTE- No action shall be maintained under this chapter unless commenced within three years from the day the cause of action accrued. Under this chapter an action may be brought in a district court of the United States, in the district of the residence of the defendant, or in which the cause of action arose, or in which the defendant shall be doing business at the time of commencing such action. The jurisdiction of the courts of the United States under this chapter shall be concurrent with that of the courts of the several States. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 6, 35 Stat. 66; Apr. 5, 1910, ch. 143, Sec. 1, 36 Stat. 291; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, Sec. 291, 36 Stat. 1167; Aug. 11, 1939, ch. 685, Sec. 2, 53 Stat. 1404; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 18, 62 Stat. 989.) -COD- CODIFICATION The first par. of this section is from act Apr. 22, 1908. The second par. of this section is from act Apr. 5, 1910. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1948 - Act June 25, 1948, struck out provision in last sentence relating to removal of actions. 1939 - Act Aug. 11, 1939, changed limitation in first sentence from two to three years. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME "District court" substituted in text for "circuit court" to conform to act Mar. 3, 1911, which transferred powers and duties of circuit courts to district courts. -MISC2- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1948 AMENDMENT Section 38 of act June 25, 1948, provided that the amendment made by that act is effective Sept. 1, 1948. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 57 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 57. Who included in term "common carrier" -STATUTE- The term "common carrier" as used in this chapter shall include the receiver or receivers or other persons or corporations charged with the duty of the management and operation of the business of a common carrier. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 7, 35 Stat. 66.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 58 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 58. Duty or liability of common carriers and rights of employees under other acts not impaired -STATUTE- Nothing in this chapter shall be held to limit the duty or liability of common carriers or to impair the rights of their employees under any other Act or Acts of Congress. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 8, 35 Stat. 66.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 59 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 59. Survival of right of action of person injured -STATUTE- Any right of action given by this chapter to a person suffering injury shall survive to his or her personal representative, for the benefit of the surviving widow or husband and children of such employee, and, if none, then of such employee's parents; and, if none, then of the next of kin dependent upon such employee, but in such cases there shall be only one recovery for the same injury. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 9, as added Apr. 5, 1910, ch. 143, Sec. 2, 36 Stat. 291.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 60 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 2 - LIABILITY FOR INJURIES TO EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 60. Penalty for suppression of voluntary information incident to accidents; separability -STATUTE- Any contract, rule, regulation, or device whatsoever, the purpose, intent, or effect of which shall be to prevent employees of any common carrier from furnishing voluntarily information to a person in interest as to the facts incident to the injury or death of any employee, shall be void, and whoever, by threat, intimidation, order, rule, contract, regulation, or device whatsoever, shall attempt to prevent any person from furnishing voluntarily such information to a person in interest, or whoever discharges or otherwise disciplines or attempts to discipline any employee for furnishing voluntarily such information to a person in interest, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, for each offense: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to void any contract, rule, or regulation with respect to any information contained in the files of the carrier, or other privileged or confidential reports. If any provision of this chapter is declared unconstitutional or the applicability thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the validity of the remainder of the chapter and the applicability of such provision to other persons and circumstances shall not be affected thereby. -SOURCE- (Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, Sec. 10, as added Aug. 11, 1939, ch. 685, Sec. 3, 53 Stat. 1404.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 3 - HOURS OF SERVICE OF EMPLOYEES 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 3 - HOURS OF SERVICE OF EMPLOYEES -HEAD- CHAPTER 3 - HOURS OF SERVICE OF EMPLOYEES -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 61 to 64b 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 3 - HOURS OF SERVICE OF EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Secs. 61 to 64b. Repealed. Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379 -MISC1- Section 61, acts Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, Sec. 1, 34 Stat. 1415; Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91-169, Sec. 1, 83 Stat. 463; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94-348, Sec. 4(c), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95-574, Secs. 5, 6, 92 Stat. 2461; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 16(1), 102 Stat. 634, provided that this chapter applied to any railroad and defined "railroad", "employee", "time on duty", and "designated terminal" for purposes of this chapter. See sections 20102, 21101, and 21103 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 62, acts Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, Sec. 2, 34 Stat. 1416; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(2), 80 Stat. 939; Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91-169, Sec. 1, 83 Stat. 463; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94-348, Sec. 4(a), (b), 90 Stat. 818; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Secs. 16(2), 19(b)(1), 102 Stat. 634, 638, related to limitations on employees' hours of service, determination of number of hours an employee is on duty, additional duty for crew of wreck or relief trains during emergencies, and inapplicability of this section when provisions of section 63 of this title applied, and defined "employees" for purpose of subsec. (a)(3) of this section. See sections 21103, 21105, and 21106 of Title 49. Section 63, acts Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, Sec. 3, 34 Stat. 1416; May 4, 1916, ch. 109, Sec. 1, 39 Stat. 61; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85-135, Sec. 2, 71 Stat. 352; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(2), 80 Stat. 939; Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91-169, Sec. 1, 83 Stat. 464; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 16(3), 102 Stat. 635, related to dispatchers' hours of service. See section 21105 of Title 49. Section 63a, acts Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, Sec. 3A, as added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94-348, Sec. 4(d), 90 Stat. 819; amended Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95-574, Sec. 4(a), (b), 92 Stat. 2459, 2460; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 16(4), 102 Stat. 635, related to signal system employees' hours of service. See sections 21102, 21104 to 21107, and 21303 of Title 49. Section 64, acts Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, Sec. 4, 34 Stat. 1417; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89-670, Sec. 6(e)(2), 80 Stat. 939; Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91-169, Sec. 1, 83 Stat. 464; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 16(5), 102 Stat. 635, provided that time on duty requirements of this chapter were maximum permissible hours of service, but shorter periods were proper subjects for collective bargaining. See section 21107 of Title 49. Section 64a, acts Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, Sec. 5, 34 Stat. 1417; Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91-169, Sec. 1, 83 Stat. 464; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94-348, Sec. 4(e), 90 Stat. 819; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96-423, Sec. 12, 94 Stat. 1816; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100-342, Sec. 16(6), 102 Stat. 635; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102-365, Secs. 4(a)(2), (c)(2), 9(a)(2), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 977, related to manner of enforcing this chapter concerning hours of service of employees. See sections 21102, 21303, and 21304 of Title 49. Section 64b, act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, Sec. 6, as added Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91-169, Sec. 1, 83 Stat. 465, provided that Secretary of Transportation was to have duty to carry out provisions of this chapter. SHORT TITLE Act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, which enacted this chapter and which was repealed by Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, was popularly known as the "Hours of Service Act". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 65, 66 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 3 - HOURS OF SERVICE OF EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Secs. 65, 66. Repealed. Pub. L. 104-287, Sec. 10(b), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3401 -MISC1- Section 65, act Sept. 3, 5, 1916, ch. 436, Sec. 1, 39 Stat. 721, established eight hour work day for employees of railroads. See section 28301 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 66, act Sept. 3, 5, 1916, ch. 436, Sec. 4, 39 Stat. 722, provided penalty for violation of section 65 of this title. See section 28302 of Title 49, Transportation. SHORT TITLE Act Sept. 3, 5, 1916, ch. 436, 39 Stat. 721, which enacted sections 65 and 66 of this title, was popularly known as the "Adamson Law". -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 4 - CARE OF ANIMALS IN TRANSIT 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 4 - CARE OF ANIMALS IN TRANSIT -HEAD- CHAPTER 4 - CARE OF ANIMALS IN TRANSIT -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 71 to 74 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 4 - CARE OF ANIMALS IN TRANSIT -HEAD- Secs. 71 to 74. Repealed. Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379 -MISC1- Section 71, act June 29, 1906, ch. 3594, Sec. 1, 34 Stat. 607, related to transportation of animals, provided maximum time for their confinement while in transit, unloading for rest and feeding, and included special provision for unloading sheep. See section 80502 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 72, act June 29, 1906, ch. 3594, Sec. 2, 34 Stat. 608, provided that animals in transit were to be fed and watered by or at expense of owner and that railroad was to have a lien upon such animals for food, care, and custody. See section 80502 of Title 49. Section 73, act June 29, 1906, ch. 3594, Sec. 3, 34 Stat. 608, provided penalty for failure to comply with provisions of sections 71 and 72 of this title with proviso that provisions regarding unloading of animals would not apply when animals in transit had proper food, water, space, and opportunity to rest. See section 80502 of Title 49. Section 74, acts June 29, 1906, ch. 3594, Sec. 4, 34 Stat. 608; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, Sec. 291, 36 Stat. 1167, provided that penalty created by section 73 of this title was recoverable by civil action and that United States attorneys had duty to prosecute violations of this chapter. See section 80502 of Title 49. SHORT TITLE Act June 29, 1906, ch. 3594, 34 Stat. 607, which enacted this chapter and which was repealed by Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, was popularly known as the "Live Stock Transportation Act" and also as the "Cruelty to Animals Act", "Twenty-Eight Hour Law", and "Food and Rest Law". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 75, 76 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 4 - CARE OF ANIMALS IN TRANSIT -HEAD- Secs. 75, 76. Transferred -COD- CODIFICATION Section 75, acts Mar. 3, 1891, ch. 521, Sec. 1, 26 Stat. 833; May 28, 1928, ch. 824, 45 Stat. 789, relating to rules as to accommodations for export animals, was transferred to section 466a of Title 46, Shipping, and subsequently repealed and reenacted as section 3901 of Title 46 by Pub. L. 98-89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 500. Section 3901 of Title 46 was subsequently repealed by Pub. L. 107-171, title X, Sec. 10418(a)(20), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 508. Section 76, acts Mar. 3, 1891, ch. 521, Sec. 2, 26 Stat. 833; May 28, 1928, ch. 824, 45 Stat. 790, relating to penalties for rule violations, was transferred to section 466b of Title 46, and subsequently repealed and reenacted as section 3902 of Title 46 by Pub. L. 98-89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 500. Section 3902 of Title 46 was subsequently repealed by Pub. L. 107-171, title X, Sec. 10418(a)(20), May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 508. -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 5 - GOVERNMENT-AIDED RAILROADS 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 5 - GOVERNMENT-AIDED RAILROADS -HEAD- CHAPTER 5 - GOVERNMENT-AIDED RAILROADS -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 81 to 92 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 5 - GOVERNMENT-AIDED RAILROADS -HEAD- Secs. 81 to 92. Repealed. Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379 -MISC1- Section 81, R.S. Sec. 5256; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95-598, title III, Sec. 322(g), 92 Stat. 2679, related to Union Pacific Railroad Company, its books, records, correspondence, other documents, dividends, stock issuance, mortgages or pledges, and directors or officers. Section 82, R.S. Sec. 5257, provided for connection of other roads with Union Pacific Railroad or any of its branches. Section 83, acts July 2, 1864, ch. 216, Sec. 15, 13 Stat. 362; June 20, 1874, ch. 331, 18 Stat. 111; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, Sec. 291, 36 Stat. 1167, provided that companies authorized by Pacific Railroad Acts to construct railroads were required to operate roads and telegraphs as one continuous line and to afford equal advantages and facilities as to rates, time, and transportation to the other companies without discrimination. Section 84, R.S. Sec. 5258, authorized interstate transport by railroads. Section 85, R.S. Sec. 5259, related to compensation of directors, engineers, commissioners, or other agents appointed by the United States to examine roads or to act in conjunction with other officers of railroads or other corporations receiving land grants or other subsidies. Section 86, R.S. Sec. 5260, related to withholding by Secretary of the Treasury of payments to certain railroads. Section 87, R.S. Sec. 5261; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 4, 62 Stat. 986; Apr. 2, 1982, Pub. L. 97-164, title I, Sec. 161(8), 96 Stat. 49; Oct. 29, 1992, Pub. L. 102-572, title IX, Sec. 902(b)(2), 106 Stat. 4516, provided that companies from whom payments for freight and transportation had been withheld under provisions of section 86 of this title could sue in Court of Federal Claims. Section 88, R.S. Sec. 5262; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, Sec. 291, 36 Stat. 1167, related to jurisdiction of proper United States district court to hear and determine all cases of mandamus to compel Union Pacific Railroad Company to operate its road. Section 89, acts June 22, 1874, ch. 414, 18 Stat. 200; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, Sec. 291, 36 Stat. 1167, directed Secretary of the Treasury to require that railroad companies, their successors and assigns, pay United States a percentage of net earnings as provided for by law. Section 90, act Mar. 3, 1879, ch. 183, Sec. 1, 20 Stat. 420, authorized Secretary of the Treasury to settle accounts of Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Kansas Pacific, Western Pacific, and Sioux City and Pacific Railroad Companies for services provided to Government in transporting the Army and mails. Section 91, act Mar. 3, 1897, ch. 386, 29 Stat. 663, provided that provisions of section 90 of this title were extended and made applicable to Navy and Marine Corps transportation. Section 92, act Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 831, Sec. 1, 31 Stat. 1023, authorized and directed Secretary of the Treasury to settle claims stemming from Government transportation over non-bond-aided lines. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 92a 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 5 - GOVERNMENT-AIDED RAILROADS -HEAD- Sec. 92a. Repealed. Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, Sec. 53, 70A Stat. 641 -MISC1- Section 92a, acts Feb. 14, 1933, ch. 51, 47 Stat. 800; Mar. 2, 1933, ch. 187, 47 Stat. 1424, related to compensation of certain railroads for transportation of property and troops of United States. See section 10721 of Title 49, Transportation. Prior to repeal, section was classified to section 1375b of former Title 10, Army and Air Force. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 93 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 5 - GOVERNMENT-AIDED RAILROADS -HEAD- Sec. 93. Transferred -COD- CODIFICATION Section, act Apr. 30, 1908, ch. 153, 35 Stat. 73, relating to transportation of Indian goods and supplies, was transferred to section 443b of Title 25, Indians. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 94, 95 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 5 - GOVERNMENT-AIDED RAILROADS -HEAD- Secs. 94, 95. Repealed. Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379 -MISC1- Section 94, act Mar. 3, 1887, ch. 345, Sec. 4, 24 Stat. 491, authorized Secretary of the Treasury, whenever deemed necessary by President, to redeem liens, mortgages, or other incumbrances paramount to right, title, or interest of United States in railroad property. Section 95, act Mar. 3, 1887, ch. 345, Sec. 5, 24 Stat. 492, related to permissible investments of sinking funds held to secure debts of railroad companies to United States. -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 6 - MEDIATION, CONCILIATION, AND ARBITRATION IN CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN CARRIERS AND EMPLOYEES 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 6 - MEDIATION, CONCILIATION, AND ARBITRATION IN CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN CARRIERS AND EMPLOYEES -HEAD- CHAPTER 6 - MEDIATION, CONCILIATION, AND ARBITRATION IN CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN CARRIERS AND EMPLOYEES -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 101 to 125 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 6 - MEDIATION, CONCILIATION, AND ARBITRATION IN CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN CARRIERS AND EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Secs. 101 to 125. Repealed. May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 14, 44 Stat. 587 -MISC1- Section 101, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 1, 38 Stat. 103, related to carriers and shipping affected by application of provisions of this chapter. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 102, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 1, 38 Stat. 103, defined "railroad" and "transportation" as used throughout this chapter. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 103, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 1, 38 Stat. 103, related to employees affected by application of provisions of this chapter. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 104, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 1, 38 Stat. 103, defined "employer" and "employee" as used throughout this chapter. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 105, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 2, 38 Stat. 104, related to submission of controversies to the Board of Mediation and Conciliation for adjustment. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 106, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 2, 38 Stat. 104, related to proffer of services by board in public interest in urgent cases. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 107, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 2, 38 Stat. 104, related to application of board's opinions as to meaning of agreement after mediation. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 108, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 3, 38 Stat. 104, related to submission of controversies to board of arbitrators and selection of members. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 109, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 4, 38 Stat. 105, related to requirements for a valid agreement to arbitrate under terms of this chapter. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 110, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 5, 38 Stat. 106, related to authority of arbitrators for purposes of this chapter and arbitration hereunder. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 111, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 6, 38 Stat. 106, related to acknowledgement and filing of an agreement of arbitration under this chapter. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 112, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 6, 38 Stat. 106, related to written notification of appointment to be submitted to selected arbitrators. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 113, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 6, 38 Stat. 106, related to notice to Board of Mediation and Conciliation by selected arbitrators. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 114, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 6, 38 Stat. 106, related to reconvention of board of arbitration when desired by parties. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 115, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 7, 38 Stat. 106, related to organization and procedure of board of arbitration under this chapter. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 116, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 7, 38 Stat. 106, related to particular papers bearing on mediation or arbitration under former law. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 117, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 8, 38 Stat. 107, related to time when an award under this chapter was to be operative. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 118, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 8, 38 Stat. 107, related to procedure for appeal to former circuit court of appeals under this chapter. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 119, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 8, 38 Stat. 107, related to finality of a determination of former circuit court of appeals. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 120, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 8, 38 Stat. 107, related to judgment on exception to award and judgment by agreement. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 121, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 8, 38 Stat. 107, related to compulsory labor under this chapter. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 122, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 9, 38 Stat. 107, related to rights of employees under Federal court receivers. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 123, acts July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 10, 38 Stat. 108; June 5, 1920, ch. 235, Sec. 1, 41 Stat. 886, related to pay and expenses of arbitrators. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 124, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 11, 38 Stat. 108, related to constitution of United States Board of Mediation and Conciliation. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 125, act July 15, 1913, ch. 6, Sec. 11, 38 Stat. 108, related to repeal of certain prior law. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 126 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 6 - MEDIATION, CONCILIATION, AND ARBITRATION IN CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN CARRIERS AND EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Sec. 126. Repealed. Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379 -MISC1- Section, act Dec. 15, 1921, ch. 1, Sec. 1, 42 Stat. 328, abolished offices of Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner of Mediation and Conciliation. -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 7 - ADJUSTMENT BOARDS AND LABOR BOARDS 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 7 - ADJUSTMENT BOARDS AND LABOR BOARDS -HEAD- CHAPTER 7 - ADJUSTMENT BOARDS AND LABOR BOARDS -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 131 to 146 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 7 - ADJUSTMENT BOARDS AND LABOR BOARDS -HEAD- Secs. 131 to 146. Repealed. May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 14, 44 Stat. 587 -MISC1- Section 131, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 300, 41 Stat. 469, defined terms for purposes of this chapter. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 132, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 301, 41 Stat. 469, related to disputes between carriers and their officers, agents, and employees. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 133, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 302, 41 Stat. 469, related to establishment of railroad boards of labor adjustment. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 134, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 303, 41 Stat. 469, related to duty of boards to hear and decide disputes. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 135, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 304, 41 Stat. 470, related to establishment and composition of Railroad Labor Board. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 136, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 305, 41 Stat. 470, related to selection of members of board by President. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 137, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 306, 41 Stat. 470, related to effect of subsequent ineligibility of certain members. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 138, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 306, 41 Stat. 470, related to terms of office, salary, and removal from office of board members. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 139, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 307, 41 Stat. 470, related to disputes within jurisdiction of board. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 140, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 308, 41 Stat. 472, related to certain powers and duties of board. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 141, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 309, 41 Stat. 472, related to right to hearing by a party in dispute. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 142, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 310, 41 Stat. 472, related to certain procedural powers of board. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 143, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 311, 41 Stat. 472, related to access to books, accounts, and records. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 144, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 313, 41 Stat. 473, related to determination of violations of decisions of board. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 145, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 314, 41 Stat. 473, related to appointment and salary of Secretary of Board. See section 151 et seq. of this title. Section 146, act Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, Sec. 316, 41 Stat. 474, related to jurisdiction of adjustment or labor board as excluding mediation board. See section 151 et seq. of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR -HEAD- CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR -MISC1- SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS Sec. 151. Definitions; short title. 151a. General purposes. 152. General duties. 153. National Railroad Adjustment Board. 154. National Mediation Board. 155. Functions of Mediation Board. 156. Procedure in changing rates of pay, rules, and working conditions. 157. Arbitration. 158. Agreement to arbitrate; form and contents; signatures and acknowledgment; revocation. 159. Award and judgment thereon; effect of chapter on individual employee. 159a. Special procedure for commuter service. (a) Applicability of provisions. (b) Request for establishment of emergency board. (c) Establishment of emergency board. (d) Public hearing by National Mediation Board upon failure of emergency board to effectuate settlement of dispute. (e) Establishment of second emergency board. (f) Submission of final offers to second emergency board by parties. (g) Report of second emergency board. (h) Maintenance of status quo during dispute period. (i) Work stoppages by employees subsequent to carrier offer selected; eligibility of employees for benefits. (j) Work stoppages by employees subsequent to employees offer selected; eligibility of employer for benefits. 160. Emergency board. 161. Effect of partial invalidity of chapter. 162. Authorization of appropriations. 163. Repeal of prior legislation; exception. 164. Repealed. SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR 181. Application of subchapter I to carriers by air. 182. Duties, penalties, benefits, and privileges of subchapter I applicable. 183. Disputes within jurisdiction of Mediation Board. 184. System, group, or regional boards of adjustment. 185. National Air Transport Adjustment Board. 186. Omitted. 187. Separability. 188. Authorization of appropriations. -SECREF- CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This chapter is referred to in sections 231, 351, 354, 355, 362, 401, 404, 726, 797k, 1108, 1207 of this title; title 11 section 1167; title 18 section 1951; title 26 section 3231; title 29 sections 152, 182, 401, 402, 523, 630, 1002, 1415, 2108; title 42 section 2000e; title 49 sections 10501, 20110, 24312, 42111. -End- -CITE- 45 USC SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in sections 181, 182 of this title; title 11 section 1113. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 151 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 151. Definitions; short title -STATUTE- When used in this chapter and for the purposes of this chapter - First. The term "carrier" includes any railroad subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board, any express company that would have been subject to subtitle IV of title 49, as of December 31, 1995,,(!1) and any company which is directly or indirectly owned or controlled by or under common control with any carrier by railroad and which operates any equipment or facilities or performs any service (other than trucking service) in connection with the transportation, receipt, delivery, elevation, transfer in transit, refrigeration or icing, storage, and handling of property transported by railroad, and any receiver, trustee, or other individual or body, judicial or otherwise, when in the possession of the business of any such "carrier": Provided, however, That the term "carrier" shall not include any street, interurban, or suburban electric railway, unless such railway is operating as a part of a general steam-railroad system of transportation, but shall not exclude any part of the general steam-railroad system of transportation now or hereafter operated by any other motive power. The Surface Transportation Board is authorized and directed upon request of the Mediation Board or upon complaint of any party interested to determine after hearing whether any line operated by electric power falls within the terms of this proviso. The term "carrier" shall not include any company by reason of its being engaged in the mining of coal, the supplying of coal to a carrier where delivery is not beyond the mine tipple, and the operation of equipment or facilities therefor, or in any of such activities. Second. The term "Adjustment Board" means the National Railroad Adjustment Board created by this chapter. Third. The term "Mediation Board" means the National Mediation Board created by this chapter. Fourth. The term "commerce" means commerce among the several States or between any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia and any foreign nation, or between any Territory or the District of Columbia and any State, or between any Territory and any other Territory, or between any Territory and the District of Columbia, or within any Territory or the District of Columbia, or between points in the same State but through any other State or any Territory or the District of Columbia or any foreign nation. Fifth. The term "employee" as used herein includes every person in the service of a carrier (subject to its continuing authority to supervise and direct the manner of rendition of his service) who performs any work defined as that of an employee or subordinate official in the orders of the Surface Transportation Board now in effect, and as the same may be amended or interpreted by orders hereafter entered by the Board pursuant to the authority which is conferred upon it to enter orders amending or interpreting such existing orders: Provided, however, That no occupational classification made by order of the Surface Transportation Board shall be construed to define the crafts according to which railway employees may be organized by their voluntary action, nor shall the jurisdiction or powers of such employee organizations be regarded as in any way limited or defined by the provisions of this chapter or by the orders of the Board. The term "employee" shall not include any individual while such individual is engaged in the physical operations consisting of the mining of coal, the preparation of coal, the handling (other than movement by rail with standard railroad locomotives) of coal not beyond the mine tipple, or the loading of coal at the tipple. Sixth. The term "representative" means any person or persons, labor union, organization, or corporation designated either by a carrier or group of carriers or by its or their employees, to act for it or them. Seventh. The term "district court" includes the United States District Court for the District of Columbia; and the term "court of appeals" includes the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. This chapter may be cited as the "Railway Labor Act." -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 1, 44 Stat. 577; June 7, 1934, ch. 426, 48 Stat. 926; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 1, 48 Stat. 1185; June 25, 1936, ch. 804, 49 Stat. 1921; Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, Secs. 2, 3, 54 Stat. 785, 786; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 32(a), (b), 62 Stat. 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107; Pub. L. 104-88, title III, Sec. 322, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 950; Pub. L. 104-264, title XII, Sec. 1223, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3287.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, as amended, known as the Railway Labor Act, which enacted this chapter and amended sections 225 and 348 of former Title 28, Judicial Code and Judiciary. Sections 225 and 348 of former Title 28 were repealed by section 39 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 992, section 1 of which enacted Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Section 225 of former Title 28 was reenacted as sections 1291 to 1294 of Title 28. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see this section and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION Provisions of act Aug. 13, 1940, Sec. 2, similar to those comprising par. First of this section, limiting the term "employer" as applied to mining, etc., of coal, were formerly contained in section 228a of this title. Provisions of section 3 of the act, similar to those comprising par. Fifth of this section, limiting the term "employee" as applied to mining, etc., of coal, were formerly contained in sections 228a, 261, and 351 of this title, and section 1532 of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, 1939. As originally enacted, par. Seventh contained references to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Act June 25, 1936 substituted "the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia" for "the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia", and act June 25, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, substituted "United States District Court for the District of Columbia" for "district court of the United States for the District of Columbia". As originally enacted, par. Seventh contained references to the "circuit court of appeals". Act June 25, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, substituted "court of appeals" for "circuit court of appeals". As originally enacted, par. Seventh contained references to the "Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia". Act June 7, 1934, substituted "United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia" for "Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia". -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Par. First. Pub. L. 104-264 inserted ", any express company that would have been subject to subtitle IV of title 49, as of December 31, 1995," after "Board" the first place it appeared. 1995 - Par. First. Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 322(1), (2), substituted "railroad subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board" for "express company, sleeping-car company, carrier by railroad, subject to the Interstate Commerce Act" and "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission". Par. Fifth. Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 322(2), (3), substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission" in two places and "Board" for "Commission" in two places. 1940 - Act Aug. 13, 1940, inserted last sentence of par. First, and second par. of par. Fifth. 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, added par. Sixth and redesignated provisions formerly set out as par. Sixth as Seventh. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104-264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104-264, set out as a note under section 106 of Title 49, Transportation. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 701 of Title 49, Transportation. RESTRICTION ON ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW ANNUITIES OR PENSIONS Pub. L. 91-215, Sec. 7, Mar. 17, 1970, 84 Stat. 72, provided that: "No carrier and no representative of employees, as defined in section 1 of the Railway Labor Act [this section], shall, before April 1, 1974, utilize any of the procedures of such Act [this chapter], to seek to make any changes in the provisions of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228a et seq. of this title] for supplemental annuities or to establish any new class of pensions or annuities, other than annuities payable out of the Railroad Retirement Account provided under section 15(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subsection (a) of section 228o of this title], to become effective prior to July 1, 1974; nor shall any such carrier or representative of employees until July 1, 1974, engage in any strike or lockout to seek to make any such changes or to establish any such new class of pensions or annuities: Provided, That nothing in this section shall inhibit any carrier or representative of employees from seeking any change with respect to benefits payable out of the Railroad Retirement Account provided under section 15(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subsection (a) of section 228o of this title]." SOCIAL INSURANCE AND LABOR RELATIONS OF RAILROAD COAL-MINING EMPLOYEES; RETROACTIVE OPERATION OF ACT AUGUST 13, 1940; EFFECT ON PAYMENTS, RIGHTS, ETC. Sections 4-7 of act Aug. 13, 1940, as amended by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1946, Sec. 4, eff. July 16, 1946, 11 F.R. 7873, 60 Stat. 1095, with regard to the operation and effect of the laws amended, provided: "Sec. 4. (a) The laws hereby expressly amended (section 1532 of Title 26, I.R.C. 1939 [former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code of 1939] and sections 151, 215, 228a, 261, and 351 of this title), the Social Security Act, approved August 14, 1935 (section 301 et seq. of Title 42), and all amendments thereto, shall operate as if each amendment herein contained had been enacted as a part of the law it amends, at the time of the original enactment of such law. "(b) No person (as defined in the Carriers Taxing Act of 1937 [section 261 et seq. of this title]) shall be entitled, by reason of the provisions of this Act, to a refund of, or relief from liability for, any income or excise taxes paid or accrued, pursuant to the provisions of the Carriers Taxing Act of 1937 or subchapter B of chapter 9 of the Internal Revenue Code [section 1500 et seq. of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code of 1939], prior to the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 1940] by reason of employment in the service of any carrier by railroad subject to part I of the Interstate Commerce Act [former 49 U.S.C. 1 et seq.], but any individual who has been employed in such service of any carrier by railroad subject to part I of the Interstate Commerce Act as is excluded by the amendments made by this Act from coverage under the Carriers Taxing Act of 1937 and subchapter B of chapter 9 of the Internal Revenue Code, and who has paid income taxes under the provisions of such Act or subchapter, and any carrier by railroad subject to part I of the Interstate Commerce Act which has paid excise taxes under the provisions of the Carriers Taxing Act of 1937 or subchapter B of chapter 9 of the Internal Revenue Code, may, upon making proper application therefor to the Bureau of Internal Revenue [now Internal Revenue Service], have the amount of taxes so paid applied in reduction of such tax liability with respect to employment, as may, by reason of the amendments made by this Act, accrue against them under the provisions of title VIII of the Social Security Act [section 1001 et seq. of Title 42] or the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (subchapter A of chapter 9 of the Internal Revenue Code) [section 1400 et seq. of former Title 26]. "(c) Nothing contained in this Act shall operate (1) to affect any annuity, pension, or death benefit granted under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 [section 215 et seq. of this title] or the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228a et seq. of this title], prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 1940], or (2) to include any of the services on the basis of which any such annuity or pension was granted, as employment within the meaning of section 210(b) of the Social Security Act or section 209(b) of such Act, as amended [sections 410(b) and 409(b), respectively, of Title 42]. In any case in which a death benefit alone has been granted, the amount of such death benefit attributable to services, coverage of which is affected by this Act, shall be deemed to have been paid to the deceased under section 204 of the Social Security Act [section 404 of Title 42] in effect prior to January 1, 1940, and deductions shall be made from any insurance benefit or benefits payable under the Social Security Act, as amended [section 301 et seq. of Title 42], with respect to wages paid to an individual for such services until such deductions total the amount of such death benefit attributable to such services. "(d) Nothing contained in this Act shall operate to affect the benefit rights of any individual under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [section 351 et seq. of this title] for any day of unemployment (as defined in section 1(k) of such Act [section 351(k) of this title]) occurring prior to the date of enactment of this Act. [Aug. 13, 1940] "Sec. 5. Any application for payment filed with the Railroad Retirement Board prior to, or within sixty days after, the enactment of this Act shall, under such regulations as the Federal Security Administrator may prescribe, be deemed to be an application filed with the Federal Security Administrator by such individual or by any person claiming any payment with respect to the wages of such individual, under any provision of section 202 of the Social Security Act, as amended [section 402 of Title 42]. "Sec. 6. Nothing contained in this Act, nor the action of Congress in adopting it, shall be taken or considered as affecting the question of what carriers, companies, or individuals, other than those in this Act specifically provided for, are included in or excluded from the provisions of the various laws to which this Act is an amendment. "Sec. 7. (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 1605(b) of the Internal Revenue Code [section 1605(b) of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code of 1939], no interest shall, during the period February 1, 1940, to the eighty-ninth day after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 1940], inclusive, accrue by reason of delinquency in the payment of the tax imposed by section 1600 with respect to services affected by this Act performed during the period July 1, 1939, to December 31, 1939, inclusive, with respect to which services amounts have been paid as contributions under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [section 351 et seq. of this title] prior to the date of enactment of this Act. "(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 1601(a)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code [section 1601(a)(3) of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code of 1939], the credit allowable under section 1601(a) against the tax imposed by section 1600 for the calendar year 1939 shall not be disallowed or reduced by reason of the payment into a State unemployment fund after January 31, 1940, of contributions with respect to services affected by this Act performed during the period July 1, 1939, to December 31, 1939, inclusive, with respect to which services amounts have been paid as contributions under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [section 351 et seq. of this title] prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 1940]: Provided, That this subsection shall be applicable only if the contributions with respect to such services are paid into the State unemployment fund before the ninetieth day after the date of enactment of this Act." -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 157, 182, 231n of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 151a 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 151a. General purposes -STATUTE- The purposes of the chapter are: (1) To avoid any interruption to commerce or to the operation of any carrier engaged therein; (2) to forbid any limitation upon freedom of association among employees or any denial, as a condition of employment or otherwise, of the right of employees to join a labor organization; (3) to provide for the complete independence of carriers and of employees in the matter of self-organization to carry out the purposes of this chapter; (4) to provide for the prompt and orderly settlement of all disputes concerning rates of pay, rules, or working conditions; (5) to provide for the prompt and orderly settlement of all disputes growing out of grievances or out of the interpretation or application of agreements covering rates of pay, rules, or working conditions. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 2, 44 Stat. 577; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 2, 48 Stat. 1186.) -COD- CODIFICATION Section is comprised of the first sentence of section 2 of act May 20, 1926. The remainder of section 2 of act May 20, 1926, is classified to section 152 of this title. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, reenacted provisions comprising this section without change. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 153, 157, 231n of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 152 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 152. General duties -STATUTE- First. Duty of carriers and employees to settle disputes It shall be the duty of all carriers, their officers, agents, and employees to exert every reasonable effort to make and maintain agreements concerning rates of pay, rules, and working conditions, and to settle all disputes, whether arising out of the application of such agreements or otherwise, in order to avoid any interruption to commerce or to the operation of any carrier growing out of any dispute between the carrier and the employees thereof. Second. Consideration of disputes by representatives All disputes between a carrier or carriers and its or their employees shall be considered, and, if possible, decided, with all expedition, in conference between representatives designated and authorized so to confer, respectively, by the carrier or carriers and by the employees thereof interested in the dispute. Third. Designation of representatives Representatives, for the purposes of this chapter, shall be designated by the respective parties without interference, influence, or coercion by either party over the designation of representatives by the other; and neither party shall in any way interfere with, influence, or coerce the other in its choice of representatives. Representatives of employees for the purposes of this chapter need not be persons in the employ of the carrier, and no carrier shall, by interference, influence, or coercion seek in any manner to prevent the designation by its employees as their representatives of those who or which are not employees of the carrier. Fourth. Organization and collective bargaining; freedom from interference by carrier; assistance in organizing or maintaining organization by carrier forbidden; deduction of dues from wages forbidden Employees shall have the right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing. The majority of any craft or class of employees shall have the right to determine who shall be the representative of the craft or class for the purposes of this chapter. No carrier, its officers, or agents shall deny or in any way question the right of its employees to join, organize, or assist in organizing the labor organization of their choice, and it shall be unlawful for any carrier to interfere in any way with the organization of its employees, or to use the funds of the carrier in maintaining or assisting or contributing to any labor organization, labor representative, or other agency of collective bargaining, or in performing any work therefor, or to influence or coerce employees in an effort to induce them to join or remain or not to join or remain members of any labor organization, or to deduct from the wages of employees any dues, fees, assessments, or other contributions payable to labor organizations, or to collect or to assist in the collection of any such dues, fees, assessments, or other contributions: Provided, That nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit a carrier from permitting an employee, individually, or local representatives of employees from conferring with management during working hours without loss of time, or to prohibit a carrier from furnishing free transportation to its employees while engaged in the business of a labor organization. Fifth. Agreements to join or not to join labor organizations forbidden No carrier, its officers, or agents shall require any person seeking employment to sign any contract or agreement promising to join or not to join a labor organization; and if any such contract has been enforced prior to the effective date of this chapter, then such carrier shall notify the employees by an appropriate order that such contract has been discarded and is no longer binding on them in any way. Sixth. Conference of representatives; time; place; private agreements In case of a dispute between a carrier or carriers and its or their employees, arising out of grievances or out of the interpretation or application of agreements concerning rates of pay, rules, or working conditions, it shall be the duty of the designated representative or representatives of such carrier or carriers and of such employees, within ten days after the receipt of notice of a desire on the part of either party to confer in respect to such dispute, to specify a time and place at which such conference shall be held: Provided, (1) That the place so specified shall be situated upon the line of the carrier involved or as otherwise mutually agreed upon; and (2) that the time so specified shall allow the designated conferees reasonable opportunity to reach such place of conference, but shall not exceed twenty days from the receipt of such notice: And provided further, That nothing in this chapter shall be construed to supersede the provisions of any agreement (as to conferences) then in effect between the parties. Seventh. Change in pay, rules, or working conditions contrary to agreement or to section 156 forbidden No carrier, its officers, or agents shall change the rates of pay, rules, or working conditions of its employees, as a class, as embodied in agreements except in the manner prescribed in such agreements or in section 156 of this title. Eighth. Notices of manner of settlement of disputes; posting Every carrier shall notify its employees by printed notices in such form and posted at such times and places as shall be specified by the Mediation Board that all disputes between the carrier and its employees will be handled in accordance with the requirements of this chapter, and in such notices there shall be printed verbatim, in large type, the third, fourth, and fifth paragraphs of this section. The provisions of said paragraphs are made a part of the contract of employment between the carrier and each employee, and shall be held binding upon the parties, regardless of any other express or implied agreements between them. Ninth. Disputes as to identity of representatives; designation by Mediation Board; secret elections If any dispute shall arise among a carrier's employees as to who are the representatives of such employees designated and authorized in accordance with the requirements of this chapter, it shall be the duty of the Mediation Board, upon request of either party to the dispute, to investigate such dispute and to certify to both parties, in writing, within thirty days after the receipt of the invocation of its services, the name or names of the individuals or organizations that have been designated and authorized to represent the employees involved in the dispute, and certify the same to the carrier. Upon receipt of such certification the carrier shall treat with the representative so certified as the representative of the craft or class for the purposes of this chapter. In such an investigation, the Mediation Board shall be authorized to take a secret ballot of the employees involved, or to utilize any other appropriate method of ascertaining the names of their duly designated and authorized representatives in such manner as shall insure the choice of representatives by the employees without interference, influence, or coercion exercised by the carrier. In the conduct of any election for the purposes herein indicated the Board shall designate who may participate in the election and establish the rules to govern the election, or may appoint a committee of three neutral persons who after hearing shall within ten days designate the employees who may participate in the election. The Board shall have access to and have power to make copies of the books and records of the carriers to obtain and utilize such information as may be deemed necessary by it to carry out the purposes and provisions of this paragraph. Tenth. Violations; prosecution and penalties The willful failure or refusal of any carrier, its officers or agents, to comply with the terms of the third, fourth, fifth, seventh, or eighth paragraph of this section shall be a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof the carrier, officer, or agent offending shall be subject to a fine of not less than $1,000, nor more than $20,000, or imprisonment for not more than six months, or both fine and imprisonment, for each offense, and each day during which such carrier, officer, or agent shall willfully fail or refuse to comply with the terms of the said paragraphs of this section shall constitute a separate offense. It shall be the duty of any United States attorney to whom any duly designated representative of a carrier's employees may apply to institute in the proper court and to prosecute under the direction of the Attorney General of the United States, all necessary proceedings for the enforcement of the provisions of this section, and for the punishment of all violations thereof and the costs and expenses of such prosecution shall be paid out of the appropriation for the expenses of the courts of the United States: Provided, That nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require an individual employee to render labor or service without his consent, nor shall anything in this chapter be construed to make the quitting of his labor by an individual employee an illegal act; nor shall any court issue any process to compel the performance by an individual employee of such labor or service, without his consent. Eleventh. Union security agreements; check-off Notwithstanding any other provisions of this chapter, or of any other statute or law of the United States, or Territory thereof, or of any State, any carrier or carriers as defined in this chapter and a labor organization or labor organizations duly designated and authorized to represent employees in accordance with the requirements of this chapter shall be permitted - (a) to make agreements, requiring, as a condition of continued employment, that within sixty days following the beginning of such employment, or the effective date of such agreements, whichever is the later, all employees shall become members of the labor organization representing their craft or class: Provided, That no such agreement shall require such condition of employment with respect to employees to whom membership is not available upon the same terms and conditions as are generally applicable to any other member or with respect to employees to whom membership was denied or terminated for any reason other than the failure of the employee to tender the periodic dues, initiation fees, and assessments (not including fines and penalties) uniformly required as a condition of acquiring or retaining membership. (b) to make agreements providing for the deduction by such carrier or carriers from the wages of its or their employees in a craft or class and payment to the labor organization representing the craft or class of such employees, of any periodic dues, initiation fees, and assessments (not including fines and penalties) uniformly required as a condition of acquiring or retaining membership: Provided, That no such agreement shall be effective with respect to any individual employee until he shall have furnished the employer with a written assignment to the labor organization of such membership dues, initiation fees, and assessments, which shall be revocable in writing after the expiration of one year or upon the termination date of the applicable collective agreement, whichever occurs sooner. (c) The requirement of membership in a labor organization in an agreement made pursuant to subparagraph (a) of this paragraph shall be satisfied, as to both a present or future employee in engine, train, yard, or hostling service, that is, an employee engaged in any of the services or capacities covered in the First division of paragraph (h) of section 153 of this title defining the jurisdictional scope of the First Division of the National Railroad Adjustment Board, if said employee shall hold or acquire membership in any one of the labor organizations, national in scope, organized in accordance with this chapter and admitting to membership employees of a craft or class in any of said services; and no agreement made pursuant to subparagraph (b) of this paragraph shall provide for deductions from his wages for periodic dues, initiation fees, or assessments payable to any labor organization other than that in which he holds membership: Provided, however, That as to an employee in any of said services on a particular carrier at the effective date of any such agreement on a carrier, who is not a member of any one of the labor organizations, national in scope, organized in accordance with this chapter and admitting to membership employees of a craft or class in any of said services, such employee, as a condition of continuing his employment, may be required to become a member of the organization representing the craft in which he is employed on the effective date of the first agreement applicable to him: Provided, further, That nothing herein or in any such agreement or agreements shall prevent an employee from changing membership from one organization to another organization admitting to membership employees of a craft or class in any of said services. (d) Any provisions in paragraphs Fourth and Fifth of this section in conflict herewith are to the extent of such conflict amended. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 2, 44 Stat. 577; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 2, 48 Stat. 1186; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 909; Jan. 10, 1951, ch. 1220, 64 Stat. 1238.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The effective date of this chapter, referred to in par. Fifth, probably means May 20, 1926, the date of approval of act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577. -COD- CODIFICATION Section is comprised of pars. designated First to Eleventh of section 2 of act May 20, 1926. The remainder of section 2 of act May 20, 1926, is classified to section 151a of this title. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1951 - Act Jan. 10, 1951, added par. Eleventh. 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, substituted "by the carrier or carriers" for "by the carriers" in par. Second, generally amended pars. Third, Fourth, and Fifth, and added pars. Sixth to Tenth. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Act June 25, 1948, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, substituted "United States attorney" for "district attorney of the United States". See section 541 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and Historical and Revision Notes thereunder. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 153, 157, 231n of this title; title 29 section 2101. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 153 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 153. National Railroad Adjustment Board -STATUTE- First. Establishment; composition; powers and duties; divisions; hearings and awards; judicial review There is established a Board, to be known as the "National Railroad Adjustment Board", the members of which shall be selected within thirty days after June 21, 1934, and it is provided - (a) That the said Adjustment Board shall consist of thirty-four members, seventeen of whom shall be selected by the carriers and seventeen by such labor organizations of the employees, national in scope, as have been or may be organized in accordance with the provisions of sections 151a and 152 of this title. (b) The carriers, acting each through its board of directors or its receiver or receivers, trustee or trustees, or through an officer or officers designated for that purpose by such board, trustee or trustees, or receiver or receivers, shall prescribe the rules under which its representatives shall be selected and shall select the representatives of the carriers on the Adjustment Board and designate the division on which each such representative shall serve, but no carrier or system of carriers shall have more than one voting representative on any division of the Board. (c) Except as provided in the second paragraph of subsection (h) of this section, the national labor organizations, as defined in paragraph (a) of this section, acting each through the chief executive or other medium designated by the organization or association thereof, shall prescribe the rules under which the labor members of the Adjustment Board shall be selected and shall select such members and designate the division on which each member shall serve; but no labor organization shall have more than one voting representative on any division of the Board. (d) In case of a permanent or temporary vacancy on the Adjustment Board, the vacancy shall be filled by selection in the same manner as in the original selection. (e) If either the carriers or the labor organizations of the employees fail to select and designate representatives to the Adjustment Board, as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, respectively, within sixty days after June 21, 1934, in case of any original appointment to office of a member of the Adjustment Board, or in case of a vacancy in any such office within thirty days after such vacancy occurs, the Mediation Board shall thereupon directly make the appointment and shall select an individual associated in interest with the carriers or the group of labor organizations of employees, whichever he is to represent. (f) In the event a dispute arises as to the right of any national labor organization to participate as per paragraph (c) of this section in the selection and designation of the labor members of the Adjustment Board, the Secretary of Labor shall investigate the claim of such labor organization to participate, and if such claim in the judgment of the Secretary of Labor has merit, the Secretary shall notify the Mediation Board accordingly, and within ten days after receipt of such advice the Mediation Board shall request those national labor organizations duly qualified as per paragraph (c) of this section to participate in the selection and designation of the labor members of the Adjustment Board to select a representative. Such representative, together with a representative likewise designated by the claimant, and a third or neutral party designated by the Mediation Board, constituting a board of three, shall within thirty days after the appointment of the neutral member, investigate the claims of the labor organization desiring participation and decide whether or not it was organized in accordance with sections 151a and 152 of this title and is otherwise properly qualified to participate in the selection of the labor members of the Adjustment Board, and the findings of such boards of three shall be final and binding. (g) Each member of the Adjustment Board shall be compensated by the party or parties he is to represent. Each third or neutral party selected under the provisions of paragraph (f) of this section shall receive from the Mediation Board such compensation as the Mediation Board may fix, together with his necessary traveling expenses and expenses actually incurred for subsistence, or per diem allowance in lieu thereof, subject to the provisions of law applicable thereto, while serving as such third or neutral party. (h) The said Adjustment Board shall be composed of four divisions, whose proceedings shall be independent of one another, and the said divisions as well as the number of their members shall be as follows: First division: To have jurisdiction over disputes involving train- and yard-service employees of carriers; that is, engineers, firemen, hostlers, and outside hostler helpers, conductors, trainmen, and yard-service employees. This division shall consist of eight members, four of whom shall be selected and designated by the carriers and four of whom shall be selected and designated by the labor organizations, national in scope and organized in accordance with sections 151a and 152 of this title and which represent employees in engine, train, yard, or hostling service: Provided, however, That each labor organization shall select and designate two members on the First Division and that no labor organization shall have more than one vote in any proceedings of the First Division or in the adoption of any award with respect to any dispute submitted to the First Division: Provided further, however, That the carrier members of the First Division shall cast no more than two votes in any proceedings of the division or in the adoption of any award with respect to any dispute submitted to the First Division. Second division: To have jurisdiction over disputes involving machinists, boilermakers, blacksmiths, sheet-metal workers, electrical workers, carmen, the helpers and apprentices of all the foregoing, coach cleaners, power-house employees, and railroad-shop laborers. This division shall consist of ten members, five of whom shall be selected by the carriers and five by the national labor organizations of the employees. Third division: To have jurisdiction over disputes involving station, tower, and telegraph employees, train dispatchers, maintenance-of-way men, clerical employees, freight handlers, express, station, and store employees, signal men, sleeping-car conductors, sleeping-car porters, and maids and dining-car employees. This division shall consist of ten members, five of whom shall be selected by the carriers and five by the national labor organizations of employees. Fourth division: To have jurisdiction over disputes involving employees of carriers directly or indirectly engaged in transportation of passengers or property by water, and all other employees of carriers over which jurisdiction is not given to the first, second, and third divisions. This division shall consist of six members, three of whom shall be selected by the carriers and three by the national labor organizations of the employees. (i) The disputes between an employee or group of employees and a carrier or carriers growing out of grievances or out of the interpretation or application of agreements concerning rates of pay, rules, or working conditions, including cases pending and unadjusted on June 21, 1934, shall be handled in the usual manner up to and including the chief operating officer of the carrier designated to handle such disputes; but, failing to reach an adjustment in this manner, the disputes may be referred by petition of the parties or by either party to the appropriate division of the Adjustment Board with a full statement of the facts and all supporting data bearing upon the disputes. (j) Parties may be heard either in person, by counsel, or by other representatives, as they may respectively elect, and the several divisions of the Adjustment Board shall give due notice of all hearings to the employee or employees and the carrier or carriers involved in any disputes submitted to them. (k) Any division of the Adjustment Board shall have authority to empower two or more of its members to conduct hearings and make findings upon disputes, when properly submitted, at any place designated by the division: Provided, however, That except as provided in paragraph (h) of this section, final awards as to any such dispute must be made by the entire division as hereinafter provided. (l) Upon failure of any division to agree upon an award because of a deadlock or inability to secure a majority vote of the division members, as provided in paragraph (n) of this section, then such division shall forthwith agree upon and select a neutral person, to be known as "referee", to sit with the division as a member thereof, and make an award. Should the division fail to agree upon and select a referee within ten days of the date of the deadlock or inability to secure a majority vote, then the division, or any member thereof, or the parties or either party to the dispute may certify that fact to the Mediation Board, which Board shall, within ten days from the date of receiving such certificate, select and name the referee to sit with the division as a member thereof and make an award. The Mediation Board shall be bound by the same provisions in the appointment of these neutral referees as are provided elsewhere in this chapter for the appointment of arbitrators and shall fix and pay the compensation of such referees. (m) The awards of the several divisions of the Adjustment Board shall be stated in writing. A copy of the awards shall be furnished to the respective parties to the controversy, and the awards shall be final and binding upon both parties to the dispute. In case a dispute arises involving an interpretation of the award, the division of the board upon request of either party shall interpret the award in the light of the dispute. (n) A majority vote of all members of the division of the Adjustment Board eligible to vote shall be competent to make an award with respect to any dispute submitted to it. (o) In case of an award by any division of the Adjustment Board in favor of petitioner, the division of the Board shall make an order, directed to the carrier, to make the award effective and, if the award includes a requirement for the payment of money, to pay to the employee the sum to which he is entitled under the award on or before a day named. In the event any division determines that an award favorable to the petitioner should not be made in any dispute referred to it, the division shall make an order to the petitioner stating such determination. (p) If a carrier does not comply with an order of a division of the Adjustment Board within the time limit in such order, the petitioner, or any person for whose benefit such order was made, may file in the District Court of the United States for the district in which he resides or in which is located the principal operating office of the carrier, or through which the carrier operates, a petition setting forth briefly the causes for which he claims relief, and the order of the division of the Adjustment Board in the premises. Such suit in the District Court of the United States shall proceed in all respects as other civil suits, except that on the trial of such suit the findings and order of the division of the Adjustment Board shall be conclusive on the parties, and except that the petitioner shall not be liable for costs in the district court nor for costs at any subsequent stage of the proceedings, unless they accrue upon his appeal, and such costs shall be paid out of the appropriation for the expenses of the courts of the United States. If the petitioner shall finally prevail he shall be allowed a reasonable attorney's fee, to be taxed and collected as a part of the costs of the suit. The district courts are empowered, under the rules of the court governing actions at law, to make such order and enter such judgment, by writ of mandamus or otherwise, as may be appropriate to enforce or set aside the order of the division of the Adjustment Board: Provided, however, That such order may not be set aside except for failure of the division to comply with the requirements of this chapter, for failure of the order to conform, or confine itself, to matters within the scope of the division's jurisdiction, or for fraud or corruption by a member of the division making the order. (q) If any employee or group of employees, or any carrier, is aggrieved by the failure of any division of the Adjustment Board to make an award in a dispute referred to it, or is aggrieved by any of the terms of an award or by the failure of the division to include certain terms in such award, then such employee or group of employees or carrier may file in any United States district court in which a petition under paragraph (p) could be filed, a petition for review of the division's order. A copy of the petition shall be forthwith transmitted by the clerk of the court to the Adjustment Board. The Adjustment Board shall file in the court the record of the proceedings on which it based its action. The court shall have jurisdiction to affirm the order of the division, or to set it aside, in whole or in part, or it may remand the proceedings to the division for such further action as it may direct. On such review, the findings and order of the division shall be conclusive on the parties, except that the order of the division may be set aside, in whole or in part, or remanded to the division, for failure of the division to comply with the requirements of this chapter, for failure of the order to conform, or confine itself, to matters within the scope of the division's jurisdiction, or for fraud or corruption by a member of the division making the order. The judgment of the court shall be subject to review as provided in sections 1291 and 1254 of title 28. (r) All actions at law based upon the provisions of this section shall be begun within two years from the time the cause of action accrues under the award of the division of the Adjustment Board, and not after. (s) The several divisions of the Adjustment Board shall maintain headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, meet regularly, and continue in session so long as there is pending before the division any matter within its jurisdiction which has been submitted for its consideration and which has not been disposed of. (t) Whenever practicable, the several divisions or subdivisions of the Adjustment Board shall be supplied with suitable quarters in any Federal building located at its place of meeting. (u) The Adjustment Board may, subject to the approval of the Mediation Board, employ and fix the compensations of such assistants as it deems necessary in carrying on its proceedings. The compensation of such employees shall be paid by the Mediation Board. (v) The Adjustment Board shall meet within forty days after June 21, 1934, and adopt such rules as it deems necessary to control proceedings before the respective divisions and not in conflict with the provisions of this section. Immediately following the meeting of the entire Board and the adoption of such rules, the respective divisions shall meet and organize by the selection of a chairman, a vice chairman, and a secretary. Thereafter each division shall annually designate one of its members to act as chairman and one of its members to act as vice chairman: Provided, however, That the chairmanship and vice-chairmanship of any division shall alternate as between the groups, so that both the chairmanship and vice-chairmanship shall be held alternately by a representative of the carriers and a representative of the employees. In case of a vacancy, such vacancy shall be filled for the unexpired term by the selection of a successor from the same group. (w) Each division of the Adjustment Board shall annually prepare and submit a report of its activities to the Mediation Board, and the substance of such report shall be included in the annual report of the Mediation Board to the Congress of the United States. The reports of each division of the Adjustment Board and the annual report of the Mediation Board shall state in detail all cases heard, all actions taken, the names, salaries, and duties of all agencies, employees, and officers receiving compensation from the United States under the authority of this chapter, and an account of all moneys appropriated by Congress pursuant to the authority conferred by this chapter and disbursed by such agencies, employees, and officers. (x) Any division of the Adjustment Board shall have authority, in its discretion, to establish regional adjustment boards to act in its place and stead for such limited period as such division may determine to be necessary. Carrier members of such regional boards shall be designated in keeping with rules devised for this purpose by the carrier members of the Adjustment Board and the labor members shall be designated in keeping with rules devised for this purpose by the labor members of the Adjustment Board. Any such regional board shall, during the time for which it is appointed, have the same authority to conduct hearings, make findings upon disputes and adopt the same procedure as the division of the Adjustment Board appointing it, and its decisions shall be enforceable to the same extent and under the same processes. A neutral person, as referee, shall be appointed for service in connection with any such regional adjustment board in the same circumstances and manner as provided in paragraph (l) of this section, with respect to a division of the Adjustment Board. Second. System, group, or regional boards: establishment by voluntary agreement; special adjustment boards: establishment, composition, designation of representatives by Mediation Board, neutral member, compensation, quorum, finality and enforcement of awards Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent any individual carrier, system, or group of carriers and any class or classes of its or their employees, all acting through their representatives, selected in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, from mutually agreeing to the establishment of system, group, or regional boards of adjustment for the purpose of adjusting and deciding disputes of the character specified in this section. In the event that either party to such a system, group, or regional board of adjustment is dissatisfied with such arrangement, it may upon ninety days' notice to the other party elect to come under the jurisdiction of the Adjustment Board. If written request is made upon any individual carrier by the representative of any craft or class of employees of such carrier for the establishment of a special board of adjustment to resolve disputes otherwise referable to the Adjustment Board, or any dispute which has been pending before the Adjustment Board for twelve months from the date the dispute (claim) is received by the Board, or if any carrier makes such a request upon any such representative, the carrier or the representative upon whom such request is made shall join in an agreement establishing such a board within thirty days from the date such request is made. The cases which may be considered by such board shall be defined in the agreement establishing it. Such board shall consist of one person designated by the carrier and one person designated by the representative of the employees. If such carrier or such representative fails to agree upon the establishment of such a board as provided herein, or to exercise its rights to designate a member of the board, the carrier or representative making the request for the establishment of the special board may request the Mediation Board to designate a member of the special board on behalf of the carrier or representative upon whom such request was made. Upon receipt of a request for such designation the Mediation Board shall promptly make such designation and shall select an individual associated in interest with the carrier or representative he is to represent, who, with the member appointed by the carrier or representative requesting the establishment of the special board, shall constitute the board. Each member of the board shall be compensated by the party he is to represent. The members of the board so designated shall determine all matters not previously agreed upon by the carrier and the representative of the employees with respect to the establishment and jurisdiction of the board. If they are unable to agree such matters shall be determined by a neutral member of the board selected or appointed and compensated in the same manner as is hereinafter provided with respect to situations where the members of the board are unable to agree upon an award. Such neutral member shall cease to be a member of the board when he has determined such matters. If with respect to any dispute or group of disputes the members of the board designated by the carrier and the representative are unable to agree upon an award disposing of the dispute or group of disputes they shall by mutual agreement select a neutral person to be a member of the board for the consideration and disposition of such dispute or group of disputes. In the event the members of the board designated by the parties are unable, within ten days after their failure to agree upon an award, to agree upon the selection of such neutral person, either member of the board may request the Mediation Board to appoint such neutral person and upon receipt of such request the Mediation Board shall promptly make such appointment. The neutral person so selected or appointed shall be compensated and reimbursed for expenses by the Mediation Board. Any two members of the board shall be competent to render an award. Such awards shall be final and binding upon both parties to the dispute and if in favor of the petitioner, shall direct the other party to comply therewith on or before the day named. Compliance with such awards shall be enforcible by proceedings in the United States district courts in the same manner and subject to the same provisions that apply to proceedings for enforcement of compliance with awards of the Adjustment Board. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 3, 44 Stat. 578; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 3, 48 Stat. 1189; Pub. L. 89-456, Secs. 1, 2, June 20, 1966, 80 Stat. 208, 209; Pub. L. 91-234, Secs. 1-6, Apr. 23, 1970, 84 Stat. 199, 200.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1970 - Par. First, (a). Pub. L. 91-234, Sec. 1, substituted "thirty-four members, seventeen of whom shall be selected by the carriers and seventeen" for "thirty-six members, eighteen of whom shall be selected by the carriers and eighteen". Par. First, (b). Pub. L. 91-234, Sec. 2, provided that no carrier or system of carriers have more than one voting representative on any division of the National Railroad Adjustment Board. Par. First, (c). Pub. L. 91-234, Sec. 3, inserted "Except as provided in the second paragraph of subsection (h) of this section" before "the national labor organizations", and provided that no labor organization have more than one voting representative on any division of the National Railroad Adjustment Board. Par. First, (h). Pub. L. 91-234, Sec. 4, decreased number of members on First division of Board from ten to eight members, with an accompanying decrease of five to four as number of members of such Board elected respectively by the carriers and by the national labor organizations satisfying the enumerated requirements, and set forth provisos which limited voting by each labor organization or carrier member in any proceedings of the division or in adoption of any award. Par. First, (k). Pub. L. 91-234, Sec. 5, inserted "except as provided in paragraph (h) of this section" after proviso. Par. First, (n). Pub. L. 91-234, Sec. 6, inserted "eligible to vote" after "Adjustment Board". 1966 - Par. First, (m). Pub. L. 89-456, Sec. 2(a), struck out ", except insofar as they shall contain a money award" from second sentence. Par. First, (o). Pub. L. 89-456, Sec. 2(b), inserted provision for a division to make an order to the petitioner stating that an award favorable to the petitioner should not be made in any dispute referred to it. Par. First, (p). Pub. L. 89-456, Sec. 2(c), (d), substituted in second sentence "conclusive on the parties" for "prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated" and inserted in last sentence reasons for setting aside orders of a division of the Adjustment Board, respectively. Par. First, (q) to (x). Pub. L. 89-456, Sec. 2(e), added par. (q) and redesignated former pars. (q) to (w) as (r) to (x), respectively. Par. Second. Pub. L. 89-456, Sec. 1, provided for establishment of special adjustment boards upon request of employees or carriers to resolve disputes otherwise referable to the Adjustment Board and made awards of such boards final. 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, amended provisions comprising this section generally. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 154, 157, 181, 182, 184, 185, 797c, 797h, 797m of this title; title 49 section 20109. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 154 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 154. National Mediation Board -STATUTE- First. Board of Mediation abolished; National Mediation Board established; composition; term of office; qualifications; salaries; removal The Board of Mediation is abolished, effective thirty days from June 21, 1934, and the members, secretary, officers, assistants, employees, and agents thereof, in office upon June 21, 1934, shall continue to function and receive their salaries for a period of thirty days from such date in the same manner as though this chapter had not been passed. There is established, as an independent agency in the executive branch of the Government, a board to be known as the "National Mediation Board", to be composed of three members appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, not more than two of whom shall be of the same political party. Each member of the Mediation Board in office on January 1, 1965, shall be deemed to have been appointed for a term of office which shall expire on July 1 of the year his term would have otherwise expired. The terms of office of all successors shall expire three years after the expiration of the terms for which their predecessors were appointed; but any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring prior to the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for the unexpired term of his predecessor. Vacancies in the Board shall not impair the powers nor affect the duties of the Board nor of the remaining members of the Board. Two of the members in office shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of the business of the Board. Each member of the Board shall receive necessary traveling and subsistence expenses, or per diem allowance in lieu thereof, subject to the provisions of law applicable thereto, while away from the principal office of the Board on business required by this chapter. No person in the employment of or who is pecuniarily or otherwise interested in any organization of employees or any carrier shall enter upon the duties of or continue to be a member of the Board. Upon the expiration of his term of office a member shall continue to serve until his successor is appointed and shall have qualified. All cases referred to the Board of Mediation and unsettled on June 21, 1934, shall be handled to conclusion by the Mediation Board. A member of the Board may be removed by the President for inefficiency, neglect of duty, malfeasance in office, or ineligibility, but for no other cause. Second. Chairman; principal office; delegation of powers; oaths; seal; report The Mediation Board shall annually designate a member to act as chairman. The Board shall maintain its principal office in the District of Columbia, but it may meet at any other place whenever it deems it necessary so to do. The Board may designate one or more of its members to exercise the functions of the Board in mediation proceedings. Each member of the Board shall have power to administer oaths and affirmations. The Board shall have a seal which shall be judicially noticed. The Board shall make an annual report to Congress. Third. Appointment of experts and other employees; salaries of employees; expenditures The Mediation Board may (1) subject to the provisions of the civil service laws, appoint such experts and assistants to act in a confidential capacity and such other officers and employees as are essential to the effective transaction of the work of the Board; (2) in accordance with chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, fix the salaries of such experts, assistants, officers, and employees; and (3) make such expenditures (including expenditures for rent and personal services at the seat of government and elsewhere, for law books, periodicals, and books of reference, and for printing and binding, and including expenditures for salaries and compensation, necessary traveling expenses and expenses actually incurred for subsistence, and other necessary expenses of the Mediation Board, Adjustment Board, Regional Adjustment Boards established under paragraph (w) of section 153 of this title, and boards of arbitration, in accordance with the provisions of this section and sections 153 and 157 of this title, respectively), as may be necessary for the execution of the functions vested in the Board, in the Adjustment Board and in the boards of arbitration, and as may be provided for by the Congress from time to time. All expenditures of the Board shall be allowed and paid on the presentation of itemized vouchers therefor approved by the chairman. Fourth. Delegation of powers and duties The Mediation Board is authorized by its order to assign, or refer, any portion of its work, business, or functions arising under this chapter or any other Act of Congress, or referred to it by Congress or either branch thereof, to an individual member of the Board or to an employee or employees of the Board to be designated by such order for action thereon, and by its order at any time to amend, modify, supplement, or rescind any such assignment or reference. All such orders shall take effect forthwith and remain in effect until otherwise ordered by the Board. In conformity with and subject to the order or orders of the Mediation Board in the premises, [and] such individual member of the Board or employee designated shall have power and authority to act as to any of said work, business, or functions so assigned or referred to him for action by the Board. Fifth. Transfer of officers and employees of Board of Mediation; transfer of appropriation All officers and employees of the Board of Mediation (except the members thereof, whose offices are abolished) whose services in the judgment of the Mediation Board are necessary to the efficient operation of the Board are transferred to the Board, without change in classification or compensation; except that the Board may provide for the adjustment of such classification or compensation to conform to the duties to which such officers and employees may be assigned. All unexpended appropriations for the operation of the Board of Mediation that are available at the time of the abolition of the Board of Mediation shall be transferred to the Mediation Board and shall be available for its use for salaries and other authorized expenditures. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 4, 44 Stat. 579; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 4, 48 Stat. 1193; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title XI, Sec. 1106(a), 63 Stat. 972; Pub. L. 88-542, Aug. 31, 1964, 78 Stat. 748.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The civil service laws, referred to in par. Third, are set forth in Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. See, particularly, section 3301 et seq. of Title 5. -COD- CODIFICATION In par. First, provisions that prescribed the basis compensation of members of the Board were omitted to conform to the provisions of the Executive Schedule. See sections 5314 and 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. In par. Third, "subject to the provisions of the civil service laws, appoint such experts and assistants to act in a confidential capacity and such other officers and employees" substituted for "appoint such experts and assistants to act in a confidential capacity and, subject to the provisions of the civil-service laws, such other officers and employees". All such appointments are now subject to the civil service laws unless specifically excepted by such laws or by laws enacted subsequent to Executive Order 8743, Apr. 23, 1941, issued by the President pursuant to the Act of Nov. 26, 1940, ch. 919, title I, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 1211, which covered most excepted positions into the classified (competitive) civil service. The Order is set out as a note under section 3301 of Title 5. In par. Third, "chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5" substituted for "the Classification Act of 1949, as amended" on authority of Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1964 - Par. First. Pub. L. 88-542 inserted sentences providing that each member of the Board in office on Jan. 1, 1965, shall be deemed to have been appointed for a term of office which shall expire on July 1 of the year his term would have otherwise expired, and that upon the expiration of his term of office a member shall continue to serve until his successor is appointed and shall have qualified, and struck out provisions which related to terms of office of members first appointed. 1949 - Par. First. Act Oct. 15, 1949, increased basic rate of compensation for members of the board to $15,000 per year. Par. Third. Act Oct. 28, 1949, substituted "Classification Act of 1949" for "Classification Act of 1923". 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, amended section generally. REPEALS Act Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed (subject to a savings clause) by Pub. L. 89-554, Sept. 6, 1966, Sec. 8, 80 Stat. 632, 655. TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in par. Second relating to the requirement that the Board make an annual report to Congress, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104-66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and the 6th item on page 184 of House Document No. 103-7. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 157 of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 155 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 155. Functions of Mediation Board -STATUTE- First. Disputes within jurisdiction of Mediation Board The parties, or either party, to a dispute between an employee or group of employees and a carrier may invoke the services of the Mediation Board in any of the following cases: (a) A dispute concerning changes in rates of pay, rules, or working conditions not adjusted by the parties in conference. (b) Any other dispute not referable to the National Railroad Adjustment Board and not adjusted in conference between the parties or where conferences are refused. The Mediation Board may proffer its services in case any labor emergency is found by it to exist at any time. In either event the said Board shall promptly put itself in communication with the parties to such controversy, and shall use its best efforts, by mediation, to bring them to agreement. If such efforts to bring about an amicable settlement through mediation shall be unsuccessful, the said Board shall at once endeavor as its final required action (except as provided in paragraph third of this section and in section 160 of this title) to induce the parties to submit their controversy to arbitration, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. If arbitration at the request of the Board shall be refused by one or both parties, the Board shall at once notify both parties in writing that its mediatory efforts have failed and for thirty days thereafter, unless in the intervening period the parties agree to arbitration, or an emergency board shall be created under section 160 of this title, no change shall be made in the rates of pay, rules, or working conditions or established practices in effect prior to the time the dispute arose. Second. Interpretation of agreement In any case in which a controversy arises over the meaning or the application of any agreement reached through mediation under the provisions of this chapter, either party to the said agreement, or both, may apply to the Mediation Board for an interpretation of the meaning or application of such agreement. The said Board shall upon receipt of such request notify the parties to the controversy, and after a hearing of both sides give its interpretation within thirty days. Third. Duties of Board with respect to arbitration of disputes; arbitrators; acknowledgment of agreement; notice to arbitrators; reconvening of arbitrators; filing contracts with Board; custody of records and documents The Mediation Board shall have the following duties with respect to the arbitration of disputes under section 157 of this title: (a) On failure of the arbitrators named by the parties to agree on the remaining arbitrator or arbitrators within the time set by section 157 of this title, it shall be the duty of the Mediation Board to name such remaining arbitrator or arbitrators. It shall be the duty of the Board in naming such arbitrator or arbitrators to appoint only those whom the Board shall deem wholly disinterested in the controversy to be arbitrated and impartial and without bias as between the parties to such arbitration. Should, however, the Board name an arbitrator or arbitrators not so disinterested and impartial, then, upon proper investigation and presentation of the facts, the Board shall promptly remove such arbitrator. If an arbitrator named by the Mediation Board, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, shall be removed by such Board as provided by this chapter, or if such an arbitrator refuses or is unable to serve, it shall be the duty of the Mediation Board, promptly, to select another arbitrator, in the same manner as provided in this chapter for an original appointment by the Mediation Board. (b) Any member of the Mediation Board is authorized to take the acknowledgement of an agreement to arbitrate under this chapter. When so acknowledged, or when acknowledged by the parties before a notary public or the clerk of a district court or a court of appeals of the United States, such agreement to arbitrate shall be delivered to a member of said Board or transmitted to said Board, to be filed in its office. (c) When an agreement to arbitrate has been filed with the Mediation Board, or with one of its members, as provided by this section, and when the said Board has been furnished the names of the arbitrators chosen by the parties to the controversy it shall be the duty of the Board to cause a notice in writing to be served upon said arbitrators, notifying them of their appointment, requesting them to meet promptly to name the remaining arbitrator or arbitrators necessary to complete the Board of Arbitration, and advising them of the period within which, as provided by the agreement to arbitrate, they are empowered to name such arbitrator or arbitrators. (d) Either party to an arbitration desiring the reconvening of a board of arbitration to pass upon any controversy arising over the meaning or application of an award may so notify the Mediation Board in writing, stating in such notice the question or questions to be submitted to such reconvened Board. The Mediation Board shall thereupon promptly communicate with the members of the Board of Arbitration, or a subcommittee of such Board appointed for such purpose pursuant to a provision in the agreement to arbitrate, and arrange for the reconvening of said Board of Arbitration or subcommittee, and shall notify the respective parties to the controversy of the time and place at which the Board, or the subcommittee, will meet for hearings upon the matters in controversy to be submitted to it. No evidence other than that contained in the record filed with the original award shall be received or considered by such reconvened Board or subcommittee, except such evidence as may be necessary to illustrate the interpretations suggested by the parties. If any member of the original Board is unable or unwilling to serve on such reconvened Board or subcommittee thereof, another arbitrator shall be named in the same manner and with the same powers and duties as such original arbitrator. (e) Within sixty days after June 21, 1934, every carrier shall file with the Mediation Board a copy of each contract with its employees in effect on the 1st day of April 1934, covering rates of pay, rules, and working conditions. If no contract with any craft or class of its employees has been entered into, the carrier shall file with the Mediation Board a statement of that fact, including also a statement of the rates of pay, rules, and working conditions applicable in dealing with such craft or class. When any new contract is executed or change is made in an existing contract with any class or craft of its employees covering rates of pay, rules, or working conditions, or in those rates of pay, rules, and working conditions of employees not covered by contract, the carrier shall file the same with the Mediation Board within thirty days after such new contract or change in existing contract has been executed or rates of pay, rules, and working conditions have been made effective. (f) The Mediation Board shall be the custodian of all papers and documents heretofore filed with or transferred to the Board of Mediation bearing upon the settlement, adjustment, or determination of disputes between carriers and their employees or upon mediation or arbitration proceedings held under or pursuant to the provisions of any Act of Congress in respect thereto; and the President is authorized to designate a custodian of the records and property of the Board of Mediation until the transfer and delivery of such records to the Mediation Board and to require the transfer and delivery to the Mediation Board of any and all such papers and documents filed with it or in its possession. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 5, 44 Stat. 580; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 5, 48 Stat. 1195; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 32(a), 62 Stat. 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107.) -COD- CODIFICATION As originally enacted, par. Third (b) contained a reference to the "circuit court of appeals". Act June 25, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949 substituted "court of appeals" for "circuit court of appeals". -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, amended generally par. First and par. Second, (e) and (f). -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 156, 157, 183 of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 156 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 156. Procedure in changing rates of pay, rules, and working conditions -STATUTE- Carriers and representatives of the employees shall give at least thirty days' written notice of an intended change in agreements affecting rates of pay, rules, or working conditions, and the time and place for the beginning of conference between the representatives of the parties interested in such intended changes shall be agreed upon within ten days after the receipt of said notice, and said time shall be within the thirty days provided in the notice. In every case where such notice of intended change has been given, or conferences are being held with reference thereto, or the services of the Mediation Board have been requested by either party, or said Board has proffered its services, rates of pay, rules, or working conditions shall not be altered by the carrier until the controversy has been finally acted upon, as required by section 155 of this title, by the Mediation Board, unless a period of ten days has elapsed after termination of conferences without request for or proffer of the services of the Mediation Board. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 6, 44 Stat. 582; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 6, 48 Stat. 1197.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, inserted "in agreements" after "intended change" in text, struck out provision formerly contained in text concerning changes requested by more than one class, and substituted "Mediation Board" for "Board of Mediation" wherever appearing. WAGE AND SALARY ADJUSTMENTS Ex. Ord. No. 9299, eff. Feb. 4, 1943, 8 F.R. 1669, provided procedure with respect to wage and salary adjustments for employees subject to this chapter. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 152, 157, 726, 741, 797g, 1346 of this title; title 11 section 1167. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 157 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 157. Arbitration -STATUTE- First. Submission of controversy to arbitration Whenever a controversy shall arise between a carrier or carriers and its or their employees which is not settled either in conference between representatives of the parties or by the appropriate adjustment board or through mediation, in the manner provided in sections 151 - 156 of this title such controversy may, by agreement of the parties to such controversy, be submitted to the arbitration of a board of three (or, if the parties to the controversy so stipulate, of six) persons: Provided, however, That the failure or refusal of either party to submit a controversy to arbitration shall not be construed as a violation of any legal obligation imposed upon such party by the terms of this chapter or otherwise. Second. Manner of selecting board of arbitration Such board of arbitration shall be chosen in the following manner: (a) In the case of a board of three the carrier or carriers and the representatives of the employees, parties respectively to the agreement to arbitrate, shall each name one arbitrator; the two arbitrators thus chosen shall select a third arbitrator. If the arbitrators chosen by the parties shall fail to name the third arbitrator within five days after their first meeting, such third arbitrator shall be named by the Mediation Board. (b) In the case of a board of six the carrier or carriers and the representatives of the employees, parties respectively to the agreement to arbitrate, shall each name two arbitrators; the four arbitrators thus chosen shall, by a majority vote, select the remaining two arbitrators. If the arbitrators chosen by the parties shall fail to name the two arbitrators within fifteen days after their first meeting, the said two arbitrators, or as many of them as have not been named, shall be named by the Mediation Board. Third. Board of arbitration; organization; compensation; procedure (a) Notice of selection or failure to select arbitrators When the arbitrators selected by the respective parties have agreed upon the remaining arbitrator or arbitrators, they shall notify the Mediation Board; and, in the event of their failure to agree upon any or upon all of the necessary arbitrators within the period fixed by this chapter, they shall, at the expiration of such period, notify the Mediation Board of the arbitrators selected, if any, or of their failure to make or to complete such selection. (b) Organization of board; procedure The board of arbitration shall organize and select its own chairman and make all necessary rules for conducting its hearings: Provided, however, That the board of arbitration shall be bound to give the parties to the controversy a full and fair hearing, which shall include an opportunity to present evidence in support of their claims, and an opportunity to present their case in person, by counsel, or by other representative as they may respectively elect. (c) Duty to reconvene; questions considered Upon notice from the Mediation Board that the parties, or either party, to an arbitration desire the reconvening of the board of arbitration (or a subcommittee of such board of arbitration appointed for such purpose pursuant to the agreement to arbitrate) to pass upon any controversy over the meaning or application of their award, the board, or its subcommittee, shall at once reconvene. No question other than, or in addition to, the questions relating to the meaning or application of the award, submitted by the party or parties in writing, shall be considered by the reconvened board of arbitration or its subcommittee. Such rulings shall be acknowledged by such board or subcommittee thereof in the same manner, and filed in the same district court clerk's office, as the original award and become a part thereof. (d) Competency of arbitrators No arbitrator, except those chosen by the Mediation Board, shall be incompetent to act as an arbitrator because of his interest in the controversy to be arbitrated, or because of his connection with or partiality to either of the parties to the arbitration. (e) Compensation and expenses Each member of any board of arbitration created under the provisions of this chapter named by either party to the arbitration shall be compensated by the party naming him. Each arbitrator selected by the arbitrators or named by the Mediation Board shall receive from the Mediation Board such compensation as the Mediation Board may fix, together with his necessary traveling expenses and expenses actually incurred for subsistence, while serving as an arbitrator. (f) Award; disposition of original and copies The board of arbitration shall furnish a certified copy of its award to the respective parties to the controversy, and shall transmit the original, together with the papers and proceedings and a transcript of the evidence taken at the hearings, certified under the hands of at least a majority of the arbitrators, to the clerk of the district court of the United States for the district wherein the controversy arose or the arbitration is entered into, to be filed in said clerk's office as hereinafter provided. The said board shall also furnish a certified copy of its award, and the papers and proceedings, including testimony relating thereto, to the Mediation Board to be filed in its office; and in addition a certified copy of its award shall be filed in the office of the Interstate Commerce Commission: Provided, however, That such award shall not be construed to diminish or extinguish any of the powers or duties of the Interstate Commerce Commission, under subtitle IV of title 49. (g) Compensation of assistants to board of arbitration; expenses; quarters A board of arbitration may, subject to the approval of the Mediation Board, employ and fix the compensation of such assistants as it deems necessary in carrying on the arbitration proceedings. The compensation of such employees, together with their necessary traveling expenses and expenses actually incurred for subsistence, while so employed, and the necessary expenses of boards of arbitration, shall be paid by the Mediation Board. Whenever practicable, the board shall be supplied with suitable quarters in any Federal building located at its place of meeting or at any place where the board may conduct its proceedings or deliberations. (h) Testimony before board; oaths; attendance of witnesses; production of documents; subpoenas; fees All testimony before said board shall be given under oath or affirmation, and any member of the board shall have the power to administer oaths or affirmations. The board of arbitration, or any member thereof, shall have the power to require the attendance of witnesses and the production of such books, papers, contracts, agreements, and documents as may be deemed by the board of arbitration material to a just determination of the matters submitted to its arbitration, and may for that purpose request the clerk of the district court of the United States for the district wherein said arbitration is being conducted to issue the necessary subpoenas, and upon such request the said clerk or his duly authorized deputy shall be, and he is, authorized, and it shall be his duty, to issue such subpoenas. Any witness appearing before a board of arbitration shall receive the same fees and mileage as witnesses in courts of the United States, to be paid by the party securing the subpoena. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 7, 44 Stat. 582; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 7, 48 Stat. 1197; Pub. L. 91-452, title II, Sec. 238, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 930.) -COD- CODIFICATION In par. Third (f), "subtitle IV of title 49" substituted for "the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended [49 U.S.C. 1 et seq.]" on authority of Pub. L. 95-473, Sec. 3(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, the first section of which enacted subtitle IV of Title 49, Transportation. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1970 - Par. Third, (h). Pub. L. 91-452 struck out provisions authorizing board to invoke aid of the United States courts to compel witnesses to attend and testify and to produce such books, papers, contracts, agreements, and documents to same extent and under same conditions and penalties as provided for in the Interstate Commerce Act. 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, substituted "Mediation Board" for "Board of Mediation" wherever appearing. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91-452 effective on sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, and not to affect any immunity to which any individual is entitled under this section by reason of any testimony given before sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91-452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provision note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. -TRANS- ABOLITION OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION AND TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104-88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 702 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as a note under section 701 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as a note under section 701 of Title 49. -MISC2- WORK RULES DISPUTE Pub. L. 88-108, Aug. 28, 1963, 77 Stat. 132, provided: "[Sec. 1. Settlement of disputes]. That no carrier which served the notices of November 2, 1959, and no labor organizations which received such notices or served the labor organization notices of September 7, 1960, shall make any change except by agreement, or pursuant to an arbitration award as hereinafter provided, in rates of pay, rules, or working conditions encompassed by any of such notices, or engage in any strike or lockout over any dispute arising from any of such notices. Any action heretofore taken which would be prohibited by the foregoing sentence shall be forthwith rescinded and the status existing immediately prior to such action restored. "Sec. 2. [Arbitration board]. There is hereby established an arbitration board to consist of seven members. The representatives of the carrier and organization parties to the aforesaid dispute are hereby directed, respectively, within five days after the enactment hereof [Aug. 28, 1963] each to name two persons to serve as members of such arbitration board. The four members thus chosen shall select three additional members. The seven members shall then elect a chairman. If the members chosen by the parties shall fail to name one or more of the additional three members within ten days, such additional members shall be named by the President. If either party fails to name a member or members to the arbitration board within the five days provided, the President shall name such member or members in lieu of such party and shall also name the additional three members necessary to constitute a board of seven members, all within ten days after the date of enactment of this joint resolution [Aug. 28, 1963]. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the National Mediation Board is authorized and directed: (1) to compensate the arbitrators not named by the parties at a rate not in excess of $100 for each day together with necessary travel and subsistence expenses, and (2) to provide such services and facilities as may be necessary and appropriate in carrying out the purposes of this joint resolution. "Sec. 3. [Decision of board]. Promptly upon the completion of the naming of the arbitration board the Secretary of Labor shall furnish to the board and to the parties to the dispute copies of his statement to the parties of August 2, 1963, and the papers therewith submitted to the parties, together with memorandums and such other data as the board may request setting forth the matters with respect to which the parties were in tentative agreement and the extent of disagreement with respect to matters on which the parties were not in tentative agreement. The arbitration board shall make a decision, pursuant to the procedures hereinafter set forth, as to what disposition shall be made of those portions of the carriers' notices of November 2, 1959, identified as 'Use of Firemen (Helpers) on Other Than Steam Power' and 'Consist of Road and Yard Crews' and that portion of the organizations' notices of September 7, 1960, identified as 'Minimum Safe Crew Consist' and implementing proposals pertaining thereto. The arbitration board shall incorporate in such decision any matters on which it finds the parties were in agreement, shall resolve the matters on which the parties were not in agreement, and shall, in making its award, give due consideration to those matters on which the parties were in tentative agreement. Such award shall be binding on both the carrier and organization parties to the dispute and shall constitute a complete and final disposition of the aforesaid issues covered by the decision of the board of arbitration. "Sec. 4. [Award]. To the extent not inconsistent with this joint resolution the arbitration shall be conducted pursuant to sections 7 and 8 of the Railway Labor Act [this section and section 158 of this title], the board's award shall be made and filed as provided in said sections and shall be subject to section 9 of said Act [section 159 of this title]. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia is hereby designated as the court in which the award is to be filed, and the arbitration board shall report to the National Mediation Board in the same manner as arbitration boards functioning pursuant to the Railway Labor Act [this chapter]. The award shall continue in force for such period as the arbitration board shall determine in its award, but not to exceed two years from the date the award takes effect, unless the parties agree otherwise. "Sec. 5. [Hearings]. The arbitration board shall begin its hearings thirty days after the enactment of this joint resolution [Aug. 28, 1963] or on such earlier date as the parties to the dispute and the board may agree upon and shall make and file its award not later than ninety days after the enactment of this joint resolution [Aug. 28, 1963]: Provided, however, That said award shall not become effective until sixty days after the filing of the award. "Sec. 6. [Collective bargaining for issues not arbitrated]. The parties to the disputes arising from the aforesaid notices shall immediately resume collective bargaining with respect to all issues raised in the notices of November 2, 1959, and September 7, 1960, not to be disposed of by arbitration under section 3 of this joint resolution and shall exert every reasonable effort to resolve such issues by agreement. The Secretary of Labor and the National Mediation Board are hereby directed to give all reasonable assistance to the parties and to engage in mediatory action directed toward promoting such agreement. "Sec. 7. [Considerations affecting award; enforcement.] "(a) In making any award under this joint resolution the arbitration board established under section 2 shall give due consideration to the effect of the proposed award upon adequate and safe transportation service to the public and upon the interests of the carrier and employees affected, giving due consideration to the narrowing of the areas of disagreement which has been accomplished in bargaining and mediation. "(b) The obligations imposed by this joint resolution, upon suit by the Attorney General, shall be enforcible through such orders as may be necessary by any court of the United States having jurisdiction of any of the parties. "Sec. 8. [Expiration date]. This joint resolution shall expire one hundred and eighty days after the date of its enactment [Aug. 28, 1963], except that it shall remain in effect with respect to the last sentence of section 4 for the period prescribed in that sentence. "Sec. 9. [Separability]. If any provision of this joint resolution or the application thereof is held invalid, the remainder of this joint resolution and the application of such provision to other parties or in other circumstances not held invalid shall not be affected thereby." -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 154, 155, 797g of this title; title 18 section 6001. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 158 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 158. Agreement to arbitrate; form and contents; signatures and acknowledgment; revocation -STATUTE- The agreement to arbitrate - (a) Shall be in writing; (b) Shall stipulate that the arbitration is had under the provisions of this chapter; (c) Shall state whether the board of arbitration is to consist of three or of six members; (d) Shall be signed by the duly accredited representatives of the carrier or carriers and the employees, parties respectively to the agreement to arbitrate, and shall be acknowledged by said parties before a notary public, the clerk of a district court or court of appeals of the United States, or before a member of the Mediation Board, and, when so acknowledged, shall be filed in the office of the Mediation Board; (e) Shall state specifically the questions to be submitted to the said board for decision; and that, in its award or awards, the said board shall confine itself strictly to decisions as to the questions so specifically submitted to it; (f) Shall provide that the questions, or any one or more of them, submitted by the parties to the board of arbitration may be withdrawn from arbitration on notice to that effect signed by the duly accredited representatives of all the parties and served on the board of arbitration; (g) Shall stipulate that the signatures of a majority of said board of arbitration affixed to their award shall be competent to constitute a valid and binding award; (h) Shall fix a period from the date of the appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators necessary to complete the board (as provided for in the agreement) within which the said board shall commence its hearings; (i) Shall fix a period from the beginning of the hearings within which the said board shall make and file its award: Provided, That the parties may agree at any time upon an extension of this period; (j) Shall provide for the date from which the award shall become effective and shall fix the period during which the award shall continue in force; (k) Shall provide that the award of the board of arbitration and the evidence of the proceedings before the board relating thereto, when certified under the hands of at least a majority of the arbitrators, shall be filed in the clerk's office of the district court of the United States for the district wherein the controversy arose or the arbitration was entered into, which district shall be designated in the agreement; and, when so filed, such award and proceedings shall constitute the full and complete record of the arbitration; (l) Shall provide that the award, when so filed, shall be final and conclusive upon the parties as to the facts determined by said award and as to the merits of the controversy decided; (m) Shall provide that any difference arising as to the meaning, or the application of the provisions, of an award made by a board of arbitration shall be referred back for a ruling to the same board, or, by agreement, to a subcommittee of such board; and that such ruling, when acknowledged in the same manner, and filed in the same district court clerk's office, as the original award, shall be a part of and shall have the same force and effect as such original award; and (n) Shall provide that the respective parties to the award will each faithfully execute the same. The said agreement to arbitrate, when properly signed and acknowledged as herein provided, shall not be revoked by a party to such agreement: Provided, however, That such agreement to arbitrate may at any time be revoked and canceled by the written agreement of both parties, signed by their duly accredited representatives, and (if no board of arbitration has yet been constituted under the agreement) delivered to the Mediation Board or any member thereof; or, if the board of arbitration has been constituted as provided by this chapter, delivered to such board of arbitration. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 8, 44 Stat. 584; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 7, 48 Stat. 1197; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 32(a), 62 Stat. 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107.) -COD- CODIFICATION As originally enacted, par. (d) contained a reference to the "circuit court of appeals". Act June 25, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, substituted "court of appeals" for "circuit court of appeals". -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, substituted "Mediation Board" for "Board of Mediation" wherever appearing. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 797g of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 159 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 159. Award and judgment thereon; effect of chapter on individual employee -STATUTE- First. Filing of award The award of a board of arbitration, having been acknowledged as herein provided, shall be filed in the clerk's office of the district court designated in the agreement to arbitrate. Second. Conclusiveness of award; judgment An award acknowledged and filed as herein provided shall be conclusive on the parties as to the merits and facts of the controversy submitted to arbitration, and unless, within ten days after the filing of the award, a petition to impeach the award, on the grounds hereinafter set forth, shall be filed in the clerk's office of the court in which the award has been filed, the court shall enter judgment on the award, which judgment shall be final and conclusive on the parties. Third. Impeachment of award; grounds Such petition for the impeachment or contesting of any award so filed shall be entertained by the court only on one or more of the following grounds: (a) That the award plainly does not conform to the substantive requirements laid down by this chapter for such awards, or that the proceedings were not substantially in conformity with this chapter; (b) That the award does not conform, nor confine itself, to the stipulations of the agreement to arbitrate; or (c) That a member of the board of arbitration rendering the award was guilty of fraud or corruption; or that a party to the arbitration practiced fraud or corruption which fraud or corruption affected the result of the arbitration: Provided, however, That no court shall entertain any such petition on the ground that an award is invalid for uncertainty; in such case the proper remedy shall be a submission of such award to a reconvened board, or subcommittee thereof, for interpretation, as provided by this chapter: Provided further, That an award contested as herein provided shall be construed liberally by the court, with a view to favoring its validity, and that no award shall be set aside for trivial irregularity or clerical error, going only to form and not to substance. Fourth. Effect of partial invalidity of award If the court shall determine that a part of the award is invalid on some ground or grounds designated in this section as a ground of invalidity, but shall determine that a part of the award is valid, the court shall set aside the entire award: Provided, however, That, if the parties shall agree thereto, and if such valid and invalid parts are separable, the court shall set aside the invalid part, and order judgment to stand as to the valid part. Fifth. Appeal; record At the expiration of 10 days from the decision of the district court upon the petition filed as aforesaid, final judgment shall be entered in accordance with said decision, unless during said 10 days either party shall appeal therefrom to the court of appeals. In such case only such portion of the record shall be transmitted to the appellate court as is necessary to the proper understanding and consideration of the questions of law presented by said petition and to be decided. Sixth. Finality of decision of court of appeals The determination of said court of appeals upon said questions shall be final, and, being certified by the clerk thereof to said district court, judgment pursuant thereto shall thereupon be entered by said district court. Seventh. Judgment where petitioner's contentions are sustained If the petitioner's contentions are finally sustained, judgment shall be entered setting aside the award in whole or, if the parties so agree, in part; but in such case the parties may agree upon a judgment to be entered disposing of the subject matter of the controversy, which judgment when entered shall have the same force and effect as judgment entered upon an award. Eighth. Duty of employee to render service without consent; right to quit Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require an individual employee to render labor or service without his consent, nor shall anything in this chapter be construed to make the quitting of his labor or service by an individual employee an illegal act; nor shall any court issue any process to compel the performance by an individual employee of such labor or service, without his consent. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 9, 44 Stat. 585; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 32(a), 62 Stat. 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107.) -COD- CODIFICATION As originally enacted, pars. Fifth and Sixth contained references to the "circuit court of appeals". Act June 25, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, substituted "court of appeals" for "circuit court of appeals". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 159a 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 159a. Special procedure for commuter service -STATUTE- (a) Applicability of provisions Except as provided in section 590(h) (!1) of this title, the provisions of this section shall apply to any dispute subject to this chapter between a publicly funded and publicly operated carrier providing rail commuter service (including the Amtrak Commuter Services Corporation) and its employees. (b) Request for establishment of emergency board If a dispute between the parties described in subsection (a) of this section is not adjusted under the foregoing provisions of this chapter and the President does not, under section 160 of this title, create an emergency board to investigate and report on such dispute, then any party to the dispute or the Governor of any State through which the service that is the subject of the dispute is operated may request the President to establish such an emergency board. (c) Establishment of emergency board (1) Upon the request of a party or a Governor under subsection (b) of this section, the President shall create an emergency board to investigate and report on the dispute in accordance with section 160 of this title. For purposes of this subsection, the period during which no change, except by agreement, shall be made by the parties in the conditions out of which the dispute arose shall be 120 days from the day of the creation of such emergency board. (2) If the President, in his discretion, creates a board to investigate and report on a dispute between the parties described in subsection (a) of this section, the provisions of this section shall apply to the same extent as if such board had been created pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection. (d) Public hearing by National Mediation Board upon failure of emergency board to effectuate settlement of dispute Within 60 days after the creation of an emergency board under this section, if there has been no settlement between the parties, the National Mediation Board shall conduct a public hearing on the dispute at which each party shall appear and provide testimony setting forth the reasons it has not accepted the recommendations of the emergency board for settlement of the dispute. (e) Establishment of second emergency board If no settlement in the dispute is reached at the end of the 120-day period beginning on the date of the creation of the emergency board, any party to the dispute or the Governor of any State through which the service that is the subject of the dispute is operated may request the President to establish another emergency board, in which case the President shall establish such emergency board. (f) Submission of final offers to second emergency board by parties Within 30 days after creation of a board under subsection (e) of this section, the parties to the dispute shall submit to the board final offers for settlement of the dispute. (g) Report of second emergency board Within 30 days after the submission of final offers under subsection (f) of this section, the emergency board shall submit a report to the President setting forth its selection of the most reasonable offer. (h) Maintenance of status quo during dispute period From the time a request to establish a board is made under subsection (e) of this section until 60 days after such board makes its report under subsection (g) of this section, no change, except by agreement, shall be made by the parties in the conditions out of which the dispute arose. (i) Work stoppages by employees subsequent to carrier offer selected; eligibility of employees for benefits If the emergency board selects the final offer submitted by the carrier and, after the expiration of the 60-day period described in subsection (h) of this section, the employees of such carrier engage in any work stoppage arising out of the dispute, such employees shall not be eligible during the period of such work stoppage for benefits under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.]. (j) Work stoppages by employees subsequent to employees offer selected; eligibility of employer for benefits If the emergency board selects the final offer submitted by the employees and, after the expiration of the 60-day period described in subsection (h) of this section, the carrier refuses to accept the final offer submitted by the employees and the employees of such carrier engage in any work stoppage arising out of the dispute, the carrier shall not participate in any benefits of any agreement between carriers which is designed to provide benefits to such carriers during a work stoppage. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 9A, as added Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1157, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 681.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 590(h) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379. The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (i), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (Sec. 351 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. -MISC1- EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 1169 of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) See References in Text note below. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 160 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 160. Emergency board -STATUTE- If a dispute between a carrier and its employees be not adjusted under the foregoing provisions of this chapter and should, in the judgment of the Mediation Board, threaten substantially to interrupt interstate commerce to a degree such as to deprive any section of the country of essential transportation service, the Mediation Board shall notify the President, who may thereupon, in his discretion, create a board to investigate and report respecting such dispute. Such board shall be composed of such number of persons as to the President may seem desirable: Provided, however, That no member appointed shall be pecuniarily or otherwise interested in any organization of employees or any carrier. The compensation of the members of any such board shall be fixed by the President. Such board shall be created separately in each instance and it shall investigate promptly the facts as to the dispute and make a report thereon to the President within thirty days from the date of its creation. There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for the expenses of such board, including the compensation and the necessary traveling expenses and expenses actually incurred for subsistence, of the members of the board. All expenditures of the board shall be allowed and paid on the presentation of itemized vouchers therefor approved by the chairman. After the creation of such board and for thirty days after such board has made its report to the President, no change, except by agreement, shall be made by the parties to the controversy in the conditions out of which the dispute arose. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 10, 44 Stat. 586; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 7, 48 Stat. 1197.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, substituted "Mediation Board" for "Board of Mediation" wherever appearing. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 155, 159a of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 161 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 161. Effect of partial invalidity of chapter -STATUTE- If any provision of this chapter, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of the chapter, and the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances, shall not be affected thereby. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 11, 44 Stat. 587.) -MISC1- SEPARABILITY; REPEAL OF INCONSISTENT PROVISIONS Section 8 of act June 21, 1934, provided that: "If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase of this Act [amending sections 151 to 158, 160, and 162 of this title] is for any reason held to be unconstitutional, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this Act. All Acts or parts of Acts inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed." -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 162 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 162. Authorization of appropriations -STATUTE- There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for expenditure by the Mediation Board in carrying out the provisions of this chapter. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 12, 44 Stat. 587; June 21, 1934, ch. 691, Sec. 7, 48 Stat. 1197.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1934 - Act June 21, 1934, substituted "Mediation Board" for "Board of Mediation". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 163 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 163. Repeal of prior legislation; exception -STATUTE- Chapters 6 and 7 of this title, providing for mediation, conciliation, and arbitration, and all Acts and parts of Acts in conflict with the provisions of this chapter are repealed, except that the members, secretary, officers, employees, and agents of the Railroad Labor Board, in office on May 20, 1926, shall receive their salaries for a period of 30 days from such date, in the same manner as though this chapter had not been passed. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 14, 44 Stat. 587.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Chapters 6 and 7 of this title, referred to in text, were in the original references to the act of July 15, 1913, and title III of the Transportation Act, 1920, respectively. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 164 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS -HEAD- Sec. 164. Repealed. Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 851, Sec. 4, 54 Stat. 1111 -MISC1- Section, act Feb. 11, 1927, ch. 104, Sec. 1, 44 Stat. 1072, related to advertisements for proposals for purchases or services rendered for Board of Mediation, including arbitration boards. See section 5 of Title 41, Public Contracts. -End- -CITE- 45 USC SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in title 26 section 410; title 29 section 213; title 49 section 42112. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 181 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR -HEAD- Sec. 181. Application of subchapter I to carriers by air -STATUTE- All of the provisions of subchapter I of this chapter except section 153 of this title are extended to and shall cover every common carrier by air engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, and every carrier by air transporting mail for or under contract with the United States Government, and every air pilot or other person who performs any work as an employee or subordinate official of such carrier or carriers, subject to its or their continuing authority to supervise and direct the manner of rendition of his service. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 201, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1189.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 182 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR -HEAD- Sec. 182. Duties, penalties, benefits, and privileges of subchapter I applicable -STATUTE- The duties, requirements, penalties, benefits, and privileges prescribed and established by the provisions of subchapter I of this chapter except section 153 of this title shall apply to said carriers by air and their employees in the same manner and to the same extent as though such carriers and their employees were specifically included within the definition of "carrier" and "employee", respectively, in section 151 of this title. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 202, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1189.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 183 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR -HEAD- Sec. 183. Disputes within jurisdiction of Mediation Board -STATUTE- The parties or either party to a dispute between an employee or a group of employees and a carrier or carriers by air may invoke the services of the National Mediation Board and the jurisdiction of said Mediation Board is extended to any of the following cases: (a) A dispute concerning changes in rates of pay, rules, or working conditions not adjusted by the parties in conference. (b) Any other dispute not referable to an adjustment board, as hereinafter provided, and not adjusted in conference between the parties, or where conferences are refused. The National Mediation Board may proffer its services in case any labor emergency is found by it to exist at any time. The services of the Mediation Board may be invoked in a case under this subchapter in the same manner and to the same extent as are the disputes covered by section 155 of this title. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 203, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1189.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 184 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR -HEAD- Sec. 184. System, group, or regional boards of adjustment -STATUTE- The disputes between an employee or group of employees and a carrier or carriers by air growing out of grievances, or out of the interpretation or application of agreements concerning rates of pay, rules, or working conditions, including cases pending and unadjusted on April 10, 1936 before the National Labor Relations Board, shall be handled in the usual manner up to and including the chief operating officer of the carrier designated to handle such disputes; but, failing to reach an adjustment in this manner, the disputes may be referred by petition of the parties or by either party to an appropriate adjustment board, as hereinafter provided, with a full statement of the facts and supporting data bearing upon the disputes. It shall be the duty of every carrier and of its employees, acting through their representatives, selected in accordance with the provisions of this subchapter, to establish a board of adjustment of jurisdiction not exceeding the jurisdiction which may be lawfully exercised by system, group, or regional boards of adjustment, under the authority of section 153 of this title. Such boards of adjustment may be established by agreement between employees and carriers either on any individual carrier, or system, or group of carriers by air and any class or classes of its or their employees; or pending the establishment of a permanent National Board of Adjustment as hereinafter provided. Nothing in this chapter shall prevent said carriers by air, or any class or classes of their employees, both acting through their representatives selected in accordance with provisions of this subchapter, from mutually agreeing to the establishment of a National Board of Adjustment of temporary duration and of similarly limited jurisdiction. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 204, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1189.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 185 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR -HEAD- Sec. 185. National Air Transport Adjustment Board -STATUTE- When, in the judgment of the National Mediation Board, it shall be necessary to have a permanent national board of adjustment in order to provide for the prompt and orderly settlement of disputes between said carriers by air, or any of them, and its or their employees, growing out of grievances or out of the interpretation or application of agreements between said carriers by air or any of them, and any class or classes of its or their employees, covering rates of pay, rules, or working conditions, the National Mediation Board is empowered and directed, by its order duly made, published, and served, to direct the said carriers by air and such labor organizations of their employees, national in scope, as have been or may be recognized in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, to select and designate four representatives who shall constitute a board which shall be known as the "National Air Transport Adjustment Board." Two members of said National Air Transport Adjustment Board shall be selected by said carriers by air and two members by the said labor organizations of the employees, within thirty days after the date of the order of the National Mediation Board, in the manner and by the procedure prescribed by section 153 of this title for the selection and designation of members of the National Railroad Adjustment Board. The National Air Transport Adjustment Board shall meet within forty days after the date of the order of the National Mediation Board directing the selection and designation of its members and shall organize and adopt rules for conducting its proceedings, in the manner prescribed in section 153 of this title. Vacancies in membership or office shall be filled, members shall be appointed in case of failure of the carriers or of labor organizations of the employees to select and designate representatives, members of the National Air Transport Adjustment Board shall be compensated, hearings shall be held, findings and awards made, stated, served, and enforced, and the number and compensation of any necessary assistants shall be determined and the compensation of such employees shall be paid, all in the same manner and to the same extent as provided with reference to the National Railroad Adjustment Board by section 153 of this title. The powers and duties prescribed and established by the provisions of section 153 of this title with reference to the National Railroad Adjustment Board and the several divisions thereof are conferred upon and shall be exercised and performed in like manner and to the same extent by the said National Air Transport Adjustment Board, not exceeding, however, the jurisdiction conferred upon said National Air Transport Adjustment Board by the provisions of this subchapter. From and after the organization of the National Air Transport Adjustment Board, if any system, group, or regional board of adjustment established by any carrier or carriers by air and any class or classes of its or their employees is not satisfactory to either party thereto, the said party, upon ninety days' notice to the other party, may elect to come under the jurisdiction of the National Air Transport Adjustment Board. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 205, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1190.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 26 section 410; title 29 section 213; title 49 section 1371. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 186 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR -HEAD- Sec. 186. Omitted -COD- CODIFICATION Section, act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 206, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1191, transferred certain pending cases before National Labor Relations Board to Mediation Board. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 187 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR -HEAD- Sec. 187. Separability -STATUTE- If any provision of this subchapter or application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of such sections and the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 207, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1191.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 188 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 8 - RAILWAY LABOR SUBCHAPTER II - CARRIERS BY AIR -HEAD- Sec. 188. Authorization of appropriations -STATUTE- There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for expenditure by the Mediation Board in carrying out the provisions of this chapter. -SOURCE- (May 20, 1926, ch. 347, Sec. 208, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1191.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES -HEAD- CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES -MISC1- SUBCHAPTER I - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1934 Sec. 201 to 214. Omitted or Repealed. SUBCHAPTER II - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1935 215 to 228. Omitted. SUBCHAPTER III - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1937 228a to 228z-1. Omitted or Repealed. SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 231. Definitions. 231a. Annuity eligibility requirements. (a) Individuals eligible for annuities; disability standards; proof of continued disability. (b) Individuals eligible for supplemental annuities. (c) Spouses eligible for annuities. (d) Survivors eligible for annuities. (e) Compensated service; rights to return. (f) Deductions on account of work. (g) Employment compensation of survivors; deductions. (h) Military service; reductions. (i) Limitation; service accrued after 1995. 231b. Computation of annuities. (a) Amount. (b) Increased annuities under subsection (a). (c), (d) Repealed. (e) Supplemental annuities. (f) Reductions in annuities. (g) Increased annuities under subsection (b). (h) Increased annuities under subsections (a) and (b). (i) Years of service. (j) Average monthly compensation. (k) Employee representatives. (l) Reductions for increased annuities. (m) Reductions due to monthly social security payments. 231c. Computation of spouse and survivor annuities. (a) Amount of spouses' annuities; age. (b) Increases in spouses' annuities in accordance with section 231b(b), (c), (d) of this title. (c) Repealed. (d) Increases in spouses' annuities in accordance with section 231b(g) of this title. (e) Increases in particular spouses' annuities. (f) Amount of survivors' annuities; age; entitlement. (g) Increases in survivor's annuities in accordance with subsection (f). (h) Increases in particular widows' and widowers' annuities. (i) Reductions in survivors' annuities. 231d. Annuity beginning and ending dates. (a) Annuities under section 231a of this title. (b) Applications for payment. (c) Individual's entitlement. 231e. Lump sum payments. (a) Eligible annuities; applications; reversion; determination of status of recipient. (b) Payments in accordance with Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 and Social Security Act. (c) Payments in the absence of further benefits. (d) Payments to recipients ineligible for certain other annuities. (e) Additional lump sum payment in certain cases. 231f. Railroad Retirement Board. (a) Administration. (b) Powers and duties. (c) Sources of payments; adjustments. (d) Hospital insurance benefits; certified beneficiaries; disability insurance benefits; services in Canada; exchange of information. (e) Acceptance of gifts and bequests. (f) Congressional copies of documents submitted or transmitted to President or Office of Management and Budget. 231f-1. Annual actuarial report. 231g. Court jurisdiction. 231h. Returns of compensation; conclusiveness. 231i. Erroneous payments. (a) Recovery. (b) Adjustments. (c) Decision not to recover. (d) Liability of officers. 231j. Waiver of annuities. 231k. Incompetence. 231l. Penalties. 231m. Assignability; exemption from levy. 231n. Railroad Retirement Account. (a) Maintenance of account; authorization of appropriations. (b) Authorization of appropriations; military service costs and administrative expenses. (c) Repealed. (d) Dual Benefits Payments Account. (e) Investments. (f) Actuarial Advisory Committee. (g) Annual report. (h) Authorization of appropriations; administrative expenses of subchapter. (i) Crediting of accounts for unnegotiated benefit checks. (j) National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust. (k) Transfers to the Trust. (l) National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust. 231n-1. Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account. (a) Establishment. (b) Transfers, etc., to Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account. (c) Availability and transfer of funds. (d) Transfers to Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account and National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust. (e) Applicability of section 231n. (f) References to Railroad Retirement Account deemed references to Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account; "social security equivalent benefits" defined. 231o. Private pensions. 231p. Free transportation. 231q. Crediting service under Social Security Act. 231r. Automatic benefit eligibility requirement adjustments. (a) Reduced benefits. (b) Additional eligible beneficiaries. (c) Reduced conditions of entitlement; expanded benefits. (d) Limitations. 231s. Separability. 231t. Short title. 231u. Benefit preservation. 231v. Computation and certification of account benefit ratios. (a) Initial computation and certification. (b) Computations and certifications after 2003. (c) Definition. -SECREF- CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This chapter is referred to in title 42 sections 405, 415. -End- -CITE- 45 USC SUBCHAPTER I - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1934 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER I - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1934 -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER I - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1934 -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 201 to 208 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER I - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1934 -HEAD- Secs. 201 to 208. Omitted -COD- CODIFICATION Sections 201 to 208, sections 1 to 8, respectively, of act June 27, 1934, ch. 868, Sec. 1, 48 Stat. 1283-1286, were omitted pursuant to the decision in the case of Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton R. Co. (Dist. of Col., 1935), 295 U.S. 330, 55 S.Ct. 758, 79 L.Ed. 1468, declaring this subchapter unconstitutional. Section 201 defined terms for purposes of this subchapter. Section 202 stated purposes of this subchapter and required a special report to be sent from the Railroad Retirement Board to the President. Section 203 related to annuities paid under this subchapter. Section 204 related to compulsory retirement. Section 205 related to employee contributions. Section 206 related to existing pension systems. Section 207 related to employee representatives. Section 208 related to retirement fund established under this subchapter. Provisions relating to refund of sums paid by railroads and other carriers of the United States under this subchapter were contained in act June 1, 1938, ch. 315, Secs. 1, 2, 52 Stat. 608. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 209 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER I - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1934 -HEAD- Sec. 209. Repealed. Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 649 -MISC1- Section, act June 27, 1934, ch. 868, Sec. 9, 48 Stat. 1287, established a Railroad Retirement Board and set out its functions. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 210 to 214 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER I - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1934 -HEAD- Secs. 210 to 214. Omitted -COD- CODIFICATION Sections 210 to 214, sections 10 to 14, respectively, of act June 27, 1934, ch. 868, Sec. 10, 48 Stat. 1288, 1289, were omitted as unconstitutional. See section 201 of this title. Section 210 related to jurisdiction of certain courts. Section 211 related to exemption of annuities or death payments from legal process. Section 212 related to penalties for missed payments by carriers and has been omitted from the Code as unconstitutional. Section 213 related to certain other penalties. Section 214 related to separability of provisions. -End- -CITE- 45 USC SUBCHAPTER II - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1935 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER II - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1935 -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER II - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1935 -COD- CODIFICATION This subchapter was comprised of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Secs. 1-14, 49 Stat. 967 to 973, known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935, and was amended in its entirety and completely revised by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, 50 Stat. 307. The act, as amended and revised, was redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 and was classified to subchapter III of this chapter. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 continued in effect with respect to individuals granted annuities prior to enactment of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937. It was specifically amended by act June 11, 1940, ch. 307, Sec. 2, 54 Stat. 264, and by act Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, Secs. 2, 3, 54 Stat. 785. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 215 to 228 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER II - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1935 -HEAD- Secs. 215 to 228. Omitted -COD- CODIFICATION Sections 215 to 228 were omitted pursuant to the amendment and revision of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812 by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, 50 Stat. 307, known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937. Section 215, acts Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 1, 49 Stat. 967; June 11, 1940, ch. 307, Sec. 2, 54 Stat. 264; Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, Secs. 2, 3, 54 Stat. 780, defined terms for purposes of this subchapter. Section 216, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 2, 49 Stat. 968, related to reductions in annuities of employees working beyond age sixty-five. Section 217, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 3, 49 Stat. 969, related to employees eligible for annuities under this subchapter. Section 218, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 4, 49 Stat. 969, related to annuities to representatives under this subchapter. Section 219, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 5, 49 Stat. 970, related to death payments under this subchapter. Section 220, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 6, 49 Stat. 970, related to establishment of Railroad Retirement Board. Section 221, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 7, 49 Stat. 971, related to issuance of a special report on retirement system by Board. Section 222, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 8, 49 Stat. 972, related to establishment of Investigation Commission. Section 223, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 9, 49 Stat. 973, related to court jurisdiction under this subchapter. Section 224, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 10, 49 Stat. 973, related to assignability of annuity payments. Section 225, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 11, 49 Stat. 973, related to penalties under this subchapter. Section 226, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 12, 49 Stat. 973, related to separability of provisions. Section 227, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 13, 49 Stat. 973, related to authorization of appropriations under this subchapter. Section 228, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 14, 49 Stat. 973, related to short title of this subchapter. -MISC1- EFFECT OF AMENDMENTS TO SECTION 215 OF THIS TITLE Act June 11, 1940, ch. 307, Sec. 2, 54 Stat. 264, provided that the amendment of section 215 of this title by act June 11, 1940, was to have the same effect as if it had been part of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 from its enactment on Aug. 29, 1935. SHORT TITLE; CONTINUATION AND EFFECT OF RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1935 Act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, Secs. 201-205, 50 Stat. 318, 319, as amended by acts Oct. 8, 1940, ch. 757, title VI, pt. II, 54 Stat. 1014; Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, Sec. 10, 56 Stat. 207; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 111, 80 Stat. 1085, provided that act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Secs. 1 to 14, 49 Stat. 967 to 973, comprising subchapter II of this chapter, as in effect prior to amendment by act June 24, 1937, was to be known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 and that such act, as amended by act June 24, 1937, was to be known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, set out transitional provisions for adjudication of claims under both the Railroad Retirement Acts of 1935 and 1937, and provided that the enactment of act June 24, 1937 was to have no effect on members of the Railroad Retirement Board in office on June 24, 1937, except that persons experienced in railroad service were to be retained in the employ of the Board, even if unqualified for service under the civil service law and rules, where the Board determined that they possessed the necessary qualifications. -End- -CITE- 45 USC SUBCHAPTER III - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1937 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER III - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1937 -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER III - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1937 -COD- CODIFICATION This subchapter was comprised of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as restated by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, 50 Stat. 307, known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 was amended in its entirety and completely revised by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, effective Jan. 1, 1975. The act, as amended and revised by Pub. L. 93-445, was redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 and is classified to subchapter IV of this chapter. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 228a to 228c-1 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER III - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1937 -HEAD- Secs. 228a to 228c-1. Omitted -COD- CODIFICATION Sections 228a to 228c-1 were omitted pursuant to the amendment and revision of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974. Section 228a, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 1, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 307; amended June 11, 1940, ch. 307, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 264; Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, Secs. 1, 3, 54 Stat. 785, 786; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Sec. 25, 54 Stat. 1100; Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, Sec. 13, 56 Stat. 209; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Secs. 1, 2, 201 to 204, 60 Stat. 722, 725 to 727; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 1, 65 Stat. 683; July 18, 1952, ch. 945, Sec. 6(d)(1), 66 Stat. 777; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. I, Sec. 1, 68 Stat. 1038; Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1206, title IV, Sec. 401(a), 68 Stat. 1097; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 836, title I, Sec. 120(a), 70 Stat. 836; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 837, title IV, Sec. 408(c), 70 Stat. 877; Aug. 30, 1957, Pub. L. 85-238, Sec. 4(a), 71 Stat. 520; Aug. 28, 1958, Pub. L. 85-840, title VII, Sec. 703, 72 Stat. 1056; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86-778, title VII, Sec. 708, 74 Stat. 997; June 30, 1961, Pub. L. 87-64, title III, Sec. 301, 75 Stat. 142; July 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89-97, title III, Sec. 326(a), 79 Stat. 400; Sept. 29, 1965, Pub. L. 89-212, Sec. 2(f), 79 Stat. 860; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 101, 80 Stat. 1079; Feb. 15, 1968, Pub. L. 90-257, title I, Sec. 101, 82 Stat. 16; Oct. 22, 1968, Pub. L. 90-624, Sec. 2, 82 Stat. 1316, defined terms for purposes of this subchapter. See section 231 of this title. Section 228b, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 2, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 309; amended July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Secs. 205, 206, 60 Stat. 727, 728; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Secs. 2, 3, 5, 65 Stat. 683; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. I, Secs. 2, 3, 68 Stat. 1038; Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1206, title IV, Sec. 401(b), 68 Stat. 1097; Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, Sec. 1, 69 Stat. 715; May 19, 1959, Pub. L. 86-28, pt. I, Sec. 1, 73 Stat. 25; Sept. 22, 1961, Pub. L. 87-285, Secs. 1, 2, 75 Stat. 585; Sept. 29, 1965, Pub. L. 89-212, Sec. 1, 79 Stat. 858; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-699, title II, Sec. 201(a), 80 Stat. 1075; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 102, 80 Stat. 1079; Feb. 15, 1968; Pub. L. 90-257, title I, Secs. 102, 103, 82 Stat. 16; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91-377, Sec. 2, 84 Stat. 791; July 2, 1971, Pub. L. 92-46, Sec. 2, 85 Stat. 101; Oct. 4, 1972, Pub. L. 92-460, Sec. 1(b), (c), 86 Stat. 765; July 10, 1973, Pub. L. 93-69, title I, Secs. 101, 104(b), (c), 87 Stat. 162, 164, related to eligibility of individuals for annuities under this subchapter. See section 231a of this title. Section 228c, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 3, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 310; amended July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Secs. 207-211, 60 Stat. 728, 729; June 23, 1948, ch. 608, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 576; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632; Secs. 6-10, 65 Stat. 684; June 16, 1954, ch. 300, Sec. 1, 68 Stat. 250; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. I, Secs. 4-7, 68 Stat. 1038, 1039; Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1022, Sec. 1, 70 Stat. 1076; Sept. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85-927, pt. I, Sec. 1, 72 Stat. 1778; May 19, 1959, Pub. L. 86-28, pt. I, Sec. 2, 73 Stat. 26; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86-778, title II, Sec. 211(o)(1), 74 Stat. 958; Oct. 5, 1963, Pub. L. 88-133, title I, Secs. 1, 2, 77 Stat. 219; Sept. 29, 1965, Pub. L. 89-212, Sec. 3(a), (b), 79 Stat. 860; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-699, title I, Sec. 1, title II, Sec. 201(b), (c), 80 Stat. 1073, 1075, 1076; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 103, title III, Sec. 301(i), (iv)(a), 80 Stat. 1080, 1088; Feb. 15, 1968, Pub. L. 90-257, title I, Sec. 104, 82 Stat. 17; Mar. 17, 1970, Pub. L. 91-215, Secs. 1, 2, 84 Stat. 70; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91-377, Sec. 1, 84 Stat. 791, July 2, 1971, Pub. L. 92-46, Sec. 1, 85 Stat. 101; Oct. 4, 1972, Pub. L. 92-460, Sec. 1(a), (d), 86 Stat. 765; July 6, 1973, Pub. L. 93-58, Sec. 1, 87 Stat. 141; July 10, 1973, Pub. L. 93-69, title I, Sec. 104(a), 87 Stat. 163; Oct. 16, 1974, Pub. L. 93-445, title VI, Sec. 601, 88 Stat. 1360, related to computation of annuities under this subchapter. See section 231b of this title. Section 228c-1, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 4, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, as added Oct. 8, 1940, ch. 757, title VI, pt. II, Sec. 625, 54 Stat. 1014; amended Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, Secs. 1-8, 56 Stat. 204-206; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Sec. 212, 60 Stat. 729; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 4, 65 Stat. 683; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 837, title IV, Sec. 408(a), (b), 70 Stat. 876; Oct. 5, 1963, Pub. L. 88-133, title I, Secs. 3, 4, 77 Stat. 219; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 104, 80 Stat. 1081, related to consideration of time spent in military service in computation of annuities. See section 228a of this title. -MISC1- ANNUITIES, PENSIONS, AND JOINT AND SURVIVOR ANNUITY ELECTIONS Act July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Secs. 404-407, 60 Stat. 742, provided that the rights of persons to whom pensions or annuities were awarded before July 31, 1946 were to be governed by the applicable provisions of law in effect prior to that date, that the election of a joint and survivor annuity made before July 31, 1946, by a person to whom the annuity accrued before Jan. 1, 1947, was to be given effect as though the provisions of law under which the election was made had continued to be operative, that death payments under sections 219 and 228e of this title, other than survivor annuities pursuant to an election, were to be made only with respect to deaths occurring before Jan. 1, 1947, and that any person to whom an annuity accrued before Jan. 1, 1947, and who would as of the date of the initial accrual have been entitled to an annuity in a greater amount by reason of the amendments by act July 31, 1946, had such amendments been in effect at the date of initial accrual, was to be awarded the annuity in such greater amount without additional application therefor. REDUCTION OF ANNUITY BECAUSE OF PRIOR DISABILITY ANNUITY TERMINATED BY RECOVERY Act July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Sec. 408, 60 Stat. 742, provided that no annuities accruing after July 1946 were to be reduced under section 228b(a)(3) of this title in order to compensate for an annuity terminated by recovery from a disability. DUAL BENEFIT PROVISION; RETROACTIVE PAYMENT TO SURVIVORS Act June 16, 1954, ch. 300, Sec. 2, 68 Stat. 250, provided that in the case of a decedent dying before July 1, 1954, so much of any annuity or pension payment due such decedent under section 228c(b) of this title, was to be paid only to the widow or widower of the decedent, if living, or to the child or children of such decedent, in the alternative, if living. PERCENTAGE ADJUSTMENT Pub. L. 92-46, Sec. 4, July 2, 1971, 85 Stat. 101, authorized the Railroad Retirement Board to make certain adjustments in allowance percentages under this subchapter, so that the percentages when applied against certain social security benefits, would result in amounts comparable to those in effect prior to the changes made by Pub. L. 92-5, Mar. 17, 1971, 85 Stat. 5, known as the Social Security Amendments of 1971. RECERTIFICATIONS BY RAILROAD RETIREMENT BOARD Pub. L. 93-69, Sec. 106, July 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 165, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by sections 104 and 105 of Pub. L. 93-69 were to be made by the Board without application therefor. Pub. L. 92-460, Sec. 3, Oct. 4, 1972, 86 Stat. 766, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 92-460 were to be made by the Board without application therefor. Pub. L. 92-46, Sec. 6, July 2, 1971, 85 Stat. 102, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 92-46 were to be made by the Board without application therefor. Pub. L. 91-377, Sec. 4(b)(2), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 792, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 91-377 to sections 228b, 228c, 228e, and 228o of this title were to be made by the Board without application therefor. Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 108(c), Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 23, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 90-257 to sections 228a, 228b, 228c, 228e, and 228j of this title were to be made by the Board without application therefor. Pub. L. 89-699, Sec. 202(b), Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1077, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 89-699 were to be made by the Board without application therefor. Pub. L. 86-28, Sec. 6(b), Mar. 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 28, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 86-28 to sections 228b, 228c, 228e, 228s-1 and the enactment of section 228z-1 of this title were to be made by the Board without application therefor. Act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 25(j), 65 Stat. 691, provided that all recertifications by the Board under act Oct. 30, 1951 were to be made without applications therefor unless required by reason of section 9 of act Oct. 30, 1951, in which case, recertifications were to be made only upon application therefor in such manner and form as the Board was to prescribe. Act June 23, 1948, ch. 608, Sec. 3, 62 Stat. 577, provided in part that all recertifications required by reason of act June 23, 1948 were to be made by the Board without application therefor. RESTRICTIONS ON ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW ANNUITIES AND USE OF CERTAIN LABOR TACTICS Pub. L. 91-215, Sec. 7, Mar. 17, 1970, 84 Stat. 72, placed certain limitations on the utilization of particular procedures established under the Railway Labor Act, section 151 et seq. of this title, when alterations in the provisions of this subchapter regarding certain annuity payments were being sought and placed similar limitations on the use of strikes and lockouts as labor practices when such changes were being sought. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 228d 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER III - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1937 -HEAD- Sec. 228d. Repealed. July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Sec. 212, 60 Stat. 729 -MISC1- Section, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 4, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 311, related to joint and survivor annuity. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 228e to 228z-1 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER III - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1937 -HEAD- Secs. 228e to 228z-1. Omitted -COD- CODIFICATION Sections 228e to 228z-1 were omitted pursuant to the amendment and revision of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974. Section 228e, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 5, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 312; amended Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, Sec. 12, 56 Stat. 208; 1946 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Sec. 4, eff. July 16, 1946; 11 F.R. 7873, 60 Stat. 1095; acts July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Sec. 213, 60 Stat. 729; June 23, 1948, ch. 608, Sec. 2, 62 Stat. 577; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Secs. 11 to 23, 65 Stat. 685; July 18, 1952, ch. 945, Sec. 6(d)(2), (3), 66 Stat. 777; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, Secs. 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; acts Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. I, Secs. 8-14, 68 Stat. 1039; Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1206, title I, Sec. 106(f), title IV, Sec. 401(b)-(d), 68 Stat. 1081, 1097; Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, Secs. 2, 3, 69 Stat. 716; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 836, title I, Sec. 120(b), (c), 70 Stat. 836; Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1022, Sec. 2, 70 Stat. 1076; Aug. 30, 1957, Pub. L. 85-238, Sec. 4(b), (c), 71 Stat. 520; Sept. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85-927, Sec. 2, 72 Stat. 1779; May 19, 1959, Pub. L. 86-28, pt. I, Sec. 3, 73 Stat. 27; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86-778, title II, Sec. 211(o)(2), 74 Stat. 958; Sept. 22, 1961, Pub. L. 87-285, Sec. 3, 75 Stat. 585; Oct. 5, 1963, Pub. L. 88-133, title I, Secs. 5, 6, 77 Stat. 220; July 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89-97, title I, Sec. 111(b)(2), title III, Sec. 326(b), 79 Stat. 341, 400; Sept. 29, 1965, Pub. L. 89-212, Sec. 3(c)-(e), 79 Stat. 860; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-699, title II, Sec. 201(d)-(f), 80 Stat. 1076; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 105, title III, Sec. 301(i), (iv)(b), (c), 80 Stat. 1082, 1088; Jan. 2, 1968, Pub. L. 90-248, title I, Sec. 151(d)(3), 81 Stat. 860; Feb. 15, 1968, Pub. L. 90-257, title I, Sec. 105, 82 Stat. 19; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91-377, Sec. 3, 84 Stat. 791, July 2, 1971, Pub. L. 92-46, Sec. 3, 85 Stat. 101; Oct. 4, 1972, Pub. L. 92-460, Sec. 1(e), (f), 86 Stat. 766; July 6, 1973, Pub. L. 93-58, Sec. 2, 87 Stat. 141; July 10, 1973, Pub. L. 93-69, title I, Sec. 104(d), 87 Stat. 164, related to annuities and lump sum payments for survivors. See sections 231c and 231e of this title. Section 228f, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 6, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 312, related to pensions to individuals on pension or gratuity rolls of employers. See section 231o of this title. Section 228g, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 7, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 313, related to additional pensions or gratuities by employers. See section 231o of this title. Section 228h, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 8, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 313; amended July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Sec. 214, 60 Stat. 735; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 106, 80 Stat. 1085, related to filing of compensation returns by employers with Board. See section 231h of this title. Section 228h-1, act Oct. 9, 1940, ch. 797, Sec. 4, 54 Stat. 1089, related to records of service and compensation prior to Jan. 1, 1937, was transferred to a note set out under section 228h of this title. Section 228i, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 9, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 314; amended Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Sec. 26, 54 Stat. 1100; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 107, 80 Stat. 1085, related to erroneous payments by the Board. See section 231i of this title. Section 228j, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 10, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 314; amended 1940 Reorg. Plan No. III, Sec. 1(a), eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231; acts June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 19Secs. 1, 32(b), 62 Stat. 875, 895, 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107; Oct. 15, 1949, ch. 695, Sec. 5(a), 63 Stat. 880; Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, Sec. 5, 69 Stat. 716; Sept. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85-927, pt. I, Sec. 3, 72 Stat. 1781; Sept. 6, 1966, Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 8(a), 80 Stat. 660; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 108, 80 Stat. 1085; Feb. 15, 1968, Pub. L. 90-257, title I, Sec. 106, 82 Stat. 21, related to establishment of Railroad Retirement Board. See section 231f of this title. Section 228k, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 11, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 315; amended July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Sec. 215, 60 Stat. 735, related to court jurisdiction under this subchapter. See section 231g of this title. Section 228l, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 12, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 316 and amended Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, Sec. 4, 69 Stat. 716, related to assignability of annuities and pension payments under this subchapter. See section 231m of this title. Section 228m, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 13, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 316; amended Sept. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85-927, pt. I, Sec. 4, 72 Stat. 1781, related to penalties under this subchapter. See section 231l of this title. Section 228n, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 14, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 316, related to separability of provisions. See section 231s of this title. Section 228o, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 15, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 316; amended Sept. 22, 1959, Pub. L. 86-346, title I, Sec. 104(4), 73 Stat. 622; Oct. 5, 1963, Pub. L. 88-133, title I, Sec. 7(a), 77 Stat. 220; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-699, title I, Sec. 2, 80 Stat. 1074; Mar. 17, 1970, Pub. L. 91-215, Sec. 3, 84 Stat. 70; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91-377, Sec. 5, 84 Stat. 792, related to establishment of Railroad Retirement Account. See section 231n of this title. Section 228p, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 16, as added June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 317, related to authorization of appropriations under this subchapter. Section 228q, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 17, as added June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 317; amended Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 24, 65 Stat. 690, defined "employment" as used in this subchapter. See section 231q of this title. Section 228r, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 18, as added June 24, 1917, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 318, related to free transportation. See section 231p of this title. Section 228s, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 19(a), (b), as added June 24, 1917, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 1, as added Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, Sec. 11, 56 Stat. 207, 208; amended Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 109, 80 Stat. 1085, related to incompetence. See section 231k of this title. Section 228s-1, act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, Sec. 20, as added Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. I, Sec. 15, 68 Stat. 1040; amended May 19, 1959, Pub. L. 86-28, pt. I, Sec. 4, 73 Stat. 28; Aug. 29, 1959, Pub. L. 86-211, Sec. 8(c), 73 Stat. 436; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89-700, title I, Sec. 110, 80 Stat. 1085, related to waiver of annuities and pensions under this subchapter. See section 231k of this title Section 228s-2, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 21, as added July 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89-97, title I, Sec. 105(a)(1), 79 Stat. 335; amended July 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89-97, title I, Sec. 111(b)(1), 79 Stat. 340; Jan. 2, 1968, Pub. L. 90-248, title I, Sec. 129(c)(13), 81 Stat. 849, related to hospital insurance benefits for the aged. See section 231f of this title. Section 228s-3, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 22, as added Oct. 30, 1972, Pub. L. 92-603, title II, Sec. 201(d), 86 Stat. 1373, related to hospital insurance benefits for the disabled. See section 231f of this title. Section 228t, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 25(d), 65 Stat. 690, related to certain retirement or survivor annuities awarded prior to Oct. 30, 1951. Section 228u, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 25(e), 65 Stat. 690, related to determination of entitlement to a survivor annuity. Section 228v, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 25(f), 65 Stat. 691, related to law governing the awards of annuities. Section 228w, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 25(g), 65 Stat. 691, related to increased pensions after Nov. 30, 1961. Section 228x, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 25(h), 65 Stat. 691, related to increased annuities under subchapter II of this chapter. Section 228y, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 25(i), 65 Stat. 691, related to certain reduced annuities. Section 228z, act Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1022, Sec. 3, 70 Stat. 1076, related to increased pensions and annuities awarded before July 1, 1956 and annuities under subchapter II of this chapter. Section 228z-1, Pub. L. 86-28, pt. I, Sec. 5, May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 28, related to additional increases in certain pensions and annuities. -MISC1- ACTUARIAL SOUNDNESS OF THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT SYSTEM Pub. L. 93-69, title I, Sec. 107, July 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 165, authorized certain designated representatives of employees and representatives of carriers to submit to the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, no later than Apr. 1, 1974, a report containing their recommendations for restructuring the railroad retirement system to assure long-term actuarial soundness. ADOPTED CHILD'S REENTITLEMENT TO ANNUITY Pub. L. 93-58, Sec. 4(b), July 6, 1973, 87 Stat. 141, provided that any child whose entitlement to an annuity under section 228e(c) of this title was terminated by reason of his or her adoption prior to July 6, 1973, and who otherwise would have been entitled to an annuity under such section for a month after July, 1973, could become reentitled to his or her annuity by proper application. CERTAIN PERSONS BECOMING EMPLOYERS Act July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Sec. 409, 60 Stat. 743, provided that in the application of section 228f of this title with respect to persons who were not employers before the enactment of act July 31, 1946, the dates Jan. 1, 1946, and Jan. 1, 1947, were to be substituted for Mar. 1, 1937 and July 1, 1937, respectively. COMMISSION ON RAILROAD RETIREMENT Pub. L. 91-377, Sec. 7, Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 792, as amended by Pub. L. 92-46, Sec. 7, July 2, 1971, 85 Stat. 102, established a commission on railroad retirement, prescribed its composition, designated the rates of pay for its members, authorized a study of the retirement system and its financing, authorized appropriations for funding the expenses of the commission, and required that the commission submit a full report on its work no later than June 30, 1972. CONGRESSIONAL DECLARATION OF 1974 LEGISLATIVE INTENT Pub. L. 93-69, title I, Sec. 108, July 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 165, provided that the Congress declared its intent to enact legislation in 1974, effective not later than Jan. 1, 1975, which would assure the long-term actuarial soundness of the railroad retirement system. CONVERSION OF SPECIAL OBLIGATIONS IN RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACCOUNT ON OCT. 5, 1963; INTEREST RATE Pub. L. 88-133, Sec. 7(b), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 220, provided that: "The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to retire the special obligations held by the account on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 1963] and to issue in lieu thereof special obligations with an interest rate determined as provided for in section 15(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, as amended by this Act [Pub. L. 88-133]." DETERMINATION OF AMOUNTS OF SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS Pub. L. 91-377, Sec. 4(c), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 792, provided that the amount by which a social security benefit computed under Pub. L. 90-248, Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 821, known as the Social Security Amendments of 1967, for purposes of Pub. L. 91-377, was to be deemed to be an amount equal to 87 per cent of such benefit computed under Pub. L. 91-172, title X, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 737, known as the Social Security Amendments of 1969, and the amount by which an individual's social security benefit was increased by reason of the Social Security Amendments of 1969 was to be deemed to be 13 per cent of such individual's social security benefit as computed under the Social Security Amendments of 1969. ENTITLEMENT TO ANNUITY OR PENSION UNDER RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1937 AS INCLUDING ENTITLEMENT UNDER RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1935 Pub. L. 89-97, title I, Sec. 105(a)(2), July 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 335, provided that for purposes of section 21 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, section 21 of act Aug. 29, 1935, as added by section 105(a)(1) of Pub. L. 89-97, and for certain other purposes, entitlement to an annuity or pension under this subchapter was to be deemed to include entitlement under subchapter II of this chapter. HOSPITAL INSURANCE BENEFITS FOR THE AGED Act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 21, as added July 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89-97, title I, Sec. 105(a)(1), 79 Stat. 335, required the Railroad Retirement Board to certify to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, in order to provide hospital insurance benefits for annuitants, pensioners, and certain other aged individuals for purposes of the Social Security program, the name of anyone aged 65 who was entitled to an annuity or pension under this subchapter, would have been so entitled had he ceased compensated service and had applied for such annuity, or bore a particular relationship to certain qualified employees, and specified such additional information as such certification was to include. INCREASES IN CERTAIN PENSIONS AND ANNUITIES Pub. L. 93-69, title I, Sec. 105, July 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 164, provided that if title II of the Social Security Act, section 401 et seq. of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, was amended to provide an increase in benefits at any time during the period July 1, 1973 to Dec. 31, 1974, the pension of each recipient under section 228f of this title and the annuity of each recipient under this subchapter was to be increased by an amount computed under the method set forth in section 228c(a)(6) of this title. Pub. L. 92-460, Sec. 2 Sept. 4, 1972, 86 Stat. 766, provided for 20 per cent increases in pensions under section 228f of this title, annuities under subchapter II of this chapter, certain survivor annuities, and certain widows' and widowers' insurance annuities. Pub. L. 92-46, Sec. 5, July 2, 1971, 85 Stat. 101, provided for 10 per cent increases in pensions under section 228f of this title, annuities under subchapter II of this chapter, certain survivor annuities, and certain widows' and widowers' insurance annuities. Pub. L. 91-377, Sec. 4(b)(1), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 792, provided for 15 per cent increases in pensions under section 228f of this title, annuities under subchapter II of this chapter, certain survivor annuities, and certain widows' and widowers' insurance annuities, provided that there would be a reduction in the amount of the increase where the recipient was also a recipient of certain social security benefits. Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 107, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 22, provided for certain increases in pensions under section 228f of this title, annuities under subchapter II of this chapter, survivor annuities and widows' and widowers' insurance annuities, provided that there would be a reduction in the amount of the increase where the recipient was also a recipient of certain social security benefits. Pub. L. 89-699, Sec. 201(g), Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1077, provided for 7 per cent increases in pensions under section 228f of this title, annuities under subchapter II of this chapter, certain survivor annuities, and certain widows' and widowers' insurance annuities, provided that there would be a reduction in the amount of the increase where the recipient was also a recipient of certain social security benefits. PERMANENCY OF INCREASES IN CERTAIN PENSIONS AND ANNUITIES Pub. L. 92-460, Sec. 6, Sept. 4, 1972, 86 Stat. 767, provided that it was the policy of Congress that the 20 per cent increase in pension and annuity benefits provided by section 2 of Pub. L. 92-460, as well as the 10 per cent and 15 per cent increases provided by section 5 of Pub. L. 92-46 and section 4(b)(1) of Pub. L. 91-377, respectively, could become permanent only if measures were taken to assure that the Railroad Retirement Account would remain solvent, and required representatives of employees, retirees, and carriers to submit to Congress reports containing their recommendations for such solvency measures no later than Mar. 1, 1973, and required the Railroad Retirement Board to submit its solvency recommendations to Congress no later than Apr. 1, 1973. PRESUMPTION OF HIGHER INCREASES IN ANNUITIES Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 108(b), Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 23, provided that in cases where an annuity was payable in the month before the month with respect to which increases in benefits under title II of the Social Security Act, sections 401 et seq. of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, provided for by Pub. L. 90-248, Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 821, known as the Social Security Amendments of 1967, became effective in an amount determined under this subchapter, other than under the first proviso of section 228c(e) of this title, the provisions of Pub. L. 90-257 were to be presumed to provide a higher amount of increase in annuity than the provisions of the Social Security Amendments of 1967 would provide under the first proviso of section 228c(e) of this title. RAILROAD RETIREMENT AND OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS, AND DISABILITY INSURANCE SYSTEM Pub. L. 89-97, Sec. 105(c), July 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 336, provided that amendments preserving the relationship between the railroad retirement and old-age, survivors, and disability insurance systems were contained in section 326 of Pub. L. 89-97, which amended sections 228 and 228e of this title. TRANSFER OF FUNDS FOR PAYMENT OF SUPPLEMENTAL ANNUITIES Pub. L. 91-215, Sec. 6, Mar. 17, 1970, 84 Stat. 71, authorized the Railroad Retirement Board to request the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account such funds as were necessary to meet the payment of the supplemental annuities pursuant to section 228c(j) of this title, as well as the administrative expenses necessarily involved for the six months following Mar. 17, 1970, and required the Board to request the return of an equal amount plus interest to the Railroad Retirement Account from the Supplemental Account within one year from Mar. 17, 1970. Pub. L. 89-699, Sec. 3(b), Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1075, authorized the Railroad Retirement Board to request the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account such funds as were necessary to meet the payment of the supplemental annuities pursuant to section 228c(j) of this title, as well as the administrative expenses necessarily involved for the six months following Oct. 30, 1966, and required the Board to request the return of an equal amount plus interest to the Railroad Retirement Account from the Supplemental Account within one year from Oct. 30, 1966. -End- -CITE- 45 USC SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -COD- CODIFICATION This subchapter is comprised of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended in its entirety and completely revised by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, part I, 50 Stat. 307, and as further amended in its entirety and completely revised by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, eff. Jan. 1, 1975. The Act, as restated by Pub. L. 93-445, was redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974. See section 231t of this title. The Act is set out in this subchapter carrying a statutory credit showing restatement by act June 24, 1937 and a further restatement by Pub. L. 93-445 without reference to amendments made to the Act between its original enactment in 1935 and 1974. For history of the Act, credits, and note material, see subchapters II and III of this chapter. -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in sections 354, 361, 362, 726, 797d, 909, 1207 of this title; title 7 section 2012; title 8 section 1611; title 12 section 3413; title 26 sections 22, 72, 86, 401, 3231, 3304, 6103, 6331, 6334, 6050G; title 31 section 3803; title 42 sections 402, 405, 426-1, 1395i-1, 1395r, 1395s, 1395v, 1395gg, 1395kk, 3020e-1; title 49 sections 10501, 24301. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231. Definitions -STATUTE- For the purposes of this subchapter - (a)(1) The term "employer" shall include - (i) any carrier by railroad subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board under part A of subtitle IV of title 49; (ii) any company which is directly or indirectly owned or controlled by, or under common control with, one or more employers as defined in paragraph (i) of this subdivision, and which operates any equipment or facility or performs any service (except trucking service, casual service, and the casual operation of equipment or facilities) in connection with the transportation of passengers or property by railroad, or the receipt, delivery, elevation, transfer in transit, refrigeration or icing, storage, or handling of property transported by railroad; (iii) any receiver, trustee, or other individual or body, judicial or otherwise, when in the possession of the property or operating all or any part of the business of any employer as defined in paragraph (i) or (ii) of this subdivision; (iv) any railroad association, traffic association, tariff bureau, demurrage bureau, weighing and inspection bureau, collection agency and any other association, bureau, agency, or organization which is controlled and maintained wholly or principally by two or more employers as defined in paragraph (i), (ii), or (iii) of this subdivision and which is engaged in the performance of services in connection with or incidental to railroad transportation; and (v) any railway labor organization, national in scope, which has been or may be organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act, as amended [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], and its State and National legislative committees, general committees, insurance departments, and local lodges and divisions, established pursuant to the constitution or bylaws of such organization. (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (1) of this subsection, the term "employer" shall not include - (i) any company by reason of its being engaged in the mining of coal, the supplying of coal to an employer where delivery is not beyond the mine tipple, and the operation of equipment or facilities therefor, or in any of such activities, and (ii) any street, interurban, or suburban electric railway, unless such railway is operating as a part of a general diesel-railroad system of transportation, but shall not exclude any part of the general diesel-railroad system of transportation now or hereafter operated by any other motive power. The Surface Transportation Board is hereby authorized and directed upon request of the Railroad Retirement Board, or upon complaint of any party interested, to determine after hearing whether any line operated by electric power falls within the terms of this paragraph. (b)(1) The term "employee" means (i) any individual in the service of one or more employers for compensation, (ii) any individual who is in the employment relation to one or more employers, and (iii) an employee representative: Provided, however, That the term "employee" shall include an employee of a local lodge or division defined as an employer in subsection (a) of this section only if he was in the service of or in the employment relation to an employer as defined in paragraph (i) of subsection (a)(1) of this section on or after August 29, 1935. (2) The term "employee" shall not include any individual while such individual is engaged in the physical operations consisting of the mining of coal, the preparation of coal, the handling (other than movement by rail with standard railroad locomotives) of coal not beyond the mine tipple, or the loading of coal at the tipple. (c) The term "employee representative" means any officer or official representative of a railway labor organization other than a labor organization included in the term "employer" as defined in subsection (a) of this section who before or after August 29, 1935, was in the service of an employer as defined in subsection (a) of this section and who is duly authorized and designated to represent employees in accordance with the Railway Labor Act, as amended [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], and any individual who is regularly assigned to or regularly employed by such officer or official representative in connection with the duties of his office. (d)(1) An individual is in the service of an employer whether his service is rendered within or without the United States if - (i)(A) he is subject to the continuing authority of the employer to supervise and direct the manner of rendition of his service, or (B) he is rendering professional or technical services and is integrated into the staff of the employer, or (C) he is rendering, on the property used in the employer's operations, personal services the rendition of which is integrated into the employer's operations; and (ii) he renders such service for compensation, or a method of computing the monthly compensation for such service is provided in section 231b(j) of this title. (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (1) of this subsection - (i) an individual shall be deemed to be in the service of an employer, other than a local lodge or division or a general committee of a railway-labor-organization employer, not conducting the principal part of its business in the United States only when he is rendering service to it in the United States; (ii) an individual shall be deemed to be in the service of a local lodge or division of a railway-labor-organization employer not conducting the principal part of its business in the United States only if (A) all, or substantially all, the individuals constituting the membership of such local lodge or division are employees of an employer conducting the principal part of its business in the United States; or (B) the headquarters of such local lodge or division is located in the United States; and (iii) an individual shall be deemed to be in the service of a general committee of a railway-labor-organization employer not conducting the principal part of its business in the United States only if (A) he is representing a local lodge or division described in clause (A) or (B) of paragraph (ii); or (B) all, or substantially all, the individuals represented by such general committee are employees of an employer conducting the principal part of its business in the United States; or (C) he acts in the capacity of a general chairman or an assistant general chairman of a general committee which represents individuals rendering service in the United States to an employer, but in such case if his office or headquarters is not located in the United States and the individuals represented by such general committee are employees of an employer not conducting the principal part of its business in the United States only such proportion of the remuneration for such service shall be regarded as compensation as the proportion which the mileage in the United States under the jurisdiction of such general committee bears to the total mileage under its jurisdiction, unless such mileage formula is inapplicable, in which case the Board may prescribe such other formula as it finds to be equitable, and if the application of such mileage formula, or such other formula as the Board may prescribe, would result in the compensation of the individual being less than 10 per centum of his remuneration for such service no part of such remuneration shall be regarded as compensation. (3) Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection, an individual not a citizen or resident of the United States shall not be deemed to be in the service of an employer when rendering service outside the United States to an employer who is required under the laws applicable in the place where the service is rendered to employ therein, in whole or in part, citizens or residents thereof. For purposes of this subdivision, the laws applicable on August 29, 1935, in the place where the service is rendered shall be deemed to have been applicable there at all times prior to that date. (e)(1) An individual shall be deemed to have been in the employment relation to an employer on August 29, 1935, if - (i) he was on that date on leave of absence from his employment, expressly granted to him by the employer by whom he was employed, or by a duly authorized representative of such employer, and the grant of such leave of absence will have been established to the satisfaction of the Board before July 1947; (ii) he was in the service of an employer after August 29, 1935, and before January 1946 in each of six calendar months, whether or not consecutive; (iii) before August 29, 1935, he did not retire and was not retired or discharged from the service of the last employer by whom he was employed or its corporate or operating successor, but (A) solely by reason of his physical or mental disability he ceased before August 29, 1935, to be in the service of such employer and thereafter remained continuously disabled until he attained age sixty-five or until August 1945, or (B) solely for such last stated reason an employer by whom he was employed before August 29, 1935, or an employer who is its successor did not on or after August 29, 1935, and before August 1945 call him to return to service, or (C) if he was so called he was solely for such reason unable to render service in six calendar months as provided in paragraph (ii); or (iv) he was on August 29, 1935, absent from the service of an employer by reason of a discharge which, within one year after the effective date thereof, was protested, to an appropriate labor representative or to the employer, as wrongful, and which was followed within ten years of the effective date thereof by his reinstatement in good faith to his former service with all his senority (!1) rights. (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (1) of this subsection, an individual shall not be deemed to have been in the employment relation to an employer on August 29, 1935, if before that date he was granted a pension or gratuity on the basis of which a pension was awarded to him pursuant to section 6 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228f], or if during the last payroll period before August 29, 1935, in which he rendered service to an employer he was not in the service of an employer, in accordance with subsection (d) of this section, with respect to any service in such payroll period, or if he could have been in the employment relation to an employer only by reason of his having been, either before or after August 29, 1935, in the service of a local lodge or division defined as an employer in subsection (a) of this section. (f)(1) The term "years of service" shall mean the number of years an individual as an employee shall have rendered service to one or more employers for compensation or received remuneration for time lost, and shall be computed in accordance with the provisions of section 231b(i) of this title. Twelve calendar months, consecutive or otherwise, in each of which an employee has rendered such service or received such wages for time lost, shall constitute a year of service. Ultimate fractions shall be taken at their actual value. (2) Where service prior to August 29, 1935, may be included in the computation of years of service as provided in subdivision (3) of section 231b(i) of this title, it may be included as to - (i) service rendered to a person which was an employer on August 29, 1935, irrespective of whether such person was an employer at the time such service was rendered; (ii) service rendered to any express company, sleeping-car company, or carrier by railroad which was a predecessor of a company which, on August 29, 1935, was an employer as defined in paragraph (i) of subsection (a)(1) of this section, irrespective of whether such predecessor was an employer at the time such service was rendered; and (iii) service rendered to a person not an employer in the performance of operations involving the use of standard railroad equipment if such operations were performed by an employer on August 29, 1935. (g)(1) For purposes of section 231b(i)(2) of this title, an individual shall be deemed to have been in "military service" when commissioned or enrolled in the active service of the land or naval forces of the United States and until resignation or discharge therefrom; and the service of any individual in any reserve component of the land or naval forces of the United States, while serving in the land or naval forces of the United States for any period, even though less than thirty days, shall be deemed to have been active service in such force during such period. (2) For purposes of section 231b(i)(2) of this title, a "war service period" shall mean (A) any war period, or (B) with respect to any particular individual, any period during which such individual (i) having been in military service at the end of a war period, was required to continue in military service, or (ii) was required by call of the President, or by any Act of Congress or regulation, order, or proclamation pursuant thereto, to enter and continue in military service, or (C) any period after September 7, 1939, with respect to which a state of national emergency was duly declared to exist which requires a strengthening of the national defense. For purposes of section 231b(i)(2) of this title, the period beginning on June 15, 1948, and ending on December 15, 1950, shall be deemed to be a war service period with respect to any individual who without intervening employment not covered by this subchapter rendered service as an employee to an employer under this subchapter in the year such individual was released from active military service or in the year immediately following such year. (3) For purposes of section 231b(i)(2) of this title, a "war period" shall be deemed to have begun on whichever of the following dates is the earliest: (A) the date on which the Congress of the United States declared war; or (B) the date as of which the Congress of the United States declared that a state of war has existed; or (C) the date on which war was declared by one or more foreign states against the United States; or (D) the date on which any part of the United States or any territory under its jurisdiction was invaded or attacked by any armed force of one or more foreign states; or (E) the date on which the United States engaged in armed hostilities for the purpose of preserving the Union or of maintaining in any State of the Union a republican form of government. (4) For purposes of section 231b(i)(2) of this title, a "war period" shall be deemed to have ended on the date on which hostilities ceased. (h)(1) The term "compensation" means any form of money remuneration paid to an individual for services rendered as an employee to one or more employers or as an employee representative, including remuneration paid for time lost as an employee, but remuneration paid for time lost shall be deemed earned in the month in which such time is lost. A payment made by an employer to an individual through the employer's payroll shall be presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, to be compensation for service rendered by such individual as an employee of the employer in the period with respect to which the payment is made. Compensation earned in any calendar month before 1947 shall be deemed paid in such month regardless of whether or when payment will have been in fact made, and compensation earned in any calendar year after 1946 but paid after the end of such calendar year shall be deemed to be compensation paid in the calendar year in which it will have been earned if it is so reported by the employer before February 1 of the next succeeding calendar year or if the employee establishes, subject to the provisions of section 231h of this title, the period during which such compensation will have been earned. (2) An employee shall be deemed to be paid "for time lost" the amount he is paid by an employer with respect to an identifiable period of absence from the active service of the employer, including absence on account of personal injury, and the amount he is paid by the employer for loss of earnings resulting from his displacement to a less remunerative position or occupation. If a payment is made by an employer with respect to a personal injury and includes pay for time lost, the total payment shall be deemed to be paid for time lost unless, at the time of payment, a part of such payment is specifically apportioned to factors other than time lost, in which event only such part of the payment as is not so apportioned shall be deemed to be paid for time lost. (3) Solely for purposes of determining amounts to be included in the compensation of an employee, the term "compensation" shall also include cash tips received by an employee in any calendar month in the course of his employment by an employer unless the amount of such cash tips is less than $20. (4) Tips included as compensation by reason of the provisions of subdivision (3) shall be deemed to be paid at the time a written statement including such tips is furnished to the employer pursuant to section 6053(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 6053(a)] or, if no statement including such tips is so furnished, at the time received. Tips so deemed to be paid in any month shall be deemed paid for services rendered in such month. (5) In determining compensation, there shall be attributable as compensation paid to an employee in calendar months in which he is in military service creditable under section 231b(i)(2) of this title, in addition to any other compensation paid to him with respect to such months - (i) for each such calendar month prior to 1968, $160; (ii) for each such calendar month after 1967 and prior to 1975, $260; and (iii) for each such calendar month after 1974, the amount which is creditable as such individual's "wages" under section 209(d) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 409(d)]. (6) Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding subdivisions of this subsection, the term "compensation" shall not include - (i) tips, except as is provided under subdivision (3) of this subsection; (ii) remuneration for service which is performed by a non-resident alien individual for the period he is temporarily present in the United States as a nonimmigrant under subparagraph (F) or (J) of section 1101(a)(15) of title 8, as amended, and which is performed to carry out the purpose specified in subparagraph (F) or (J), as the case may be; (iii) remuneration earned in the service of a local lodge or division of a railway-labor-organization employer with respect to any calendar month in which the amount of such remuneration is less than $25; (iv) remuneration for service as a delegate to a national or international convention of a railway-labor-organization employer if the individual rendering such service has not previously rendered service, other than as such a delegate, which may be included in his "years of service;" (v) the amount of any payment (including any amount paid by an employer for insurance or annuities, or into a fund, to provide for any such payment) made to, or on behalf of, an employee or any of his dependents under a plan or system established by an employer which makes provision for his employees generally (or for his employees generally and their dependents) or for a class or classes of his employees (or for a class or classes of his employees and their dependents), on account of sickness or accident disability or medical or hospitalization expenses in connection with sickness or accident disability; and (vi) an amount paid specifically - either as an advance, as reimbursement or allowance - for traveling or other bona fide and necessary expenses incurred or reasonably expected to be incurred in the business of the employer provided any such payment is identified by the employer either by a separate payment or by specifically indicating the separate amounts where both wages and expense reimbursement or allowance are combined in a single payment. (7) The term "compensation" includes any separation allowance or subsistence allowance paid under any benefit schedule provided under section 701 of title VII of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 [45 U.S.C. 797] (!2) and any termination allowance paid under section 702 of that Act [45 U.S.C. 797a], but does not include any other benefits payable under that title [45 U.S.C. 797 et seq.]. The total amount of any subsistence allowance paid under a benefit schedule provided pursuant to section 701 of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 shall be considered as having been earned in the month in which the employee first timely filed a claim for such an allowance. (8) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, for the purposes of sections 231b(a)(1), 231c(a)(1), and 231c(f)(1) of this title, the term "compensation" includes any payment from any source to an employee or employee representative if such payment is subject to tax under section 3201 or 3211 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3201, 3211]. (i) The term "Board" means the Railroad Retirement Board. (j) The term "company" includes corporations, associations, and joint-stock companies. (k) The term "employee" includes an officer of an employer. (l) The term "person" means an individual, a partnership, an association, a joint-stock company, a corporation, or the United States or any other governmental body. (m) The term "United States," when used in a geographical sense, means the States and the District of Columbia. (n) The term "Social Security Act" means the Social Security Act as amended [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] from time to time. (o) An individual shall be deemed to have "a current connection with the railroad industry" at the time an annuity begins to accrue to him and at death if, in any thirty consecutive calendar months before the month in which an annuity under this subchapter begins to accrue to him, or the month in which he dies if that first occurs, he will have been in service as an employee in not less than twelve calendar months and, if such thirty calendar months do not immediately precede such month, he will not have been engaged in any regular employment other than employment for an employer or employment with the Department of Transportation, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Surface Transportation Board, the National Mediation Board, the National Transportation Safety Board, the State-owned railroad (as defined in the Alaska Railroad Transfer Act of 1982 [45 U.S.C. 1201 et seq.]), so long as it is an instrumentality of the State of Alaska, or the Railroad Retirement Board in the period before such month and after the end of such thirty months. For purposes of section 231a(b) of this title and section 231a(d) of this title only, an individual shall be deemed also to have "a current connection with the railroad industry" if, after having completed twenty-five years of service, such individual involuntarily and without fault ceased rendering service as an employee under this subchapter and did not thereafter decline an offer of employment in the same class or craft as the individual's most recent employee service. For purposes of section 231a(d) of this title only, an individual shall be deemed to have a "current connection with the railroad industry" if a pension will have been payable to that individual under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228a et seq.] or a retirement annuity based on service of not less than 10 years (as computed in awarding the annuity) will have begun to accrue to that individual prior to 1948 under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937. For the purposes of section 231a(d) of this title only, an individual shall be deemed also to have a "current connection with the railroad industry" if he will have completed ten years of service and (A) he would be neither fully nor currently insured under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] if his service as an employee after December 31, 1936, were included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act, or (B) he has no quarters of coverage under the Social Security Act. (p) The term "annuity" means a monthly sum which is payable on the first day of each calendar month for the accrual during the preceding calendar month. (q) The terms "quarter" and "calendar quarter" shall mean a period of three calendar months ending on March 31, June 30, September 30, or December 31. (r) For purposes of this subchapter, a person shall be considered to be permanently insured under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] on December 31, 1974, if he or she would be fully insured within the meaning of section 214(a) of that Act [42 U.S.C. 414(a)] when he or she attains age 62 solely on the basis of his or her quarters of coverage under that Act acquired prior to January 1, 1975. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 1, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305; amended Pub. L. 94-547, Sec. 4(a), Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2526; Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1116, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 628; Pub. L. 97-468, title VI, Sec. 615(b)(6), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2578; Pub. L. 98-76, title IV, Secs. 402(a), 403(a), 410(a), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 434, 435; Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Sec. 7304(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3778; Pub. L. 101-239, title X, Sec. 10208(d)(2)(B)(ii), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2481; Pub. L. 104-88, title III, Sec. 323, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 950.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1)(v) and (c), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (Sec. 151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of this title and Tables. Section 6 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, referred to in subsec. (e)(2), which was classified to section 228f of this title, has been omitted from the Code. The Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, referred to in subsec. (h)(7), is Pub. L. 93-236, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 985, as amended. Section 701 of title VII of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 [45 U.S.C. 797] was repealed by Pub. L. 99-509, title IV, Sec. 4024(c), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1904, effective on the sale date (Apr. 2, 1987). Title VII of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 is classified generally to subchapter VII (Sec. 797 et seq.) of chapter 16 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 701 of this title and Tables. The Social Security Act, referred to in subsecs. (n), (o), and (r), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. The Alaska Railroad Transfer Act of 1982, referred to in subsec. (o), is Pub. L. 97-468, title VI, Sec. 601 et seq., Jan 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2556, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 21 (Sec. 1201 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1201 of this title and Tables. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, referred to in subsec. (o), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, 49 Stat. 867, as amended generally by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, part I, 50 Stat. 307, which is classified principally to subchapter III (Sec. 228a et seq.) of this chapter. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 was amended generally and redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 is classified generally to this subchapter. For complete classification of these Acts to the Code, see Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1995 - Subsec. (a)(1)(i). Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 323(1), added cl. (i) and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: "any express company, sleeping car company, and carrier by railroad, subject to part I of the Interstate Commerce Act;". Subsec. (a)(2)(ii). Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 323(2), substituted "Surface Transportation Board is hereby authorized and directed upon request of the Railroad Retirement Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission is hereby authorized and directed upon request of the Board". Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 323(3), inserted "the Surface Transportation Board," after "the Interstate Commerce Commission,". 1989 - Subsec. (h)(5)(iii). Pub. L. 101-239 substituted "section 209(d)" for "the third paragraph of section 209". 1988 - Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 100-647 inserted provision designating the period beginning on June 15, 1948, and ending on Dec. 15, 1950, as a war service period with respect to certain individuals. 1986 - Subsec. (h)(4), (8). Pub. L. 99-514 substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954". 1983 - Subsec. (h)(6). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 402(a), struck out cl. (ii) which provided that term "compensation" would not include the voluntary payment by an employee, without deduction from the remuneration of the employee, of any tax not now or thereafter imposed with respect to the compensation of such employee, and redesignated cls. (iii) to (vii) as (ii) to (vi), respectively. Subsec. (h)(7). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 403(a), added par. (7). Subsec. (h)(8). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 410(a), added par. (8). Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 97-468 inserted "the State-owned railroad (as defined in the Alaska Railroad Transfer Act of 1982 [45 U.S.C. 1201 et seq.]), so long as it is an instrumentality of the State of Alaska," after "National Transportation Safety Board,". 1981 - Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1116(a), substituted "Ultimate fractions shall be taken at their actual value" for "Ultimate fractions shall be taken at their actual value, except that if the individual will have had not less than one hundred twenty-six months of service, an ultimate fraction of six months or more shall be taken as one year". Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1116(b)(2), inserted after first sentence "For purposes of section 231a(b) of this title and section 231a(d) of this title only, an individual shall be deemed also to have 'a current connection with the railroad industry' if, after having completed twenty-five years of service, such individual involuntarily and without fault ceased rendering service as an employee under this subchapter and did not thereafter decline an offer of employment in the same class or craft as the individual's most recent employee service. For purposes of section 231a(d) of this title only, an individual shall be deemed to have a 'current connection with the railroad industry' if a pension will have been payable to that individual under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 or a retirement annuity based on service of not less than 10 years (as computed in awarding the annuity) will have begun to accrue to that individual prior to 1948 under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937." Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1116(b)(1), inserted reference to National Transportation Safety Board. 1976 - Subsec. (h)(6)(vi), (vii). Pub. L. 94-547 added pars. (vi) and (vii). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 701 of Title 49, Transportation. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Section 7304(b) of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to annuities accruing in months after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENTS Section 402(c) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 351 of this title] shall apply to compensation paid for services rendered after June 30, 1983." Section 403(c) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 351 of this title] shall be effective August 13, 1981." Section 410(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to payments made on or after January 1, 1982." Amendment by Pub. L. 97-468 effective on date of transfer of Alaska Railroad to the State [Jan. 5, 1985], pursuant to section 1203 of this title, see section 615(b) of Pub. L. 97-468. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Section 1129 of Pub. L. 97-35, as amended by Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the amendments made by this subtitle [subtitle D (Secs. 1116-1129 of title XI of Pub. L. 97-35, enacting section 231u of this title, amending this section and sections 231a to 231f, 231i, 231n, 231q, 355, and 358 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 231n of this title] shall take effect October 1, 1981, and shall apply only with respect to annuities awarded on or after that date. "(b)(1) The amendment made by section 1116(a) of this Act [amending this section] shall take effect October 1, 1981, except that the years of service of an individual shall not be considered less after enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 1981] for any individual who files an application before April 1, 1982 than such individual had during the month of September 1981. "(2) The amendments made by sections 1116(b)(1), 1118(c)(2), 1119(b)(5), 1119(c), 1119(h)(3), 1119(i)(3), 1120(a), 1120(d), 1121(c)(1), 1121(c)(2), 1123, and 1125 of this Act [amending this section and sections 231b, 231c, 231d, 231e, 231i, and 231q of this title] shall take effect January 1, 1975. "(3) The first sentence added to section 1(o) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (o) of this section] by section 1116(b)(2) shall take effect October 1, 1981, and shall apply only with respect to individuals who did not die before that date and who ceased rendering service as an employee under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [this subchapter] on or after October 1, 1975 or were on leave of absence or furlough on October 1, 1975. The second sentence added to section 1(o) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 by section 1116(b)(2) shall take effect October 1, 1981. "(c) The amendment made by section 1117(a) of this Act [amending section 231a of this title] shall take effect October 1, 1981, and shall apply only with respect to individuals whose supplemental annuity closing date under section 2(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(b) of this title] before the effective date of the amendment to such section by this Act did not occur before October 1, 1981. "(d) The amendments made by section 1119(b)(1) [amending section 231c of this title] shall not apply with respect to annuities awarded on the basis of employee annuities awarded before October 1, 1981. "(e)(1) The amendments made by sections 1118(e)(3), 1119(d)(2), 1119(h)(1), and 1119(h)(4) of this Act [amending sections 231b and 231c of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 1981]. "(2) The amendment made by section 1118(d) of this Act [amending section 231b of this title] shall apply with respect to annuity increases which become effective on or after the date described in the next sentence. The date referred to in the last preceding sentence is the later of October 1, 1981 and the date (after July 1, 1981) on which there is an increase in the rate of any tax imposed under chapter 22 (relating to railroad retirement tax) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] [chapter 22 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code]. For the purposes of the amendment made by section 1118(d), with respect to annuities awarded before October 1, 1981, the annuity portions computed under subsections (b) and (d) of section 3 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(b) and (d) of this title] as in effect before October 1, 1981, shall be treated as a portion of an annuity computed under section 3(b) of such Act as amended by this Act. "(3) The amendment made by section 1118(a) of this Act [amending section 231b of this title] shall take effect on the later of October 1, 1981, and the date (after July 1, 1981) on which there is an increase in the rate of any tax imposed under chapter 22 (relating to railroad retirement tax) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [chapter 22 of Title 26], and shall apply only with respect to annuities awarded on or after the date of that taking effect. "(f) Section 4(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 as amended by this Act [section 231c(g) of this title] (except subdivisions (5) and (6) of such section 4(g)) shall take effect October 1, 1981, with respect to awards made on or after that date in cases in which the employee did not begin receiving an annuity under section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(a)(1) of this title] before October 1, 1981, and did not die before that date, and to all awards made on or after October 1, 1986. In all other awards made on or after October 1, 1981, and before October 1, 1986, for purposes of determining the initial annuity amounts only, the provisions of section 4(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, as in effect before amendment by this Act shall be applicable. Initial annuity amounts determined under the preceding sentence shall be increased only by the same percentage, or percentages, as an employee's annuity amount determined under section 3(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(b) of this title] is increased under section 3(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(g) of this title] on or after the date on which such initial annuity amount began to accrue. Annuity amounts determined under section 4(g) of the Railway Retirement Act of 1974 before amendment by this Act or under section 207(2) of Public Law 93-445 [set out as a note below] shall be increased only by the same percentage, or percentages, as an employee's annuity amount determined under section 3(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 is increased under section 3(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 on or after October 1, 1981. Section 4(g)(5) and 4(g)(6) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, as amended by this Act, shall take effect on October 1, 1981. "(g) The amendments made by sections 1118(b), 1118(g), 1120(b), 1122(a)(2), 1122(b)(1), 1122(c), 1124, 1126, and 1127 of this Act [enacting section 231u of this title, amending sections 231b, 231d, 231f, and 231n of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 231n of this title] shall take effect October 1, 1981. "(h) The amendments made by sections 1117(e)(2), 1117(f), 1118(h)(2), and 1119(i)(4) [amending sections 231a, 231b, and 231c of this title] shall take effect January 1, 1982." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Section 4(c)(1) of Pub. L. 94-547 provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section] shall be effective January 1, 1975." EFFECTIVE DATE Section 602(a)-(d) of Pub. L. 93-445 provided that: "(a) The provisions of title I of this Act [enacting this subchapter] shall become effective on January 1, 1975, except as otherwise provided herein: Provided, however, That annuities awarded under section 2 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a of this title] on the basis of an application therefor filed with the Board on or after such date may, subject to the limitations prescribed in section 5(a) of such Act [section 231d(a) of this title], begin prior to such date, except that no annuity under paragraph (ii) of section 2(a)(1) of such Act [subsec. (a)(1) of section 231a of this title] shall begin to accrue to a man prior to July 1, 1974. "(b) The provision of section 1(o) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231(o) of this title] which provides that a 'current connection with the railroad industry' will not be broken by 'employment with the Department of Transportation, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the National Mediation Board, or the Railroad Retirement Board' shall not be applicable (A) for purposes of paragraph (iv) of section 2(a)(1) of such Act [section 231a(a)(1)(iv) of this title], to an individual who became disabled, as provided for purposes of such paragraph, prior to January 1, 1975, (B) for purposes of section 2(b)(1) of such Act [section 231a(b)(1) of this title], to an individual whose annuity under section 2(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a) of this title] or section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(1) of this title] first began to accrue prior to January 1, 1975, and (C) for purposes of section 2(d)(1) [section 231a(d)(1) of this title] of such Act, to a survivor of a deceased employee if such employee died prior to January 1, 1975. "(c) The provisions of clause (i)(B) and clause (ii)(B) of section 2(c)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (c)(1) of section 231a of this title] shall not be applicable to the spouse of an individual if (A) such individual will have completed thirty years of service and will have been awarded an annuity under section 2(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a) of this title] or section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (a)(1) of section 231a of this title] which first began to accrue prior to July 1, 1974, or (B) such individual will have completed less than thirty years of service and will have been awarded an annuity under section 2(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a) of this title] or section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (a)(1) section 231a of this title] which first began to accrue prior to January 1, 1975. For purposes of the entitlement of the spouse of an individual described in clause (A) or (B) of the preceding sentence to an annuity under such section 2(c)(1) [subsec. (c)(1) section 231a of this title], the provisions of clause (i)(B) of such section 2(c)(1) [subsec. (c)(1) of section 231a of this title] shall be deemed to read: '(B) has attained the age of 65'. "(d) The provisions of section 2(b)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (b)(1) of section 231a of this title] which permit an individual to become entitled to a supplemental annuity thereunder if he 'has attained age 60 and completed thirty years of service' shall not be applicable to an individual who was awarded an annuity under section 2(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a) of this title] or section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (a)(1) of section 231a of this title] which first began to accrue prior to July 1, 1974." -TRANS- ABOLITION OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION AND TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104-88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 702 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as a note under section 701 of Title 49. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as a note under section 701 of Title 49. -MISC2- TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS Sections 201 to 210 of title II of Pub. L. 93-445, effective Jan. 1, 1975, as amended by Pub. L. 94-92, title II, Sec. 202(a), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 465; Pub. L. 94-547, Sec. 1, Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2523, provided that: "Sec. 201. The claims of individuals who, prior to the effective date of title I of this Act [see Effective Date note set out above], became eligible for annuities, supplemental annuities, or death benefits under section 2, 3(j), or 5 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b, 228c(j), or 228e of this title] shall be adjudicated by the Board under that Act [subchapter III of this chapter] in the same manner and with the same effect as if title I of this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted: Provided, however, That no annuity, supplemental annuity, or death benefit shall be awarded under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subchapter III of this chapter] on the basis of an application therefor filed with the Board on or after the effective date of title I of this Act: Provided, further, That no annuity under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 [subchapter II of this chapter], no annuity or supplemental annuity under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subchapter III of this chapter], and no pension under section 6 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228f of this title] shall be payable for any month after December 31, 1974. "Sec. 202. (a) Every individual who would have been entitled to an annuity under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 [subchapter II of this chapter] for the month of January 1975, if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted, shall be entitled to an annuity under paragraph (i) of section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(a)(1) of this title], beginning January 1, 1975, in an amount determined under the provisions of section 3(a) of such Act [section 231b(a) of this title], which amount shall initially be equal to the amount determined under clause (i) of section 3(a)(6) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228c(a)(6) of this title] for the purpose of computing the last increase in such individual's annuity under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 [subchapter II of this chapter] pursuant to the provisions of section 105 of Public Law 93-69 [set out as a note under sections 228e to 228z-1 of this title], less the amount of any monthly insurance benefit to which such individual is actually entitled (before any deductions on account of work) under the Social Security Act [section 301 et seq. of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare]. "(b) The amount of the annuity of an individual under subsection (a) of this section shall be increased by an amount, if any, equal to the amount by which (i) his annuity under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 [subchapter II of this chapter] for the month of December 1974 exceeds (ii) his annuity under subsection (a) of this section for the month of January 1975. "Sec. 203. (a) Every individual who would have been entitled to a pension under section 6 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228f of this title] for the month of January 1975, if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted, shall be entitled to an annuity under paragraph (i) of section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(a)(1) of this title] in an amount determined under the provisions of section 3(a) of such Act [section 231b(a) of this title], which amount shall initially be equal to the amount determined under clause (i) of section 3(a)(6) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228c(a)(6) of this title] for the purpose of computing the last increase in such individual's pension under section 6 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228f of this title] pursuant to the provisions of section 105 of Public Law 93-69 [set out as a note under sections 228e to 228z-1 of this title], less the amount of any monthly insurance benefit to which such individual is actually entitled (before any deductions on account of work) under the Social Security Act [section 301 et seq. of Title 42]. "(b) The amount of the annuity of an individual under subsection (a) of this section shall be increased by an amount, if any, equal to the amount by which (i) his pension under section 6 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228f of this title] for the month of December 1974 exceeds (ii) his annuity under subsection (a) of this section for the month of January 1975. "(c) The annuities of each individual under the preceding subsections of this section shall be paid on January 1, 1975, and on the first day of each calendar month thereafter during his life. "Sec. 204. (a) Every individual who was entitled to an annuity under section 2(a)1, 2(a)2, 2(a)3, 2(a)4, or 2(a)5 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a)1, 228b(a)2, 228b(a)3, 228b(a)4, or 228b(a)5 of this title] for the month of December 1974, or who would have been entitled to such an annuity for such month except for the provisions of section 2(d) of such Act [section 228b(d) of this title], and who would have been entitled to such an annuity for the month of January 1975, if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted, shall be entitled to an annuity under paragraph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v), respectively, of section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(a)(1) of this title], beginning January 1, 1975: Provided, however, That if an individual who was entitled to an annuity under section 2(a)4 or 2(a)5 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [probably should read "Railroad Retirement Act of 1937" classified to section 228b(a)4 or 228b(a)5, of this title] is age 65 or older, on January 1, 1975, such individual shall be entitled to an annuity under paragraph (i) of section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(a)(1) of this title]. For purposes of this subsection - "(1) that portion of the individual's annuity as is provided under section 3(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(a) of this title] shall initially be in an amount equal to (A) the amount determined under clause (i) of section 3(a)(6) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228c(a)(6) of this title] for the purpose of computing the last increase in the amount of such individual's annuity as computed under the provisions of section 3(a) [section 228c(a) of this title], and that part of section 3(e) which preceded the first proviso, of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228c(e) of this title] or (B), if less in a case where such individual is not entitled to an annuity amount provided under paragraph (3) of this subsection, the amount of the annuity under section 2(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a) of this title] (before any reduction on account of age and without regard to section 2(d) of such Act [section 228b(d) of this title]) which such individual would have received for the month of January 1975 if this Act [see Effective Date of 1976 Amendment set out hereunder] had not been enacted: Provided, however, That such annuity amount shall be subject to reduction in accordance with the provisions of section 3(m) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(m) of this title] in the same manner as other annuity amounts provided under section 3(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974; "(2) that portion of the individual's annuity as is provided under section 3(b)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(b)(1) of this title] shall be in an amount, if any, equal to the amount by which (A) his annuity under section 2(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a) of this title] for the month of December 1974 (before any reduction on account of age and without regard to section 2(d) of such Act [section 228b(d) of this title]) exceeds (B)(i), if such individual is entitled to an annuity amount provided under paragraph (3) of this subsection, the amount of the annuity which would have been provided such individual under paragraph (1) of this subsection (before any reduction due to such individual's entitlement to a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [section 301 et seq. of Title 42]) for the month of January 1975 if he had no wages or self-employment income under the Social Security Act other than wages derived from service as an employee under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [this subchapter] after December 31, 1936, and before January 1, 1975, or (ii), if such individual is not entitled to an annuity amount provided under paragraph (3) of this subsection, the amount of his annuity provided under paragraph (1) of this subsection (before any reduction due to such individual's entitlement to a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act) for the month of January 1975: Provided, however, That if the annuity of any individual under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subchapter III of this chapter] for the month of December 1974 was computed under the first proviso of section 3(e) of such Act [section 228c(e) of this title], the annuity of such individual for purposes of clause (A) of this paragraph shall be no greater than the annuity which such individual would have received under such Act [subchapter III of this chapter] for the month of December 1974, if no other person had been included in the computation of the annuity of such individual; and "(3) if the individual was entitled to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [section 301 et seq. of Title 42] on December 31, 1974, or was fully insured under that Act on that date, the annuity amounts provided under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection shall be increased by an amount determined under the provisions of section 3(h)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(h)(1) of this title]: Provided, however, That, if the individual was entitled to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act on December 31, 1974, such amount shall not be less nor more than an amount which would cause the total of the annuity amounts provided the individual by the provisions of this subsection for the month of January 1975 to equal the total of the annuity under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subchapter III of this chapter] (prior to any reduction on account of age and without regard to section 2(d) of that Act [section 228b(d) of this title]) plus the old-age or disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act (before any reduction on account of age and deductions on account of work) which such individual would have received for such month if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted. "(4) if the individual was entitled to a wife's, husband's, widow's, or widower's insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [section 301 et seq. of Title 42] on December 31, 1974, or is the wife, husband, widow, or widower of a person who was fully insured under that Act on that date, the annuity amounts provided under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection shall be increased by an amount determined under the provisions of section 3(h)(3) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(h)(3) of this title]. "(b) An individual who was awarded an annuity under section 2(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a) of this title], but who could not have become eligible for an annuity under paragraph 2 of such section, shall not be eligible for an annuity under paragraph (ii) of section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(a)(1) of this title]. "(c) An individual who was awarded an annuity under section 2(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a) of this title] shall not be entitled to an annuity amount computed under the provisions of section 3(c) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(c) of this title]: Provided, however, That the provisions of this subsection shall not be applicable (i) to an individual who will have rendered at least twelve months of service as an employee to an employer (as defined in the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [this section] after December 31, 1974, or (ii) to an individual who was awarded an annuity under section 2(a)4 or 2(a)5 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a)4 or 228b(a)5 of this title] and who recovered from disability and returned to the service of an employer (as defined in the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974) [this section] after December 31, 1974. [Section 202(b) of Pub. L. 94-92 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [enacting section 204(c) of Pub. L. 93-445] shall be effective January 1, 1975."] "(d) The annuity amount provided an individual by paragraph (1) of this subsection as increased from time to time shall be deemed to be the primary insurance amount of such individual for purposes of computing the annuity of the spouse of such individual under section 4(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974. [section 231c(a) of this title]." [Effective Date of 1976 Amendment. Section 1(d) of Pub. L. 94-547 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting section 204(d) and amending sections 204(a)(1), (2) and 206(1) of Pub. L. 93-445] shall be effective January 1, 1975: Provided, however, That the increases in annuities effective June 1, 1975, and June 1, 1976, shall be in the amount which would have been provided if this Act [enacting section 204(d) of Pub. L. 93-445, amending sections 204(a)(1), (2) and 206(1) of Pub. L. 93-445 and this section and section 231c and 231n of this title and section 3231 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 231c and 231n of this title and 3231 of Title 26] had not been enacted."] "Sec. 205. (a) Every individual who was entitled to a supplemental annuity under section 3(j) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228c(j) of this title] for the month of December 1974, or who would have been entitled to such a supplemental annuity for such month except for the provisions of section 2(d) of such Act [section 228b(d) of this title], and who would have been entitled to such a supplemental annuity for the month of January 1975, if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted, shall be entitled to a supplemental annuity under section 2(b)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(b)(1) of this title], beginning January 1, 1975, in an amount, the provisions of section 3(e) of such Act [section 231b(e) of this title] notwithstanding, equal to the amount of the supplemental annuity to which such individual was entitled under section 3(j) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228c(j) of this title] for the month of December 1974, or to which such individual would have been entitled for such month under such section 3(j) [section 228c(j) of this title] except for the provisions of section 2(d) of such Act [section 228b(d) of this title]. "(b) An individual who was awarded an annuity under section 2(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a) of this title], but who could not have become eligible for a supplemental annuity under section 3(j) of such Act [section 228c(j) of this title] if this Act had not been enacted, shall not be eligible for a supplemental annuity under section 2(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(b) of this title]. "Sec. 206. Every spouse who was entitled to an annuity under section 2(e) or 2(h) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(e) or 228b(h) of this title] for the month of December 1974, or who would have been entitled to such an annuity for such month except for the provisions of section 2(d) of such Act [section 228b(d) of this title], and who would have been entitled to such an annuity for the month of January 1975, if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted, shall be entitled to an annuity under section 2(c) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(c) of this title] beginning January 1, 1975. For purposes of this section - "(1) that portion of the spouse's annuity as is provided under section 4(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231c(a) of this title] shall initially be in an amount equal to (A) the amount determined under clause (i) of section 3(a)(6) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228c(a)(6) of this title] for the purpose of computing the last increase in the amount of such spouse's annuity as computed under the provisions of section 2 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b of this title] or (B), if less in a case where such spouse is not entitled to an annuity amount provided by paragraph (3) of this section, the amount of the annuity under section 2(e) or 2(h) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(e) or (h) of this section] (before any reduction on account of age and without regard to section 2(d) of such Act [section 228b(d) of this title]) which such spouse would have received for the month of January 1975 if this Act [see Effective Date of 1976 Amendment set out under section 204(d) hereinabove] had not been enacted: Provided, however, That the amount of such annuity shall be subject to reduction in accordance with the provisions of section 202(k) or 202(q) of the Social Security Act [section 402(k) or 402(q) of Title 42], other than a reduction on account of age, in the same manner as any wife's insurance benefit or husband's insurance benefit payable under section 202 of the Social Security Act [section 402 of Title 42] and shall also be subject to reduction in accordance with the provisions of section 4(i) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231c(i) of this title]; [Effective Date of 1976 Amendment. See note set out under section 204(d) hereinabove.] "(2) that portion of the spouse's annuity as is provided under section 4(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231c(b) of this title] shall be in an amount, if any, equal to 50 per centum of the individual's annuity as computed in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (2) of section 204(a) of this title: Provided, however, That, in case of a spouse who is not entitled to an annuity amount provided under paragraph (3) of this section, if (A) the amounts of the annuity provided a spouse for the month of January 1975 by the provisions of paragraph (1) (before any reduction due to such spouse's entitlement to a wife's or husband's insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [section 301 et seq. of Title 42]) and the proceeding provisions of this paragraph exceed (B) the amount of the annuity to which such spouse was entitled (before any reduction on account of age) for the month of December 1974 under section 2(e) or 2(h) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(e) or 228b(h) of this title] (deeming, for this purpose, any increase in the amount of such annuity which, had this Act [enacting this subchapter] not been enacted, would have become effective January 1, 1975, by reason of an increase in the maximum amount payable as a wife's insurance benefit under the Social Security Act to have been effective for the month of December 1974), or to which such spouse would have been entitled for such month under such section 2(e) or 2(h) [section 228b(e) or 228b(h) of this title] except for the provisions of section 2(d) of such Act [section 228b(d) of this title], the amount of the annuity provided such spouse for the month of January 1975 by the preceding provisions of this paragraph shall be reduced until the total of the amounts described in clause (A) of this proviso equals the amount described in clause (B): Provided further, That, if the amount of the annuity of the spouse provided by paragraph (1) of this section is reduced by reason of the provisions of section 4(i)(2) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231c(i)(2) of this title], the amount of the annuity provided such spouse by the preceding provisions of this paragraph shall not be less than an amount which would cause the total of the annuity amounts provided such spouse under paragraph (1) (before any reduction pursuant to the provisions of section 202(k) or 202(q) of the Social Security Act [section 402(k) or 402(q) of Title 42] and before any reduction due to such spouse's entitlement to a wife's or husband's insurance benefit under the Social Security Act) and paragraph (2) of this section for the month of January 1975 to equal the amount of the annuity (before any reduction on account of age) which such spouse would have received for such month under section 2(e) or 2(h) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(e) or 228b(h) of this title] (without regard to the provisions of section 2(d) of that Act [section 228b(d) of this title]) if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted; and "(3) if the spouse was entitled to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [section 301 et seq. of Title 42] of [on] December 31, 1974, or was fully insured under that Act on that date, or was entitled to a wife's or a husband's insurance benefit under that Act on that date, the annuity amounts provided under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this section shall be increased by an amount determined under the provisions of section 4(e)(1) [section 231c(e)(1) of this title], or, if the spouse was entitled only to a wife's or husband's insurance benefit, 4(e)(3) [section 231c(e)(3) of this title] of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974: Provided, however, That, if the spouse was entitled to a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act of [on] December 31, 1974, such amount shall not be less nor more than an amount which would cause (A) the total of (i) the annuity amounts provided the spouse by the provisions of this section for the month of January 1975 plus (ii) the monthly insurance benefit to which such spouse is entitled for that month under the Social Security Act (before any reductions on account of age and deductions on account of work) to equal (B) the total of (i) the spouse's annuity under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subchapter III of this chapter] (prior to any reduction on account of age and without regard to section 2(d) of that Act [section 228b(d) of this title]) plus (ii) the monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act (before any reduction on account of age and deductions on account of work) which such spouse would have received for such month if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted. "Sec. 207. Every survivor who was entitled to an annuity under section 5 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228e of this title] for the month of December 1974, or who would have been entitled to such an annuity for such month except for the provisions of section 5(i) of such Act [section 228e(i) of this title], and who would have been entitled to such an annuity for the month of January 1975, if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted, shall be entitled to an annuity under section 2(d) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(d) of this title] beginning January 1, 1975. For purposes of this section - "(1) that portion of the survivor's annuity as is provided under section 4(f) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231c(f) of this title] shall initially be in an amount equal to the amount determined under clause (i) of section 3(a)(6) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228c(a)(6) of this title] for the purpose of computing the last increase in the amount of such survivor's annuity as computed under the provisions of section 5(q) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228e(q) of this title]: Provided, however, That the amount of such annuity shall be subject to reduction in accordance with the provisions of section 202(k) or 202(q) of the Social Security Act [section 402(k) or 402(q) of Title 42] in the same manner as any widow's insurance benefit, mother's insurance benefit, widower's insurance benefit, parent's insurance benefit, or child's insurance benefit payable under section 202 of the Social Security Act [section 402 of Title 42] and shall also be subject to reduction in accordance with the provisions of section 4(i)(2) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231c(i)(2) of this title]; "(2) that portion of the survivor's annuity as is provided under section 4(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231c(g) of this title] shall initially be in an amount equal to 30 per centum of the amount computed in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (1) of this section prior to any reductions, other than reductions on account of age, in accordance with the provisions of section 202(k) or 202(q) of the Social Security Act [section 402(k) or 402(q) of Title 42] and prior to any reductions in accordance with, the provisions of section 4(i)(2) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231c(i)(2) of this title]: Provided, however, That, if such survivor is not entitled to an annuity amount provided under paragraph (3) of this section, such amount shall not be less than an amount which would cause (A) the total of the annuity amounts provided the survivor by the provisions of this section for the month of January 1975 to equal (B) the amount of the annuity which the survivor would have received for such month under section 5 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228e of this title] (without regard to section 5(i) of that Act [section 228e(i) of this title]) if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted; and "(3) if the survivor is a widow or widower who was entitled to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [section 301 et seq. of Title 42] on December 31, 1974, or was fully insured under that Act on that date, the annuity amounts provided under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this section shall be increased by an amount determined under the provisions of 4(h)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231c(h)(1) of this title]: Provided, however, That, if the widow or widower was entitled to a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act on December 31, 1974, such amount shall not be less nor more than an amount which would cause (A) the total of (i) the annuity amounts provided the widow or widower by the provisions of this section for the month of January 1975 plus (ii) the monthly insurance benefit to which such widow or widower is entitled for that month under the Social Security Act (before any deductions on account of work) to equal (B) the total of (i) the widow's or widower's annuity under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subchapter III of this chapter] (without regard to section 5(i) of that Act [section 228e(i) of this title]) plus (ii) the monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act (before any deductions on account of work) which such widow or widower would have received for such month if this Act [enacting this subchapter] had not been enacted. "Sec. 208. For purposes of paragraph (1) of section 204(a), paragraph (1) of section 206, and paragraph (1) of section 207, the fact that the amount of the annuity payable to an individual, spouse, or survivor under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subchapter III of this chapter] for the month of December 1974 may not (i) in the case of an individual have been computed under the provisions of section 3(a) of such Act [section 228c(a) of this title] or that part of section 3(e) of such Act [section 228c(e) of this title] which precedes the first proviso; (ii) in the case of a spouse, have been computed under the provisions of section 2 of such Act [section 228b of this title], or (iii) in the case of a survivor, have been computed under the provisions of section 5 of such Act [section 228e of this title], shall be disregarded, and the amount determined under clause (i) of section 3(a)(6) of such Act [section 228c(a)(6) of this title] with respect to such individual, spouse, or survivor shall, for purposes of such paragraphs, be the amount which would have been determined under such clause (i) if the annuity of such individual had been computed under the provisions of section 3(a) [section 228c(a) of this title], and that part of section 3(e) [section 228c(e) of this title] which preceded the first proviso, of such Act; the annuity of such spouse had been computed under the provisions of section 2 of such Act [section 228b of this title]; or the annuity of such survivor had been computed under the provisions of section 5 of such Act [section 228e of this title]. "Sec. 209. (a) Whenever monthly insurance benefits under section 202 of the Social Security Act [section 402 of Title 42] are increased, the amount of each annuity provided by section 202(a), section 203(a), paragraph (1) of section 204(a), paragraph (1) of section 206, and paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 207 shall be increased in the same manner, and effective the same date as other annuities of the same type payable under section 2 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a of this title] are increased. "(b) The annuity amounts provided by section 202(b), section 203(b), paragraph (2) of section 204(a), and paragraph (2) of section 206 shall be increased by the same percentage, or percentages, and effective the same date, or dates, as other annuity amounts of the same type are increased pursuant to the provisions of section 3(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(g) of this title]. "Sec. 210. The election of a joint and survivor annuity made before July 31, 1946, by an individual to whom an annuity accrues under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subchapter III of this chapter] before January 1, 1975, shall be given effect as though the provisions of law under which the election was made had continued to be operative unless such election had been revoked prior to the time the annuity of such individual began to accrue." -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 231a, 231b, 231e, 231f, 231n, 231q, 352 of this title; title 42 sections 402, 405. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be "seniority". (!2) See References in Text note below. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231a 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231a. Annuity eligibility requirements -STATUTE- (a) Individuals eligible for annuities; disability standards; proof of continued disability (1) The following-described individuals, if they shall have completed ten years of service (or, for purposes of paragraphs (i), (iii), and (v), five years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995) and shall have filed application for annuities, shall, subject to the conditions set forth in subsections (e), (f), and (h) of this section, be entitled to annuities in the amounts provided under section 231b of this title - (i) individuals who have attained retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)]); (ii) individuals who have attained the age of sixty and have completed thirty years of service; (iii) individuals who have attained the age of sixty-two and have completed less than thirty years of service, but the annuity of such individuals shall be reduced by 1/180 for each of the first 36 months that he or she is under retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)]) when the annuity begins to accrue and by 1/240 for each additional month that he or she is under retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act) when the annuity begins to accrue; (iv) individuals who have a current connection with the railroad industry, whose permanent physical or mental condition is such as to be disabling for work in their regular occupation, and who (A) have completed twenty years of service or (B) have attained the age of sixty; and (v) individuals whose permanent physical or mental condition is such that they are unable to engage in any regular employment. (2) For the purposes of paragraph (iv) of subdivision (1), the Board, with the cooperation of employers and employees, shall secure the establishment of standards determining the physical and mental conditions which permanently disqualify employees for work in the several occupations in the railroad industry, and the Board, employers, and employees shall cooperate in the promotion of the greatest practicable degree of uniformity in the standards applied by the several employers. An individual's condition shall be deemed to be disabling for work in his regular occupation if he will have been disqualified by his employer for service in his regular occupation in accordance with the applicable standards so established; if the employee will not have been so disqualified by his employer, the Board shall determine whether his condition is disabling for work in his regular occupation in accordance with the standards generally established; and, if the employee's regular occupation is not one with respect to which standards will have been established, the standards relating to a reasonably comparable occupation shall be used. If there is no such comparable occupation, the Board shall determine whether the employee's condition is disabling for work in his regular occupation by determining whether under the practices generally prevailing in industries in which such occupation exists such condition is a permanent disqualification for work in such occupation. For purposes of this subdivision and paragraph (iv) of subdivision (1), an employee's "regular occupation" shall be deemed to be the occupation in which he will have been engaged in more calendar months than the calendar months in which he will have been engaged in any other occupation during the last preceding five calendar years, whether or not consecutive, in each of which years he will have earned wages or salary, except that, if an employee establishes that during the last fifteen consecutive calendar years he will have been engaged in another occupation in one-half or more of all the months in which he will have earned wages or salary, he may claim such other occupation as his regular occupation. (3) Such satisfactory proof shall be made from time to time as prescribed by the Board, of the disability provided for in paragraph (iv) or (v) of subdivision (1) and of the continuance of such disability (according to the standards applied in the establishment of such disability) until the employee attains retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)]). If the individual fails to comply with the requirements prescribed by the Board as to proof of the continuance of the disability until he attains retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act), his right to an annuity by reason of such disability shall, except for good cause shown to the Board, cease, but without prejudice to his rights to any subsequent annuity to which he may be entitled. (4) An individual who is entitled to an annuity under paragraph (v) of subdivision (1), but who does not have at least ten years of service, shall, prior to the month in which the individual attains age 62, be entitled only to an annuity amount computed under section 231b(a) of this title (without regard to section 231b(a)(2) of this title) or section 231b(f)(3) of this title. Upon attainment of age 62, such an individual may also be entitled to an annuity amount computed under section 231b(b) of this title, but such annuity amount shall be reduced for early retirement in the same manner as if the individual were entitled to an annuity under subsection (a)(1)(iii) of this section. (b) Individuals eligible for supplemental annuities An individual who - (i) has attained age 60 and completed thirty years of service or attained age 65; (ii) has completed twenty-five years of service; (iii) is entitled to the payment of an annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section; (iv) had a current connection with the railroad industry at the time such annuity began to accrue; and (v) has performed compensated service in at least one month prior to October 1, 1981; shall, subject to the conditions set forth in subsections (e) and (h) of this section, be entitled to a supplemental annuity in the amount provided under section 231b of this title: Provided, however, That in cases where an individual's annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section begins to accrue on other than the first day of the month, the amount of any supplemental annuity to which he is entitled for that month shall be reduced by one-thirtieth for each day with respect to which he is not entitled to an annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section. (c) Spouses eligible for annuities (1) The spouse of an individual, if - (i) such individual (A) is entitled to an annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section and (B) has attained the age of 60 and has completed thirty years of service or has attained the age of 62, and (ii) such spouse (A) has attained retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)]), or (B) has attained the age of 60 and such individual has completed thirty years of service, or (C), in the case of a wife, has in her care (individually or jointly with her husband) a child who meets the qualifications prescribed in paragraph (iii) of subsection (d)(1) of this section (without regard to the provisions of clause (B) of such paragraph), shall, subject to the conditions set forth in subsections (e), (f), and (h) of this section, be entitled to a spouse's annuity, if he or she has filed application therefor, in the amount provided under section 231c of this title. (2) A spouse who would be entitled to an annuity under subdivision (1) or a divorced wife who would be entitled to an annuity under subdivision (4) if he or she had attained retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)]) may elect upon or after attaining the age of 62 to receive such annuity, but the annuity in any such case shall be reduced by 1/144 for each of the first 36 months that the spouse or divorced wife is under retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act) when the annuity begins to accrue and by 1/240 for each additional month that the spouse or divorced wife is under retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act) when the annuity begins to accrue, except that the annuity of a divorced wife who was previously entitled to a spouse annuity which was reduced under this subdivision shall be reduced by the same percentage as was applicable to the spouse annuity. (3) For the purposes of this subchapter, the term "spouse" shall mean the wife or husband of an annuitant under subsection (a)(1) of this section who (i) was married to such annuitant for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day on which the application for a spouse's annuity is filed, or in the month prior to his or her marriage to such annuitant was eligible for an annuity under paragraph (i) or (iv) of subsection (d)(1) of this section or, on the basis of disability, under paragraph (iii) thereof, or is the parent of such annuitant's son or daughter; and (ii) in the case of a husband, was receiving at least one-half of his support from his wife at the time his wife's annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section began. (4) The "divorced wife" (as defined in section 216(d) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(d)]) of an individual, if - (i) such individual (A) is entitled to an annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section and (B) has attained the age 62; (ii) such divorced wife (A) has attained retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)] (!1) and (B) is not married; and (iii) such divorced wife would have been entitled to a benefit under section 202(b) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(b)] as the divorced wife of such individual if all of such individual's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.]; shall, subject to the conditions set forth in subsections (e), (f), and (h) of this section, be entitled to a divorced wife's annuity, if she has filed an application therefor, in the amount provided under section 231c of this title. (d) Survivors eligible for annuities (1) The following described survivors of a deceased employee who will have completed ten years of service (or five years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995) and will have had a current connection with the railroad industry at the time of his death shall, subject to the conditions set forth in subsections (g) and (h) of this section, be entitled to annuities, if they have filed application therefor, in the amounts provided under section 231c of this title - (i) a widow (as defined in section 216(c) and (k) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(c), (k)]) or widower (as defined in section 216(g) and (k) of the Social Security Act) of such a deceased employee who has not remarried and who (A) will have attained the age of sixty or (B) will have attained the age of fifty but will not have attained age sixty and is under a disability which began before the end of the period prescribed in subdivision (2), and who, in the case of a widower, was receiving at least one-half of his support from the deceased employee at the time of her death or at the time her annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section began; (ii) a widow (as defined in section 216(c) and (k) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(c), (k)]) of such a deceased employee who has not remarried and who (A) is not entitled to an annuity under paragraph (i), and (B) at the time of filing an application for an annuity under this paragraph, will have in her care a child of such deceased employee, which child is entitled to an annuity under paragraph (iii) (other than an annuity payable to a child who has attained age 18 and is not under a disability); (iii) a child (as defined in section 216(e) and (k) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(e), (k)]) of such a deceased employee who (A) will be less than eighteen years of age, or (B) will be less than nineteen years of age and a full-time elementary or secondary school student, or (C) will, without regard to his age, be under a disability which began before he attained age twenty-two or before the close of the eighty-fourth month following the month in which his most recent entitlement to an annuity under this paragraph terminated because he ceased to be under a disability, and who is unmarried and was dependent upon the employee at the time of the employee's death; (iv) a parent (as defined in section 202(h)(3) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(h)(3)]) of such a deceased employee who (A) will have attained the age of sixty and (B) will have received at least one-half of his or her support from such deceased employee at the time of the employees' (!2) death and (C) will not have remarried after the employee's death: Provided, however, That no parent will be entitled to an annuity under this paragraph on the basis of the deceased employee's compensation and years of service in any case where such employee died leaving a widow or widower or a child who is, or who might in the future become, entitled to an annuity under this subsection, but neither this proviso nor clause (B) or (C) of this paragraph shall operate to deny any parent an annuity to the extent and in the amount of the benefit that such parent would have received under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] if the service as an employee of the individual, with respect to which such parent would be eligible to receive an annuity under this subchapter except for this proviso and those clauses, were included in "employment" as defined in the Social Security Act; and (v) The (!3) widow (as defined in section 216(c) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(c)]), who is married, or has been married after the death of the employee, the surviving divorced wife (as defined in section 216(d) of the Social Security Act), and a surviving divorced mother (as defined in section 216(d) of the Social Security Act) if such widow, surviving divorced wife, or surviving divorced mother would have been entitled to a benefit under section 202(e) or 202(g) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(e), (g)] as the widow, surviving divorced wife, or surviving divorced mother of the employee if all of his service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. For the purpose of this paragraph, the reference in sections 202(e)(3) (!4) and 202(g)(3) of the Social Security Act to an individual entitled under section 202(f) of that Act shall include an individual entitled to an annuity under paragraph (i) and an individual entitled to an annuity under paragraph (ii), and the reference in section 202(e)(3) (!4) and section 202(g)(3) of the Social Security Act to an individual entitled under section 202(d) or section 202(h) of that Act shall include an individual entitled to an annuity under paragraph (iii) or paragraph (iv), and the references in section 202(g)(3) of the Social Security Act to an individual entitled under section 202(a) or section 223(a) of that Act [42 U.S.C. 402(a), 423(a)] shall include an individual entitled to an annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section. (2) The period referred to in clause (B) of subdivision (1)(i) is the period (i) beginning with the latest of (A) the month of the employee's death, (B) in the case of a widow, the last month for which she was entitled to an annuity under paragraph (ii) of subdivision (1) as the widow of the deceased employee, or (C) the month in which the widow's or widower's previous entitlement to an annuity as the widow or widower of the deceased employee terminated because her or his disability had ceased and (ii) ending with the month before the month in which she or he attains age sixty, or, if earlier, with the close of the eighty-fourth month following the month with which such period began. (3) For purposes of paragraph (i) or (iii) of subdivision (1), a widow, widower, or child shall be under a disability if her or his permanent physical or mental condition is such that she or he is unable to engage in any regular employment. The provisions of subsection (a)(3) of this section as to the proof of disability shall apply with regard to determinations with respect to disability under subdivision (1). (4) In determining for purposes of this subsection and subdivision (3) of subsection (c) of this section whether an applicant is the wife, husband, widow, widower, child, or parent of a deceased employee as claimed, the rules set forth in section 216(h) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(h)] shall be applied deeming, for this purpose, individuals entitled to an annuity under subsection (c) of this section to be entitled to benefits under subsection (b) or (c) of section 202 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402] and individuals entitled to an annuity under paragraph (i) or (ii) of subsection (d)(1) of this section to be entitled to a benefit under subsection (e), (f), or (g) of section 202 of the Social Security Act. For purposes of paragraph (iii) of subdivision (1), a child shall be deemed to have been dependent upon his parent employee if the conditions set forth in section 202(d)(3), (4), or (9) of the Social Security Act are fulfilled. The provisions of paragraph (7) of section 202(d) of the Social Security Act (defining the terms "full-time elementary or secondary school student" and "elementary or secondary school") shall be applied by the Board in the administration of this subsection as if the references therein to the Secretary were references to the Board. A child who attains age nineteen at a time when he is a full-time elementary or secondary school student (as defined in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (7) of section 202(d) of the Social Security Act and without the application of subparagraph (B) of such paragraph) but has not (at such time) completed the requirements for, or received, a diploma or equivalent certificate from a secondary school (as defined in section 202(d)(7)(c)(i) (!5) of the Social Security Act) shall be deemed (for purposes of determining his continuing or initial entitlement to an annuity under this subsection) not to have attained such age until the first day of the first month following the end of the quarter or semester in which he is enrolled at such time (or, if the elementary or secondary school in which he is enrolled is not operated on a quarter or semester system, until the first day of the first month following the completion of the course in which he is enrolled or until the first day of the third month beginning after such time, whichever first occurs). (e) Compensated service; rights to return (1) No individual shall be entitled to an annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section until he shall have ceased to render compensated service to an employer as defined in section 231(a) of this title. (2) An annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section shall be paid only if the applicant shall have relinquished such rights as he may have to return to the service of an employer: Provided, however, That this requirement shall not apply to individuals mentioned in paragraphs (iv) and (v) of subsection (a)(1) of this section prior to attaining retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)]): Provided further, That, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding proviso and of clause (i) of subsection (c)(1) of this section, an annuity shall be paid to the spouse of an individual only if such individual shall have satisfied the requirements of this subdivision without regard to the preceding proviso: And provided further, That, notwithstanding the provisions of the first proviso of this subdivision and of clause (iii) of subsection (b)(1) of this section, a supplemental annuity shall be paid to an individual only if such individual shall have satisfied the requirements of this subdivision without regard to the first proviso thereof. (3) No annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section or supplemental annuity under subsection (b)(1) of this section shall be paid with respect to any month in which an individual in receipt of an annuity or supplemental annuity thereunder shall render compensated service to an employer. Individuals receiving annuities under subsection (a)(1) of this section shall report to the Board immediately all such compensated service. (4) No annuity under paragraph (iv) or (v) of subsection (a)(1) of this section shall be paid to an individual with respect to any month in which the individual is under retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)]) and is paid more than $400 in earnings (after deduction of disability related work expenses) from employment or self-employment of any form: Provided, however, That for purposes of this subdivision, if a payment in any one calendar month is for accruals in more than one calendar month, such payment shall be deemed to have been paid in each of the months in which accrued to the extent accrued in such month. Any such individual under the retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act) shall report to the Board any such payment of earnings for such employment or self-employment before receipt and acceptance of an annuity for the second month following the month of such payment. A deduction shall be imposed, with respect to any such individual who fails to make such report, in the annuity or annuities otherwise due the individual, in an amount equal to the amount of the annuity for each month in which he is paid such earnings in such employment or self-employment, except that the first deduction imposed pursuant to this sentence shall in no case exceed an amount equal to the amount of the annuity otherwise due for the first month with respect to which the deduction is imposed. If pursuant to the first sentence of this subdivision an annuity was not paid to an individual with respect to one or more months in any calendar year, and it is subsequently established that the total amount of such individual's earnings during such year as determined in accordance with that sentence (but exclusive of earnings for services described in subdivision (3)) did not exceed $4,800 (after deduction of disability related work expenses), the annuity with respect to such month or months, and any deduction imposed by reason of the failure to report earnings for such month or months under the third sentence of this subdivision, shall then be payable. If the total amount of such individual's earnings during such year (exclusive of earnings for services described in subdivision (3)) is in excess of $4,800 (after deduction of disability related work expenses), the number of months in such year with respect to which an annuity is not payable by reason of such first and third sentences shall not exceed one month for each $400 of such excess, treating the last $200 or more of such excess as $400; and if the amount of the annuity has changed during such year, any payments of annuities which become payable solely by reason of the limitations contained in this sentence shall be made first with respect to the month or months for which the annuity is larger. (5) The annuity of a spouse or divorced wife under subsection (c) of this section shall, with respect to any month, be subject to the same provisions of this subsection as the individual's annuity. In addition, the annuity of a spouse or divorced wife under subsection (c) of this section shall not be payable for any month if the individual's annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section is not payable for such month by reason of the provisions of this subsection. (f) Deductions on account of work (1) That portion of the individual's annuity as is computed under section 231b(a) of this title on the basis of (A) his compensation and years of service subsequent to December 31, 1974, and (B) his wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] and that portion of the individual's annuity as is computed under section 231b(h) of this title shall be subject to deductions on account of work pursuant to the provisions of section 203 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 403] in the same manner as if such portion of such annuity were a monthly insurance benefit under that Act: Provided, however, That the provisions of this subdivision shall be applicable to the annuity of an individual only if such individual would be fully insured under the Social Security Act on the basis of wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act and on the basis of compensation derived from service as an employee after December 31, 1974, if such service as an employee had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. Any person in receipt of an annuity subject to deduction under this subsection shall report to the Board the receipt of excess earnings as defined in paragraph (3) of section 203(f) of the Social Security Act. (2) That portion of the spouse's or divorced wife's annuity under subsection (c) of this section which is derived from the portion of the individual's annuity subject to deductions under subdivision (1) and that portion of the spouse's or divorced wife's annuity as is computed under section 231c(e) of this title shall be subject to deductions on account of work pursuant to the provisions of section 203 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.S. 403] in the same manner as if such portion of such spouse's or divorced wife's annuity were a monthly insurance benefit under that Act. In addition, such portion of the spouse's or divorced wife's annuity shall be subject to deductions if the individual's annuity is subject to deductions under subdivision (1) in the same manner as if such portion of such spouse's or divorced wife's annuity were a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.]. (3) Deductions shall not be made pursuant to subdivision (1) from that portion of an individual's annuity as is computed under section 231b(a) of this title for any month in which the annuity of such individual is reduced pursuant to section 231b(m) of this title. This subdivision shall be disregarded in determining the applicability and amount of deductions in a spouse's annuity pursuant to subdivision (2) of this subsection. (4) Deductions shall not be made pursuant to subdivision (2) from that portion of a spouse's annuity as is computed under section 231c(a) of this title for any month in which the annuity of such spouse is reduced due to entitlement to a benefit under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.]. (5) If an annuity begins to accrue on other than the first day of a month, subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection shall not apply in the year the annuity begins to accrue if the annuitant has no earnings in excess of the monthly exempt amount in such year after the annuity beginning date. (6)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B) - (i) that portion of the annuity for any month of an individual as is computed under section 231b(b) of this title and as adjusted under section 231b(g) of this title, plus any supplemental amount for such month under section 231b(e) of this title, and that portion of the annuity for any month of a spouse as is computed under section 231c(b) of this title and as adjusted under section 231c(d) of this title, shall each be subject to a deduction of $1 for each $2 of compensation received by such individual from compensated service rendered in such month to the last person, or persons, by whom such individual was employed before the date on which the annuity of such individual under subsection (a)(1) of this section began to accrue; and (ii) that portion of the annuity for any month of a spouse as is computed under section 231c(b) of this title and as adjusted under section 231c(d) of this title shall be subject to a deduction of $1 for each $2 of compensation received by such spouse from compensated service rendered in such month to the last person, or persons, by whom such spouse was employed before the date on which the annuity of such spouse under subsection (c)(1) of this section began to accrue. (B) Any deductions imposed by this subdivision for any month shall not exceed 50 percent of the annuity amount for such month to which such deductions apply. (g) Employment compensation of survivors; deductions (1) No annuity shall be paid to a survivor under subsection (d) of this section with respect to any month in which such survivor renders service for compensation as an employee of an employer. Survivors receiving annuities under subsection (d) of this section shall report to the Board immediately all such service for compensation. (2) Deductions, in amounts and at such time or times as the Board shall determine, shall be made from any payments to which a survivor is entitled under subsection (d) of this section until the total of such deductions equals such survivor's annuity under that subsection for any month, if for such month such survivor would be charged with excess earnings under section 203(f) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 403(f)] or, having engaged in any activity outside the United States, would be charged under such section 203(f) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 403(f)] with any excess earnings derived from such activity if it had been an activity within the United States. For purposes of this subdivision the Board shall have the authority to take such actions and to make such determinations and such suspensions of payment of benefits in the manner and to the extent that the Secretary of Health and Human Services would be authorized to take or to make under section 203(h)(3) of the Social Security Act if the survivors were receiving the annuities to which this subdivision applies under section 202 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402]: Provided, however, That in determining a survivor's excess earnings for a year for the purposes of this subdivision there shall not be included his income from employment or self-employment during months beginning with the month with respect to which he ceases to be qualified for an annuity. Survivors receiving annuities under subsection (d) of this section shall report to the Board the receipt of excess earnings described in this subdivision. (h) Military service; reductions (1) Repealed. Pub. L. 98-76, title IV, Sec. 414(a), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 436. (2) The supplemental annuity provided an individual by subsection (b) of this section shall, with respect to any month, be reduced by the amount of the supplemental pension, attributable to the employer's contribution, that such individual is entitled to receive for that month under any other supplemental pension plan: Provided, however, That the maximum of such reduction shall be equal to the amount of the supplemental annuity less any amount by which the supplemental pension is reduced by reason of the supplemental annuity. (3) If a spouse or divorced wife entitled to an annuity under subsection (c) of this section or a survivor entitled to an annuity under subsection (d) of this section for any month is also entitled to annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section for such month, the annuity under subsection (c) or (d) of this section shall be reduced, but not below zero, by an amount equal to the annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section: Provided, however, That the provisions of this subdivision shall not apply if either the spouse or survivor or the individual upon whose earnings record the spouse's or survivor's annuity under subsection (c) or (d) of this section is based rendered service as an employee to an employer, or as an employee representative, prior to January 1, 1975. (4) If an annuitant is entitled to more than one annuity under subsections (c) and (d) of this section for a month, such annuitant shall be entitled to only the larger of such annuities for such month, except that, if such annuitant so elects, he shall instead be entitled to only the smaller of such annuities for such month. (i) Limitation; service accrued after 1995 An individual entitled to an annuity under this section who has completed five years of service, all of which accrues after 1995, but who has not completed ten years of service, and the spouse, divorced spouse, and survivors of such individual, shall not be entitled to an annuity amount provided under section 231b(a), section 231c(a), or section 231c(f) of this title unless the individual, or the individual's spouse, divorced spouse, or survivors, would be entitled to a benefit under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.] on the basis of the individual's employment record under both this subchapter and title II of the Social Security Act. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 2, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1312; amended Pub. L. 96-88, title V, Sec. 509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695; Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1117, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 628; Pub. L. 98-76, title I, Secs. 104(a), (b), 106(a)-(g), title IV, Secs. 409(a), 413(a), 414(a), 415, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 416-418, 435, 436; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Secs. 7302(a), (b), 7303(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3777, 3778; Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 103(a), (c), (d), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 880.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Social Security Act, referred to in subsecs. (c)(4), (d)(1)(iv), (f)(1), (2), (4), and (i), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Title II of the Act is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. Paragraph (3) of section 202(e) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(e)(3)], referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(v), was repealed, and paragraph (4) of section 202(e) of that Act was redesignated as paragraph (3) of section 202(e) and was further amended, by Pub. L. 98-21, title I, Sec. 131(a)(1)-(3)(A), Apr. 20, 1983, 97 Stat. 92. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(a)(1), inserted "(or, for purposes of paragraphs (i), (iii), and (v), five years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995)" after "ten years of service" in introductory provisions. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(a)(2), added par. (4). Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(c), inserted "(or five years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995)" after "ten years of service" in introductory provisions. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(d), added subsec. (i). 1988 - Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7302(a)(1), struck out "any person, whether or not" after "compensated service to" and "(but with the right to engage in other employment to the extent not prohibited by subdivision (3) or (4) of this subsection or by subsection (f) of this section). As used in this subsection, the term 'compensated service' shall not include any service as an elected public official of the United States, a State, or any political subdivision of a State" after "section 231(a) of this title". Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7302(a)(2), struck out "and of the person, or persons, by whom he was last employed" after "service of an employer". Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7302(a)(3), struck out "or to the last person, or persons, by whom he was employed prior to the date on which the annuity under subsection (a)(1) of this section began to accrue" after "service to an employer". Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7303(a), substituted "$400 in earnings (after deduction of disability related work expenses)" for "$200 in earnings", "$4,800 (after deduction of disability related work expenses)" for "$2,400" in two places, "each $400" for "each $200", "$200" for "$100", and "as $400" for "as $200". Subsec. (f)(6). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7302(b), added par. (6). 1983 - Subsec. (a)(1)(i). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(a)(1), substituted "retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act)" for "the age of sixty-five". Subsec. (a)(1)(iii). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(a)(2), substituted "reduced by 1/180 for each of the first 36 months that he or she is under retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act) when the annuity begins to accrue and by 1/240 for each additional month that he or she is under retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act) when the annuity begins to accrue" for "reduced by 1/180 for each calendar month that he or she is under age sixty-five when the annuity begins to accrue". Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(b), which directed the substitution of "retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act)" for "the age of 65" and "the age of sixty-five years" was executed by substituting that phrase for "the age of sixty-five" and "the age of sixty-five years". Subsec. (c)(1)(ii). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(c), substituted "retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act)" for "the age of 65". Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(d), substituted "retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act)" for "the age of 65" and "reduced by 1/144 for each of the first 36 months that the spouse or divorced wife is under retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act) when the annuity begins to accrue and by 1/240 for each additional month that the spouse or divorced wife is under retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act) when the annuity begins to accrue" for "reduced by 1/144 for each calendar month that the spouse or divorced wife is under age 65 when the annuity begins to accrue". Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 409(a), inserted ", except that the annuity of a divorced wife who was previously entitled to a spouse annuity which was reduced under this subdivision shall be reduced by the same percentage as was applicable to the spouse annuity" before the period. Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 415, struck out ", if, as of the day on which the application for a spouse's annuity is filed, such wife or husband and such annuitant were members of the same household, or such wife or husband was receiving regular contributions from such annuitant toward her or his support, or such annuitant has been ordered by any court to contribute to the support of such wife or husband" after "annuitant's son or daughter". Subsec. (c)(4)(ii)(A). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(e), substituted "retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act" for "the age of 65". Subsec. (d)(1)(iii)(B). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 104(a), substituted "nineteen years of age and a full-time elementary or secondary school student" for "twenty-two years of age and a full-time student at an educational institution". Subsec. (d)(1)(iv). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 413(a), inserted ", but neither this proviso nor clause (B) or (C) of this paragraph shall operate to deny any parent an annuity to the extent and in the amount of the benefit that such parent would have received under the Social Security Act if the service as an employee of the individual, with respect to which such parent would be eligible to receive an annuity under this subchapter except for this proviso and those clauses, were included in 'employment' as defined in the Social Security Act". Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 104(b), substituted "full-time elementary or secondary school student" for "full-time student" and "elementary or secondary school" for "educational institution", in two places, "nineteen" for "twenty-two", and "diploma or equivalent certificate from a secondary school (as defined in section 202(d)(7)(c)(1) of the Social Security Act)" for "degree from a four-year college or university". Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(f), substituted "retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act)" for "age sixty-five". Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(g), substituted "retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act)" for "age sixty-five" and "age of sixty-five". Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 414(a), struck out par. (1) relating to a reduction of annuities of individuals whose military service credited under section 231b(i)(2) of this title was used as a basis or partial basis for a pension, disability compensation, or any other gratuitous benefits payable on a periodic basis under any other Act. 1981 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1117(a), struck out subdiv. (1) designation, substituted "conditions set forth in subsections (e)" for "conditions set forth in subdivision (2) of this section and subsections (e)", added par. (v), and struck out subdivs. (2) and (3), which provided for supplementary annuity for the period after an individual renders service as an employee for compensation after his supplemental annuity closing date with two provisos, and that such provisions shall not supersede the provisions of any agreement reached through collective bargaining providing for mandatory retirement at an age less than the applicable supplemental annuity closing date. Subsec. (c)(2), (4). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1117(b), substituted "subdivision (1) or a divorced wife who would be entitled to an annuity under subdivision (4) if he or" for "subdivision (1) if he or", "by 1/144 for each calendar month that the spouse or divorced wife is" for "by 1/180 for each calendar month that the spouse is" in subdiv. (2), and added subdiv. (4). Subsec. (d)(1)(v). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1117(c), added par. (v). Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1117(d), substituted "spouse or divorced wife" for "spouse" in two places. Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1117(e)(1), substituted "spouse's or divorced wife's annuity" for "spouse's annuity" in five places. Subsec. (f)(3) to (5). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1117(e)(2), added subdivs. (3) to (5). Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1117(f), substituted "such survivor would be charged with" for "such survivor is under the age of seventy-two and is charged with". Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1117(g), substituted "the spouse or divorced wife of such individual" for "the spouse of such individual" in subdiv. (1), and "If a spouse or divorced wife entitled" for "If a spouse entitled" in subdiv. (3). -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME "Secretary of Health and Human Services" substituted for "Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare" in subsec. (g)(2), pursuant to section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96-88, which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education. -MISC2- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, see section 103(j) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Section 7302(c) of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to annuities payable under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [this subchapter] for months beginning after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]." Section 7303(b) of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to months in calendar years beginning after December 31, 1988." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Section 104(d) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 231d of this title] shall be effective with respect to annuities accruing for months after the month in which this Act is enacted [August, 1983] except in the case of a child who has attained the age of eighteen in or before the month in which this Act is enacted and is entitled to an annuity under section 2(d) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (d) of this section] for the month in which this Act is enacted or, if earlier, for the month of April 1983." Section 106(k) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 231c and 231d of this title] shall be effective on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 12, 1983], except that such amendment shall not apply to annuity amounts provided under sections 3(b) and 4(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 or to increases in such annuity amounts provided under sections 3(g) and 4(d) of such Act if the individual upon whose earning record such annuity amounts are based rendered service as an employee to an employer, or as an employee representative, before the date of the enactment of this Act." Section 409(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective with respect to divorced wife annuities awarded on and after the date of enactment [Aug. 12, 1983]." Section 413(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to annuities that first begin to accrue with respect to any month beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 12, 1983]." Section 414(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to months beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 12, 1983]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1117(a) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, and applicable with respect to individuals whose supplemental annuity closing date under subsec. (b) of this section did not occur before Oct. 1, 1981, amendment by section 1117(e)(2), (f) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Jan. 1, 1982, and amendment by other provisions of section 1117 of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, and applicable with respect to annuities awarded on or after Oct. 1, 1981, see section 1129 of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. SPECIAL $50 PAYMENT UNDER TAX REDUCTION ACT OF 1975 Special payment of $50 as soon as practicable after Mar. 29, 1975, by Secretary of the Treasury to each individual who, for month of March 1975, was entitled to a monthly annuity or pension payment under this subchapter, see section 702 of Pub. L. 94-12, set out as a note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 231, 231b to 231g, 231m to 231o, 231r of this title; title 7 section 2012; title 26 section 72; title 42 sections 402, 405, 416. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be followed by a closing parenthesis. (!2) So in original. Probably should be "employee's". (!3) So in original. Probably should not be capitalized. (!4) See References in Text note below. (!5) So in original. Probably should be section "202(d)(7)(C)(i)". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231b 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231b. Computation of annuities -STATUTE- (a) Amount (1) The annuity of an individual under section 231a(a)(1) of this title shall be in an amount equal to the amount (before any reduction on account of age and before any deductions on account of work) of the old-age insurance benefit or disability insurance benefit to which such individual would have been entitled under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] if all of his or her service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. (2) For purposes of this subsection, individuals entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1)(ii) of this title shall, except for the purposes of recomputations in accordance with section 215(f) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 415(f)], be deemed to have attained retirement age (as defined by section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)]). For purposes of this subsection, individuals entitled to an annuity under paragraph (iv) or (v) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title shall be deemed to be entitled to a disability insurance benefit under section 223 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 423]. (3) If an individual entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1)(i) or (iii) of this title on the basis of less than ten years of service is entitled to a benefit under section 202(a), section 202(b), or section 202(c) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(a), (b), (c)] which began to accrue before the annuity under section 231a(a)(1)(i) or (iii) of this title, the annuity amount provided such individual under this subsection, shall be computed as though the annuity under this subchapter began to accrue on the later of (A) the date on which the benefit under section 202(a), section 202(b), or section 202(c) of the Social Security Act began, or (B) the date on which the individual first met the conditions for entitlement to an age reduced annuity under this subchapter other than the conditions set forth in sections 231a(e)(1) and 231a(e)(2) of this title and the requirement that an application be filed. (b) Increased annuities under subsection (a) (1) The amount of the annuity of an individual provided under subsection (a) of this section shall be increased by an amount equal to seven-tenths of 1 per centum of the product which is obtained by multiplying such individual's "years of service" by such individual's "average monthly compensation" as determined under this subsection. The annuity amount payable to the individual under this subsection shall be reduced by 25 per centum of the annuity amount computed for such individual under subsection (h)(1) or (h)(2), and subsection (h)(5), of this section without regard to section 231f(c)(1) of this title. An individual's "average monthly compensation" for purposes of this subsection shall be the quotient obtained by dividing by 60 such individual's total compensation for the 60 months, consecutive or otherwise, during which such individual received that individual's highest monthly compensation, except that no part of any month's compensation in excess of the maximum amount creditable for any individual for such month under subsection (j) of this section shall be recognized. In determining the months of compensation to be used for purposes of this subsection, the total compensation reported for the individual under section 231h of this title or credited to such individual under subsection (j) of this section for a year divided by the number of months of service credited to such individual under subsection (i) of this section with respect to such year shall be considered the monthly compensation of the individual for each month of service in any year for which records of the Board do not show the amount of compensation paid to the individual on a monthly basis. If the "average monthly compensation" computed under this subsection is not a multiple of $1, it shall be rounded to the next lower multiple of $1. (2) For purposes of subdivision (1) of this subsection, in determining "average monthly compensation" for an individual who has not engaged in employment for an employer in the 60-month period preceding the month in which such individual's annuity began to accrue, and whose major employment during such 60-month period was for a United States department or agency named in section 231(o) of this title, the amount of compensation used with respect to each month used in making such determination shall be the product of - (i) the compensation credited to such individual for such month under paragraph (1) of this subsection; and (ii) the quotient obtained by dividing - (I) the average of total wages (as determined under section 215(b)(3)(A)(ii)(I) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 415(b)(3)(A)(ii)(I)]) for the second calendar year preceding the earliest of the year of the individual's death or the year in which an annuity begins to accrue to such individual (disregarding an annuity based on disability which is terminated because such individual has recovered from such disability if such individual engages in any regular employment after such termination); by (II) the average of total wages (as determined under section 215(b)(3)(A)(ii)(II) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 415(b)(3)(A)(ii)(II)]) for the calendar year during which such month occurred, unless such month occurred prior to calendar year 1951, in which case, the average of total wages so determined for 1951. In no event shall "average monthly compensation" determined for an individual under this subdivision exceed the maximum "average monthly compensation" which can be determined under subdivision (1) of this subsection for any person retiring January 1 of the year in which such individual's annuity began to accrue. (c), (d) Repealed. Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1118(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 631 (e) Supplemental annuities The supplemental annuity of an individual under section 231a(b) of this title shall be $23 plus an additional amount of $4 for each year of service that the individual has in excess of 25 years, but in no case shall the supplemental annuity exceed $43. (f) Reductions in annuities (1) If, in the case of an individual whose annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue prior to January 1, 1983, the annuity (before any reduction due to such individual's entitlement to a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] and disregarding any amount provided by subsection (h) of this section) plus the supplemental annuity to which such individual is entitled for any month under this subchapter, together with the annuity, if any, of the spouse of such individual (before any reduction due to such spouse's entitlement to a wife's or husband's insurance benefit under the Social Security Act and disregarding any amount provided by section 231c(e) of this title), before any reductions under the provisions of section 231a(f) of this title is less than the total amount which would have been payable to such individual and his spouse for such month, on the basis of the individual's compensation and years of service, under the provisions of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 as in effect on December 31, 1974 [45 U.S.C. 228a et seq.], disregarding, for purposes of the computations under such Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 compensation for any month after December 31, 1974, in excess of one-twelfth of the maximum annual taxable "wages" (as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3121]) for the calendar year 1974, the annuity of such individual and the annuity of such spouse, if any, shall be increased proportionately so as to equal such total amount. For the purpose of computing amounts under this subdivision, the Board shall have the authority to approximate the effect of the reductions prescribed by sections 3(a)(2) and 3(a)(3) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228c(a)(2), (a)(3)]. For purposes of computing amounts payable under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, any increases in the amounts determined under the first proviso of section 3(e) of such Act which would have become effective after December 31, 1974, shall be disregarded. (2) If for any month in which an annuity accrues and is payable under this subchapter the annuity to which an individual is entitled under this subchapter (or would have been entitled except for a reduction pursuant to a joint and survivor election), together with the annuity, if any, of the spouse and divorced wife of such individual, is less than the total amount, or the additional amount, which would have been payable to all persons for such month under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] if such individual's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, were included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act, the annuities of the individual and spouse shall be increased proportionately to such total amount, or such additional amount: Provided, however, That if an annuity accrues to an individual or a spouse for a part of a month, the amount payable for such part of a month under this subdivision shall be one-thirtieth of the amount payable under this subdivision for an entire month, multiplied by the number of days in such part of a month. For purposes of this subdivision, (i) persons not entitled to an annuity under section 231a of this title shall not be included in the computation under this subdivision except a spouse who could qualify for an annuity under section 231a(c) of this title if the individual from whom the spouse's annuity under this subchapter would derive had attained age 60 or 62, as the case may be, and such individual's children who meet the definition as such contained in section 216(e) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(e)]; (ii) after an annuity has been certified for payment and this subdivision was inapplicable after allowing for any waiting period under section 223(c)(2) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 423(c)(2)], and after having considered the inclusion of all persons who were then eligible for inclusion in the computation under this subdivision, or was then applicable but later became inapplicable, any recertification in such annuity under this subdivision shall not take into account persons not entitled to an annuity under section 231a of this title except a spouse who could qualify for an annuity under section 231a(c) of this title when she attains age 60 or 62, as the case may be, if the individual from whom the spouse's annuity would derive had attained age 60 or 62, as the case may be, and who was married to such individual at the time he applied for his annuity; and (iii) in computing the amount to be paid under this subdivision the only benefits under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.] which shall be considered shall be those to which the persons included in the computation are entitled. (g) Increased annuities under subsection (b) (1) Effective with the date of any increase after January 31, 1984, in monthly insurance benefits under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] which occurs, or which would have occurred had there not been a general benefit increase under that Act, pursuant to the automatic cost-of-living provisions of section 215(i) of that Act [42 U.S.C. 415(i)], that portion of the annuity of an individual which is computed under subsection (b) of this section shall, if such individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue on or before the effective date of a particular increase under this subdivision, be increased by 32.5 per centum of the percentage increase in the index which is used, or which would have been used had there not been a general benefit increase under the Social Security Act, in increasing benefits under the Social Security Act pursuant to the automatic cost-of-living provisions of section 215(i) of that Act. Any increase under this subsection shall not be deferred and shall be reflected in all payments made to annuitants after such increase under this subsection becomes effective. (2) The first and, if necessary, the following time or times after January 1, 1983, that monthly insurance benefits under section 202 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402] are increased, that portion of the annuity of an individual which is computed under subsection (b) of this section as increased under subdivision (1) of this subsection shall, if such individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue in or before the year in which such first increase under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] became effective, be reduced by the dollar amount by which that portion of the annuity provided such individual under subsection (a) of this section was increased, after any reduction under subsection (m) of this section, as a result of such increase or increases under the Social Security Act until the total dollar amount of such reduction or reductions equals 5 per centum of the annuity amount provided such individual under subsection (a) of this section, as reduced under subsection (m) of this section, prior to such first increase. In no case shall the reduction by reason of this paragraph operate to reduce such portion to an amount less than $10. (h) Increased annuities under subsections (a) and (b) (1) The amount of the annuity provided under subsections (a) and (b) of this section of an individual who (A) will have (i) rendered service as an employee to an employer, or as an employee representative, during the calendar year 1974, or (ii) had a current connection with the railroad industry on December 31, 1974, or at the time his annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue, or (iii) completed twenty-five years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and (B) will have (i) completed ten years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and (ii) been permanently insured under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] on December 31, 1974, shall be increased by an amount equal to the amount by which (C) the sum of (i) the primary insurance amount to which such individual would have been entitled, upon the attainment of age 65 (or, if later, for January 1975), under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, if his service as an employee after December 31, 1936, and prior to January 1, 1975, were included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act and if he had no wages or self-employment income under that Act other than wages derived from such service as an employee, and (ii) the primary insurance amount to which such individual would have been entitled, upon the attainment of age 65 (or, if later, for January 1975), under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, on the basis of his wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act prior to January 1, 1975, exceeds (D) the primary insurance amount to which such individual would have been entitled, upon the attainment of age 65 (or, if later, for January 1975), under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, on the basis of his wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act prior to January 1, 1975, and on the basis of compensation derived from service as an employee after December 31, 1936, and prior to January 1, 1975, if such service as an employee had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. (2) The amount of the annuity provided under subsections (a) and (b) of this section to an individual who (A) will not have met the conditions set forth in subclause (i), (ii), or (iii) of clause (A) of subdivision (1) of this subsection, but (B) will have (i) completed ten years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and (ii) been permanently insured under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] as of December 31 of the calendar year prior to 1975 in which he last rendered service as an employee to an employer, or as an employee representative, shall be increased by an amount equal to the amount by which (C) the sum of (i) the primary insurance amount to which such individual would have been entitled, upon the attainment of age 65 (or, if later, for January 1975), under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, if his service as an employee after December 31, 1936, and prior to January 1, 1975, were included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act and if he had no wages or self-employment income under that Act other than wages derived from such service as an employee, and (ii) the primary insurance amount to which such individual would have been entitled, upon the attainment of age 65 (or, if later, for January 1975), under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, on the basis of his wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act as of December 31 of the calendar year prior to 1975 in which he last performed service as an employee under this subchapter, exceeds (D) the primary insurance amount to which such individual would have been entitled, upon the attainment of age 65 (or, if later, for January 1975), under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, on the basis of his wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act as of December 31 of the calendar year prior to 1975 in which he last performed service as an employee under this subchapter and on the basis of compensation derived from service as an employee after December 31, 1936, and prior to January 1, 1975, if such service as an employee had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. (3) The amount of the annuity provided under subsections (a) and (b) of this section of an individual who (A) will have (i) rendered service as an employee to an employer, or as an employee representative, during the calendar year 1974, or (ii) had a current connection with the railroad industry on December 31, 1974, or at the time his annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue, or (iii) completed twenty-five years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and (B) will have completed ten years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and is the wife, husband, widow, or widower of a person who will have been permanently insured under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] on December 31, 1974, shall be increased by an amount equal to the smaller of (C) the wife's, husband's, widow's, or widower's insurance benefit to which such individual would have been entitled, upon attaining age 65 (or, if later, for January 1975), under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, on the basis of such person's wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act prior to January 1, 1975, or (D) the primary insurance amount to which such individual would have been entitled upon attaining age 65 (or, if later, for January 1975), under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, on the basis of such individual's wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act prior to January 1, 1975, and on the basis of compensation derived from service as an employee after December 31, 1936, and prior to January 1, 1975, if such service as an employee had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. (4) The amount of the annuity provided under subsections (a) and (b) of this section of an individual who (A) will not have met the conditions set forth in subclause (i), (ii), or (iii) of clause (A) of subdivision (3) of this subsection, but (B) will have completed ten years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and is the wife, husband, widow, or widower of a person who will have been permanently insured under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] as of December 31 of the calendar year prior to 1975 in which such individual last rendered service as an employee to an employer, or as an employee representative, shall be increased by an amount equal to the smaller of (C) the wife's, husband's, widow's, or widower's insurance benefit to which such individual would have been entitled, upon attaining age 65 (or, if later, for January 1975), under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, on the basis of such person's wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act as of December 31 of the calendar year prior to 1975 in which such individual last performed service as an employee under this subchapter or (D) the primary insurance amount to which such individual would have been entitled upon attaining age 65 (or, if later, for January 1975), under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, on the basis of such individual's wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act as of December 31 of the calendar year prior to 1975 in which such individual last performed service as an employee under this subchapter and on the basis of compensation derived from service as an employee after December 31, 1936, and prior to January 1, 1975, if such service as an employee had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. (5) The amount computed under subdivision (1), (2), (3), or (4) of this subsection shall be increased by the same percentage, or percentages, as benefits under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] are increased, or would have been increased had there been no general benefit increases under the Social Security Act, pursuant to the automatic cost-of-living provisions of section 215(i) of that Act [42 U.S.C. 415(i)] during the period from January 1, 1975, to the earlier of the date on which the individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue or January 1, 1982. (6) No amount shall be payable to an individual under subdivision (3) or (4) of this subsection unless the entitlement of such individual to such amount had been determined prior to August 13, 1981. (i) Years of service (1) The "years of service" of an individual shall include all his service subsequent to December 31, 1936. (2) The "years of service" of an individual shall also include his voluntary or involuntary military service, within or without the United States, during any war service period: Provided, however, That such military service shall be included only if, prior to the beginning of his military service and in the same calendar year in which such military service began, or in the next preceding calendar year, the individual rendered service for compensation to an employer or to a person service to which is otherwise creditable under this subchapter, or lost time as an employee for which he received remuneration, or was serving as an employee representative: Provided further, That such military service shall be included only subject to and in accordance with the provisions of subdivisions (1) and (3) of this subsection in the same manner as though military service were service rendered as an employee: And provided further, That such military service rendered after December 1956 shall not be included with respect to any month if (A) any benefits are payable for that month under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] on the basis of such individual's wages and self-employment income, (B) such military service was included in the computation of such benefits, and (C) the inclusion of such military service in the computation of such benefits resulted (for that month) in benefits not otherwise payable or in an increase in the benefits otherwise payable: And provided further, That an individual who entered military service prior to a war service period shall not be regarded as having been in military service in a war service period with respect to any part of the period for which he entered such military service. (3) The "years of service" of an individual who was an employee on August 29, 1935, shall, if the total number of his "years of service" as determined under subdivisions (1) and (2) is less than thirty, also include his service prior to January 1, 1937, but not so as to make his total years of service exceed thirty: Provided, however, That with respect to any such individual who rendered service to any employer subsequent to December 31, 1936, and who on August 29, 1935, was not an employee of an employer conducting the principal part of its business in the United States, no greater proportion of his service rendered prior to January 1, 1937, shall be included in his "years of service" than the proportion which his total compensation (without regard to any limitation on the amount of compensation otherwise provided in this subchapter) for service subsequent to December 31, 1936, rendered anywhere to an employer conducting the principal part of its business in the United States or rendered in the United States to any other employer bears to his total compensation (without regard to any limitation on the amount of compensation otherwise provided in this subchapter) for service rendered anywhere to an employer subsequent to December 31, 1936. Where the "years of service" include only part of the service prior to January 1, 1937, the part included shall be taken in reverse order beginning with the last calendar month of such service. (4) Where for any calendar year after 1984 an individual has performed service for compensation in less than twelve months of the calendar year but has received compensation in excess of an amount determined by multiplying the number of months in the year in which such individual performed service for compensation by an amount equal to one-twelfth of the current maximum annual taxable "wages" as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3121], the individual shall be deemed to have rendered service for compensation in that number of months in the calendar year, but not to exceed twelve, which is equal to the quotient of the amount of such individual's compensation for the calendar year divided by an amount equal to one-twelfth of the current maximum annual taxable "wages" as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, with any remainder produced by this computation increasing the quotient by one, but an individual shall not be deemed under this subdivision to have rendered service for compensation in any month in which such individual was neither in an employment relation to one or more employers nor an employee representative. (j) Average monthly compensation The "average monthly compensation" shall be computed in the manner specified in subsection (b) of this section, except (1) that with respect to service prior to January 1, 1937, the monthly compensation shall be the average compensation paid to an employee with respect to calendar months included in his years of service in the years 1924-1931, and (2) the amount of compensation paid or attributable as paid to him with respect to each month of service before September 1941 as a station employee whose duties consisted of or included the carrying of passengers' hand baggage and otherwise assisting passengers at passenger stations and whose remuneration for service to the employer was, in whole or in substantial part, in the forms of tips, shall be the monthly average of the compensation paid to him as a station employee in his months of service in the period September 1940 through August 1941: Provided, however, That where service in the period 1924 through 1931 in the one case, or in the period September 1940 through August 1941 in the other case, is, in the judgment of the Board, insufficient to constitute a fair and equitable basis for determing (!1) the amount of compensation paid or attributable as paid to him in each month of service before 1937, or September 1941, respectively, the Board shall determine the amount of such compensation for each such month in such manner as in its judgment shall be fair and equitable. In computing the monthly compensation, no part of any month's compensation in excess of $300 for any month before July 1, 1954, or in excess of $350 for any month after June 30, 1954, and before June 1, 1959, or in excess of $400 for any month after May 31, 1959, and before November 1, 1963, or in excess of $450 for any month after October 31, 1963, and before October 1, 1965, or in excess of (i) $450, or (ii) an amount equal to one-twelfth of the current maximum annual taxable "wages" as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3121], whichever is greater, for any month after September 30, 1965, shall be recognized. If for any calendar year after 1984 an employee has received compensation of less than one-twelfth of the current maximum annual taxable "wages" as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 in one or more months of the calendar year, the total compensation paid such employee in the calendar year (without regard to the limitation on the amount of compensation provided in the preceding sentence) shall be deemed to have been paid in equal proportions with respect to all months in the year in which the employee will have been in the service of one or more employers for compensation or will have performed service for compensation as an employee representative, but this sentence shall not operate to increase the employee's compensation for any month above an amount equal to one-twelfth of the current maximum annual taxable "wages" as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. If the employee earned compensation in service after June 30, 1937, and after the last day of the calendar year in which he attained age sixty-five, such compensation and service shall be disregarded in computing the average monthly compensation if the result of taking such compensation into account in such computation would be to diminish his annuity. Where an employee claims credit for months of service rendered within two years prior to his retirement from the service of an employer, with respect to which the employer's return pursuant to section 231h of this title has not been entered on the records of the Board before the employee's annuity could otherwise be certified for payment, the Board may, in its discretion (subject to subsequent adjustment at the request of the employee) include such months in the computation of the annuity without further verification and may consider the compensation for such months to be the average of the compensation for months in the last period for which the employer has filed a return of the compensation of such employee and such return has been entered on the records of the Board. (k) Employee representatives The annuity of an individual who shall have been an employee representative shall be determined in the same manner and with the same effect as if the employee organization by which he shall have been employed were an employer. (l) Reductions for increased annuities (1) Except as provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, if an annuity awarded under section 231a(a)(1)(iii) of this title or under section 231a(c)(2) of this title is increased or decreased either by a change in the law or by a recomputation, the reduction on account of age in the amount of such increase or decrease shall be computed as though such increased or decreased annuity amount had been in effect for and after the month in which the annuitant first became entitled to such annuity under section 231a(a)(1)(iii) or section 231a(c)(2) of this title. (2) The reduction required under section 231a(a)(1)(iii) or section 231a(c)(2) of this title may be applied separately to each of the annuity amounts computed under subsections (a), (b), and (h) of this section and subsections (a), (b), and (e) of section 231c of this title. For this purpose, in any case in which an annuity amount was computed for an individual under the provisions of this subchapter or of Public Law 93-445 prior to October 1, 1981, an annuity amount computed under subsections (a), (b), (c), (d) and (h) of this section, subsection (a), (b), or (e) of section 231c of this title, and section 204 or section 206 of Public Law 93-445 shall be reduced by its proportionate share of the reduction on account of age. For purposes of the preceding sentence, annuity amounts computed for an individual under subsections (b), (c), and (d) of this section prior to October 1981 shall be considered as one annuity amount. (m) Reductions due to monthly social security payments The annuity of any individual under subsection (a) of this section for any month shall, after any reduction pursuant to paragraph (iii) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title, be reduced, but not below zero, by the amount of any monthly benefit (before any deductions on account of work) payable to that individual for that month under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.]. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 3, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1319; amended Pub. L. 95-216, title III, Sec. 358(a), Dec. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 1556; Pub. L. 96-582, Sec. 1, Dec. 23, 1980, 94 Stat. 3374; Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1118, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 630; Pub. L. 98-76, title I, Sec. 101(a), 102(a), 107(a), (b), title IV, Secs. 404(1), (2), 405(a), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 411, 413, 418, 434, 435; Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Secs. 102(a), (c), 103(b), 104(a)(1), (2)(A), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 879, 880, 882.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Social Security Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (f), (g), (h)(1) to (5), (i)(2), and (m), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Title II of the Act is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, referred to in subsec. (f)(2), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, 49 Stat. 867, as amended generally by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, part I, 50 Stat. 307, which is classified principally to subchapter III (Sec. 228a et seq.) of this chapter. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 was amended generally and redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 is classified generally to this subchapter. For complete classification of these Acts to the Code, see Tables. Section 3 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, referred to in subsec. (f)(2), which was classified to section 228c of this title, has been omitted from the Code. Sections 204 and 206 of Public Law 93-445 (approved Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1352, 1354), referred to in subsec. (l)(2), are set out as part of the Transitional Provisions note under section 231 of this title. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 102(a), inserted after par. designation "For purposes of this subsection, individuals entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1)(ii) of this title shall, except for the purposes of recomputations in accordance with section 215(f) of the Social Security Act, be deemed to have attained retirement age (as defined by section 216(l) of the Social Security Act)." Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(b), added par. (3). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 102(c), struck out par. (3) which read as follows: "In lieu of an annuity amount provided under subdivision (1), the annuity of an individual entitled to an annuity under paragraph (ii) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title which begins to accrue before the individual attains age 62 shall be in an amount equal to - "(i) for each month prior to the first month throughout which the individual is age 62, the amount (after any reduction on account of age but before any deductions on account of work) of the old-age insurance benefit to which such individual would have been entitled under the Social Security Act as of the date on which such individual's annuity begins to accrue if such individual had attained age 62 on the first day of the month in which his or her annuity begins to accrue and if all of such individual's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term 'employment' as defined in that Act, using for purposes of this computation the number of benefit computation years applicable to a person born in the year in which such individual was born; and "(ii) for months beginning with the first month throughout which the individual is age 62, the amount (after any reduction on account of age but before any deductions on account of work) of the old-age insurance benefit to which such individual would have been entitled under the Social Security Act if all of such individual's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term 'employment' as defined in that Act." Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 104(a)(1), (2)(A), redesignated pars. (2) and (3) as (1) and (2), respectively, struck out ", without regard to the provisions of subdivision (1) of this subsection," before "proportionately so as to equal" in first sentence of par. (1), and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "If the total amount of an individual's annuity and supplemental annuity computed under the preceding subsections of this section would, before any reductions on account of age, before any reduction due to such individual's entitlement to a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act, and disregarding any increases in such total amount which become effective after the date on which such individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title begins to accrue, exceed an amount equal to the sum of (A) 100 per centum of his 'final average monthly compensation' up to an amount equal to 50 per centum of one-twelfth of the maximum annual taxable 'wages' (as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) for the calendar year in which such individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title begins to accrue, plus (B) 80 per centum of so much of his 'final average monthly compensation' as exceeds 50 per centum of one-twelfth of the maximum annual taxable 'wages' (as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) for the calendar year in which such individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title begins to accrue, the supplemental annuity of such individual first, and then, if necessary, the annuity amount of such individual as computed under subsection (b) of this section, shall be reduced until such total amount of such individual's annuity and supplemental annuity equals such sum or until such supplemental annuity and such annuity amount computed under subsection (b) of this section are reduced to zero, whichever occurs first: Provided, however, That the provisions of this subdivision shall not operate to reduce the total amount of an individual's annuity and supplemental annuity computed under the preceding subsections of this section below $1,200. For purposes of this subdivision, the 'final average monthly compensation' of an individual shall except as provided in the following sentence be determined by dividing the total compensation received by such individual in the two calendar years, consecutive or otherwise, in which he was credited with the highest total compensation during the ten-year period ending with December 31 of the year in which such individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title begins to accrue by 24. If the individual's 'average monthly compensation' is determined under subdivision (2) of subsection (b) of this section, the 'final average monthly compensation' for such individual shall be the average of the compensation for the 24 months in which the compensation determined for the purpose of subdivision (2) of subsection (b) of this section is the highest. For purposes of this subdivision, the term 'compensation' shall include 'compensation' as defined in section 231(h) of this title, 'wages' as defined in section 209 of the Social Security Act, 'self-employment income' as defined in section 211(b) of the Social Security Act, and wages deemed to have been paid under section 217 or 229 of the Social Security Act on account of military service: Provided, however, That in no case shall the compensation with respect to any calendar month exceed the limitation on the compensation for such month prescribed in subsection (j) of this section. Wages and self-employment income included as compensation for purposes of this subdivision shall, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, be presumed to have been paid in equal proportions with respect to all months in the calendar quarter in which credited, in the case of wages paid before 1978, or in equal proportions with respect to all months in the calendar year in which credited, in the case of self-employment income and in the case of wages paid after 1977." 1986 - Subsecs. (f)(1), (2), (i)(4), (j). Pub. L. 99-514 substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954" wherever appearing. 1983 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 101(a)(1), amended par. (2) generally, substituting provisions that for purposes of this subsection, individuals entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1)(iv) or (v) of this title shall be deemed to be entitled to a disability insurance benefit under section 223 of the Social Security Act, for provisions that for purposes of this subsection, individuals entitled to an annuity under paragraph (ii) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title would except for purposes of recomputations in accordance with the provisions of section 215(f) of the Social Security Act, be deemed to have attained age 65, and individuals entitled to an annuity under paragraph (iv) or (v) of such section 231a(a)(1) of this title would be deemed to be entitled to a disability insurance benefit under section 223 of the Social Security Act. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 101(a)(2), added par. (3). Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 404(1), inserted "except as provided in the following sentence" in sentence relating to the determination of the "final average monthly compensation" of an individual. Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 404(2), inserted "If the individual's 'average monthly compensation' is determined under subdivision (2) of subsection (b) of this section, the 'final average monthly compensation' for such individual shall be the average of the compensation for the 24 months in which the compensation determined for the purpose of subdivision (2) of subsection (b) of this section is the highest." Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 405(a), in first sentence, inserted "and divorced wife" after "of the spouse", and substituted "the annuities of the individual and spouse" for "such annuity or annuities". Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 102(a), amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) read as follows: "Effective with the month of June for any year after 1981, that portion of the annuity of an individual which is computed under subsection (b) of this section shall, if such individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue on or before June 1 of such year, be increased by 32.5 per centum of the percentage increase, if any (rounded to the nearest one-tenth of 1 per centum), obtained by comparing (A) the unadjusted Consumer Price Index for the calendar quarter ending March 31 of such year with (B) the higher of (i) such index for the calendar quarter ending March 31 of the year immediately preceding such year or (ii) such index for the calendar quarter ending March 31 of any preceding year after 1980. The unadjusted Consumer Price Index for any calendar quarter shall be the arithmetical mean of such index for the three months in such quarter." Subsec. (i)(4). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 107(a), added par. (4). Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 107(b), inserted provision that if for any calendar year after 1984 an employee has received compensation of less than one-twelfth of the current maximum annual taxable "wages" as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 in one or more months of the calendar year, the total compensation paid such employee in the calendar year (without regard to the limitation on the amount of compensation provided in the preceding sentence) shall be deemed to have been paid in equal proportions with respect to all months in the year in which the employee will have been in the service of one or more employers for compensation or will have performed service for compensation as an employee representative, but this sentence shall not operate to increase the employee's compensation for any month above an amount equal to one-twelfth of the current maximum annual taxable "wages" as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. 1981 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(a), substituted new criteria for computation of increase in annuity of an individual provided under subsec. (a) of this section. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(b), repealed subsec. (c) which provided for amount of increase of annuity of an individual entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title and who rendered service as an employee to an employer, or as an employee representative subsequent to Dec. 31, 1974. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(b), repealed subsec. (d) which prescribed a formula for increase in amount of annuity of an individual provided for in other provisions of this section. Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(c)(2), substituted "such individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title begins to accrue, exceed an amount equal to the sum of (A)" for "such begins to accrue, exceed an amount equal to the sum of individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title (A)". Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(c)(1), substituted "subsection (b) of this section" for "subsections (b), (c), and (d) of this section" in two places. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(d), substituted new formula for increase of portion of annuity of an individual computed under subsec. (b) of this section for formula for increase of portions of annuity of an individual computed under subsecs. (b) and (d) of this section, and revised effective dates for such increases. Subsec. (h)(1) to (4). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(e)(1), substituted "subsections (a) and (b) of this section" for "subsections (a) through (d) of this section" in subdivs. (1) to (4). Subsec. (h)(5). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(e)(2), substituted "January 1, 1975, to the earlier of the date on which the individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue or January 1, 1982" for "January 1, 1975, to the date on which the individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue". Subsec. (h)(6). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(e)(3), added subdiv. (6). Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(f), substituted definition of average monthly compensation by reference to computation in manner specified in subsec. (b) of this section, for definition by reference to average compensation paid to an employee with respect to calendar months included in his years of service, and struck out provision rounding to next lower multiple of $1 if average monthly compensation is not a multiple of $1. Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(g), designated existing provisions as subdiv. (1), substituted provisions that except as provided in subdiv. (2) of this subsection, if an annuity awarded under section 231a(a)(1)(iii) or under section 231a(c)(2) of this title is increased or decreased either by a change in law or by a recomputation, the reduction on account of age in the amount of such increase or decrease shall be computed as though such increased or decreased annuity amount had been in effect for and after month in which annuitant first became entitled to such annuity under section 231a(a)(1)(iii) or section 231a(c)(2) of this title, for provisions that in cases where an annuity awarded under section 231a(a)(1)(iii) or under section 231a(c)(2) of this title is increased either by a change in law or by a recomputation, the reduction for the increase in the annuity shall be determined separately and period with respect to which the reduction applies shall be determined as if such increase were a separate annuity payable for and after first month for which such increase is effective, and added subdiv. (2). Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(h)(2), inserted "(before any deductions on account of work)" after "monthly benefit". Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1118(h)(1), substituted "shall, after any reduction pursuant to paragraph (iii) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title, be reduced" for "shall be reduced". 1980 - Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 96-582 designated existing provisions as subdiv. (1) and added subdiv. (2). 1977 - Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 95-216 substituted "Wages and self-employment income included as compensation for purposes of this subdivision shall, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, be presumed to have been paid in equal proportions with respect to all months in the calendar quarter in which credited, in the case of wages paid before 1978, or in equal proportions with respect to all months in the calendar year in which credited, in the case of self-employment income and in the case of wages paid after 1977" for "Wages and self-employment income included as compensation for purposes of this subdivision shall, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, be presumed to have been paid in equal proportions with respect to all months in the calendar quarter in which credited in the case of wages, or in equal proportions with respect to all months in the calendar year in which credited, in the case of self-employment income". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 102 of Pub. L. 107-90 applicable to annuities that begin to accrue on or after Jan. 1, 2002, with exception for amount of the annuity provided for a spouse under section 231c(a) of this title, see section 102(d) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 231c of this title. Amendment by section 103(b) of Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, see section 103(j) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 104(c), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 882, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 231c and 231f of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 2002, and shall apply to annuity amounts accruing for months after December 2001." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Section 101(c) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending sections 231b and 231c of this title] shall become effective on July 1, 1984, and shall apply only with respect to awards in cases where the individual's annuity under section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231a(a)(1)] began to accrue on or after that date and the individual had not completed thirty years of service and attained age 60 prior to that date. In the case of an individual who has completed thirty years of service and has attained age 60 before January 1, 1986, the amount of the reduction on account of age in the annuity amount provided to such individual under section 3(a)(3) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (a)(3) of this section] and the amount of the reduction on account of age in the annuity amount provided to the spouse of such individual under subdivision (3) of section 4(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231c(a)(3)] shall be only one-half of the amount by which such annuity would be reduced on account of age except for the provisions of this sentence." Section 102(d) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending sections 231b and 231c of this title] shall be effective on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 12, 1983]. For purposes of the amendments made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section], annuity portions computed under subsections (b) and (d) of section 3 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsecs. (b) and (d) of this section] as in effect before October 1, 1981, shall be treated as having been computed under subsection (b) of such section as in effect after that date." Section 107(c) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall become effective on January 1, 1985." Section 404(c) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective October 1, 1983, and shall apply with respect to annuities awarded on or after that date." Section 405(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective October 1, 1981." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1118(a), (d) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective on the later of Oct. 1, 1981, and the date, after July 1, 1981, on which there is an increase in the rate of any tax imposed under chapter 22 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and applicable only with respect to annuities awarded on or after such date, amendment by section 1118(b), (g) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, amendment by section 1118(c)(2) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Jan. 1, 1975, amendment by section 1118(e)(3) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Aug. 31, 1981, amendment by section 1118(h)(2) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Jan. 1, 1982, and amendment by other provisions of section 1118 of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981 and applicable only with respect to annuities awarded on or after Oct. 1, 1981, see section 1129 of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Section 3 of Pub. L. 96-582 provided that: "The provisions of this Act [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 1980]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1977 AMENDMENT Section 358(b) of Pub. L. 95-216 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective January 1, 1978." -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 231, 231a, 231c, 231d, 231e, 231f, 231m, 231n, 231r, 231u of this title; title 2 section 905; title 7 section 2014; title 26 sections 72, 86, 3231, 6050F; title 42 sections 405, 410, 1395r. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be "determining". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231c 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231c. Computation of spouse and survivor annuities -STATUTE- (a) Amount of spouses' annuities; age (1) The annuity of a spouse or divorced wife of an individual under section 231a(c) of this title shall be in an amount equal to the amount (before any reduction on account of age and before any deductions on account of work) of the wife's insurance benefit or the husband's insurance benefit to which such spouse or divorced wife would have been entitled under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] if such individual's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. (2) For purposes of this subsection, a spouse entitled to an annuity under section 231a(c)(1)(ii)(B) of this title shall be deemed to have attained retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)] (!1). (3) If a spouse entitled to an annuity under section 231a(c)(1)(ii)(A), section 231a(c)(1)(ii)(C), or section 231a(c)(2) of this title or a divorced spouse entitled to an annuity under section 231a(c)(4) of this title on the basis of the employment record of an employee who will have completed less than 10 years of service is entitled to a benefit under section 202(a), section 202(b), or section 202(c) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(a), (b), (c)] which began to accrue before the annuity under section 231a(c)(1)(ii)(A), section 231a(c)(1)(ii)(C), section 231a(c)(2), or section 231a(c)(4) of this title, the annuity amount provided under this subsection shall be computed as though the annuity under this subchapter began to accrue on the later of (A) the date on which the benefit under section 202(a), section 202(b), or section 202(c) of the Social Security Act began or (B) the first date on which the annuitant met the conditions for entitlement to an age reduced annuity under this subchapter other than the conditions set forth in sections 231a(e)(1) and 231a(e)(2) of this title and the requirement that an application be filed. (b) Increases in spouses' annuities in accordance with section 231b(b), (c), (d) of this title The amount of the annuity of a spouse of an individual provided under subsection (a) of this section shall be increased by an amount equal to 45 per centum of that portion of the individual's annuity as is computed under subsection (b) of section 231b of this title: Provided, however, That if the spouse is entitled to an annuity amount provided by subsection (e)(1) or (e)(2) of this section, the amount of such spouse's annuity provided by the preceding provisions of this subsection shall be reduced by the amount by which the amount computed in accordance with the provisions of clause (C) of subsection (e)(1) or (e)(2) of this section was increased by the Social Security Amendments of 1965, 1967, and 1969, disregarding (A) the amount of any such increase resulting from the Social Security Amendments of 1967 equal to, or less than, the excess of $5 over 5.8 per centum of the lesser of (i) the amount computed under clause (C) of subsection (e)(1) or (e)(2) of this section before any increases derived from legislation enacted after the Social Security Amendments of 1967 or (ii) the amount of the spouse's annuity to which such spouse would have been entitled under section 2(e) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228b(e)], without regard to section 3(a)(2) of that Act [45 U.S.C. 228c(a)(2)] or to increases derived from legislation enacted after 1968 and before any reduction on account of age, on the basis of the individual's compensation and years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and (B) the amount of any such increase resulting from the Social Security Amendments of 1969 equal to, or less than, $5: Provided further, That if the spouse is entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title, the amount of the annuity of such spouse under this subsection shall,(!2) be increased by an amount equal to the amount by which the amount of the annuity of such spouse provided under subsection (a) of this section was reduced by reason of the provisions of subsection (i)(2) of this section (disregarding, for this purpose, any increase in such reduction which becomes effective after the later of the date such spouse's annuity under section 231a(c) of this title began to accrue or the date such spouse's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue). The Board shall have the authority to approximate the amount of any reduction prescribed by the first proviso of this subsection. (c) Repealed. Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 104(b), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 882 (d) Increases in spouses' annuities in accordance with section 231b(g) of this title (1) That portion of the annuity of the spouse of an individual as is determined under subsection (b) and (c) of this section shall be increased by the same percentage, or percentages, as the individual's annuity is, or has been, increased pursuant to the provisions of section 231b(g)(1) of this title. (2) That portion of the annuity of the spouse of an individual as is determined under subsection (b) of this section prior to any determination under subsection (c) of this subsection (!3) shall, if the annuity of such spouse is not subject to reduction under subdivision (3) of this subsection, be reduced by an amount equal to 50 per centum of the dollar amount by which the annuity of the individual was reduced under section 231b(g)(2) of this title. In no case shall the reduction by reason of this paragraph operate to reduce such portion to an amount less than $10. (3) The first and, if necessary, the following time or times after January 1, 1983, that monthly insurance benefits under section 202 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402] are increased, that portion of the annuity of the spouse of an individual as is determined under subsections (b), (c), and (d)(1) of this section shall, if such spouse's annuity under section 231a(c) of this title began to accrue in or before the year in which such first increase under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] became effective, be reduced by the dollar amount by which that portion of the annuity provided such spouse under subsection (a) of this section was increased, after any reduction under subsection (i) of this section, as a result of such increase or increases under the Social Security Act until the total dollar amount of such reduction or reductions equals 5 per centum of the annuity amount provided such spouse under subsection (a) of this section, as reduced under subsection (i) of this section, prior to such first increase. In no case shall the reduction by reason of this paragraph operate to reduce such portion to an amount less than $10. (e) Increases in particular spouses' annuities (1) The amount of the annuity of the spouse of an individual determined under subsections (a) and (b) of this section, if (A) such individual will have (i) rendered service as an employee to an employer, or as an employee representative, during the calendar year 1974, or (ii) had a current connection with the railroad industry on December 31, 1974, or at the time his annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue, or (iii) completed twenty-five years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and (B) such individual will have completed ten years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and such spouse will have been permanently insured under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] on December 31, 1974, shall be increased by an amount equal to the smaller of (C) the primary insurance amount to which such spouse would have been entitled, upon attaining age 65, under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, on the basis of her or his wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act prior to January 1, 1975, or (D) the wife's or husband's insurance benefit to which such spouse would have been entitled, upon attaining age 65, under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, if such individual's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, and prior to January 1, 1975, were included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act, if such individual had no wages or self-employment income under the Act other than wages derived from such service as an employee, and if such spouse were entitled to no other benefit under that Act: Provided, however, That the increase under the provisions of this subdivision shall not be less than 50 per centum of the portion of the annuity, if any, of such individual determined under the provisions of section 231b(h)(1) of this title prior to any increases under the provisions of section 231b(h)(5) of this title. (2) The amount of the annuity of the spouse of an individual determined under subsections (a) and (b) of this section, if (A) such individual will not have met the conditions set forth in subclause (i), (ii), or (iii) of clause (A) of subdivision (1) of this subsection, but (B) such individual will have completed ten years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and such spouse will have been permanently insured under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] as of December 31 of the calendar year prior to 1975 in which such individual last rendered service as an employee, shall be increased by an amount equal to the smaller of (C) the primary insurance amount to which such spouse would have been entitled, upon attaining age 65,under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, on the basis of his or her wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under that Act as of December 31 of the calendar year prior to 1975 in which such individual last rendered service as an employee or (D) the wife's or husband's insurance benefit to which such spouse would have been entitled, upon attaining age 65, under the provisions of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, if such individual's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, and prior to January 1, 1975, were included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act, if such individual had no wages or self-employment income under that Act other than wages derived from such service as an employee, and if such spouse were entitled to no other benefit under that Act: Provided, however, That the increase under the provisions of this subdivision shall not be less than 50 per centum of the portion of the annuity, if any, of such individual determined under the provisions of section 231b(h)(2) of this title prior to any increases under the provisions of section 231b(h)(5) of this title. (3) The amount of the annuity of the spouse of an individual determined under subsections (a) and (b) of this section, if (A) such individual is entitled to an amount determined under the provisions of section 231b(h)(1) or 231b(h)(2) of this title and (B) such spouse is not entitled to an amount determined under the provisions of subdivision (1) or (2) of this subsection, shall be increased by an amount equal to 50 per centum of the portion of the annuity of such individual determined under the provisions of section 231b(h)(1) or 231b(h)(2) of this title prior to any increases under the provisions of section 231b(h)(5) of this title. (4) The amount determined under the provisions of subdivision (1), (2), or (3) of this subsection shall be increased by the same percentage or percentages, as wife's and husband's insurance benefits under section 202 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402] are increased, or would have been increased had there been no general benefit increases under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], pursuant to the automatic cost-of-living provisions of section 215(i) of that Act [42 U.S.C. 415(i)], during the period from January 1, 1975, to the earlier of the date on which the individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue or January 1, 1982. (5) No amount shall be payable to a person under subdivision (1), (2), or (3) of this subsection unless the entitlement of such person to such amount had been determined prior to August 13, 1981. (f) Amount of survivors' annuities; age; entitlement (1) The annuity of a survivor of a deceased employee under section 231a(d) of this title shall be in an amount equal to the amount (before any deductions on account of work) of the widow's insurance benefit, widower's insurance benefit, mother's insurance benefit, parent's insurance benefit, or child's insurance benefit, whichever is applicable, to which he or she would have been entitled under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] if such deceased employee's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. In the case of a widow or widower who is entitled to an annuity under section 231a(d) of this title solely on the basis of railroad service which was performed prior to January 1, 1937, the amount provided under this section with respect to any month shall not be less than the first amount appearing in column IV of the table appearing in section 215(a) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 415(a)] as in effect on December 31, 1974, after reduction in accordance with the provisions of section 202(k) and 202(q) of that Act [42 U.S.C. 402(k), (q)] in the same manner as would be applicable to a widow's insurance benefit or widower's insurance benefit payable under section 202(e) or 202(f) of that Act. (2) For purposes of this subsection - (i) a widow or widower or a parent who is entitled to an annuity based on age under section 231a(d)(1) of this title and who has not attained age 62 shall be deemed to be age 62: Provided, however, That the provisions of this paragraph shall not apply in the case of a widow or widower who was entitled to an annuity under section 231a(d)(1) of this title on the basis of disability for the month before the month in which he or she attained age 60, (ii) a widow or widower or a child who is entitled to an annuity under section 231a(d)(1) of this title on the basis of disability shall be deemed to be entitled to a widow's insurance benefit, a widower's insurance benefit, or a child's insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] on the basis of disability, and (iii) The (!4) provisions of paragraphs (i) and (ii) of this subdivision shall not apply to the annuity of a widow, surviving divorced wife, or surviving divorced mother who is entitled to such annuity on the basis of the provisions of section 231a(d)(1)(v) of this title. (3) The annuity amount provided to a widow or widower under last sentence of subdivision (1) shall be increased by the same percentage or percentages as insurance benefits payable under section 202 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402] are increased after the date on which such annuity begins to accrue. (g) Increases in survivor's annuities in accordance with subsection (f) (1) The amount of the annuity provided under subsection (f)(1) of this section (other than the last sentence thereof) for a survivor of a deceased individual shall be increased by an amount equal to the appropriate one of the following percentages of that portion of the annuity computed under section 231b(b) of this title, before any reduction on account of age and without regard to any reduction under section 231b(g)(2) of this title, to which such deceased individual would have been entitled for the month such survivor's annuity under section 231a(d) of this title began to accrue if such individual were living (deeming for this purpose that if such individual died before becoming entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title, such individual became entitled to an annuity under subdivision (i) of such section 231a(a)(1) of this title in the month in which such individual died): (i) In the case of a widow or widower, the increase shall be equal to 50 per centum of such portion of the deceased individual's annuity, but the amount of the annuity so determined shall be subject to reduction on account of age in the same manner as is applicable to the annuity amount determined for the widow or widower under subsection (f) of this section and shall be subject to increase as provided in subdivision (4) of this subsection. (ii) In the case of a parent, the increase shall be equal to 35 per centum of such portion of the deceased individual's annuity. (iii) In the case of a child, the increase shall be equal to 15 per centum of such portion of the deceased individual's annuity. (2) Whenever the total amount of the increases based on the deceased individual's portion of the annuity under section 231b(b) of this title as determined under subdivision (1) of this subsection for all survivors of a deceased employee is - (i) less than an amount equal to 35 per centum of such portion of the deceased individual's annuity, the total increase shall, before any deductions under section 231a(g) of this title, be increased proportionately until the total increase is equal to 35 per centum of such portion of the deceased individual's annuity; or (ii) more than an amount equal to 80 per centum of such portion of the deceased individual's annuity, the total increase shall, before any deductions under section 231a(g) of this title and before any reduction on account of age, be reduced proportionately until the total increase is equal to 80 per centum of such portion of the deceased individual's annuity. (3) An annuity determined under this subsection for a month prior to the month in which application is filed, shall be reduced to any extent that may be necessary so that it will not render erroneous any annuity which, before the filing of such application, the Board has certified for payment for such prior month. (4) If a widow or widower of a deceased employee is entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title and if either such widow or widower or such deceased employee will have completed 10 years of service prior to January 1, 1975, the amount of the annuity of such widow or widower under subdivisions (1) through (3) of this subsection shall be increased by an amount equal to the amount, if any, by which (A) the widow's or widower's insurance annuity to which such widow or widower would have been entitled, upon attaining age 65, under section 5(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228e(a)] as in effect on December 31, 1974 (without regard to the proviso of that section or the first proviso of section 3(e) of that Act [45 U.S.C. 228c(e)] on the basis of the deceased employee's remuneration and service prior to January 1, 1975, increased by the same percentage, or percentages, as widow's and widower's insurance benefits under section 202 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402] are increased during the period from January 1, 1975, to the later of the date on which such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue or the date on which such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(d)(1) of this title began to accrue, exceeds (B) the total of the annuity amounts to which such widow or widower was entitled (after any reductions pursuant to subsection (i)(2) of this section but before any deductions on account of work) under the preceding provisions of this subsection, subsection (f) of this section, and the amount determined under subsection (h) of this section, before the proviso, as of the later of the date on which such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue or the date on which such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(d)(1) of this title began to accrue. If a widow or widower of a deceased employee is not entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title or to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], the amount of the annuity to which such widow or widower is entitled under this subsection shall not be less than an amount which would cause the total of the annuity amounts to which such widow or widower is entitled (before any deductions on account of work) under this subsection and subsection (f)(1) of this section to equal the total of the annuity amounts to which such widow or widower was entitled (or would have been entitled except for the provisions of sections 231a(e) and 231a(f) of this title) as a spouse under subsections (a), (b), and (e) of this section (after any reduction on account of age) in the month preceding the employee's death. If a widow or widower of a deceased employee is entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title or to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act, the amount of the annuity to which such widow or widower is entitled under this subsection shall not be less than an amount which would cause (A) the total of the annuity amounts to which such widow or widower is entitled (after any reductions pursuant to section 202(k) or 202(q) of the Social Security Act or subsection (i)(2) of this section but before any deductions on account of work) under this subsection and subsection (f) of this section to equal (B)(i) the total of the annuity amounts, if any, to which such widow or widower was entitled (or would have been entitled except for the provisions of sections 231a(e) and 231a(f) of this title) as a spouse under subsections (a), (b), and (e) of this section (after any reduction on account of age) in the month preceding the employee's death less (ii), if such widow or widower is entitled to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act but was not entitled to such a benefit in the month preceding the employee's death, the amount by which the annuity amount payable under subsection (a) of this section to such widow or widower as a spouse in the month preceding the employee's death would have been reduced by reason of section 202(k) or 202(q) of the Social Security Act if such widow or widower had been entitled to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act in the month preceding the employee's death in an amount equal to the amount of such benefit at the time such benefit first began to accrue to such widow or widower. (5) This subsection shall not apply to the annuity of a widow, surviving divorced wife, or surviving divorced mother who is entitled to such annuity on the basis of the provisions of section 231a(d)(1)(v) of this title. (6) That portion of the annuity of a survivor of an individual determined under subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection shall be increased whenever, and by the same percentage or percentages as, the annuity of the individual would have been increased pursuant to section 231b(g)(1) of this title if such individual were still living. (7) The first and, if necessary, the following time or times after January 1, 1983, that monthly insurance benefits under section 202 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402] are increased, that portion of the annuity of a survivor of a deceased individual as is determined under subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection, or under this subsection as in effect before amendment by section 1119(g) of Public Law 97-35, shall, if such survivor's annuity under section 231a(d) of this title began to accrue before the effective date of such first increase under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], be reduced by the dollar amount by which that portion of the annuity provided such survivor under subsection (f) of this section was increased, after any reduction under subsection (i) of this section, as a result of such increase or increases under the Social Security Act until the total dollar amount of such reduction or reductions equals 5 per centum of the annuity amount provided such survivor under subsection (f) of this section, as reduced under subsection (i) of this section, prior to such first increase. In no case shall the reduction by reason of this paragraph operate to reduce such portion to an amount less than $10. (8) That portion of the annuity of a survivor of a deceased individual as is determined under subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection shall, if the annuity of such survivor is not subject to reduction under subdivision (7) of this subsection, be reduced by an amount equal to the dollar amount by which the annuity of the deceased individual was reduced under section 231b(g)(2) of this title or would have been reduced under such section 231b(g)(2) of this title if such deceased individual had been living at the time such survivor's annuity under section 231a(d) of this title began to accrue (deeming for this purpose, if such individual died before becoming entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title, that such individual became entitled to an annuity under paragraph (i) of such section 231a(a)(1) of this title in the month in which such individual died). In a case where the survivor of a deceased individual is not entitled to a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], the reduction provided by the preceding sentence of this subdivision shall be equal to the dollar amount by which the annuity of the deceased individual would have been reduced under section 231b(g)(2) of this title if the annuity of such deceased individual had not been subject to reduction under section 231b(m) of this title. In no case shall the reduction by reason of this paragraph operate to reduce such portion to an amount less than $10. (9) That portion of the annuity of a survivor of a deceased individual as is determined under this subsection as in effect before amendment by section 1119(g) of Public Law 97-35 shall, if the annuity of such survivor is not subject to reduction under subdivision (7) of this subsection, be reduced by an amount equal to the dollar amount by which the annuity of the deceased individual was reduced under section 231b(g)(2) of this title or, if such survivor is not entitled to a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], would have been reduced under such section 231b(g)(2) of this title if the annuity of such deceased individual had not been subject to reduction under section 231b(m) of this title. In no case shall the reduction by reason of this paragraph operate to reduce such portion to an amount less than $10. (10)(i) If for any month the unreduced annuity provided under this section for a widow or widower is less than the widow's or widower's initial minimum amount computed pursuant to paragraph (ii) of this subdivision, the unreduced annuity shall be increased to that initial minimum amount. For the purposes of this subdivision, the unreduced annuity is the annuity without regard to any deduction on account of work, without regard to any reduction for entitlement to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title, without regard to any reduction for entitlement to a benefit under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.], and without regard to any reduction for entitlement to a public service pension pursuant to section 202(e)(7), 202(f)(2), or 202(g)(4) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(e)(7), (f)(2), (g)(4)]. (ii) For the purposes of this subdivision, the widow or widower's initial minimum amount is the amount of the unreduced annuity computed at the time an annuity is awarded to that widow or widower, except that - (A) in subsection (g)(1)(i) of this section "100 per centum" shall be substituted for "50 per centum"; and (B) in subsection (g)(2)(ii) of this section "130 per centum" shall be substituted for "80 per centum" both places it appears. (iii) If a widow or widower who was previously entitled to a widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(d)(1)(ii) of this title becomes entitled to a widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(d)(1)(i) of this title, a new initial minimum amount shall be computed at the time of award of the widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(d)(1)(i) of this title. (h) Increases in particular widows' and widowers' annuities (1) The amount of the annuity of the widow or widower of a deceased employee determined under subsections (f) and (g) of this section, if such deceased employee will have completed ten years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and such widow or widower will have been permanently insured under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] of (!5) December 31, 1974, shall be increased by an amount equal to the amount, if any, by which (A) the widow's or widower's insurance annuity to which such widow or widower would have been entitled, upon attaining age 65, under section 5(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228e(a)] as in effect on December 31, 1974 (without regard to the proviso of that section or the first proviso of section 3(e) of that Act [45 U.S.C. 228c(e)]), on the basis of the deceased employee's remuneration and service prior to January 1, 1975, increased by the same percentage, or percentages, as widow's and widower's insurance benefits under section 202 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402] are increased during the period from January 1, 1975, to January 1, 1982 or, if earlier, to the later of the date on which such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(d)(1) of this title began to accrue or the date beginning the first month for which such widow or widower is entitled to an old age insurance benefit or disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act, exceeds (B) the total of the annuity amounts to which such widow or widower was entitled (after any reductions pursuant to section 202(k) or 202(q) of the Social Security Act and subsection (i)(2) of this section but before any deductions on account of work) under subsections (f) and (g) of this section as to the later of the date on which such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(d)(1) of this title began to accrue or the date beginning the first month for which such widow or widower is entitled to an old-age insurance benefit or disability insurance benefit under the Social Security Act: Provided, however, That, if a widow or widower was entitled (or would have been entitled except for the provisions of section 231a(e) or 231a(f) of this title) to an annuity amount under subdivision (1) or (2) of subsection (e) of this section in the month preceding the employee's death, the amount of the annuity to which such widow or widower is entitled under this subsection shall not be less than an amount which would cause (A) the total of the annuity amounts to which such widow or widower is entitled (after any reductions pursuant to section 202(k) or 202(q) of the Social Security Act but before any deductions on account of work) under subsections (f) and (g) of this section and the preceding provisions of this subsection as of the date such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(d)(1) of this title began to accrue to equal (B) the total of the annuity amounts to which such widow or widower was entitled (or would have been entitled except for the provisions of section 231a(e) or 231a(f) of this title) as a spouse under subsections (a), (b), and (e) of this section (after any reductions on account of age) in the month preceding the employee's death. (2) Subdivision (1) of this subsection shall not apply to the annuity of a widow, surviving divorced wife, or surviving divorced mother who is entitled to such annuity on the basis of the provisions of section 231a(d)(1)(v) of this title. No amount shall be payable to a person under subdivision (1) of this subsection unless the entitlement of such person to such amount had been determined prior to August 13, 1981. (i) Reductions in survivors' annuities (1) The annuity of any spouse or divorced wife under subsection (a) of this section for any month shall, after a reduction pursuant to section 231a(c)(2) of this title be reduced, but not below zero, by the amount of any insurance benefit (before any deduction on account of work) payable to such spouse or divorced wife for that month under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.]. (2) If a spouse or divorced wife entitled to an annuity under section 231a(c) of this title or a survivor entitled to an annuity under section 231a(d) of this title for any month is also entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title for such month, the annuity amount of such spouse or divorced wife determined under subsection (a) of this section or of such survivor under subsection (f) of this section shall, after any reduction pursuant to subdivision (1) of this subsection, be reduced by the amount of the annuity of such spouse or divorced wife or such survivor determined under section 231b(a) of this title. (3) The annuity of any survivor under subsection (f) of this section shall be reduced, but not below zero, by the amount of any insurance benefit (before any deduction on account of work) payable to such survivor under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.], unless in computing the amount under subsection (f) of this section a reduction was made for such insurance benefit pursuant to section 202(k) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(k)]. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 4, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I; 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1327; amended Pub. L. 94-547, Sec. 2(a), (b), Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2524; Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1119, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 632; Pub. L. 98-76, title I, Secs. 101(b), 102(b), (c), 106(h), title IV, Secs. 406(a), 407(a), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 411, 413, 414, 418, 435; Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Secs. 101(a), 102(b), (c), 103(e), 104(b), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 878, 879, 881, 882.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Social Security Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (d)(3), (e)(1), (2), (4), (f)(1), (2)(ii), (g)(4), (7) to (10), (h)(1), and (i)(1), (3), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Title II of the Act is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. The Social Security Amendments of 1965, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 89-97, July 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 286, as amended. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1965 Amendment note set out under section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. The Social Security Amendments of 1967, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 90-248, Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 821, as amended. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1968 Amendment note set out under section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. The Social Security Amendments of 1969, referred to in subsec. (b), is title X of Pub. L. 91-172, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 737, as amended, which amended sections 401, 402, 403, 415, 427, and 428 of Title 42, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 401, 402, 403, 415, and 427 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1969 Amendment note set out under section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. Sections 2, 3, and 5 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, referred to in subsecs. (b), (g)(4), and (h)(1), which were classified to sections 228b, 228c, and 228e of this title, have been omitted from the Code. Section 1119(g) of Public Law 97-35, referred to in subsec. (g)(7), (9), amended subsec. (g) of this section generally. See 1981 Amendment note below. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 102(b), substituted "a spouse entitled to an annuity under section 231a(c)(1)(ii)(B) of this title" for "if an individual is entitled to an annuity under paragraph (ii) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title which did not begin to accrue before such individual attained age 62, the spouse of such individual entitled to annuity under clause (B) of paragraph (ii) of section 231a(c)(1) of this title". Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(e), added par. (3). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 102(c), struck out par. (3) which read as follows: "In the case of an individual entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1)(ii) of this title which began to accrue before such individual attained age 62, the annuity of the spouse of such individual under section 231a(c) of this title shall, in lieu of an annuity amount provided under subdivision (1), be in an amount equal to - "(i) for each month prior to the first month throughout which both the individual and the spouse are age 62, 50 per centum of that portion of the individual's annuity as is, or was prior to such individual's attaining age 62, computed under section 231b(a)(3)(i) of this title, reduced to the same extent such amount would be reduced under section 202(b)(4) of the Social Security Act (in the case of a wife) or under section 202(c)(2) of the Social Security Act (in the case of a husband) as if such amount were a wife's insurance benefit or a husband's insurance benefit, respectively, under such Act; and "(ii) for months beginning with the first month throughout which both the individual and the spouse are age 62, the amount (after any reduction on account of age based on the spouse's age at the time the amount under this paragraph first becomes payable but before any deductions on account of work) of the wife's insurance benefit or the husband's insurance benefit to which such spouse would have been entitled under the Social Security Act if the individual's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term 'employment' as defined in that Act." Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 102(c), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: "In the case of an individual entitled to an annuity under paragraph (iv) or (v) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title, the annuity of the spouse of such individual entitled to an annuity under section 231a(c)(1)(ii)(B) of this title shall, in lieu of an annuity amount provided under subdivision (1), be in an amount equal to the amount (after any reduction on account of age but before any deductions on account of work) of the wife's insurance benefit or the husband's insurance benefit to which such spouse would have been entitled under the Social Security Act if the individual's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term 'employment' as defined in that Act. For purposes of this subdivision, spouses who have not attained age 62 shall be deemed to have attained age 62." Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 104(b), struck out subsec. (c) which read as follows: "If (A) the total amount of the annuity of a spouse of an individual as computed under the preceding subsections of this section as of the date on which the annuity of such individual under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue (before any reduction due to such spouse's entitlement to a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act) plus (B) the total amount of the annuity and supplemental annuity of the individual (before any reduction due to such individual's entitlement to a monthly insurance benefit under the Social Security Act) subject to the provisions of section 231b(f)(1) of this title would, before any reductions in the amounts specified in clauses (A) and (B) on account of age and disregarding any increases in such amounts which become effective after the date on which the individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue, exceed the amount determined under clauses (A) and (B) of section 231b(f)(1) of this title, the portion of the annuity of such spouse determined under subsection (b) of this section as of the date on which the individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue shall be reduced until the sum of the amounts specified in clauses (A) and (B) of this subsection equals the amount determined under clauses (A) and (B) of section 231b(f)(1) of this title or until such amount under subsection (b) of this section is reduced to zero, whichever occurs first. If, after such amount under subsection (b) of this section is reduced to zero, the sum of the remaining amounts specified in clauses (A) and (B) of this subsection still exceeds the amount determined under clauses (A) and (B) of section 231b(f)(1) of this title, the supplemental annuity of the individual first, and then, if necessary, the annuity amount of the individual computed under subsections (b), (c), and (d) of section 231b of this title as of the date on which the individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue, shall be reduced until the amounts specified in clauses (A) and (B) of this subsection equals the amount determined under clauses (A) and (B) of section 231b(f)(1) of this title or until such supplemental annuity and such annuity amount are reduced to zero, whichever occurs first. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this subsection, the provisions of this subsection shall not operate to reduce the total of the amounts specified in clauses (A) and (B) of this subsection below $1,200." Subsec. (g)(10). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 101(a), added par. (10). 1983 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(h), substituted "retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act" for "age 65". Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 101(b)(1), substituted "if an individual is entitled to an annuity under paragraph (ii) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title which did not begin to accrue before such individual attained age 62, the spouse of such individual" for "spouses". Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 101(b)(2), added pars. (3) and (4). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 102(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "231b(g)(1)" for "231b(g)", and added pars. (2) and (3). Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 102(c)(1), inserted "and without regard to any reduction under section 231b(g)(2) of this title". Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 406(a), substituted "subsections (a), (b), and (e)" for "subsections (a), (b), and (e)(3)". Subsec. (g)(6). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 102(c)(2), substituted "231b(g)(1)" for "231b(g)". Subsec. (g)(7) to (9). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 102(c)(3), added pars. (7) to (9). Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 407(a), added par. (3). 1981 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(a), substituted "spouse or divorced wife" for "spouse" in two places. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(b)(1), substituted "subsection (b)" for "subsections (b), (c) and (d)". Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(b)(2), substituted "45 per centum" for "50 per centum". Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(b)(3), struck out third proviso which provided that if the total of (A) the amount of the spouse's annuity provided under subsec. (a) of this section (before any reduction due to such spouse's entitlement to a wife's or husband's insurance benefit under the Social Security Act), or, in the case of a spouse entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title or to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under section 202 or 223 of the Social Security Act, the amount to which such spouse would be entitled under subsec. (a) of this section if she or he were not entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title or to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under section 202 or 223 of the Social Security Act, plus (B) the amount of her or his annuity under this subsection would, with respect to any month, before any reductions on account of age, exceed 110 per centum of an amount equal to the maximum amount which could be paid to any one, with respect to such month, as a wife's insurance benefit under section 202(h) of the Social Security Act, the amount of the annuity of such spouse under this subsection shall be reduced until the total of such annuity amounts equals 110 per centum of such amount. Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(b)(4), struck out reference to third proviso in second proviso. Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(b)(5), inserted "(disregarding, for this purpose, any increase in such reduction which becomes effective after the later of the date such spouse's annuity under section 231a(c) of this title began to accrue or the date such spouse's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue)". Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(c), substituted "spouse's entitlement to a monthly insurance benefit" for "spouse's entitlement to a wife's or husband's insurance benefit". Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(d)(1), substituted "to the earlier of the date on which the individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue or January 1, 1982" for "to the date on which the individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue". Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(d)(2), added subdiv. (5). Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(e)(1), inserted provision that in the case of a widow or widower who is entitled to an annuity under section 231a(d) of this title solely on the basis of railroad service which was performed prior to Jan. 1, 1937, the amount provided under this section with respect to any month shall not be less than the first amount appearing in column IV of the table appearing in section 215(a) of the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974, after reduction in accordance with the provisions of section 202(k) and 202(q) of that Act in the same manner as would be applicable to a widow's insurance benefit or widower's insurance benefit payable under section 202(e) or 202(f) of that Act. Subsec. (f)(2)(iii). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(f), added par. (iii). Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(e)(2), added subdiv. (3). Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(g), revised windfall component in computation of survivor annuity benefits and substituted provisions fixing windfall component equal to 50 per centum of employee's windfall component which would be payable to employee if he were living, 15 per centum for children, parents 35 per centum, with family minimum of 35 per centum and family maximum of 80 per centum, for provisions fixing such component equal to 30 per centum of the social security level widow's or widower's annuity which would be payable to such survivor if railroad service were covered by the Social Security Act, and clarified that divorced wives, remarried widows, and surviving divorced mothers do not receive a windfall amount. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(h)(1), (4), designated existing provisions as subdiv. (1) and added subdiv. (2). Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(h)(2), substituted "during the period from January 1, 1975, to January 1, 1982 or, if earlier, to" for "during the period from January 1, 1975". Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(h)(3), substituted "pursuant to section 202(k) or 202(q) of the Social Security Act and subsection (i)(2) of this section" for "pursuant to section 202(k) or 202(q) of the Social Security Act". Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(i)(1), substituted "spouse or divorced wife" for "spouse" in two places. Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(i)(2), inserted ", after a reduction pursuant to section 231a(c)(2) of this title" after "for any month shall". Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(i)(3), struck out "wife's or husband's" before "insurance benefit". Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(i)(4), inserted "(before any deduction on account of work)" after "insurance benefit". Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1119(i)(1), substituted "spouse or divorced wife" for "spouse" in three places. 1976 - Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 94-547, Sec. 2(a), inserted references to spouses under subsection (e)(3) of this section in two places and inserted proviso that if a widow or widower of a deceased employee is entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title and if either such widow or widower of such deceased employee completed ten years of service prior to Jan. 1, 1975, the amount of the annuity of such widow or widower under the preceding provisions of this subsection would be increased by an amount equal to the amount, if any, by which (A) the widow's or widower's insurance annuity to which such widow or widower would have been entitled, upon attaining age 65, under section 5(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 as in effect on Dec. 31, 1974 (without regard to the proviso of that section or the first proviso of section 3(e) of that Act), on the basis of the deceased employee's remuneration and service prior to Jan. 1, 1975, increased by the same percentage, or percentages, as widow's and widower's insurance benefits under section 202 of the Social Security Act are increased during the period from Jan. 1, 1975, to the later of the date on which such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue or the date on which such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(d)(1) of this title began to accrue, exceeds (B) the total of the annuity amounts to which the widow or widower was entitled (after any reductions pursuant to subsection (i)(2) of this section but before any deductions on account of work) under subsec. (f) of the section and the preceding provisions of this subsection as of the later of the date on which such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title began to accrue or the date on which such widow's or widower's annuity under section 231a(d)(1) of this title began to accrue. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 94-547, Sec. 2(b), revised the benefit formula by providing that the additional benefit amount for the widows and widowers in question be equal to the difference between (A) the amount of the widow's or widower's insurance annuity which would have been payable under the 1937 Act railroad retirement formula on the basis of the deceased employee's remuneration and service prior to 1975, with this amount being increased by the percentages of benefit increases occurring during the period from Jan. 1, 1975, to the date on which the widow's or widower's survivor annuity or social security benefit, whichever is awarded latest, begins, and (B) the total amount of the two survivor annuity components payable to the widow or widower under this subchapter, after reduction due to the receipt of a social security benefit, as of the time the widow's or widower's survivor annuity or social security benefit, whichever is awarded latest, begins, with a proviso to assure that, where the widow or widower had been receiving a "windfall" dual benefit as a spouse under this subchapter, the total annuity amounts, including dual benefit amounts, payable to that widow or widower will not be less than the annuity amounts, again including dual benefit amounts, which the widow or widower received as a spouse in the month preceding the employee's death. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 101(b), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 879, provided that: "(1) In general. - The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the first day of the first month that begins more than 30 days after enactment [Dec. 21, 2001], and shall apply to annuity amounts accruing for months after the effective date in the case of annuities awarded - "(A) on or after that date; and "(B) before that date, but only if the annuity amount under section 4(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 (45 U.S.C. 231c(g)) was computed under such section, as amended by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-35; 95 Stat. 357). "(2) Special rule for annuities awarded before the effective date. - In applying the amendment made by this section to annuities awarded before the effective date, the calculation of the initial minimum amount under new section 4(g)(10)(ii) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 (45 U.S.C. 231c(g)(10)(ii)), as added by subsection (a), shall be made as of the date of the award of the widow's or widower's annuity." Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 102(d), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 879, provided that: "(1) Generally. - Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 231b of this title] shall apply to annuities that begin to accrue on or after January 1, 2002. "(2) Exception. - The amount of the annuity provided for a spouse under section 4(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 (45 U.S.C. 231c(a)) shall be computed under section 4(a)(3) of such Act, as in effect on December 31, 2001, if the annuity amount provided under section 3(a) of such Act (45 U.S.C. 231b(a)) for the individual on whose employment record the spouse annuity is based was computed under section 3(a)(3) of such Act, as in effect on December 31, 2001." Amendment by section 103(e) of Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, see section 103(j) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Amendment by section 104(b) of Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, and applicable to annuity amounts accruing for months after Dec. 2001, see section 104(c) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 231b of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 101(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 effective July 1, 1984, and applicable only with respect to awards in certain specified cases, see section 101(c) of Pub. L. 98-76, set out as a note under section 231b of this title. Amendment by section 102(b), (c) of Pub. L. 98-76 effective Aug. 12, 1983, see section 102(d) of Pub. L. 98-76, set out as a note under section 231b of this title. Amendment by section 106(h) of Pub. L. 98-76 effective Aug. 12, 1983, except such amendment inapplicable to certain annuity amounts, see section 106(k) of Pub. L. 98-76, set out as a note under section 231a of this title. Section 406(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective October 1, 1981." Section 407(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective with respect to annuities awarded on and after the date of enactment [Aug. 12, 1983]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1119(b)(5), (c), (h)(3), (i)(3) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Jan. 1, 1975, amendment by section 1119(b)(1) of Pub. L. 97-35 not to apply with respect to annuities awarded before Oct. 1, 1981, amendment by section 1119(d)(2), (h)(1), (4) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Aug. 13, 1981, amendment by section 1119(i)(4) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Jan. 1, 1982, and amendment by other provisions of section 1119 of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, and applicable only with respect to annuities awarded on or after Oct. 1, 1981, see section 1129 of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Section 2(c) of Pub. L. 94-547 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective with respect to annuities accruing for months after the month in which this Act is enacted [October, 1976]: Provided, however, That the amendments made by subsection (b) of this section [amending this section] shall not operate to decrease any annuity amounts awarded under section 4(h) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (h) of this section] prior to the date on which these amendments become effective." -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 231, 231a, 231b, 231d, 231e, 231f, 231m, 231n, 231r, 231u of this title; title 2 section 905; title 26 section 72; title 42 section 1395r. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be followed by a closing parenthesis. (!2) So in original. The comma probably should not appear. (!3) So in original. Probably should be "section". (!4) So in original. Probably should not be capitalized. (!5) So in original. Probably should be "on". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231d 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231d. Annuity beginning and ending dates -STATUTE- (a) Annuities under section 231a of this title Subject to the limitations set forth below, an annuity under section 231a of this title shall begin with the month in which eligibility therefor was otherwise acquired, but - (i) not earlier than the date specified in the application therefor; (ii) in the case of an applicant otherwise entitled to an annuity under paragraph (iv) or (v) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title or under section 231a(d)(1)(i) of this title on the basis of disability, not earlier than the later of (A) the first day of the sixth month following the onset date of the disability for which such annuity is awarded or (B) the first day of the twelfth month before the month in which the application therefor was filed; (iii) in the case of an applicant otherwise entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1), 231a(c), or 231a(d) of this title where paragraph (ii) does not apply, not earlier than the latest of (A) the first day of the sixth month before the month in which the application therefor was filed, (B) the first day of the month in which the application therefor was filed if the effect of beginning such annuity in an earlier month would result in a greater age reduction in the annuity, unless beginning the annuity in the earlier month would enable an annuity under section 231a(c) of this title which is not subject to an age reduction to be payable in such earlier month, (C) in the case of an applicant otherwise entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) or 231a(c) of this title, the date following the last day of compensated service of the applicant, or (D) in the case of an applicant otherwise entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) or 231a(c) of this title, the first day of the first month throughout which the applicant meets the age requirement for the annuity applied for; (iv) in the case of an applicant otherwise entitled to an annuity under section 231a(c)(4) or (d)(1)(v) of this title, not earlier than the month an annuity would begin to accrue to such individual under such section if section 202(j)(1) and section 202(j)(4) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(j)(1), (4)] were applicable to this subchapter.(!1) (v) an annuity amount provided by section 231b(h)(1) or 231b(h)(2) of this title shall not be paid to an individual otherwise eligible therefor for any month before the month such individual would be entitled, upon filing an application therefor, to an old-age insurance benefit or a disability insurance benefit under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.] and an annuity amount provided by section 231b(h)(3) or section 231b(h)(4) of this title shall not be paid to an individual otherwise eligible therefor for any month before the month such individual would be entitled, upon filing an application therefore,(!2) to an insurance benefit as a wife, husband, widow, or widower under title II of the Social Security Act; (vi) an annuity amount provided by section 231c(e)(1) or 231c(e)(2) of this title shall not be paid to a spouse otherwise eligible therefor for any month prior to the month such spouse would be entitled, upon filing an application therefor, to an old-age or disability insurance benefit under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.]; and (vii) an annuity amount provided by section 231c(e)(3) of this title shall not be paid to a spouse otherwise eligible therefor for any month prior to the month such spouse would be entitled, upon filing an application therefor, to a wife's or husband's insurance benefit under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.]. For the purpose of determining annuity amounts provided under sections 231b(a), 231c(a), and 231c(f) of this title, the provisions with respect to the beginning dates of annuities set forth in this subsection shall be deemed to govern the beginning dates of monthly benefits provided under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.]. (b) Applications for payment An application for any payment under this subchapter shall be made and filed in such manner and form as the Board may prescribe. An application filed with the Board for an employee annuity, spouse annuity, or divorced spouse annuity on the basis of the employment record of an employee who will have completed less than ten years of service shall be deemed to be an application for any benefit to which such applicant may be entitled under this subchapter or section 202(a), section 202(b), or section 202(c) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(a), (b), (c)]. An application filed with the Board for an annuity on the basis of the employment record of an employee who will have completed ten years of service shall, unless the applicant specified otherwise, be deemed to be an application for any benefit to which such applicant may be entitled under this subchapter or title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.]. An individual who was entitled to an annuity under paragraph (iv) or (v) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title for the month preceding the month in which he attained retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)]), shall be deemed to have filed an application for an annuity under paragraph (i) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title on the date on which he attained retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act), and a widow or widower who was entitled to an annuity under section 231a(d)(1) of this title on the basis of disability for the month preceding the month in which she or he attained age 60, shall be deemed to have filed an application for an annuity under such section 231a(d)(1) of this title on the basis of age on the date on which she or he attained age 60. (c) Individual's entitlement (1) An individual's entitlement to an annuity under paragraph (i), (ii), or (iii) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title or to a supplemental annuity under section 231a(b) of this title shall end with the month preceding the month in which he dies. (2) An individual's entitlement to an annuity under paragraph (iv) or (v) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title shall end on (A) the last day of the second month following the month in which he ceases to be disabled as provided for purposes of such paragraphs, (B) the last day of the month preceding the month in which he attains retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(l)]) or (C) the last day of the month preceding the month in which he dies, whichever first occurs. (3) The entitlement of a spouse of an individual to an annuity under section 231a(c) of this title shall end on the last day of the month preceding the month in which (A) the spouse or the individual dies, (B) the spouse and the individual are absolutely divorced, or (C) in the case of a wife who does not satisfy the requirements of clause (ii)(A) or (ii)(B) of section 231a(c)(1) of this title (other than a wife who is receiving such annuity by reason of an election under section 231a(c)(2) of this title), such wife no longer has in her care a child described in clause (ii)(C) of section 231a(c)(1) of this title, whichever first occurs. The entitlement of the divorced wife of an individual to an annuity under section 231a(c) of this title shall end on the last day of the month preceding the month in which (A) the divorced wife or the individual dies or (B) the divorced wife remarries. (4) The entitlement of a widow or widower of a deceased employee to an annuity under paragraph (i) of section 231a(d)(1) of this title on the basis of age shall end on (A) the last day of the month preceding the month in which she or he dies or (B) the last day of the month preceding the month in which she or he remarries after the employee's death, whichever first occurs. (5) The entitlement of a widow or widower of a deceased employee to an annuity under paragraph (i) of section 231a(d)(1) of this title on the basis of disability shall end on (A) the last day of the month preceding the month in which she or he dies, (B) the last day of the month preceding the month in which she or he remarries after the employee's death, (C) the last day of the second month following the month in which she or he ceases to be disabled as provided for purposes of such paragraph, or (D) the last day of the month preceding the month in which she or he attains age 60, whichever first occurs. (6) The entitlement of a widow of a deceased employee to an annuity under paragraph (ii) of section 231a(d)(1) of this title shall end on (A) the last day of the month preceding the month in which she dies, (B) the last day of the month preceding the month in which she remarries after the employee's death, or (C) the last day of the month preceding the month in which she no longer has in her care a child described in clause (B) of such paragraph (ii) whichever first occurs. (7) The entitlement of a child of a deceased employee to an annuity under paragraph (iii) of section 231a(d)(1) of this title shall end on (A) the last day of the month preceding the month in which he or she dies, (B) the last day of the month preceding the month in which he or she marries, (C) the last day of the month preceding the month in which he or she attains age 18 and does not meet the qualifications set forth in clause (B) or (C) of such paragraph (iii), (D) the last day of the month preceding (i) the month during no part of which he or she is a full-time elementary or secondary school student or (ii) the month in which he or she attains age 19, and does not meet the qualifications set forth in clause (A) or (C) of such paragraph (iii), or (E) the last day of the second month following the month in which he or she ceases to be disabled for purposes of such paragraph (iii) and does not meet the qualifications set forth in clause (A) or (B) of such paragraph (iii), whichever first occurs. A child whose entitlement to an annuity under paragraph (iii) of section 231a(d)(1) of this title terminated by reason of clause (E) of this subdivision because he or she ceased to be disabled and who again becomes disabled as provided in clause (C) of such paragraph (iii), may become reentitled to an annuity on the basis of such disability upon his or her application for such reentitlement. A child whose entitlement to an annuity under paragraph (iii) of section 231a(d)(1) of this title terminated with the month preceding the month in which he or she attained age 18, or with a subsequent month, may again become entitled to such an annuity (providing no event to disqualify the child has occurred) beginning with the first month thereafter in which he or she meets the qualifications set forth in clause (B) or (C) of such paragraph (iii), if he or she has filed an application for such reentitlement. (8) The entitlement of a parent of a deceased employee to an annuity under paragraph (iv) of section 231a(d)(1) of this title shall end on the last day of the month preceding the month in which (A) such parent dies or (B) such parent remarries after the employee's death, whichever first occurs. (9) No annuity shall accrue with respect to the calendar month in which an annuitant dies. In cases where an individual entitled to an annuity under this subchapter disappears, no annuity shall accrue to that individual with respect to any month until and unless such individual is shown, by evidence satisfactory to the Board, to have continued in life throughout such month, but - (A) where an annuity would accrue for such month under section 231a(a)(1) of this title to an individual who had a current connection with the railroad industry at the time of such individual's disappearance, and under section 231a(c) of this title to such individual's spouse, had such individual been shown to be alive during such month, such individual shall be deemed, for the purposes of benefits under section 231a(d) of this title, to have died in the month in which such individual disappeared, and where an annuity would accrue for such month under section 231a(a)(1) of this title to an individual who did not have a current connection with the railroad industry at the time of such individual's disappearance, and under section 231a(c) of this title to such individual's spouse, had such individual been shown to be alive during such month, such individual shall be deemed, for purposes of benefits payable under section 231a(c) of this title, to be alive during such month unless the death of such individual has been established or the annuity of the spouse of such individual is otherwise terminated under subsection (c)(3) of this section, and (B) if such individual is later determined to have been alive during any of such months, recovery of any benefits paid on the basis of such individual's compensation under section 231a(d) of this title for the months in which such individual was not known to be alive, minus the total of the amounts that would have been paid as a spouse's annuity during such months (treating the application for a widow's or widower's annuity as an application for spouse's annuity), shall be made in accordance with section 231l of this title. For purposes of the payment of benefits under this subchapter, the death of an individual shall be presumed based on such individual's unexplained absence of not less than seven years, except that whenever the death of an individual is so established, such individual shall be deemed to have died in the month in which such individual disappeared. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 5, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1332; amended Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1120, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 636; Pub. L. 98-76, title I, Secs. 103(a), 104(c), 106(i), (j), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 415, 416, 418; Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 103(f), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 881.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Social Security Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Title II of the Social Security Act is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107-90 inserted second and third sentences and struck out former second sentence which read as follows: "An application filed with the Board for an annuity under this subchapter shall, unless the applicant specifies otherwise, be deemed to be an application for any benefit to which such applicant may be entitled under this subchapter or title II of the Social Security Act." 1983 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 103(a)(1), substituted "Subject to the limitations set forth below, an annuity" for "An annuity" in provisions preceding cl. (i). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 103(a)(3), inserted provision following cl. (vii) that for purpose of determining annuity amounts provided under sections 231b(a), 231c(a), and 231c(f) of this title, provisions with respect to beginning dates of annuities set forth in this subsection shall be deemed to govern beginning dates of monthly benefits provided under Social Security Act. Subsec. (a)(ii). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 103(a)(2), amended cl. (ii) generally, substituting "in the case of an applicant otherwise entitled to an annuity under paragraph (iv) or (v) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title or under section 231a(d)(1)(i) of this title on the basis of disability, not earlier than the later of (A) the first day of the sixth month following the onset date of the disability for which such annuity is awarded or (B) the first day of the twelfth month before the month in which the application therefor was filed" for "not earlier than the first day of the twelfth month before the month in which the application therefor was filed". Subsec. (a)(iii). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 103(a)(2), amended cl. (iii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (iii) read as follows: "in the case of an applicant otherwise eligible for an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) or 231a(c) of this title not earlier than the date following the last day of compensated service of the applicant; and". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(i), substituted "retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act)" for "the age of 65" and "age 65". Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 106(j), substituted "retirement age (as defined in section 216(l) of the Social Security Act)" for "age 65". Subsec. (c)(7)(D)(i). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 104(c)(1), substituted "full-time elementary or secondary school student" for "full-time student". Subsec. (c)(7)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 104(c)(2), substituted "19" for "22". 1981 - Subsec. (a)(iv) to (vii). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1120(a), added pars. (iv) to (vii). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1120(b), substituted "title II of the Social Security Act" for "the Social Security Act". Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1120(c), inserted provision that entitlement of the divorced wife of an individual to an annuity under section 231a(c) shall end on the last day of the month preceding the month in which (A) the divorced wife or the individual dies or (B) the divorced wife remarries. Subsec. (c)(9). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1120(d), added subdiv. (9). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, see section 103(j) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Section 103(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall become effective on the first day of the first month beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 12, 1983], and shall apply only with respect to annuities awarded on the basis of applications filed on or after that day." Amendment by section 104(c) of Pub. L. 98-76 effective with respect to annuities accruing for months after Aug. 1983, with certain exceptions, see section 104(d) of Pub. L. 98-76, set out as a note under section 231a of this title. Amendment by section 106(i), (j) of Pub. L. 98-76 effective Aug. 12, 1983, except such amendment inapplicable to certain annuity amounts, see section 106(k) of Pub. L. 98-76, set out as a note under section 231a of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1120(a), (d) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Jan. 1, 1975, amendment by section 1120(b) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, and amendment by other provisions of section 1120 of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, and applicable only with respect to annuities awarded on or after Oct. 1, 1981, see section 1129 of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon. (!2) So in original. Probably should be "therefor,". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231e 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231e. Lump sum payments -STATUTE- (a) Eligible annuities; applications; reversion; determination of status of recipient (1) Annuities under section 231a(a)(1) of this title and supplemental annuities under section 231a(b) of this title which will have become due an individual but will not have been paid at the time of such individual's death shall be payable to the person, if any, who is determined by the Board to be such individual's widow or widower and to have been living with such individual at the time of such individual's death and who will not have died before receiving payment of such annuities. If there be no such widow or widower, such annuities shall be payable to any person or persons, equitably entitled thereto, to the extent and in the proportions that he or they shall have paid the expenses of burial of such individual, and to the extent that he or they will not have been reimbursed under subsection (b) of this section for having paid such expenses. If there be no person or persons so entitled, or if the total of such annuities exceeds the amount payable under this subdivision to such person or persons, such total, or the remainder thereof, as the case may be, shall be paid to the children, grandchildren, parents, or brothers and sisters of the deceased individual in the same manner as if such annuities were a lump sum payable under subsection (c)(1) of this section. (2) Annuities under section 231a(d) of this title which will have become due a survivor of an employee but will not have been paid at the time of such survivor's death shall be payable to the person, if any, who is determined by the Board to be such employee's widow or widower and to have been living with such employee at the time of the employee's death and who will not have died before receiving payment of such annuities. If there be no such widow or widower, such annuities shall be payable to the children, grandchildren, parents, or brothers and sisters of the deceased employee in the same manner as if such unpaid annuities were a lump sum payable under subsection (c)(1) of this section. (3) Annuities under section 231a(c) of this title which will have become due a spouse or divorced wife of an individual but which will not have been paid at the time of such spouse's or divorced wife's death shall be payable to the individual from whose employment such annuities derived and who will not have died before receiving payment of such annuities. If there be no such individual, such annuities shall be paid as provided in the last two sentences of subdivision (1) of this subsection as if such annuities were annuities due to an individual but unpaid at the time of such individual's death. (4) Applications for accrued and unpaid annuities provided for in the preceding subdivisions of this subsection shall be filed prior to the expiration of two years after the death of the person to whom such annuities were originally due. (5) If there is no person to whom all or any part of the payments described in subdivision (1), (2), or (3) can be made, such payment or part thereof shall escheat to the credit of the Railroad Retirement Account. (6) For the purposes of this subsection and subsection (c) of this section, a widow or widower of an individual shall be deemed to have been living with the individual at the time of the individual's death if the applicable conditions set forth in section 216(h)(2) or (3) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(h)(2) or (3)], as in effect before 1957, are fulfilled. (7) In determining for purposes of this subsection and subsections (c) and (d) of this section whether an applicant is the widow, widower, child, or parent of an employee as claimed, the rules set forth in section 216(h) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416(h)] shall be applied. In determining for purposes of this subsection and subsections (c) and (d) of this section whether an applicant is the grandchild, brother, or sister of an employee as claimed, the Board shall apply such law as would be applied in determining the devolution of intestate personal property by the courts of the State in which such employee was domiciled at the time of his death, or if such employee was not so domiciled in any State by the courts of the District of Columbia. Applicants who according to such law would have the same status relative to taking personal property as a grandchild, brother, or sister shall be deemed such. (b) Payments in accordance with Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 and Social Security Act (1) Upon the death of an individual who will have completed ten years of service prior to January 1, 1975, and will have had a current connection with the railroad industry at the time of his death, a lump-sum payment shall be made in accordance with the provisions of section 5(f)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228e(f)(1)] as in effect on December 31, 1974, in an amount, if any, which would have been payable under such section on the basis of (A) the individual's compensation after December 31, 1936, and prior to January 1, 1975, and (B) the individual's wages (as defined in section 209 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 409]) prior to January 1, 1975. Any lump sum payable under this subdivision shall be in an amount computed as if the individual had died on January 1, 1975. No lump sum shall be payable under this subdivision if the employee died leaving a surviving divorced wife who would on proper application therefore be entitled to receive an annuity under section 231a(d) of this title for the month in which the employee's death occurred. (2) Upon the death of an individual who will not have completed ten years of service prior to January 1, 1975, but who (i) will have completed ten years of service (or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995) at the time of his death, (ii) will have had a current connection with the railroad industry at the time of his death, and (iii) will have died leaving no widow, surviving divorced wife, widower, child, or parent who would on proper application therefor be entitled to receive an annuity under section 231a(d) of this title for the month in which such death occurred, a lump-sum death payment shall be made in accordance with the provisions of section 202(i) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 402(i)] in an amount equal to the amount which would have been payable under such section 202(i) if such individual's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, were included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. If a lump sum would be payable to a widow or widower under this subdivision except for the fact that a survivor will have been entitled to receive an annuity for the month in which the individual will have died, but within one year after the individual's death there will not have accrued to survivors of the individual, by reason of his death, annuities which, after all deductions pursuant to section 231a(g) and 231a(h) of this title, are equal to such lump sum, a payment equal to the amount by which such lump sum exceeds such annuities so accrued after such deductions shall then nevertheless be made under this subdivision to the widow or widower to whom a lump sum would have been payable under this subdivision except for the fact that a monthly benefit under section 231a(d) of this title was payable for the month in which the individual died, if such widow or widower will not have died before receiving payment of such lump sum. (c) Payments in the absence of further benefits (1) Whenever it shall appear, with respect to the death of an employee, that no benefits, or no further benefits (other than benefits payable to a widow, widower, or parent under either this subchapter or the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] upon attaining the age of eligibility therefor at a future date) will be payable under this subchapter or under the Social Security Act, a lump sum in an amount computed under subdivision (2) of this subsection shall be paid to such person or persons as the deceased employee may have designated by a writing filed with the Board prior to his or her death, or if there be no designation, to the following person (or, if more than one, in equal shares to the persons) whose relationship to the deceased employee will have been determined by the Board and who will not have died before receiving payment of the lump sum provided for in this subdivision - (i) the widow or widower of the deceased employee who was living with such employee at the time of such employee's death; or (ii) if there be no such widow or widower, to any child or children of such employee; or (iii) if there be no such widow, widower, or child, to any grandchild or grandchildren of such employee; or (iv) if there be no such widow, widower, child, or grandchild, to any parent or parents of such employee; or (v) if there be no such widow, widower, child, grandchild, or parent, to any brother or sister of such employee; or (vi) if there be no such widow, widower, child, grandchild, parent, brother, or sister, to the estate of such employee: Provided, however, That if the employee is survived by a widow, widower, or parent who may upon attaining the age of eligibility be entitled to benefits under this subchapter or under the Social Security Act, such lump sum shall not be paid unless such widow, widower, or parent makes and files with the Board an irrevocable election, in such form as the Board may prescribe, to have such lump sum be paid in lieu of all benefits to which such widow, widower, or parent might otherwise become entitled under this subchapter on the basis of the deceased employee's compensation and years of service or under the Social Security Act on the basis of the deceased employee's wages from (A) employment with an employer as defined in section 231(a) of this title or (B) service as an employee representative as defined in section 231(c) of this title. Any election made and filed by a widow, widower, or parent pursuant to this subdivision shall be legally effective according to its terms. After a lump sum with respect to the death of an employee is paid pursuant to an election filed with the Board under the provisions of this subsection, no further benefits shall be paid (other than to a survivor in the circumstances described in paragraph (3)) under this subchapter or the Social Security Act on the basis of such employee's compensation and service under this subchapter, except that nothing in this subchapter or the Social Security Act shall operate to deprive a widow, widower, or parent making such election of any insurance benefit under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.] to which such individual would have been entitled if the employee had not rendered service as an employee under this subchapter. (2) The lump sum provided under subdivision (1) of this subsection shall be in an amount equal to (A) the sum of 4 per centum of the deceased employee's compensation paid after December 31, 1936, and prior to January 1, 1947, plus 7 per centum of such employee's compensation paid after December 31, 1946, and before January 1, 1959, plus 7 1/2 per centum of such employee's compensation paid after December 31, 1958, and before January 1, 1962, plus 8 per centum of such employee's compensation paid after December 31, 1961, and before January 1, 1966, plus an amount equal to the total of all employee taxes payable by such employee after December 31, 1965, and before January 1, 1975, under the provisions of section 3201 of the Railroad Retirement Tax Act [26 U.S.C. 3201] (excluding, for this purpose, the amount of the employee tax attributable to that portion of the tax rate derived from section 3101(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3101(b)]), plus one-half of 1 per centum of the compensation on which such taxes were payable, deeming the compensation attributable to creditable military service after June 30, 1963, and before January 1, 1975, to be taxable compensation, and one-half of the taxes payable by an employee representative under section 3211 of the Railroad Retirement Tax Act [26 U.S.C. 3211] to be employee taxes under section 3201 of such Act, minus (B) the sum of all benefits paid to such employee, and to others deriving from such employee, during his or her life, or to others by reason of his or her death, under this subchapter, the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228a et seq.], or the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] (excluding, for this purpose, payments to providers of services under section 231f(d) of this title or section 21 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228s-2], any supplemental annuity payments made to the employee under section 231a(b) of this title or section 3(j) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228c(j)], any amounts by which that portion of the annuities provided the employee under section 231b(a) of this title or his spouse or divorced wife under section 231c(a) of this title were increased by reason of the employee's wages and self-employment income derived from employment and self-employment under the Social Security Act, that portion of the annuities provided the employee under section 231b(h) of this title or his spouse under section 231c(e) of this title, and so much of the benefits paid to the employee and to others deriving from him or her under the Social Security Act during his or her lifetime as would have been payable under that Act if such employee had not rendered service as an employee as defined in section 231(b) of this title). In computing compensation for purposes of this subdivision there shall be excluded compensation in excess of $300 for any month before July 1, 1954; compensation in excess of $350 for any month after June 30, 1954, and before June 1, 1959; compensation in excess of $400 for any month after May 31, 1959, and before November 1, 1963; compensation in excess of $450 for any month after October 31, 1963, and before October 1, 1965; and compensation in excess of (i) $450 or (ii) an amount equal to one-twelfth of the current maximum annual taxable "wages" as defined in section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3121], whichever is greater, for any month after September 30, 1965. (3) Notwithstanding the last sentence of paragraph (1), benefits shall be paid to a survivor who - (A) is a divorced wife; and (B) through administrative error received benefits otherwise precluded by the making of a lump sum payment under this section to a widow; if that divorced wife makes an election to repay to the Board the lump sum payment. The Board may withhold up to 10 percent of each benefit amount paid after October 21, 1998, toward such reimbursement. The Board may waive such repayment to the extent the Board determines it would cause an unjust financial hardship for the beneficiary. (d) Payments to recipients ineligible for certain other annuities (1) Every individual who will have completed ten years of service at the time of his retirement or death, but does not meet the qualifications for an annuity amount determined under the provisions of section 231b(h)(1) or 231b(h)(2) of this title, shall, at the time his annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title begins to accrue, be entitled to a lump sum in the amount provided under subdivision (2) of this subsection. If an individual otherwise eligible for a lump sum under this section dies before he becomes entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title, or before he receives payment of such lump sum, such lump sum shall be payable to the person, if any, who is determined by the Board to be such individual's widow or widower and who will not have died before receiving payment of such lump sum. If there be no such widow or widower, such lump sum shall be payable to the children, grandchildren, parents, brothers and sisters, or the estate of the deceased individual in the same manner as if such lump sum were a lump sum payable under subsection (c)(1) of this section. (2) The lump sum provided under subdivision (1) of this subsection shall be in an amount equal to the sum of (A) 1.5 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for any calendar year after 1950 and before 1954 as is in excess of $3,600, plus (B) 2 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for any calendar year after 1953 and before 1957 as is in excess of $4,200, plus (C) 2.25 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for any calendar year after 1956 and before 1959 as is in excess of $4,200, plus (D) 2.5 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for the calendar year 1959 as is in excess of $4,800, plus (E) 3 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for each of the calendar years 1960 and 1961 as is in excess of $4,800, plus (F) 3.125 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for the calendar year 1962 as is in excess of $4,800, plus (G) 3.625 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for any calendar year after 1962 and before 1966 as is in excess of $5,400, plus (H) 4.2 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for the calendar year 1966 as is in excess of $6,600, plus (I) 4.4 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for the calendar year 1967 as is in excess of $6,600, plus (J) 3.8 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for the calendar year 1968 as is in excess of $7,800, plus (K) 4.2 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for each of the calendar years 1969 and 1970 as is in excess of $7,800, plus (L) 4.6 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for the calendar year 1971 as is in excess of $7,800, plus (M) 4.6 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for the calendar year 1972 as is in excess of $9,000, plus (N) 4.85 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for the calendar year 1973 as is in excess of $10,800, plus (O) 4.95 per centum of so much of such individual's combined earnings for the calendar year 1974 as is in excess of $13,200. For purposes of this subsection, the term "combined earnings" shall include "compensation" as defined in section 1(h) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228a(h)], "wages" as defined in section 209 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 409], and "self-employment" income as defined in section 211(b) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 411(b)]. (e) Additional lump sum payment in certain cases (1) Every individual who will have completed ten years of service (or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995) at the time of his retirement or death, who will have received compensation in the nature of separation or severance pay on or after January 1, 1985, and who would have been credited with additional months of service pursuant to section 231b(i)(4) of this title except for the fact that such individual was not in an employment relation to one or more employers nor an employee representative in such months, shall, at the time his annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title begins to accrue, be entitled to a lump sum in the amount provided under subdivision (2) of this subsection. If the full amount of a lump sum under this subsection cannot be determined at the time an individual's annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title begins to accrue, such lump sum shall be payable at such time thereafter as such amount can be determined. If an individual otherwise eligible for a lump sum under this section dies before he becomes entitled to an annuity under section 231a(a)(1) of this title, or before he receives payment of such lump sum, such lump sum shall be payable to the person, if any, who is determined by the Board to be such individual's widow or widower and who will not have died before receiving payment of such lump sum. If there be no such widow or widower, such lump sum shall be payable to the children, grandchildren, parents, brothers and sisters, or the estate of the deceased individual in the same manner as if such lump sum were a lump sum payable under subsection (c)(1) of this section. (2) The lump sum provided under subdivision (l) (!1) of this subsection shall be in an amount equal to the product of (A) the compensation attributable to the additional months of service which would have been credited to the individual due to the receipt of payments in the nature of separation or severance pay pursuant to section 231b(i)(4) of this title if such individual had remained in an employment relation to one or more employers or had continued to be an employee representative and (B) the rate of tax, or rates of tax, imposed on the compensation described in clause (A) of this subdivision by section 3201(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3201(b)]. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 6, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1334; amended Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1121, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 637; Pub. L. 98-76, title IV, Sec. 408, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 435; Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Sec. 7301, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3776; Pub. L. 105-277, div. A, Sec. 101(f) [title VII, Sec. 709(a)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-337, 2681-391; Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 103(i)(1), (4), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 882.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Title II of the Social Security Act is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, 49 Stat. 867, as amended generally by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, part I, 50 Stat. 307, which was classified principally to subchapter III (Sec. 228a et seq.) of this chapter. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 was amended generally and redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 is classified generally to this subchapter. For complete classification of these Acts to the Code, see Tables. Sections 1, 3, 5, and 21 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, referred to in subsecs. (b)(1), (c)(2), and (d)(2), which were classified to sections 228a, 228c, 228e, and 228s-2 of this title, have been omitted from the Code. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(i)(4), inserted "(or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995)" after "but who (i) will have completed ten years of service". Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(i)(1), inserted "(or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995)" after "ten years of service". 1998 - Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105-277, Sec. 101(f) [title VII, Sec. 709(a)(1)], inserted "(other than to a survivor in the circumstances described in paragraph (3))" after "no further benefits shall be paid" in last sentence. Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105-277, Sec. 101(f) [title VII, Sec. 709(a)(2)], added par. (3). 1988 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100-647 added subsec. (e). 1986 - Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 99-514 substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954" wherever appearing. 1983 - Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98-76 inserted provision that no lump sum shall be payable under this subdivision if employee died leaving a surviving divorced wife who would on proper application therefore be entitled to receive an annuity under section 231a(d) of this title for month in which employee's death occurred. 1981 - Subsec. (a)(3). Pub L. 97-35, Sec. 1121(a), substituted "spouse or divorced wife of an individual but which will not have been paid at the time of such spouse's or divorced wife's death" for "spouse of an individual but which will not have been paid at the time of such spouse's death". Subsec. (b)(2)(iii). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1121(b), substituted "widow, surviving divorced wife," for "widow,". Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1121(c)(1), inserted provision that after a lump sum with respect to the death of an employee is paid pursuant to an election filed with the Board under the provisions of this subsection, no further benefits shall be paid under this subchapter or the Social Security Act on the basis of such employee's compensation and service under this subchapter, except that nothing in this subchapter or the Social Security Act shall operate to deprive a widow, widower, or parent making such election of any insurance benefit under title II of the Social Security Act to which such individual would have been entitled if the employee had not rendered service as an employee under this subchapter. Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1121(c)(3), substituted "spouse or divorced wife" for "spouse". Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1121(c)(2), substituted "any supplemental annuity payments made to the employee under section 231a(b) of this title or section 3(j) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, any amounts" for "any amounts". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, see section 103(j) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 105-277, div. A, Sec. 101(f) [title VII, Sec. 709(b)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-337, 2681-391, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to any benefits paid before the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998] as well as to benefits payable on or after the date of the enactment of this Act." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1121(c)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Jan 1, 1975, and amendment by other provisions of section 1121 of Pub. L. 97-35, effective Oct. 1, 1981, and applicable only with respect to annuities awarded on or after Oct. 1, 1981, see section 1129 of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 352 of this title; title 42 sections 402, 405. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be subdivision "(1)". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231f 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231f. Railroad Retirement Board -STATUTE- (a) Administration This subchapter shall be administered by the Railroad Retirement Board established by the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228a et seq.] as an independent agency in the executive branch of the Government and composed of three members appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Each member shall hold office for a term of five years, except that any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring prior to the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shall be appointed for the remainder of the term and any member holding office pursuant to appointment under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 when this subchapter becomes effective shall hold office until the term for which he was appointed under such Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 expires. One member shall be appointed from recommendations made by representatives of the employees and one member shall be appointed from recommendations made by representatives of employers as defined in paragraph (i) of section 231(a)(1) of this title, in both cases as the President shall direct, so as to provide representation on the Board satisfactory to the largest number, respectively, of employees and employers concerned. One member, who shall be the chairman of the Board, shall be appointed without recommendation by either employers or employees and shall not be in the employment of or be pecuniarily or otherwise interested in any employer or organization of employees. Vacancies in the Board shall not impair the powers or affect the duties of the Board or of the remaining members of the Board, of whom a majority of those in office shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Upon the expiration of his term of office a member shall continue to serve until his successor is appointed and shall have qualified. (b) Powers and duties (1) The Board shall have and exercise all the duties and powers necessary to administer this subchapter. The Board shall take such steps as may be necessary to enforce such subchapter and make awards and certify payments. Decisions by the Board upon issues of law and fact relating to annuities or death benefits shall not be subject to review by any other administrative or accounting officer, agent, or employee of the United States. (2) In the case of - (A) an individual who will have completed ten years of service (or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995) creditable under this subchapter, (B) the wife or divorced wife or husband of such an individual, (C) any survivor of such an individual if such survivor is entitled, or could upon application become entitled, to an annuity under section 231a of this title, and (D) any other person entitled to benefits under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.] on the basis of the wages and self-employment income of such an individual (except a survivor of such an individual where such individual did not have a current connection with the railroad industry at the time of his death); the Board shall provide for the payment on behalf of the Managing Trustee of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund of monthly benefits payable under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.] which are certified by the Secretary to it for payment under the provisions of title II of the Social Security Act. (3) If the Board finds that an applicant is entitled to an annuity or death benefit under the provisions of this subchapter then the Board shall make an award fixing the amount of the annuity or benefit, as the case may be, and shall certify the payment thereof as hereinafter provided; otherwise the application shall be denied. For purposes of this section, the Board shall have and exercise such of the powers, duties and remedies provided in subsections (a), (b), (d), and (n) of section 12 of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 362] as are not inconsistent with the express provisions of this subchapter. The Board is authorized to delegate to any member, officer, or employee of the Board any of the powers conferred upon the Board by this subchapter, excluding only the power to prescribe rules and regulations, including the power to make decisions on applications for annuities or other benefits: Provided, however, That any person aggrieved by a decision on his application for an annuity or other benefit shall have the right to appeal to the Board. Notice of a decision of the Board, or of an employee thereof, shall be communicated to the applicant in writing within thirty days after such decision shall have been made. (4)(A) The Railroad Retirement Board, after consultation with the Board of Trustees of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust and the Secretary of the Treasury, shall enter into an arrangement with a nongovernmental financial institution to serve as disbursing agent for benefits payable under this subchapter who shall disburse consolidated benefits under this subchapter to each recipient. Pending the taking effect of that arrangement, benefits shall be paid as under the law in effect prior to December 21, 2001. (B) The Board shall from time to time certify - (i) to the Secretary of the Treasury the amounts required to be transferred from the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account and the Dual Benefits Payments Account to the disbursing agent to make payments of benefits and the Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer those amounts; (ii) to the Board of Trustees of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust the amounts required to be transferred from the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust to the disbursing agent to make payments of benefits and the Board of Trustees shall transfer those amounts; and (iii) to the disbursing agent the name and address of each individual entitled to receive a payment, the amount of such payment, and the time at which the payment should be made. (5) The Board shall establish and promulgate rules and regulations to provide for the adjustment of all controversial matters arising in the administration of this subchapter. All rules, regulations, or decisions of the Board shall require the approval of at least two members, and they shall be entered upon the records of the Board, which shall be a public record. (6) The Board shall gather, keep, compile, and publish in convenient form such records and data as may be necessary to assure proper administration of this subchapter, including subdivision (2) of this subsection. The Board shall have power to require all employers and employees and any officer, board, commission, or other agency of the United States to furnish such information and records as shall be necessary for the administration of this subchapter, including subdivision (2) of this subsection. The several district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction upon suit by the Board to compel obedience to any order of the Board issued pursuant to this section. The orders, writs, and processes of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in such suits may run and be served anywhere in the United States. Witnesses summoned before the Board shall be paid the same fees and mileage that are paid witnesses in the district courts of the United States. The Board shall make an annual report to the President of the United States to be submitted to Congress. (7) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall furnish the Board certified reports of wages, self-employment income, and periods of service and of other records in his possession, or which he may secure, pertinent to the administration of this subchapter, the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.],,(!1) the Milwaukee Railroad Restructuring Act [45 U.S.C. 901 et seq.], and the Rock Island Railroad Transition and Employee Assistance Act [45 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.]..(!1) The Board shall furnish the Secretary of Health and Human Services certified reports of records of compensation and periods of service reported to it pursuant to section 231h of this title, of determinations under section 231a of this title, and of other records in its possession, or which it may secure, pertinent to subsection (c) of this section or to the administration of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] as affected by section 231q of this title. Such certified reports shall be conclusive in adjudication as to the matters covered therein: Provided, however, That if the Board or the Secretary of Health and Human Services receives evidence inconsistent with a certified report and the application involved is still in course of adjudication or otherwise open for such evidence such recertification of such report shall be made as, in the judgment of the Board or the Secretary of Health and Human Services, whichever made the original certification, the evidence warrants. Such recertification and any subsequent recertification shall be treated in the same manner and be subject to the same conditions as an original certification. (8) Any department or agency of the United States maintaining records of military service, at the request of the Board, shall certify to the Board, with respect to any individual, the number of months of military service which such department or agency finds the individual to have had during any period or periods with respect to which the Board's request is made, the date and manner of entry into such military service, and the conditions under which such service was continued. Any department or agency of the United States which is authorized to make awards of pensions, disability compensation, or any other gratuitous benefits or allowances payable, on the periodic basis or otherwise, under any other Act of Congress on the basis of military service, at the request of the Board, shall certify to the Board, with respect to any individual, the calendar months for all or part of which any such pension, compensation, benefit, or allowance is payable to, or with respect to, the individual, the amounts of any such pension, compensation, benefit, or allowance, and the military service on which such pension, compensation, benefit, or allowance is based. Any certification made pursuant to the provisions of this subdivision shall be conclusive on the Board: Provided, however, That if evidence inconsistent with any such certification is submitted, and the claim is in the course of adjudication or is otherwise open for such evidence, the Board shall refer such evidence to the department or agency which made the original certification and such department or agency shall make such recertification as in its judgment the evidence warrants. Such recertification, and any subsequent recertification, shall be conclusive, made in the same manner, and subject to the same conditions as an original certification. (9) The Board shall maintain such offices, provide such equipment, furnishings, supplies, services, and facilities, and employ such individuals and provide for their compensation and expenses as may be necessary for the proper discharge of its functions. All positions to which such individuals are appointed, except one administrative assistant to each member of the Board, shall be in and under the competitive civil service and shall not be removed or excepted therefrom. In the employment of such individuals under the civil service laws and rules the Board shall give preference over all others to individuals who have had experience in railroad service, if, in the judgment of the Board, they possess the qualifications necessary for the proper discharge of the duties of the positions to which they are to be appointed. For purposes of its administration of this subchapter or the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.], or both, the Board may place, without regard to the numerical limitations contained in section 5108(c)(9) (!2) of title 5, four positions in grade GS-16 of the General Schedule established by that Act, four positions in grade GS-17 of such schedule, and one position in grade GS-18 of such schedule. (c) Sources of payments; adjustments (1) Benefit payments determined by the Board to be payable under this subchapter shall be made by the disbursing agent under subsection (b)(4) of this section from money transferred to it from the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust or the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account, as the case may be, except that payments of annuity amounts made under sections 231b(h), 231c(e), and 231c(h) of this title and under sections 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), and 207(3) of Public Law 93-445 shall be made by the disbursing agent under subsection (b)(4) of this section from money transferred to it from the Dual Benefits Payments Account. In any fiscal year, the total amounts paid under such sections shall not exceed the total sums appropriated to the Dual Benefits Payments Account for that fiscal year. The Board shall prescribe regulations for allocation of annuity amounts which would without regard to such regulations be payable under sections 231b(h), 231c(e), and 231c(h) of this title and sections 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), and 207(3) of Public Law 93-445 so that the sums appropriated to the Dual Benefits Payments Account for a fiscal year so far as practicable, are expended in equal monthly installments throughout such fiscal year, and are distributed so that recipients are paid annuity amounts which bear the same ratio to the annuity amounts such recipients would have received but for such regulations as the ratio of the total sums appropriated to pay such annuity amounts bear to the total sums necessary to pay such annuity amounts without regard to such regulations. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the entitlement of an individual to an annuity amount under section 231b(h), 231c(e), or 231c(h) of this title or section 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), or 207(3) of Public Law 93-445 for any month in which the amount payable to such individual is allocated under the regulations prescribed by the Board under this subsection shall not exceed the amount so allocated for that month to such individual. (2) At the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, and each fiscal year thereafter, the Board and the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall determine the amounts, if any, which if added to or subtracted from the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund would place each such Trust Fund in the same position in which it would have been if (A) service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] and in the Federal Insurance Contributions Act [26 U.S.C. 3101 et seq.] and (B) this subchapter had not been enacted. Such determination with respect to each such Trust Fund shall be made no later than June 15 following the close of the fiscal year. If, pursuant to any such determination, any amount is to be added to any such Trust Fund, the Board shall, within ten days after the determination, certify such amount to the Secretary of the Treasury for transfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to such Trust Fund. If, pursuant to any such determination, any amount is to be subtracted from any such Trust Fund, the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall, within ten days after the determination, certify such amount to the Secretary of the Treasury for transfer from such Trust Fund to the Railroad Retirement Account. Any amounts so certified shall further include interest (at the rate determined in subdivision (3) for the fiscal year under consideration) payable from the close of such fiscal year until the date of certification. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to transfer to the Railroad Retirement Account from the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, or the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund or to any such Trust Fund from the Railroad Retirement Account, as the case may be, such amounts as, from time to time, may be determined by the Board and the Secretary of Health and Human Services pursuant to the provisions of this subdivision and certified by the Board or the Secretary of Health and Human Services for transfer from any such Trust Fund or from the Railroad Retirement Account. (3) For purposes of subdivision (2), for any fiscal year, the rate of interest to be used shall be equal to the average rate of interest, computed as of May 31 preceding the close of such fiscal year, borne by all interest-bearing obligations of the United States then forming a part of the public debt; except that where such average rate is not a multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum, the rate of interest shall be the multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum next lower than such average rate. (4) After the end of each month beginning with the month of October 1983, the Board shall determine the net amount, if any, which if added to or subtracted from the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund would, with respect to such month, place those Trust Funds, taken as a whole, in the same position in which they would have been if (A) service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] and in the Federal Insurance Contributions Act [26 U.S.C. 3101 et seq.], and (B) this subchapter had not been enacted. If for any month the net amount so determined would be subtracted from those Trust Funds, the Board shall, within ten days after the end of such month, report such amount to the Secretary of the Treasury for transfer from the general fund to the Railroad Retirement Account. Any amount so reported shall further include interest (at an annual rate equal to the rate of interest borne by a special obligation issued to the Railroad Retirement Account in the month in which the transfer is made to the Account) payable from the close of the month for which the transfer is made until the date of transfer. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to transfer to the Railroad Retirement Account from the general fund such amounts as, from time to time, may be determined by the Board pursuant to the provisions of this subdivision and reported by the Board for transfer. For such purpose the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to use as a public debt transaction the proceeds of the sale of any securities issued after August 12, 1983, under section 3102 of title 31, and the purpose for which securities may be issued under section 3102 of title 31 are extended to include such purpose. Each such transfer shall be made by the Secretary of the Treasury within five days after a report of the amount to be transferred is received. Not later than December 31 following the close of each fiscal year beginning with the fiscal year ending September 30, 1984, the Board shall certify to the Secretary of the Treasury the total of all amounts transferred pursuant to the provisions of this subdivision for months in such fiscal year. Within ten days after a transfer, or transfers, pursuant to subdivision (2) for a particular fiscal year, the Board shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to retransfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the general fund an amount equal to (A) the total of all amounts, exclusive of interest, transferred to such Account pursuant to the provisions of this subdivision for months in such fiscal year, plus (B) interest (at the rate determined in subdivision (3) for such fiscal year) payable with respect to each amount transferred for a month during such fiscal year from the close of the month for which the transfer of the amount was made until the date of retransfer of such amount. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to retransfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the general fund such amounts as, from time to time, may be determined by the Board pursuant to the provisions of the preceding sentence of this subdivision and reported by the Board for retransfer. (d) Hospital insurance benefits; certified beneficiaries; disability insurance benefits; services in Canada; exchange of information (1) The Board shall, for purposes of this subsection, have the same authority to determine the rights of individuals described in subdivision (2) to have payments made on their behalf for hospital insurance benefits consisting of inpatient hospital services, posthospital extended care services, home health services, hospice care, and outpatient hospital diagnostic services (all hereinafter referred to as "services") under section 226 [42 U.S.C. 426], and parts A and D of title XVIII [42 U.S.C. 1395c et seq., 1395x et seq.], of the Social Security Act as the Secretary of Health and Human Services has under such section and such parts with respect to individuals to whom such sections and such parts apply. For purposes of section 231g of this title, a determination with respect to the rights of an individual under this subsection shall, except in the case of a provider of services, be considered to be a decision with respect to an annuity. (2) Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, every person who - (i) has attained age 65 and (A) is entitled to an annuity under this subchapter or (B) would be entitled to such an annuity had he ceased compensated service and, in the case of a spouse or divorced wife, had such spouse's husband or wife ceased compensated service or (C) bears a relationship to an employee which, by reason of section 231b(f)(2) of this title, has been, or would be, taken into account in calculating the amount of the annuity of such employee; or (ii) has not attained age 65 and (A) has been entitled to an annuity under section 231a of this title, or under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228a et seq.] and section 231a of this title, or could have been includible in the computation of an annuity under section 231b(f)(2) of this title, for not less than 24 months and (B) could have been entitled for 24 calendar months, and could currently be entitled, to monthly insurance benefits under section 223 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 423] or under section 202 of that Act [42 U.S.C. 402] on the basis of disability if service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act and if an application for disability benefits had been filed, shall be certified to the Secretary of Health and Human Services as a qualified railroad retirement beneficiary under section 226 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 426]. (3) If an individual entitled to an annuity under paragraph (iv) or (v) of section 231a(a)(1) of this title would have been insured for disability insurance benefits as determined under section 223(c)(1) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 423(c)(1)] at the time such annuity began, he shall be deemed, solely for purposes of paragraph (ii) of subdivision (2), to be entitled to a disability insurance benefit under section 223 of the Social Security Act for each month, and beginning with the first month, in which he would meet the requirements for entitlement to such a benefit, other than the requirement of being insured for disability insurance benefits, if service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] and if an application for disability benefits had been filed. (4) The rights of individuals described in subdivision (2) of this subsection to have payment made on their behalf for the services referred to in subdivision (1) but provided in Canada shall be the same as those of individuals to whom section 226 [42 U.S.C. 426] and part A of title XVIII [42 U.S.C. 1395c et seq.] of the Social Security Act apply, and this subdivision shall be administered by the Board as if the provisions of section 226 and part A of title XVIII of the Social Security Act were applicable, as if references to the Secretary of Health and Human Services were to the Board, as if references to the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund were to the Railroad Retirement Account, as if references to the United States or a State included Canada or a subdivision thereof, and as if the provisions of sections 1862(a)(4), 1863, 1864, 1868, 1869, 1874(b), and 1875 [42 U.S.C. 1395y(a)(4), 1395z, 1395aa, 1395ee, 1395ff, 1395kk(b), 1395ll] were not included in such title. The payments for services herein provided for in Canada shall be made from the Railroad Retirement Account (in accordance with, and subject to, the conditions applicable under subsection (b) of this section, in making payment of other benefits) to the hospital, extended care facility, or home health agency providing such services in Canada to individuals to whom subdivision (2) of this subsection applies, but only to the extent that the amount of payments for services otherwise hereunder provided for an individual exceeds the amount payable for like services provided pursuant to the law in effect in the place in Canada where such services are furnished. For the purposes of section 231i of this title, any overpayment under this subdivision shall be treated as if it were an overpayment of an annuity. (5) The Board and the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall furnish each other with such information, records, and documents as may be considered necessary to the administration of this subsection or section 226 [42 U.S.C. 426], and part A of title XVIII [42 U.S.C. 1395c et seq.], of the Social Security Act. (e) Acceptance of gifts and bequests The Board is authorized to accept on behalf of the United States money gifts and bequests made unconditionally to the Railroad Retirement Account, to the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account, or to the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Account, or to the Board, or any member, officer, or employee thereof, for the benefit of such accounts or any activity financed through such accounts. Any such gift accepted pursuant to the authority granted in this subsection shall be deposited in the specific account designated by the donor or, if the donor has made no such specific designation, in the Railroad Retirement Account. (f) Congressional copies of documents submitted or transmitted to President or Office of Management and Budget Whenever the Board submits or transmits any budget estimate, budget request, supplemental budget estimate, or other budget information, legislative recommendation, prepared testimony for congressional hearings, or comment on legislation to the President or to the Office of Management and Budget, it shall concurrently transmit a copy thereof to the Congress. No officer or agency of the United States shall have any authority to require the Board to submit its budget requests or estimates, legislative recommendations, prepared testimony for congressional hearings, or comments on legislation to any officer or agency of the United States for approval, comments, or review, prior to the submission of such recommendations, testimony, or comments to the Congress. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 7, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1338; amended Pub. L. 96-88, title V, Sec. 509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695; Pub. L. 96-101, Sec. 10(h), Nov. 4, 1979, 93 Stat. 742; Pub. L. 96-254, title I, Sec. 106(f), May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 402, as amended Pub. L. 96-448, title VII, Sec. 701(b)(1), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1960; Pub. L. 96-265, title I, Sec. 103(a)(4), June 9, 1980, 94 Stat. 444; Pub. L. 96-499, title IX, Sec. 930(r), Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2633; Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1122, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 638; Pub. L. 97-248, title I, Sec. 122(a)(2), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 356; Pub. L. 98-76, title III, Sec. 301(a), title IV, Sec. 416, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 430, 436; Pub. L. 98-369, div. B, title III, Sec. 2349(b)(2), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1097; Pub. L. 105-33, title IV, Sec. 4002(f)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 329; Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Secs. 103(i)(2), 104(a)(2)(B), 106(a), 107(e), (f), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 882, 887, 889.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d)(2)(ii), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, part I, 50 Stat. 307, which was classified principally to subchapter III (Sec. 228a et seq.) of this chapter. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 was amended generally and redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 is classified generally to this subchapter. For complete classification of these Acts to the Code, see Tables. The Social Security Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(2), (7), (c)(2), (4), and (d)(1), (3) to (5), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Title II of the Social Security Act is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42. Parts A and D of title XVIII of the Social Security Act are classified generally to Parts A (Sec. 1395c et seq.) and D (1395x et seq.), respectively, of subchapter XVIII of chapter 7 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(7), (9), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (Sec. 351 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. The Milwaukee Railroad Restructuring Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(7), is Pub. L. 96-101, Nov. 4, 1979, 93 Stat. 736, which is classified principally to chapter 18 (Sec. 901 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 901 of this title and Tables. The Rock Island Railroad Transition and Employee Assistance Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(7), is title I of Pub. L. 96-254, May 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 399, which is classified principally to chapter 19 (Sec. 1001 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of this title and Tables. The civil service laws, referred to in subsec. (b)(9), are set forth in Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. See, particularly, section 3301 et seq. of Title 5. Section 5108(c)(9) of title 5, referred to in subsec. (b)(9), was repealed by Pub. L. 95-454, Sec. 414(a)(1)(A), Oct. 13, 1978, 92 Stat. 1177. Sections 204, 206, and 207 of Pub. L. 93-445, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), are set out as part of a Transitional Provisions note under section 231 of this title. The Federal Insurance Contributions Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), (4), is act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, Secs. 3101, 3102, 3111, 3112, 3121 to 3128, 68A Stat. 415, which is classified generally to chapter 21 (Sec. 3101 et seq.) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 3128 of Title 26 and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION As originally enacted, the third sentence of subsec. (b)(6) of this section contained words "and the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia" after "the several district courts of the United States". The words "and the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia" have been deleted entirely as superfluous in view of section 132(a) of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, which states that "There shall be in each judicial district a district court which shall be a court of record known as the United States District Court for the district" and section 88 of the Title 28 which states that "the District of Columbia constitutes one judicial district". In the fourth sentence of subsec. (b)(6) of this section, "United States District Court for the District of Columbia" substituted for "District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia" in conformity with similar changes made throughout the Code pursuant to section 32(b) of act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, as amended by act May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107, which provided for such substitution to be made in all laws of the United States in force on September 1, 1948. See note captioned "Circuit Court of Appeals:" "Senior Circuit Judge," Etc. Defined, set out under section 451 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. In subsec. (b)(9), "section 5108(c)(9) of title 5" substituted for "section 505 of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended", on authority of Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Section 505 of the Classification Act of 1949 had enacted section 1105 of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees. August 12, 1983, referred to in subsec. (c)(4), was in the original "the date of enactment of this Act" which was translated as meaning the date of enactment of Pub. L. 98-76, which enacted subsec. (c)(4) of this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(i)(2), inserted "(or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995)" after "ten years of service". Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 107(e), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: "The Board shall from time to time certify to the Secretary of the Treasury the name and address of each individual entitled to receive a payment, the amount of such payment, and the time at which it should be made, and the Secretary of the Treasury through the Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department, and prior to audit by the General Accounting Office, shall make payment in accordance with the certification by the Board." Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 107(f), substituted "by the disbursing agent under subsection (b)(4) of this section from money transferred to it from the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust or the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account, as the case may be" for "from the Railroad Retirement Account" and inserted "by the disbursing agent under subsection (b)(4) of this section from money transferred to it" after "Public Law 93-445 shall be made". Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 106(a), struck out "payments of supplemental annuities under section 231a(b) of this title shall be made from the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account, and" before "payments of annuity amounts made under sections 231b(h),". Subsec. (d)(2)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 104(a)(2)(B), substituted "section 231b(f)(2)" for "section 231b(f)(3)". 1997 - Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 105-33 substituted "parts A and D of title XVIII" for "parts A and C of title XVIII". 1984 - Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 98-369 struck out "1867," after "1864,". 1983 - Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 301(a), added par. (4). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 416, added subsec. (f). 1982 - Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 97-248 inserted "hospice care," after "home health services,". 1981 - Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1122(a)(1), substituted "wife or divorced wife" for "wife". Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1122(a)(2), inserted reference to the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act. Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1122(c), inserted provisions relating to payment of annuity amounts from the Dual Benefits Payments Account, authorization of Board to prescribe regulations for allocation of annuity amounts, and maximum limits on entitlement of an individual to an annuity amount. Subsec. (d)(2)(i)(C). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1122(b)(2), added cl. (C). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1122(b)(1), substituted "spouse or divorced wife" for "spouse". 1980 - Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 96-254, as amended by Pub. L. 96-448, inserted reference to the Rock Island Railroad Transition and Employee Assistance Act. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 96-499 substituted "home health services" for "posthospital home health services". Subsec. (d)(2)(ii). Pub. L. 96-265 substituted "24 months" and "24 calendar months" for "24 consecutive months" and "24 consecutive calendar months", respectively. 1979 - Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 96-101 substituted "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary" for "The Secretary" and inserted "and the Milwaukee Railroad Restructuring Act" after "administration of this subchapter". -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME "Secretary of Health and Human Services" substituted for "Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare" in subsecs. (b)(7), (c)(2), and (d)(4) and (5) pursuant to section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96-88, which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education. -MISC2- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 103(i) of Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, see section 103(j) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Amendment by section 104(a) of Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, and applicable to annuity amounts accruing for months after Dec. 2001, see section 104(c) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 231b of this title. Amendment by section 106(a) of Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, see section 106(e)(1) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 231n of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98-369 effective July 18, 1984, see section 2349(c) of Pub. L. 98-369, set out as a note under section 907a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Section 301(c)(1) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section] shall be effective on October 1, 1983." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97-248 applicable to hospice care provided on or after Nov. 1, 1983, see section 122(h)(1)(A) of Pub. L. 97-248, as amended, set out as a note under section 1395c of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1122(a)(2), (b)(1), (c) of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, and amendment by other provisions of section 1122 of Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, and applicable only with respect to annuities awarded on or after Oct. 1, 1981, see section 1129 of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENTS Amendment by Pub. L. 96-499 effective with respect to services furnished on or after July 1, 1981, see section 930(s)(1) of Pub. L. 96-499, set out as a note under section 1395x of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Amendment by Pub. L. 96-448 effective Oct. 14, 1980, see section 710(d) of Pub. L. 96-448, set out as a note under section 1170 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. Amendment by Pub. L. 96-265 applicable with respect to hospital insurance or supplementary medical insurance benefits for services provided on or after first day of sixth month which begins after June 9, 1980, see section 103(c) of Pub. L. 96-265, set out as a note under section 426 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE Section 602(e) of Pub. L. 93-445 provided that: "The provisions of section 7(e) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (e) of this section] shall be effective on the enactment date of this Act [Oct. 16, 1974] and shall apply with respect to all gifts and bequests covered thereunder, regardless of the date on which such gifts or bequests were made." REPEALS Section 106(f) of Pub. L. 96-254, cited as a credit to this section, was omitted in the complete revision of section 106 of Pub. L. 96-254 by Pub. L. 97-468, title II, Sec. 231, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2543. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS "Fiscal Service" substituted for "Division of Disbursements" in subsec. (b)(4) on authority of section 1(a)(1) of 1940 Reorg. Plan No. III, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which consolidated such division into Fiscal Service of Treasury Department. See section 306 of Title 31, Money and Finance. -MISC3- LIMITATION ON THE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL Pub. L. 105-277, div. A, Sec. 101(f) [title IV], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-337, 2681-381, provided in part: "That none of the funds made available under this heading in this Act [probably means the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999, Pub. L. 105-277, div. A, Sec. 101(f), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-337, see Tables for classification], or subsequent Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Acts, may be used for any audit, investigation, or review of the Medicare Program." Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts: Pub. L. 105-78, title IV, Nov. 13, 1997, 111 Stat. 1512. Pub. L. 104-208, div. A, title I, Sec. 101(e) [title IV], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009-233, 3009-268. REFERENCES IN OTHER LAWS TO GS-16, 17, OR 18 PAY RATES References in laws to the rates of pay for GS-16, 17, or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, see section 529 [title I, Sec. 101(c)(1)] of Pub. L. 101-509, set out in a note under section 5376 of Title 5. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 231b, 231e, 231i, 231l, 231n, 231n-1, 352, 362 of this title; title 42 sections 405, 426, 1395u. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. (!2) See References in Text note below. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231f-1 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231f-1. Annual actuarial report -STATUTE- As part of the annual report required under section 231u(a) of this title, the Railroad Retirement Board shall submit to the Congress a report on the actuarial status of the railroad retirement system under various economic and employment assumptions. Such report shall include any recommendation for financing changes which might be advisable, including - (1) any adjustment the Railroad Retirement Board recommends regarding the rates of taxes imposed by sections 3201(b), 3211(a)(2), and 3221(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3201(b), 3211(a)(2), 3221(b)], and (2) if there are sufficient reserves in the Railroad Retirement Account, whether - (A) the rates of such taxes should be reduced, or (B) any part of the tax imposed by section 3221(b) of such Code should be diverted to the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Account to aid in the repayment of its debt to the Railroad Retirement Account. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 98-76, title V, Sec. 502, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 440; Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 104-66, title II, Sec. 2221(a), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 733.) -COD- CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983, and not as part of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 which comprises this subchapter. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1995 - Pub. L. 104-66 which directed the amendment of this section by substituting "As part of the annual report required under section 231u(a) of this title" for "On or before July 1, 1985, and each calendar year thereafter", was executed by making the substitution for "On or before July 1 of 1985, and of each calendar year thereafter", to reflect the probable intent of Congress. 1986 - Par. (1). Pub. L. 99-514 substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231g 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231g. Court jurisdiction -STATUTE- Decisions of the Board determining the rights or liabilities of any person under this subchapter shall be subject to judicial review in the same manner, subject to the same limitations, and all provisions of law shall apply in the same manner as though the decision were a determination of corresponding rights or liabilities under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.] except that the time within which proceedings for the review of a decision with respect to an annuity, supplemental annuity, or lump-sum benefit may be commenced shall be one year after the decision will have been entered upon the records of the Board and communicated to the claimant. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 8, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1343.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in text, is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (Sec. 351 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 231f of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231h 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231h. Returns of compensation; conclusiveness -STATUTE- Employers shall file with the Board, in such manner and form and at such times as the Board by rules and regulations may prescribe, returns of compensation of employees, and, if the Board shall so require, shall furnish employees with statements of their compensation as reported to the Board. The Board's record of the compensation so returned shall be conclusive as to the amount of compensation paid to an employee during each period covered by the return, and the fact that the Board's records show that no return was made of the compensation claimed to have been paid to an employee during a particular period shall be taken as conclusive that no compensation was paid to such employee during that period, unless the error in the amount of compensation returned in the one case, or the failure to make return of the compensation in the other case, is called to the attention of the Board within four years after the day on which return of the compensation was required to be made. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 9, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1343.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 231, 231b, 231f of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231i 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231i. Erroneous payments -STATUTE- (a) Recovery If the Board finds that at any time more than the correct amount of annuities or other benefits has been paid to any individual under this subchapter, or payment has been made to an individual not entitled thereto, recovery by adjustment in subsequent payments to which such individual, or any other individual on the basis of the same compensation, wages, or self-employment income, is entitled under this subchapter, or the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.] may, except as otherwise provided in this section, be made under regulations prescribed by the Board. If the individual to whom more than the correct amount has been paid dies before recovery is completed, recovery may be made by setoff or adjustments, under regulations prescribed by the Board, in subsequent payments due, under this subchapter, or the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, to the estate of such individual or to any person on the basis of the compensation, wages, or self-employment income of such individual. The Board shall have the authority to recover from any payment which would be made to an individual by the Board under section 231f(b)(2) of this title the amount of annuity payments made to such individual which are erroneous because of such individual's entitlement to monthly insurance benefits under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.]. (b) Adjustments Adjustments under this section may be made either by deductions from subsequent payments or, with respect to payments which are to be made during a lifetime or lifetimes, by subtracting the total amount of annuities or other benefits paid in excess of the proper amount from the actuarial value, as determined by the Board, of such payments to be made during a lifetime or lifetimes and recertifying such payments on the basis of the reduced actuarial value. In the latter case, recovery shall be deemed to have been completed upon such recertification. (c) Decision not to recover There shall be no recovery in any case in which more than the correct amount of annuities or other benefits has been paid under this subchapter to an individual or payment has been made to an individual not entitled thereto who, in the judgment of the Board, is without fault when, in the judgment of the Board, recovery would be contrary to the purpose of this subchapter or the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.] or would be against equity or good conscience. (d) Liability of officers No certifying or disbursing officer shall be held liable for any amount certified or paid by him in good faith to any person where the recovery of such amount is waived under subsection (c) of this section or has been begun but cannot be completed under subsection (a) of this section. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 10, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1344; amended Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1123, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 638.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (Sec. 351 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended. Title II of the Social Security Act is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1981 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97-35 inserted provisions authorizing Board to recover from any payment which would be made to an individual by Board under section 231f(b)(2) of this title amount of annuity payments made to such individual which are erroneous because of such individual's entitlement to monthly insurance benefits under title II of the Social Security Act. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97-35 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 1129 of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 231f of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231j 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231j. Waiver of annuities -STATUTE- Any person awarded an annuity under this subchapter may decline to accept all or any part of such annuity by a waiver signed and filed with the Board. Such a waiver may be revoked in writing at any time, but no payment of the annuity waived shall be made covering the period during which such waiver was in effect. Such a waiver will have no effect on entitlement to, or the amount of, any other annuity or benefit. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 11, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1344.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231k 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231k. Incompetence -STATUTE- (a) Every individual receiving or claiming benefits, or to whom any right or privilege is extended, under this subchapter or any other Act of Congress now or hereafter administered, in whole or in part, by the Board shall be conclusively presumed to have been competent until the date on which the Board receives written notice, in a form and manner acceptable to the Board, that he is an incompetent, or a minor, for whom a guardian or other person legally vested with the care of his person or estate has been appointed: Provided, however, That, regardless of the legal competency or incompetency of an individual entitled to a benefit administered by the Board, the Board may, if it finds the interest of such individual to be served thereby, recognize actions by, and conduct transactions with, and make payments to, such individual, or recognize actions by, and conduct transactions with, and make payments to, a relative or some other person for such individual's use and benefit. (b) Every guardian or other person legally vested with the care of the person or estate of an incompetent or minor who is receiving or claiming benefits, or to whom any right or privilege is extended, under this subchapter or any other Act of Congress now or hereafter administered, in whole or in part, by the Board shall have power everywhere, in the manner and to the extent prescribed by the Board, but subject to the provisions of the preceding subsection, to take any action necessary or appropriate to perfect any right or exercise any privilege of the incompetent or minor and to conduct all transactions on his behalf under this subchapter or any other Act of Congress now or hereafter administered, in whole or in part, by the Board. Any payment made pursuant to the provisions of this section shall be a complete settlement and satisfaction of any claim, right, or interest in and to such payment. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 12, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1345.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231l 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231l. Penalties -STATUTE- (a) Any person who shall knowingly fail or refuse to make any report or furnish any information required by the Board in the administration of this subchapter, including the provisions of section 231f(b)(2) of this title or who shall knowingly make or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statement or report when a statement or report is required to be made for the purpose of this subchapter, or who shall knowingly make or aid in making any false or fraudulent statement or claim for the purpose of causing an award or payment to be made, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. (b) All fines and penalties imposed by a court pursuant to this subchapter shall be paid to the court and be remitted from time to time by order of the judge to the Treasury of the United States to be credited to the Railroad Retirement Account. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 13, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1345.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 231d of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231m 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231m. Assignability; exemption from levy -STATUTE- (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.], notwithstanding any other law of the United States, or of any State, territory, or the District of Columbia, no annuity or supplemental annuity shall be assignable or be subject to any tax or to garnishment, attachment, or other legal process under any circumstances whatsoever, nor shall the payment thereof be anticipated (!1) (b)(1) This section shall not operate to exclude the amount of any supplemental annuity paid to an individual under section 231a(b) of this title from income taxable pursuant to the Federal income tax provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.]. (2) This section shall not operate to prohibit the characterization or treatment of that portion of an annuity under this subchapter which is not computed under section 231b(a), 231c(a), or 231c(f) of this title, or any portion of a supplemental annuity under this subchapter, as community property for the purposes of, or property subject to, distribution in accordance with a court decree of divorce, annulment, or legal separation or the terms of any court-approved property settlement incident to any such court decree. The Board shall make payments of such portions in accordance with any such characterization or treatment or any such decree or settlement. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 14, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1345; amended Pub. L. 98-76, title IV, Sec. 419(a), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 438; Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1986 - Subsecs. (a), (b)(1). Pub. L. 99-514 substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954". 1983 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 419(a)(1), substituted "(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, notwithstanding" for "Notwithstanding". Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 419(a)(2), substituted "(b)(1) This" for ": Provided, however, That the provisions of this". Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 419(a)(3), added par. (2). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Section 419(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to annuity amounts payable for months beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 12, 1983]." -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 31 section 3716. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be followed by a period. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231n 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231n. Railroad Retirement Account -STATUTE- (a) Maintenance of account; authorization of appropriations The Railroad Retirement Account established by section 15(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228o(a)] shall continue to be maintained in the Treasury of the United States. There is hereby appropriated to such Account for each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, to provide for the payment of benefits to be made from such Account in accordance with the provisions of section 231f(c)(1) of this title, and to provide for expenses necessary for the Board in the administration of all provisions of this subchapter, an amount equal to amounts covered into the Treasury (minus refunds) during each fiscal year under the Railroad Retirement Tax Act [26 U.S.C. 3201 et seq.]. (b) Authorization of appropriations; military service costs and administrative expenses In addition to the amount appropriated in subsection (a) of this section, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the Railroad Retirement Account for each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, such amount as the Board determines to be necessary to meet (A) the additional costs, resulting from the crediting of military service under this subchapter, of benefits payable under section 231a of this title, but only to the extent that such Account is not reimbursed for such costs under section 231f(c)(2) of this title, (B) the additional administrative expenses resulting from the crediting of military service under this subchapter, and (C) any loss in interest to such Account resulting from the payment of additional benefits based on military service credited under this subchapter: Provided, however, That, in determining the amount to be appropriated to the Railroad Retirement Account for any fiscal year pursuant to the provisions of this subsection, there shall not be considered any costs resulting from the crediting of military service under this subchapter for which appropriations to such Account have already been made pursuant to section 4(l) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228c-1(l)]. Any determination as to loss in interest to the Railroad Retirement Account pursuant to clause (C) of the first sentence of this subsection shall take into account interest from the date each annuity based, in part, on military service began to accrue or was increased to the date or dates on which the amount appropriated is credited to the Account. The cost resulting from the payment of additional benefits under this subchapter based on military service determined pursuant to the preceding provisions of this subsection shall be adjusted by applying thereto the ratio of the total net level cost of all benefits under this subchapter to the portion of such net level cost remaining after the exclusion of administrative expenses and interest charges on the unfunded accrued liability as determined under the last completed actuarial valuation pursuant to the provisions of subsection (g) of this section. At the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, and each fiscal year thereafter, the Board shall, as promptly as practicable, determine the amount to be appropriated to the Account pursuant to the provisions of this subsection, and shall certify such amount to the Secretary of the Treasury for transfer from the general fund in the Treasury to the Railroad Retirement Account. When authorized by an appropriation Act, the Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer to the Railroad Retirement Account from the general fund in the Treasury such amounts as, from time to time, may be determined by the Board pursuant to the provisions of this subsection and certified by the Board for transfer to such Account. In any determination made pursuant to section 231f(c)(2) of this title, no further charges shall be made against the Trust Funds established by title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.] for military service rendered before January 1, 1957, and with respect to which appropriations authorized by clause (2) of the first sentence of section 4(l) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 shall have been credited to the Railroad Retirement Account, but the additional benefit payments incurred by such Trust Funds by reason of such military service shall be taken in account in making any such determination. (c) Repealed. Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 106(b), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 887 (d) Dual Benefits Payments Account (1) There is hereby created an account in the Treasury of the United States to be known as the Dual Benefits Payments Account. There is hereby authorized to be appropriated to such account for each fiscal year beginning with the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982, such sums as are necessary to pay during such fiscal year the amounts of annuities estimated by the Board to be paid under sections 231b(h), 231c(e), and 231c(h) of this title and under sections 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), and 207(3) of Public Law 93-445. Not more than 30 days prior to each fiscal year beginning with the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982, the Board may request the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the credit of the Dual Benefits Payments Account any amount not exceeding the amount that the Board estimates will be necessary to pay on the first day of the next succeeding month the annuity amounts under sections 231b(h), 231c(e), and 231c(h) of this title and under sections 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), and 207(3) of Public Law 93-445, taking into account any reduction in such annuity amounts as determined under section 231f(c)(1) of this title, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall make such transfer, but at no time shall the total amount of money outstanding to the Dual Benefits Payments Account from the Railroad Retirement Account exceed the amount necessary to pay the annuity amounts under sections 231b(h), 231c(e), and 231c(h) of this title and sections 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), and 207(3) of Public Law 93-445 for one month. Not more than 10 days after the funds appropriated to the Dual Benefits Payments Account for each such fiscal year are received into such Account, the Board shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to retransfer from the Dual Benefits Payments Account to the credit of the Railroad Retirement Account an amount equal to the amount transferred to the Dual Benefits Payments Account prior to or during such fiscal year under the preceding sentence, together with such additional amount determined by the Board to be equal to the loss of interest to the Railroad Retirement Account resulting from such transfer, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall make such retransfer. The Secretary of the Treasury shall from time to time transfer from the Dual Benefits Payments Account to the disbursing agent under section 231f(b)(4) of this title amounts necessary to pay benefits payable from that Account. (2) The Secretary of the Treasury - (i) shall transfer from the general fund as a loan to the Board on January 1, 1984, one-third of the special amount described in subdivision (3) of this subsection; (ii) shall transfer from the general fund as a loan to the Board on January 1, 1985, one-third of the special amount described in subdivision (3) of this subsection, plus an amount equal to the interest that one-third would have earned had it been in the Railroad Retirement Account since January 1, 1984; and (iii) shall transfer from the general fund as a loan to the Board on January 1, 1986, the final one-third of the special amount described in subdivision (3) of this subsection, plus an amount equal to the interest that one-third would have earned had it been in the Railroad Retirement Account since January 1, 1984. (3) The special amount referred to in subdivision (2) of this subsection is the amount which, as of January 1, 1984, would place the Railroad Retirement Account in the same position it would have been on that date if no annuity amounts had been paid during the period beginning January 1, 1975 and ending September 30, 1981, under sections 231b(h), 231c(e), and 231c(h) of this title and under sections 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), and 207(3) of Public Law 93-445, and no sums had been appropriated as authorized in this subsection. (4) For the purposes of subdivision (2) of this subsection, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to use as a public debt transaction the proceeds of the sale of any securities issued after August 12, 1983, under section 3102 of title 31 and the purposes for which securities may be so issued are extended to include such purposes. (5) The amounts transferred to the Board as loans under subdivision (2) of this subsection shall be deposited in the Railroad Retirement Account. (6) The amounts transferred as loans under subdivision (2) of this subsection shall be repaid to the general fund to the extent sums are appropriated for that purpose, and there are hereby authorized to be appropriated, in addition to any other sums authorized to be appropriated for the purposes of this subchapter and from any sums in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such sums as may be necessary to make such repayments. (e) Investments At the request and direction of the Board, it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury (hereinafter referred to as the "Secretary") to invest such portion of the amounts credited to the Railroad Retirement Account and the Dual Benefits Payments Account as are not transferred to the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust as the Board may determine in interest-bearing obligations of the United States or in obligations guaranteed as to both principal and interest by the United States. For such purpose such obligations may be acquired (A) on original issue at the issue price; or (B) by purchase of outstanding obligations at the market price. The purposes for which obligations of the United States may be issued under chapter 31 of title 31, are hereby extended to authorize the issuance at par of special obligations exclusively to the accounts. Such obligations issued for purchase by the accounts shall have maturities fixed with due regard for the needs of the accounts, and shall bear interest at a rate equal to the average market yield, computed as of the end of the calendar month next preceding the date of such issue, borne by all marketable interest-bearing notes of the United States then forming a part of the public debt that are not due or callable until after the expiration of three years from the end of such calendar month, except that where such rate is not a multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum, the rate of interest on such obligation shall be the multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum nearest such rate: Provided, That the rate of interest on such obligations shall in no case be less than 3 per centum per annum. At the request of the Board the Secretary shall purchase other interest-bearing obligations of the United States, or obligations guaranteed as to both principal and interest by the United States, or other obligations which are lawful investments for trust funds of the United States, on original issue or at the market price: Provided, That the interest yield of such obligations shall not be less than the interest rate determined in accordance with the preceding sentence. At the request of the Board, the Secretary shall sell at the market price such obligations in the accounts (other than special obligations issued exclusively to the accounts) as the Board designates. The Board shall from time to time request the Secretary to redeem such special obligations issued exclusively to the accounts as the Board designates and upon such request the Secretary shall redeem such obligations at par plus accrued interest. All requests of the Board to the Secretary, provided for in this subsection, shall be mandatory upon the Secretary. It shall be the duty of the Board to determine at all times what proportion of the accounts shall be invested in other than special obligations issued to the accounts and further to determine which of such obligations available to the accounts consistent with the requirements of this subsection will provide the greatest rate of return on the funds invested. (f) Actuarial Advisory Committee The Board is hereby authorized and directed to select two actuaries, one from recommendations made by representatives of employees and the other from recommendations made by representatives of employers as defined in paragraph (i) of section 231(a)(1) of this title. These actuaries, along with a third who shall be designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be known as the Actuarial Advisory Committee with respect to the Railroad Retirement Account. The actuaries so selected shall hold membership in the American Academy of Actuaries and shall be qualified in the evaluation of pension plans: Provided, however, That these requirements shall not apply to any actuary who served as a member of the Committee prior to January 1, 1975. The Committee shall examine the actuarial reports and estimates made by the Board and shall have authority to recommend to the Board such changes in actuarial methods as they may deem necessary. The compensation of the members of the Committee, exclusive of the member designated by the Secretary, shall be fixed by the Board on a per diem basis. (g) Annual report The Board shall include in its annual report a statement of the status and the operations of the Railroad Retirement and Railroad Retirement Supplemental Accounts, and the Dual Benefits Payments Account. At intervals not longer than three years the Board shall make an estimate of the liabilities created by this subchapter and shall include such estimate in its annual report. (h) Authorization of appropriations; administrative expenses of subchapter There are hereby authorized to be appropriated from time to time such sums as may be necessary to provide for the expenses of the Board in administering the provisions of this subchapter. (i) Crediting of accounts for unnegotiated benefit checks (1) The Secretary of the Treasury shall implement procedures to permit the identification of each check issued for benefits under this subchapter that has not been presented for payment by the close of the sixth month following the month of its issuance. (2) The Secretary of the Treasury shall, on a monthly basis, credit each account established in the Treasury for the payment of benefits under this subchapter for the proportionate amount of benefit checks (including interest thereon) drawn on each such Account more than six months previously but not presented for payment and not previously credited to such Account, to the extent provided in advance in appropriation Acts. (3) If a benefit check is presented for payment to the Treasury and the amount of the appropriate portion thereof has been previously credited pursuant to paragraph (2) to an Account or Accounts, the Secretary of the Treasury shall nevertheless pay such check, if otherwise proper, recharge such Account or Accounts for the amount of such check attributable to such Account or Accounts and notify the Board. (4) A benefit check bearing a current date may be issued to an individual who did not negotiate the original benefit check and who surrenders such check for cancellation if the Secretary of the Treasury determines it is necessary to effect proper payment of benefits. (j) National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (1) Establishment The National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the "Trust") is hereby established as a trust domiciled in the District of Columbia and shall, to the extent not inconsistent with this subchapter, be subject to the laws of the District of Columbia applicable to such trusts. The Trust shall manage and invest its assets in the manner set forth in this subsection. (2) Not a Federal agency or instrumentality The Trust is not a department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government of the United States and shall not be subject to title 31. (3) Board of Trustees (A) Generally (i) Membership The Trust shall have a Board of Trustees, consisting of 7 members. Three shall represent the interests of labor, 3 shall represent the interests of management, and 1 shall be an independent Trustee. The members of the Board of Trustees shall not be considered officers or employees of the Government of the United States. (ii) Selection (I) The 3 members representing the interests of labor shall be selected by the joint recommendation of labor organizations, national in scope, organized in accordance with sections 151a and 152 of this title, and representing at least 2/3 of all active employees, represented by such national labor organizations, covered under this subchapter. (II) The 3 members representing the interests of management shall be selected by the joint recommendation of carriers as defined in section 151 of this title employing at least 2/3 of all active employees covered under this subchapter. (III) The independent member shall be selected by a majority of the other 6 members of the Board of Trustees. A member of the Board of Trustees may be removed in the same manner and by the same constituency that selected that member. (iii) Dispute resolution In the event that the parties specified in subclause (I), (II), or (III) of the previous clause cannot agree on the selection of Trustees within 60 days of the date of enactment or 60 days from any subsequent date that a position of the Board of Trustees becomes vacant, an impartial umpire to decide such dispute shall, on the petition of a party to the dispute, be appointed by the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia. (B) Qualifications Members of the Board of Trustees shall be appointed only from among persons who have experience and expertise in the management of financial investments and pension plans. No member of the Railroad Retirement Board shall be eligible to be a member of the Board of Trustees. (C) Terms Except as provided in this subparagraph, each member shall be appointed for a 3-year term. The initial members appointed under this paragraph shall be divided into equal groups so nearly as may be, of which one group will be appointed for a 1-year term, one for a 2-year term, and one for a 3-year term. The Trustee initially selected pursuant to clause (ii)(III) shall be appointed to a 3-year term. A vacancy in the Board of Trustees shall not affect the powers of the Board of Trustees and shall be filled in the same manner as the selection of the member whose departure caused the vacancy. Upon the expiration of a term of a member of the Board of Trustees, that member shall continue to serve until a successor is appointed. (4) Powers of the Board of Trustees The Board of Trustees shall - (A) retain independent advisers to assist it in the formulation and adoption of its investment guidelines; (B) retain independent investment managers to invest the assets of the Trust in a manner consistent with such investment guidelines; (C) invest assets in the Trust, pursuant to the policies adopted in subparagraph (A); (D) pay administrative expenses of the Trust from the assets in the Trust; and (E) transfer money to the disbursing agent or as otherwise provided in section 231f(b)(4) of this title, to pay benefits payable under this subchapter from the assets of the Trust. (5) Reporting requirements and fiduciary standards The following reporting requirements and fiduciary standards shall apply with respect to the Trust: (A) Duties of the Board of Trustees The Trust and each member of the Board of Trustees shall discharge their duties (including the voting of proxies) with respect to the assets of the Trust solely in the interest of the Railroad Retirement Board and through it, the participants and beneficiaries of the programs funded under this subchapter - (i) for the exclusive purpose of - (I) providing benefits to participants and their beneficiaries; and (II) defraying reasonable expenses of administering the functions of the Trust; (ii) with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent person acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a like character and with like aims; (iii) by diversifying investments so as to minimize the risk of large losses and to avoid disproportionate influence over a particular industry or firm, unless under the circumstances it is clearly prudent not to do so; and (iv) in accordance with Trust governing documents and instruments insofar as such documents and instruments are consistent with this subchapter. (B) Prohibitions with respect to members of the Board of Trustees No member of the Board of Trustees shall - (i) deal with the assets of the Trust in the trustee's own interest or for the trustee's own account; (ii) in an individual or in any other capacity act in any transaction involving the assets of the Trust on behalf of a party (or represent a party) whose interests are adverse to the interests of the Trust, the Railroad Retirement Board, or the interests of participants or beneficiaries; or (iii) receive any consideration for the trustee's own personal account from any party dealing with the assets of the Trust. (C) Exculpatory provisions and insurance Any provision in an agreement or instrument that purports to relieve a trustee from responsibility or liability for any responsibility, obligation, or duty under this subchapter shall be void: Provided, however, That nothing shall preclude - (i) the Trust from purchasing insurance for its trustees or for itself to cover liability or losses occurring by reason of the act or omission of a trustee, if such insurance permits recourse by the insurer against the trustee in the case of a breach of a fiduciary obligation by such trustee; (ii) a trustee from purchasing insurance to cover liability under this section from and for his own account; or (iii) an employer or an employee organization from purchasing insurance to cover potential liability of one or more trustees with respect to their fiduciary responsibilities, obligations, and duties under this section. (D) Bonding Every trustee and every person who handles funds or other property of the Trust (hereafter in this subsection referred to as "Trust official") shall be bonded. Such bond shall provide protection to the Trust against loss by reason of acts of fraud or dishonesty on the part of any Trust official, directly or through the connivance of others, and shall be in accordance with the following: (i) The amount of such bond shall be fixed at the beginning of each fiscal year of the Trust by the Railroad Retirement Board. Such amount shall not be less than 10 percent of the amount of the funds handled. In no case shall such bond be less than $1,000 nor more than $500,000, except that the Railroad Retirement Board, after consideration of the record, may prescribe an amount in excess of $500,000, subject to the 10 per centum limitation of the preceding sentence. (ii) It shall be unlawful for any Trust official to receive, handle, disburse, or otherwise exercise custody or control of any of the funds or other property of the Trust without being bonded as required by this subsection and it shall be unlawful for any Trust official, or any other person having authority to direct the performance of such functions, to permit such functions, or any of them, to be performed by any Trust official, with respect to whom the requirements of this subsection have not been met. (iii) It shall be unlawful for any person to procure any bond required by this subsection from any surety or other company or through any agent or broker in whose business operations such person has any control or significant financial interest, direct or indirect. (E) Audit and report (i) The Trust shall annually engage an independent qualified public accountant to audit the financial statements of the Trust. (ii) The Trust shall submit an annual management report to the Congress not later than 180 days after the end of the Trust's fiscal year. A management report under this subsection shall include - (I) a statement of financial position; (II) a statement of operations; (III) a statement of cash flows; (IV) a statement on internal accounting and administrative control systems; (V) the report resulting from an audit of the financial statements of the Trust conducted under clause (i); and (VI) any other comments and information necessary to inform the Congress about the operations and financial condition of the Trust. (iii) The Trust shall provide the President, the Railroad Retirement Board, and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget a copy of the management report when it is submitted to Congress. (F) Enforcement The Railroad Retirement Board may bring a civil action - (i) to enjoin any act or practice by the Trust, its Board of Trustees, or its employees or agents that violates any provision of this subchapter; or (ii) to obtain other appropriate relief to redress such violations, or to enforce any provisions of this subchapter. (6) Rules and administrative powers The Board of Trustees shall have the authority to make rules to govern its operations, employ professional staff, and contract with outside advisers, including the Railroad Retirement Board, to provide legal, accounting, investment advisory, or other services necessary for the proper administration of this subsection. In the case of contracts with investment advisory services, compensation for such services may be on a fixed contract fee basis or on such other terms and conditions as are customary for such services. (7) Quorum Five members of the Board of Trustees constitute a quorum to do business. Investment guidelines must be adopted by a unanimous vote of the entire Board of Trustees. All other decisions of the Board of Trustees shall be decided by a majority vote of the quorum present. All decisions of the Board of Trustees shall be entered upon the records of the Board of Trustees. (8) Funding The expenses of the Trust and the Board of Trustees incurred under this subsection shall be paid from the Trust. (k) Transfers to the Trust The Board shall, upon establishment of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust and from time to time thereafter, direct the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer, in such manner as will maximize the investment returns to the Railroad Retirement system, that portion of the Railroad Retirement Account that is not needed to pay current administrative expenses of the Board to the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust. The Secretary shall make that transfer. (l) National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust The National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust shall from time to time transfer to the disbursing agent described in section 231f(b)(4) of this title or as otherwise directed by the Railroad Retirement Board pursuant to section 231f(b)(4) of this title, such amounts as may be necessary to pay benefits under this subchapter (other than benefits paid from the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account or the Dual Benefit Payments Account). -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 15, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1346; amended Pub. L. 94-92, title II, Sec. 201(a)-(d), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 464, 465; Pub. L. 94-547, Sec. 3(a), Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2525; Pub. L. 97-34, title VII, Sec. 742, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 348; Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Secs. 1124, 1127(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 639, 641; Pub. L. 98-76, title III, Sec. 301(b), title IV, Secs. 401(a), 417(a), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 431, 433, 437; Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Secs. 105(a), (b), 106(b), (c), 107(a), (b), (d), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 882, 886-889.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Sections 4 and 15 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b)(1), which were classified to sections 228c-1 and 228o of this title, have been omitted from the Code. The Railroad Retirement Tax Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, Secs. 3201, 3202, 3211, 3212, 3221, and 3231 to 3233, 68A Stat. 431, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 22 (Sec. 3201 et seq.) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 3233 of Title 26 and Tables. Sections 204, 206, and 207 of Pub. L. 93-445, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), (3), are sections 204, 206, and 207 of title II of Pub. L. 93-445, and are set out as part of a Transitional Provisions note under section 231 of this title. The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended. Title II of the Social Security Act is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. Within 60 days of the date of enactment, referred to in subsec. (j)(3)(A)(iii), probably means within 60 days of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107-90, which enacted subsec. (j) and was approved Dec. 21, 2001. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 106(c), struck out before period at end ", except those portions of the amounts covered into the Treasury under sections 3211(b), 3221(c), and 3221(d) of such Tax Act as are necessary to provide sufficient funds to meet the obligation to pay supplemental annuities at the level provided under section 231b(e) of this title and, with respect to those entitled to supplemental annuities under section 205(a) of title II of this Act, at the level provided under section 205(a). The Board is directed to determine what portion of the taxes collected under sections 3211(b), 3221(c), and 3221(d) of the Railroad Retirement Tax Act is to be credited to the Railroad Retirement Account pursuant to the preceding provisions of this subsection and what portion of such taxes is to be credited to the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account pursuant to the provisions of subsection (c) of this section. The Board shall make such a determination with respect to each calendar quarter commencing with the quarter beginning January 1, 1975, shall make each such determination not later than fifteen days before each calendar quarter, and shall, as soon as practicable after each such determination, advise the Secretary of the Treasury of the determination made. The Secretary of the Treasury shall credit the amounts covered into the Treasury under sections 3211(b), 3221(c), and 3221(d) of the Railroad Retirement Tax Act to the Railroad Retirement Account and the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account in such proportions as is determined by the Board pursuant to the provisions of this subsection". Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 106(b), struck out subsec. (c) which read as follows: "The Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account established by section 15(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 shall continue to be maintained in the Treasury of the United States. There is hereby appropriated to such account for each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to provide for the payment of supplemental annuities under section 231a(b) of this title, and to provide for the expenses necessary for the Board in the administration of the payment of such supplemental annuities, an amount equal to such portions of the amounts covered into the Treasury (minus refunds) during each fiscal year under sections 3211(b), 3221(c), and 3221(d) of the Railroad Retirement Tax Act as are not appropriated to the Railroad Retirement Account pursuant to the provisions of subsection (a) of this section. Whenever the Board finds at any time that the balance in the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account will be insufficient to pay the supplemental annuities which it estimates are due, or will become due, under section 231a(b) of this title, it shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the credit of the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account such moneys as the Board estimates would be necessary for the payment of such supplemental annuities, and the Secretary shall make such transfer. Whenever the Board finds that the balance in the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account, without regard to the amounts transferred pursuant to the next preceding sentence, is sufficient to pay such supplemental annuities, it shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to retransfer from the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account to the credit of the Railroad Retirement Account such moneys as in its judgment are not needed for the payment of such supplemental annuities, plus interest at an annual rate equal to the average rate of interest borne by all special obligations held by the Railroad Retirement Account on the last day of the preceding fiscal year, rounded to the nearest multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum, and the Secretary shall make such retransfer." Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 107(d), inserted at end "The Secretary of the Treasury shall from time to time transfer from the Dual Benefits Payments Account to the disbursing agent under section 231f(b)(4) of this title amounts necessary to pay benefits payable from that Account." Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 105(b)(1), substituted "and the Dual Benefits Payments Account as are not transferred to the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust as the Board may determine" for ", the Dual Benefits Payments Account and the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account as, in the judgment of the Board, is not immediately required for the payment of annuities, supplemental annuities, and death benefits. Such investments may be made only". Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 105(b)(2), (3), substituted "chapter 31 of title 31" for "the Second Liberty Bond Act, as amended" and "the requirements of this subsection" for "the foregoing requirements". Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 105(a), added subsec. (j). Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 107(a), added subsec. (k). Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 107(b), added subsec. (l). 1983 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 301(b), amended subsec. (b) generally, redesignating par. (1) as subsec. (b) and striking out par. (2) which read as follows: "In any month when the Board finds that the balance in the Railroad Retirement Account is insufficient to pay annuity amounts due to be paid during the following month, the Board shall report to the Secretary of the Treasury the additional amount of money necessary in order to make such annuity payments, and the Secretary shall transfer to the credit of the Railroad Retirement Account such additional amount upon receiving such report from the Board. The total amount of money outstanding to the Railroad Retirement Account from the general fund at any time during any fiscal year shall not exceed the total amount of money the Board and the Trustees of the Social Security Trust Fund estimate will be transferred to the Railroad Retirement Account pursuant to section 231f(c)(2) of this title with respect to such fiscal year. Whenever the Board determines that the sums in the Railroad Retirement Account are sufficient to pay annuity amounts, the Board shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to retransfer to the general fund from the Railroad Retirement Account all or any part of the amount outstanding, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall make such retransfer of the amount requested. Not later than 10 days after a transfer to the Railroad Retirement Account under section 231f(c)(2) of this title, any amount of money outstanding to the Railroad Retirement Account from the general fund under this subdivision shall be retransferred in accordance with this subdivision. Any amount retransferred shall include an amount of interest computed at a rate determined in accordance with the following two sentences: The rate of interest payable with respect to an amount outstanding for any month shall be equal to the average investment yield for the most recent auction (before such month) of United States Treasury bills with maturities of 52 weeks, deeming any amount outstanding at the beginning of a month to have been borrowed at the beginning of such month. For this purpose the amount of interest computed in accordance with the preceding sentence but not repaid by the end of such month shall be added to the amount outstanding at the beginning of the next month." Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 401(a)(1)-(3), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "the amount that the Board estimates will be necessary to pay on the first day of the next succeeding month the annuity amounts under sections 231b(h), 231c(e), and 231c(h) of this title and under sections 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), and 207(3) of Public Law 93-445, taking into account any reduction in such annuity amounts as determined under section 231f(c)(1) of this title, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall make such transfer, but at no time shall the total amount of money outstanding to the Dual Benefits Payments Account from the Railroad Retirement Account exceed the amount necessary to pay the annuity amounts under sections 231b(h), 231c(e), and 231c(h) of this title and sections 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), and 207(3) of Public Law 93-445 for one month" for "one-twelfth of the amount which the Board has determined will be the amount of the appropriation to be made to the Dual Benefits Payments Account under the applicable public law making such appropriation for such fiscal year, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall make such transfer", and inserted "or during" after "prior to" in last sentence. Subsec. (d)(2) to (6). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 401(a)(4), added pars. (2) to (6). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 417(a), added subsec. (i). 1981 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1127(a), made amendments identical to those of Pub. L. 97-34. See Amendment note below. Pub. L. 97-34 designated existing provisions as subdiv. (1) and added subdiv. (2). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1124(a), substituted provisions relating to creation of Dual Benefits Payments Account, authorizations of appropriations, and transfer and retransfer of funds for provisions relating to authorization of appropriations to Railroad Retirement Account. Subsecs. (e), (g). Pub. L. 97-35, Sec. 1124(b), (c), inserted reference to Dual Benefits Payments Account. 1976 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94-547 permitted Supplemental Account to borrow enough money from regular Railroad Retirement Account to continue payment of supplemental annuities during any period in which Supplemental Account was otherwise temporarily lacking in funds for this purpose, with any amounts so borrowed to be repaid, with interest, as soon as Supplemental Account has been credited with sufficient tax payments to both pay supplemental annuities on a current basis and repay amount of loan, and with authority granted to increase tax rate for calendar quarter following existence of a deficiency in Supplemental Account's funds to take account of deficiency. 1975 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 201(a), substituted in second sentence "is hereby appropriated" for "is hereby authorized to be appropriated". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 201(b), substituted in introductory text "amount appropriated" for "amount authorized to be appropriated". Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 201(c), substituted in second sentence "is hereby appropriated" for "is hereby authorized to be appropriated" and inserted "out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated" after "June 30, 1975,". Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 201(d), added subsec. (h). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 105(d), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 887, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the first day of the month that begins more than 30 days after enactment [Dec. 21, 2001]." Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 106(e), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 887, provided that: "(1) In general. - Subject to paragraph (2), the amendments made by subsections (a), (b), and (c) [amending this section and section 231f of this title] shall take effect January 1, 2002. "(2) Account in existence until transfer made. - The Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account under section 15(c) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 (45 U.S.C. 231n(c)) shall continue to exist until the date that the Secretary of the Treasury makes the transfer described in subsection (d)(2) [set out as a note below]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Section 301(c)(2) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (b) of this section [amending this section] shall be effective on the date immediately following the day in June 1984 when the total amount of money outstanding to the Railroad Retirement Account under section 15(b)(2) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (b)(2) of this section] is retransferred to the general fund under that section." Section 401(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective upon enactment [Aug. 12, 1983]." Section 417(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to all checks for benefits under this Act [this subchapter] which are issued on or after May 1, 1985." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97-35, effective Oct. 1, 1981, see section 1129(g) of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Section 3(b) of Pub. L. 94-547 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective on the enactment date of this Act [Oct. 18, 1976]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Section 201(e) of Pub. L. 94-92 provided that: "The amendments [amending this section] made by this section shall be effective January 1, 1975." TERMINATION OF ADVISORY COMMITTEES Advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See section 14 of Pub. L. 92-463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 776, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. PURCHASE OR SALE OF NON-FEDERAL ASSETS; MEANS OF FINANCING Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 105(c), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 887, provided that: "For all purposes of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 [see Short Title note set out under section 621 of Title 2, The Congress], the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 [see Short Title note set out under section 900 of Title 2], and chapter 11 of title 31, United States Code, and notwithstanding section 20 of the Office of Management and Budget Circular No. A-11, the purchase or sale of non-Federal assets (other than gains or losses from such transactions) by the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust shall be treated as a means of financing." TRANSFER OF FUNDS IN THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT SUPPLEMENTAL ACCOUNT Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 106(d), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 887, provided that: "(1) Determination. - As soon as possible after December 31, 2001, the Railroad Retirement Board shall - "(A) determine the amount of funds in the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account under section 15(c) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 (45 U.S.C. 231n(c)) as of the date of such determination; and "(B) direct the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer such funds to the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust under section 15(j) of such Act [45 U.S.C. 231n(j)] (as added by section 105). "(2) Transfer by the secretary of the treasury. - The Secretary of the Treasury shall make the transfer described in paragraph (1)." TRANSITIONAL RULE FOR EXISTING OBLIGATION Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 107(g), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 889, provided that: "In making transfers under sections 15(k) and 15A(d)(2) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231n(k), 231n-1(d)(2)], as amended by subsections (a) and (c), respectively, the Railroad Retirement Board shall consult with the Secretary of the Treasury to design an appropriate method to transfer obligations held as of the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2001] or to convert such obligations to cash at the discretion of the Railroad Retirement Board prior to transfer. The National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust may hold to maturity any obligations so received or may redeem them prior to maturity, as the Trust deems appropriate." COMMISSION ON RAILROAD RETIREMENT REFORM Pub. L. 100-203, title IX, Sec. 9033, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330-296, as amended by Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Sec. 7108, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3774, established a commission, known as Commission on Railroad Retirement Reform, to conduct a comprehensive study of the issues pertaining to long-term financing of railroad retirement system and the system's short-term and long-term solvency, required Commission to submit not later than Oct. 1, 1990, a report containing a detailed statement of its findings and conclusions together with recommendations to Congress for revisions in, or alternatives to, current system to assure provision of retirement benefits to former, present, and future railroad employees on an actuarially sound basis, and provided for termination of Commission 60 days after submission of report. SECTION 72(R) REVENUE INCREASE TRANSFERRED TO CERTAIN RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACCOUNTS Section 224(c) of Pub. L. 98-76, as amended by Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 100-203, title IX, Sec. 9034, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330-299; Pub. L. 101-239, title X, Sec. 10102, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2471; Pub. L. 101-508, title V, Sec. 5126, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388-286; Pub. L. 103-296, title III, Sec. 317, Aug. 15, 1994, 108 Stat. 1532, provided that: "(1) In general. - "(A) Transfers to railroad retirement account. - There are hereby appropriated to the Railroad Retirement Account amounts (other than amounts described in subparagraph (B)) equivalent to the aggregate increase in tax liabilities under chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.] which is attributable to the application of section 72(r) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 72(r)] (as added by this Act). "(B) Revenue increases attributable to windfall benefits received after september 30, 1988, transferred to dual benefits payments account. - There are hereby appropriated to the Dual Benefits Payments Account amounts equivalent to the aggregate increase in tax liabilities under chapter 1 of such Code which is attributable to the application of section 72(r) of such Code (as added by this Act) with respect to windfall benefits received after September 30, 1988. "(C) Windfall benefits defined. - For purposes of this paragraph, the term 'windfall benefits' means any benefit paid under section 3(h), 4(e), or 4(h) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [sections 231b(h), 231(e), (h) of this title]. "(2) Transfers. - The amounts appropriated by paragraph (1) shall be transferred from time to time (but not less frequently than quarterly) from the general fund of the Treasury on the basis of estimates made by the Secretary of the Treasury of the amounts referred to in paragraph (1). Any such quarterly payment shall be made on the first day of such quarter and shall take into account benefits estimated to be received during such quarter. Proper adjustments shall be made in the amounts subsequently transferred to the extent prior estimates were in excess of or less than the amounts required to be transferred. "(3) Revenue increases from tax on supplemental annuities not included. - Paragraph (1) shall not apply to tax liabilities attributable to supplemental annuities paid under section 2(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(b) of this title]." TAX USED TO REPAY LOANS MADE TO RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE ACCOUNT Section 232 of Pub. L. 98-76, as amended by Pub. L. 99-272, title XIII, Sec. 13301(c), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 326; Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Sec. 7106(c)(6), (7), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3774; Pub. L. 101-508, title XI, Sec. 11704(a)(40), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388-520, provided that: "(a) Transfer to Railroad Retirement Account. - "(1) In general. - The Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer from the general fund of the Treasury to the Railroad Retirement Account an amount equal to the additional railroad unemployment taxes received in the Treasury. "(2) Taxes credited against loans to railroad unemployment insurance account. - "(A) Taxes attributable to basic rate to reduce railroad unemployment loans made before october 1, 1985. - So much of the amount transferred under paragraph (1) as is not attributable to the surtax rate under section 7106(b) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance and Retirement Improvement Act of 1988 [Pub. L. 100-647, set out as a note under section 3321 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code] shall be credited against, and operate to reduce, the outstanding balance of railroad unemployment loans made before October 1, 1985. "(B) Taxes attributable to surtax rate to reduce railroad unemployment loans made after september 30, 1985. - So much of the amount transferred under paragraph (1) as is attributable to the surtax rate under section 7106(b) of such Act shall be credited against, and operate to reduce, the outstanding balance of railroad unemployment loans made after September 30, 1985. "(b) Transfers Made Monthly. - Transfers under subsection (a) shall be made at least monthly on the basis of estimates made by the Secretary of the Treasury of the amount of the additional railroad unemployment taxes received in the Treasury. Proper adjustments shall be made in the amount subsequently transferred to the extent prior estimates were in excess of or were less than the amounts required to be transferred. "(c) Transfers to Railroad Unemployment Fund After Loans Repaid. - If - "(1) the amount described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (a)(2) which (but for this subsection) would be transferred to the Railroad Retirement Account under subsection (a), exceeds - "(2) the outstanding balance of railroad unemployment loans (as of the time of such transfer) against which the amount described in such subparagraph may be credited under such subparagraph, such transfer (to the extent it exceeds such outstanding balance) shall be made to the Railroad Unemployment Account. "(d) Definitions. - For purposes of this section - "(1) Additional railroad unemployment taxes. - The term 'additional railroad unemployment taxes' means the taxes imposed by chapter 23A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3321 et seq.]. "(2) Railroad unemployment account. - The term 'Railroad Unemployment Account' means the railroad unemployment insurance account in the unemployment trust fund established pursuant to section 904 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1104]. "(3) Railroad unemployment loans. - The term 'railroad unemployment loans' means transfers under section 10(d) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 360(d)] from the Railroad Retirement Account to the Railroad Unemployment Account. The outstanding balance of such loans shall include any interest required to be paid under such section 10(d)." REIMBURSEMENT OF RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT ACCOUNTS; "UNNEGOTIATED BENEFIT CHECKS" DEFINED Section 417(c) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "(1) The Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer from the general fund of the Treasury to each Account established in the Treasury for the payment of benefits under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [this subchapter] in the month following the month in which this section is enacted [Aug. 1983] and in each of the next succeeding months until May, 1985, such sums as may be necessary to reimburse such Accounts in the proportionate amount of all checks (including interest thereon) attributable to such Accounts which the Secretary and the Board jointly determine to be unnegotiated benefit checks, to the extent provided in advance in appropriation Acts. After any amounts authorized by this subsection have been transferred to an Account or Accounts with respect to any benefit check, the provisions of paragraphs (3) and (4) of section 15(i) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 (as added by subsection (a) of this section) [subsec. (i)(3), (4) of this section] shall be applicable to such check. "(2) As used in paragraph (1) of this subsection, the term 'unnegotiated benefit checks' means checks for benefits under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [this subchapter] or under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [subchapter III of this chapter] which are issued prior to May 1, 1985, which remain unnegotiated after the sixth month following the date on which they were issued, and with respect to which no transfers have previously been made in accordance with the first sentence of such paragraph." TREATMENT OF CERTAIN CREDITS AS AMOUNTS COVERED INTO THE TREASURY Pub. L. 98-21, title I, Sec. 123(b)(5), Apr. 20, 1983, 97 Stat. 89, as amended by Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "For purposes of subsection (a) of section 15 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (a) of this section], amounts allowed as a credit under subsection (e) of section 3510 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3510(e)] shall be treated as amounts covered into the Treasury under subsection (a) of section 3201 of such Code [26 U.S.C. 3201(a)]." ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS THAT WILL ASSURE LONG-TERM FINANCIAL INTEGRITY OF THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT SYSTEM: REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO CONGRESS Section 1126(a) of Pub. L. 97-35 directed President, not later than Oct. 1, 1982, to analyze options that would assure long-term financial integrity of railroad retirement system and report to Congress results of such analysis, together with recommendations with respect to such options and such comments as may have been submitted by representatives of railroad labor and management. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 231n-1 of this title; title 26 section 501. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231n-1 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231n-1. Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account -STATUTE- (a) Establishment There is hereby created an account in the Treasury of the United States to be known as the "Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account". (b) Transfers, etc., to Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account (1) There is hereby appropriated to the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account for each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year beginning October 1, 1984, an amount equal to the sum of the following amounts: (A) Amounts covered into the Treasury (minus refunds) during such fiscal year under sections 3201(a), 3211(a)(1), and 3221(a) of the Railroad Retirement Tax Act [26 U.S.C. 3201(a), 3211(a)(1), 3221(a)]. (B) The amount which (but for this section) would have been transferred to the Railroad Retirement Account under section 121(e) of the Social Security Amendments of 1983 to the extent that the amount which would have been so transferred is attributable to taxation of social security equivalent benefits. Amounts appropriated to the Railroad Retirement Account shall be appropriately reduced to take into account the amounts appropriated under this paragraph to the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account. (2) On and after October 1, 1984, any amount which (but for this section) would have been transferred to the Railroad Retirement Account pursuant to paragraph (2) or (4) of section 231f(c) of this title shall be transferred to the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account. On and after October 1, 1984, no transfer shall be made to the Railroad Retirement Account pursuant to paragraph (2) or (4) of section 231f(c) of this title. (3) To the extent that the authorization for appropriation contained in section 231n(b) of this title is attributable to the cost of social security equivalent benefits, on and after October 1, 1984, any reference in such section to the Railroad Retirement Account shall be treated as a reference to the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account. (4) Amounts appropriated or transferred to the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account under this section shall be credited or transferred to such Account at the same time and in the same manner as such amounts would have been credited or transferred to the Railroad Retirement Account but for this section. (c) Availability and transfer of funds (1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, amounts in the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account shall be available only for purposes of paying social security equivalent benefits under this subchapter and to provide for the administrative expenses of the Board allocable to social security equivalent benefits. The Secretary shall from time to time transfer to the disbursing agent under section 231f(b)(4) of this title amounts necessary to pay those benefits. (2) On and after October 1, 1984, any transfer which (but for this paragraph) would be required to be made from the Railroad Retirement Account under paragraph (2) or (4) of section 231f(c) of this title shall be made from the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account. (d) Transfers to Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account and National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (1) Whenever the Board finds that the balance in the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account will be insufficient to pay social security equivalent benefits which it estimates are due in any month, it shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the credit of the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account such moneys as the Board estimates will be necessary for the payment of such benefits, and the Secretary shall make such transfer. (2) Upon establishment of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust and from time to time thereafter, the Board shall direct the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer, in such manner as will maximize the investment returns to the Railroad Retirement system, the balance of the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account not needed to pay current benefits and administrative expenses required to be paid from that Account to the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust, and the Secretary shall make that transfer. Any balance transferred under this paragraph shall be used by the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust only to pay benefits under this subchapter or to purchase obligations of the United States that are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States pursuant to chapter 31 of title 31. The proceeds of sales of, and the interest income from, such obligations shall be used by the Trust only to pay benefits under this subchapter. (e) Applicability of section 231n The provisions of subsections (e), (f), and (g) of section 231n of this title are hereby made applicable to the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account. (f) References to Railroad Retirement Account deemed references to Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account; "social security equivalent benefits" defined (1) For purposes of making payments of social security equivalent benefits, references in the (!1) subchapter to the Railroad Retirement Account shall be treated as references to the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account. (2) For purposes of this section, the term "social security equivalent benefits" means benefits payable under this subchapter which are of a kind taken into account in determining the amount of transfers made under section 231f(c)(2) of this title. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 15A, as added Pub. L. 98-76, title V, Sec. 501(a), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 438; amended Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 107(c), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 888.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 121(e) of the Social Security Amendments of 1983, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(B), is section 121(e) of Pub. L. 98-21, title I, Apr. 20, 1983, 97 Stat. 83, which is set out as a note under section 401 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 107(c)(2), inserted at end "The Secretary shall from time to time transfer to the disbursing agent under section 231f(b)(4) of this title amounts necessary to pay those benefits." Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 107(c)(3), struck out at end: "Whenever later in such month there is a transfer to the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account under paragraph (2) or (4) of section 231f(c) of this title, the amount so transferred shall be immediately retransferred to the Railroad Retirement Account. The amount retransferred under the preceding sentence shall not exceed the amount of any outstanding transfers under this paragraph from the Railroad Retirement Account plus such additional amounts determined by the Board to be equal to the loss of interest to the Railroad Retirement Account resulting from such outstanding transfers." Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 107(c)(1), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "Whenever the Board determines that - "(A) amounts in the Railroad Retirement Account will not be sufficient to pay the annuities which it estimates are due, or will become due, from such Account, and "(B) the transfer under this paragraph will not jeopardize the present or future payment of social security equivalent benefits, the Board shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer from the Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account to the Railroad Retirement Account such moneys as the Board estimates will be necessary for the payment of such annuities, and the Secretary shall make such transfer. No transfer under this paragraph shall be required to be repaid." EFFECTIVE DATE Section 501(b)(1) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [enacting this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1984." TREATMENT OF TIER 1 PORTION OF TAX IMPOSED WITH RESPECT TO COMPENSATION PAID BEFORE 1985 Section 501(b)(2) of Pub. L. 98-76, as amended by Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "(A) The tier 1 portion of the tax imposed by section 3201, 3211, or 3221 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] [26 U.S.C. 3201, 3211, 3221], as the case may be, with respect to compensation paid before 1985 shall be treated as described in subparagraph (A) of section 15A(b)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (b)(1)(A) of this section]. "(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A), the tier 1 portion of any tax is so much of such tax as is determined by reference to the rates of taxes imposed by chapter 21 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3101 et seq.]." -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be "this". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231o 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231o. Private pensions -STATUTE- Nothing in this subchapter shall be taken as restricting or discouraging payment by employers to retired employees of pensions or gratuities in addition to the annuities paid to such employees under this subchapter, nor shall this subchapter be taken as terminating any trust heretofore created for the payment of such pensions or gratuities. The annuity, except a supplemental annuity under section 231a(b) of this title, of an individual shall not be reduced on account of any pension or gratuity paid by an employer to such individual. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 16, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1349.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231p 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231p. Free transportation -STATUTE- It shall not be unlawful for carriers by railroad subject to this subchapter to furnish free transportation to individuals receiving annuities under this subchapter in the same manner as such transportation is furnished to employees in their service. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 17, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1349.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231q 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231q. Crediting service under Social Security Act -STATUTE- (1) Except as provided in subdivision (2), the term "employment" as defined in section 216 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 416] shall not include service performed by an individual as an employee as defined in section 231(b) of this title. (2) For the purpose of determining (i) monthly insurance benefits under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] to an employee who will have completed less than ten years of service (or less than five years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995) and to others deriving from him or her during his or her life and (ii) monthly insurance benefits and lump-sum death benefits under such Act with respect to the death of an employee who (A) will have completed less than ten years of service (or less than five years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995) or (B) will have completed ten or more years of service (or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995) but will not have had a current connection with the railroad industry at the time of his death, and for the purposes of section 203 and section 216(i) of that Act [42 U.S.C. 403, 416(i)], section 210(a)(9) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 410(a)(9)] and subdivision (1) of this section shall not operate to exclude from "employment" under the Social Security Act service which would otherwise be included in such "employment" but for such sections. For such purpose, compensation paid in a calendar year shall, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, be presumed to have been paid in equal proportions with respect to all months in the year in which the employee will have been in service as an employee. In the application of the Social Security Act pursuant to this subdivision to service as an employee, all service as defined in section 231(d) of this title shall be deemed to have been performed within the United States. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 18, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1349; amended Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1125, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 639; Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 103(g), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 881.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Social Security Act, referred to in par. (2), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Par. (2). Pub. L. 107-90 inserted "(or less than five years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995)" after "ten years of service" in two places and inserted "(or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995)" after "ten or more years of service". 1981 - Par. (2). Pub. L. 97-35 inserted "and section 216(i)" after "203". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, see section 103(j) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97-35 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 1129(b)(2) of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 231f of this title; title 42 section 402. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231r 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231r. Automatic benefit eligibility requirement adjustments -STATUTE- (a) Reduced benefits If title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.] is amended at any time after December 31, 1974, to reduce the eligibility requirements for old-age insurance benefits, disability insurance benefits, wife's insurance benefits payable to a wife, husband's insurance benefits, child's insurance benefits payable to a child of a deceased individual, widow's insurance benefits payable to a widow, widower's insurance benefits, mother's insurance benefits payable to a widow, or parent's insurance benefits, such reduced eligibility requirements shall be applicable, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Board, to individuals, spouses, or survivors, as the case may be, under section 231a of this title to the extent that such reduced eligibility requirements would provide such individuals, spouses, or survivors with entitlement to annuities under such section 231a of this title to which they would not be entitled except for such reduced eligibility requirements: Provided, however, That no annuity shall be paid to any person pursuant to the provisions of this subsection if that person does not satisfy an eligibility requirement imposed by section 231a of this title of a kind not imposed by the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] on December 31, 1974, or an eligibility requirement imposed by section 231a of this title of a kind which was imposed by the Social Security Act on December 31, 1974, but which was not reduced by the amendment to that Act: Provided further, That the annuity amounts to which such individuals, spouses, or survivors will be entitled under this subchapter by reason of the provisions of this subsection shall be only such amounts as are determined under the provisions of section 231b(a), 231c(a), or 231c(f), respectively, of this title. (b) Additional eligible beneficiaries If title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.] is amended at any time after December 31, 1974, to provide monthly insurance benefits under that Act to a class of beneficiaries not entitled to such benefits thereunder prior to January 1, 1975, every person who is a member of such class of beneficiaries shall be entitled to annuities under section 231a of this title, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Board, in an amount equal to the amount of the monthly insurance benefit to which such person would have been entitled under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] if service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in that Act. (c) Reduced conditions of entitlement; expanded benefits If section 226 [42 U.S.C. 426] or title XVIII [42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.] of the Social Security Act is amended at any time after December 31, 1974, to reduce the conditions of entitlement to, or to expand the nature of, the benefits payable thereunder, or if health care benefits in addition to, or in lieu of, the benefits payable under such section 226 or such title XVIII are provided by any provision of law which becomes effective at any time after December 31, 1974, such reductions in the conditions of entitlement to benefits, such expanded benefits, or such additional, or substituted, health care benefits shall be available to every employee (as defined in this subchapter), and those deriving from him, in the same manner, and to the same extent, as if his service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been included in the term "employment" as defined in the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.]. The Board shall have the same authority, in accordance with regulations prescribed by it, to determine the rights of employees who will have completed ten years of service (or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995), and of those deriving from such employees, to benefits provided by reason of the provisions of this subsection as the Secretary of Health and Human Services has with respect to individuals insured under the Social Security Act. (d) Limitations Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a), (b), and (c) of this section - (1) No annuity or other benefit shall be payable to any person on the basis of the compensation and years of service of an individual by reason of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section if, and to the extent that, such annuity or other benefit would duplicate a benefit payable to such person on the basis of such compensation and years of service under a provision of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], or any other Act of Congress, which becomes effective after December 31, 1974. (2) No annuity shall be payable to a person by reason of subsection (a) or (b) of this section unless the individual upon whose compensation and years of service such annuity would be based will have (A) completed ten years of service (or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995), and (B) in the case of a survivor, had a current connection with the railroad industry at the time of his death. (3) If the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] is amended after December 31, 1974, to remove any, or all, restriction on the receipt of more than one monthly insurance benefit thereunder, annuity amounts provided a person under section 231b(h), 231c(e), or 231c(h) of this title, or under section 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), or 207(3) of title II of this Act, shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of any annuity provided such person under this subchapter by reason of such amendment. (4) If and to the extent that an annuity or other benefit payable to a person by reason of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section duplicates an annuity or other benefit then payable to such person under other provisions of this subchapter, such annuity or other benefit then payable under other provisions of this subchapter shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of the annuity or other benefit payable by reason of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 19, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1350; amended Pub. L. 96-88, title V, Sec. 509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695; Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 103(h), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 881.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Social Security Act, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), (c), and (d)(1), (3), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Titles II and XVIII of the Social Security Act are classified generally to subchapters II (Sec. 401 et seq.) and XVIII (Sec. 1395 et seq.), respectively, of chapter 7 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. Sections 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), 207(3) of title II of this Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), are sections 204(a)(3), 204(a)(4), 206(3), 207(3) of title II of Pub. L. 93-445 and are set out as part of a Transitional Provisions note under section 231 of this title. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(h)(1), inserted "(or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995)" after "ten years of service". Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 103(h)(2), inserted "(or five or more years of service, all of which accrues after December 31, 1995)" after "ten years of service". -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME "Secretary of Health and Human Services" substituted for "Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare" in subsec. (c) pursuant to section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96-88 which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education. -MISC2- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 107-90 effective Jan. 1, 2002, see section 103(j) of Pub. L. 107-90, set out as a note under section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231s 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231s. Separability -STATUTE- If any provision of this subchapter, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, should be held invalid, the remainder of such subchapter, or the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances, shall not be affected thereby. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 20, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1351.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231t 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231t. Short title -STATUTE- This subchapter may be cited as the "Railroad Retirement Act of 1974". -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 21, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1351.) -MISC1- SHORT TITLE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107-90, Sec. 1(a), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 878, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 231v of this title and subchapter E of chapter 22 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, amending sections 231a to 231f, 231n, 231n-1, 231q, 231r, and 231u of this title, sections 24, 72, 501, 3201, 3211, 3221, and 3231 of Title 26, and section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 231b, 231c, and 231n of this title, sections 24 and 3211 of Title 26, and section 405 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Railroad Retirement and Survivors' Improvement Act of 2001'." SHORT TITLE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 1, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 411, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 231f-1, 231n-1 and 231v of this title and sections 3321 to 3323 and 6050G of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, amending sections 231 to 231f, 231m, 231n, 231u, 351 to 354, 358, and 360 of this title, sections 72, 86, 105, 3201, 3202, 3211, 3221, 3231, 6157, 6201, 6317, 6513, and 6601 of Title 26, and section 430 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 231 to 231d, 231f, 231m, 231n, 231n-1, 351, 352, and 362 of this title and sections 1, 72, 105, 3201, 3321, and 6302 of Title 26] may be cited as the 'Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983'." -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231u 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231u. Benefit preservation -STATUTE- (a)(1) On or before May 1 of each year beginning in 1984, the Railroad Retirement Board shall prepare a five-year projection of anticipated revenues to and payments from the Railroad Retirement Account to determine the ability of such Account to pay benefits in each of the next succeeding five calendar years. On or before May 1 of each year beginning in 2003, the Railroad Retirement Board shall compute its projection of the account benefits ratio and the average account benefits ratio (as defined by section 3241(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3241(c)]) for each of the next succeeding five fiscal years. No later than July 1 of each year, the Board shall submit a written report to the President, the Speaker of the House, and the President of the Senate setting forth the results of the projections prepared pursuant to the preceding two sentences. If the projection indicates that the funds in the Railroad Retirement Account will be insufficient to pay the full amount of the benefits under this subchapter which are payable from that Account at any time during the five-year period, the Board's report shall include - (A) the first fiscal year during which benefits under this subchapter must be reduced, in the absence of any adjustments, because insufficient funds (including any general revenue borrowing authority under this subchapter) would preclude payment of full benefits (other than benfits (!1) payable from the Dual Benefits Payments Account) for every month in such fiscal year; (B) the first fiscal year during which the Board would recommend suspension of the authority to borrow contained in section 360(d) of this title, in order to prevent depletion of the Railroad Retirement Account; and (C) the amount, if any, of adjustments (stated in terms of percentage of taxable payroll), and any other changes such as cash flow adjustments, necessary to preserve the financial solvency of the Railroad Retirement Account, if such adjustments were effective at the beginning of the next succeeding fiscal year. (2) Not less than 20 nor more than 30 days after the submission of a written report under this subsection which indicates that, in the absence of any adjustments, the Railroad Retirement Account will contain insufficient funds to pay the full amount of the benefits under this subchapter which are payable from that Account at some time during the five-year period covered by the report, the Board shall publish such report in the Federal Register. (b) Not later than 180 days after the publication in the Federal Register of any Board report referred to in subsection (a) of this section which states an amount of adjustments (in terms of percentage of taxable payroll) necessary to preserve the financial solvency of the railroad retirement account - (1) representatives of railroad employees and carriers shall, jointly or separately, submit to the President, the Speaker of the House, and the President of the Senate, funding proposals designed to preserve the financial solvency of the Railroad Retirement Account; and (2) the President shall submit to the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate such recommendations as he may deem appropriate with respect to the preservation of the Railroad Retirement Account, including a specific proposal to assure continuous payments of social security equivalent benefits by separating the social security equivalent benefits from industry pension equivalent benefits payable under this subchapter. (c) Not later than 180 days after the submission of a written report under subsection (a) of this section which states the first fiscal year during which benefits under this subchapter must be reduced because insufficient funds would preclude payment of full benefits for every month of that year, the Board shall issue and publish in the Federal Register such regulations as may be necessary which shall be designed to - (1) provide a constant level of benefits at the maximum level possible for every month of that fiscal year; and (2) provide that no individual shall receive less during that fiscal year than the amount otherwise payable if the employee's service as an employee after December 31, 1936, had been covered under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], minus the amount of any reduction required under section 231b(m) or 231c(i) of this title. Unless otherwise provided by law enacted after August 13, 1981, or by a later report filed by the Board under subsection (a) of this section, regulations issued by the Board under this subsection shall apply beginning with the fiscal year designated by the Board in its written report under subsection (a) of this section. Any Board regulation which becomes effective under this subsection may be modified, rescinded, or superseded in the same manner and to the same extent as in the case of any other Board regulation issued under authority of this subchapter. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 22, as added Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1126(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 639; amended Pub. L. 98-76, title I, Sec. 105, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 416; Pub. L. 104-66, title II, Sec. 2221(b), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 733; Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 108(a), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 890.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2001 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107-90 in introductory provisions, inserted after first sentence "On or before May 1 of each year beginning in 2003, the Railroad Retirement Board shall compute its projection of the account benefits ratio and the average account benefits ratio (as defined by section 3241(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) for each of the next succeeding five fiscal years." and substituted "the projections prepared pursuant to the preceding two sentences" for "the projection prepared pursuant to the preceding sentence". 1995 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104-66 substituted "May 1" and "July 1" for "February 1" and "April 1", respectively, in introductory provisions. 1983 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-76 amended subsec. (a) generally, substituting provisions requiring Railroad Retirement Board to annually prepare and report on a five-year projection of ability of Railroad Retirement Account to pay benefits during five-year period for provisions which required Board to prepare a report in any fiscal year in which it determined that more than 50 percent of borrowing authority under this subchapter would be used. EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective Oct. 1, 1981, see section 1129(g) of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as an Effective Date of 1981 Amendment note under section 231 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 231f-1 of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be "benefits". -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 231v 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES SUBCHAPTER IV - RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974 -HEAD- Sec. 231v. Computation and certification of account benefit ratios -STATUTE- (a) Initial computation and certification On or before November 1, 2003, the Railroad Retirement Board shall - (1) compute the account benefits ratios for each of the most recent 10 preceding fiscal years, and (2) certify the account benefits ratios for each such fiscal year to the Secretary of the Treasury. (b) Computations and certifications after 2003 On or before November 1 of each year after 2003, the Railroad Retirement Board shall - (1) compute the account benefits ratio for the fiscal year ending in such year, and (2) certify the account benefits ratio for such fiscal year to the Secretary of the Treasury. (c) Definition As used in this section, the term "account benefits ratio" has the meaning given that term in section 3241(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3241(c)]. -SOURCE- (Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 23, as added Pub. L. 107-90, title I, Sec. 108(b), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 890.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 231v, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, Sec. 23, as added Aug. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 98-76, title IV, Sec. 418, 97 Stat. 438, provided that for purposes of Inspector General Act of 1978, the Railroad Retirement Board is an "establishment" and the Chairman of such Board the "head of the establishment", prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100-504, title I, Secs. 102(e)(3), 113, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 2517, 2530, effective 180 days after Oct. 18, 1988. -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 10 - TAX ON CARRIERS AND EMPLOYEES 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 10 - TAX ON CARRIERS AND EMPLOYEES -HEAD- CHAPTER 10 - TAX ON CARRIERS AND EMPLOYEES -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 241 to 253 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 10 - TAX ON CARRIERS AND EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Secs. 241 to 253. Repealed. June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 11, 50 Stat. 440 -MISC1- Section 241, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 1, 49 Stat. 974, defined terms for purposes of this subchapter. Section 242, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 2, 49 Stat. 975, related to income tax on employees. Section 243, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 3, 49 Stat. 975, related to deduction of tax from wages. Section 244, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 4, 49 Stat. 975, related to excise tax on carriers. Section 245, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 5, 49 Stat. 975, related to adjustment of tax. Section 246, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 6, 49 Stat. 975, related to refunds and deficiencies. Section 247, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 7, 49 Stat. 975, related to income tax on employees' representatives. Section 248, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 8, 49 Stat. 976, related to collection and payment of taxes. Section 249, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 9, 49 Stat. 976, related to court jurisdiction. Section 250, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 10, 49 Stat. 976, related to penalties under this subchapter. Section 251, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 11, 49 Stat. 976, related to meaning of "employment". Section 252, acts Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 12, 49 Stat. 976; Feb. 27, 1937, ch. 19, 50 Stat. 23, related to termination of taxes. Section 253, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 813, Sec. 13, 49 Stat. 977, related to separability of provisions. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Secs. 261 to 273 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 10 - TAX ON CARRIERS AND EMPLOYEES -HEAD- Secs. 261 to 273. Omitted -COD- CODIFICATION Sections 261 to 273 were omitted pursuant to section 4 of act Feb. 10, 1939, ch. 2, 53 Stat. 1, which provided that all laws or parts of laws codified into the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, enacted by act Feb. 10, 1939, to the extent they related exclusively to internal revenue laws, were repealed. The Internal Revenue Code of 1939 was generally repealed by section 7851 of act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 919 (section 7851 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code), which act enacted the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986]. See section 7807 of Title 26, relating to applicability of rules in effect upon the enactment of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Section 261, acts June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 435; Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, Secs. 1, 3, 54 Stat. 785, 786, defined terms for purposes of this subchapter. Section 262, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 2, 50 Stat. 437, related to income tax on employees. Section 263, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 3, 50 Stat. 437, related to excise tax on employers. Section 264, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 4, 50 Stat. 438, related to refunds and deficiencies. Section 265, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 5, 50 Stat. 438, related to income tax on employee representatives. Section 266, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 6, 50 Stat. 439, related to deductibility from regular income tax. Section 267, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 7, 50 Stat. 439, related to collection and payment of taxes. Section 268, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 8, 50 Stat. 439, related to court jurisdiction. Section 269, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 9, 50 Stat. 439, related to Social Security Act. Section 270, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 10, 50 Stat. 440, related to separability of provisions. Section 271, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 11, 50 Stat. 440, related to repeals. Section 272, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 12, 50 Stat. 440, related to rules and regulations. Section 273, act June 29, 1937, ch. 405, Sec. 13, 50 Stat. 440, related to short title of this subchapter. For provisions formerly set out in this subchapter which were covered by sections of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, see the sections of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, indicated in the following table: Omitted sections I.R.C. 1939 I.R.C. 1986 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 261 (as amended Aug. 13, 1532 3231, 7701. 1940, ch. 664, Secs. 1, 3, 54 Stat. 785, 786) 262 1500, 1501 3201, 3202, 6205(a)(1), 6413(a)(1). 263 1520, 1521 3221, 6205(a)(1), 6413(a)(1). 264 1502, 1522 6205(b), 6413(b). 265 1510, 1511 3211, 3212. 266 1503, 1508, 1512 3502. 267 1422, 1530, 1531, 3501, 3503, 1536 6011(a), 6071, 6081(a), 6091(a), 6151(a), 6313, 6601(a), (f)(1). 268 1534 3232. 269 1426(b)(9), (10), 3121(b)(9), 1428 (10), 3124. 270 3802 7511. 271 272 1535 7805(a), (c). 273 -------------------------------------------------------------------- -MISC1- COMPENSATION FROM LOCAL DIVISION OF RAILWAY-LABOR-ORGANIZATION EMPLOYER TAX - UNPAID BEFORE JULY 1, 1940 Act Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Sec. 27(b), 54 Stat. 1101, provided that, for the purpose of determining the amount of taxes under sections 262(a) and 263(a) of this title, compensation earned in the service of a local lodge or division of a railway-labor-organization employer shall be disregarded with respect to any calendar month if the amount thereof is less than $3 and the taxes thereon under such sections are not paid before July 1, 1940. -End- -CITE- 45 USC CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -MISC1- Sec. 351. Definitions. 352. Benefits. (a) Days for which benefits payable; determination of amount. (b) Time of payments. (c) Maximum number of days for benefits. (d) Overpayment of benefits; recovery; liability of officers. (e) Assignment, taxation, garnishment, attachment, etc., of benefits. (f) Effect of payment of benefits for remunerable period; payment of surplus remuneration to Board. (g) Payment of accrued benefits upon death. 353. Qualifying condition. 354. Disqualifying conditions. (a-1)Day of unemployment or day of sickness. (a-2)Day of unemployment. (b) Participation, interest, or financial assistance in labor dispute. (c) Unsuitable work. (d) Factors in determination of suitable work. (e) Voluntarily leaving unsuitable work. 355. Claims for benefits. (a) Publication of Board's regulations. (b) Findings, hearings, investigations, etc., by Board. (c) Hearing and review of decisions on claims. (d) Decisions of reviewing bodies; review and finality. (e) Application of rules of evidence in law and equity; notice of findings. (f) Review of final decision of Board by Courts of Appeals; costs. (g) Finality of Board decisions. (h) Benefits payable prior to final decision of Board. (i) Fees for presenting claims; penalties. 355a. Acceptance of claims for benefits. 356. Returns of compensation; conclusiveness; failure to make. 357. Free transportation. 358. Contributions. (a) Employer contribution. (b) Employee representative contribution. (c) Board proclamation of balance. (d) Notifications by Board. (e) Information to verify accuracy to be made available. (f) Fractional parts of a cent. (g) Adjustments for improper payments. (h) Refunding overpayment; collecting underpayment. (i) Collection and deposit of contributions. (j) Time for payment; failure to pay promptly. (k) Application of other laws; authority of Board. 359. Penalties. (a) Failure to make report or furnish information; false or fraudulent statement or claim. (b) Agreement by employee to bear employer's contribution. (c) Punishments not specifically provided. (d) Payment and disposition of fines or penalties. 360. Railroad unemployment insurance account. (a) Funds constituting account; availability for benefits or refunds. (b) Payment of benefits or refunds. (c) Annual report to Congress. (d) Transfer and retransfer of funds; interest. 361. Railroad unemployment insurance administration fund. (a) Maintenance of account; amounts constituting fund. (b) Authorization of appropriations; advance of sums; repayment. (c) Availability for administrative expenses. (d) Transfer of excess to insurance account. 362. Duties and powers of Board. (a) Witnesses; subpenas, service, fees, etc. (b) Enforcement of subpenas by courts; contempts; service of orders, writs, or processes. (c) Repealed. (d) Information as confidential. (e) Certification of claims; authorization of employee to make payments; bond. (f) Cooperation with other agencies administering unemployment or sickness compensation laws; agreements. (g) Benefits also subject to a State law; mutual reimbursement. (h) Assistance from employers and labor organizations; compensation. (i) Free employment offices; registration of unemployed; statements of sickness; reemployment. (j) Advisory councils; members' remuneration. (k) Reduction of unemployment; training and reemployment of unemployed employees, etc. (l) Necessary and incidental powers; employees of Board, employment, remuneration, civil-service laws, registration of unemployed, and detail. (m) Delegation of powers. (n) Sickness benefits; examinations; information and reports; contracts and expenses for examinations. (o) Liability of third party for sickness; reimbursement of Board. (p) Disqualification to execute statements of sickness or receive fees. (q) Investigations and research with respect to accidents and disabilities. (r) Duty of Board to make certain computations. 363. Exclusiveness of provisions; transfers from State unemployment compensation accounts to railroad unemployment insurance account. (a) Omitted. (b) Effect on State unemployment compensation laws. (c) Determination of "preliminary amount" for States. (d) Withholding amounts from certification to States; transfers to railroad unemployment compensation account. (e) Transfers and withdrawals, effect upon social security provisions. (f) Payments to railroad unemployment insurance account; transfers from unemployment trust fund of States. 363a. Refunds of State unemployment contributions by employees; amount; application period; definitions. 364. District of Columbia account, transfer of funds to railroad unemployment insurance account. 365. Omitted. 366. Separability. 366a. Effect of Internal Revenue Code. 367. Short title. 368. Repealed. 369. Annual report. -SECREF- CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This chapter is referred to in sections 159a, 231f, 231g, 231i, 355a, 363a, 366a, 367, 401, 404, 797d, 909, 1207 of this title; title 8 section 1611; title 19 section 2319; title 26 sections 6331, 6334; title 42 section 10601; title 49 sections 10501, 24301. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 351 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 351. Definitions -STATUTE- For the purposes of this chapter, except when used in amending the provisions of other Acts - (a) The term "employer" means any carrier (as defined in subsection (b) of this section), and any company which is directly or indirectly owned or controlled by one or more such carriers or under common control therewith, and which operates any equipment or facility or performs any service (except trucking service, casual service, and the casual operation of equipment or facilities) in connection with the transportation of passengers or property by railroad, or the receipt, delivery, elevation, transfer in transit, refrigeration or icing, storage, or handling of property transported by railroad, and any receiver, trustee, or other individual or body, judicial or otherwise, when in the possession of the property or operating all or any part of the business of any such employer: Provided, however, That the term "employer" shall not include any street, interurban, or suburban electric railway, unless such railway is operating as a part of a general steam-railroad system of transportation, but shall not exclude any part of the general steam-railroad system of transportation now or hereafter operated by any other motive power. The Surface Transportation Board is hereby authorized and directed upon request of the Railroad Retirement Board, or upon complaint of any party interested, to determine after hearing whether any line operated by electric power falls within the terms of this proviso. The term "employer" shall also include railroad associations, traffic associations, tariff bureaus, demurrage bureaus, weighing and inspection bureaus, collection agencies, and other associations, bureaus, agencies, or organizations controlled and maintained wholly or principally by two or more employers as hereinbefore defined and engaged in the performance of services in connection with or incidental to railroad transportation; and railway labor organizations, national in scope, which have been or may be organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], and their State and National legislative committees and their general committees and their insurance departments and their local lodges and divisions, established pursuant to the constitution and bylaws of such organizations. The term "employer" shall not include any company by reason of its being engaged in the mining of coal, the supplying of coal to an employer where delivery is not beyond the mine tipple, and the operation of equipment or facilities therefor, or in any of such activities. (b) The term "carrier" means a railroad subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board under part A of subtitle IV of title 49. (c) The term "company" includes corporations, associations, and joint-stock companies. (d) The term "employee" (except when used in phrases establishing a different meaning) means any individual who is or has been (i) in the service of one or more employers for compensation, or (ii) an employee representative. The term "employee" shall include an employee of a local lodge or division defined as an employer in subsection (a) of this section only if he was in the service of a carrier on or after August 29, 1935. The term "employee" includes an officer of an employer. The term "employee" shall not include any individual while such individual is engaged in the physical operations consisting of the mining of coal, the preparation of coal, the handling (other than movement by rail with standard railroad locomotives) of coal not beyond the mine tipple, or the loading of coal at the tipple. (e) An individual is in the service of an employer whether his service is rendered within or without the United States if (i) he is subject to the continuing authority of the employer to supervise and direct the manner of rendition of his service, or he is rendering professional or technical services and is integrated into the staff of the employer, or he is rendering, on the property used in the employer's operations, other personal services the rendition of which is integrated into the employer's operations, and (ii) he renders such service for compensation: Provided, however, That an individual shall be deemed to be in the service of an employer, other than a local lodge or division or a general committee of a railway-labor-organization employer, not conducting the principal part of its business in the United States only when he is rendering service to it in the United States; and an individual shall be deemed to be in the service of such a local lodge or division only if (1) all, or substantially all, the individuals constituting its membership are employees of an employer conducting the principal part of its business in the United States; or (2) the headquarters of such local lodge or division is located in the United States; and an individual shall be deemed to be in the service of such a general committee only if (1) he is representing a local lodge or division described in clauses (1) or (2) immediately above; or (2) all, or substantially all, the individuals represented by it are employees of an employer conducting the principal part of its business in the United States; or (3) he acts in the capacity of a general chairman or an assistant general chairman of a general committee which represents individuals rendering service in the United States to an employer, but in such case if his office or headquarters is not located in the United States and the individuals represented by such general committee are employees of an employer not conducting the principal part of its business in the United States, only such proportion of the remuneration for such service shall be regarded as compensation as the proportion which the mileage in the United States under the jurisdiction of such general committee bears to the total mileage under its jurisdiction, unless such mileage formula is inapplicable, in which case the Board may prescribe such other formula as it finds to be equitable, and if the application of such mileage formula, or such other formula as the Board may prescribe, would result in the compensation of the individual being less than 10 per centum of his remuneration for such service no part of such remuneration shall be regarded as compensation: Provided further, That an individual not a citizen or resident of the United States shall not be deemed to be in the service of an employer when rendering service outside the United States to an employer who is required under the laws applicable in the place where the service is rendered to employ therein, in whole or in part, citizens or residents thereof. (f) The term "employee representative" means any officer or official representative of a railway labor organization other than a labor organization included in the term employer as defined in subsection (a) of this section who before or after August 29, 1935, was in the service of an employer as defined in said subsection and who is duly authorized and designated to represent employees in accordance with the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], and any individual who is regularly assigned to or regularly employed by such officer or official representative in connection with the duties of his office. (g) The term "employment" means service performed as an employee. For the purposes of determining eligibility for and the amount of benefits and the amount of contributions due pursuant to this chapter, employment after June 30, 1940, in the service of a local lodge or division of a railway-labor-organization employer or as an employee representative shall be disregarded. For purposes of determining eligibility for and the amount of benefits and the amount of contributions due pursuant to this chapter, employment as a delegate to a national or international convention of a railway labor organization defined as an "employer", in subsection (a) of this section, shall be disregarded if the individual having such employment has not previously rendered service, other than as such a delegate, which may be included in his "years of service" for purposes of the Railroad Retirement Act [45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.]. (h) The term "registration period" means, with respect to any employee, the period which begins with the first day for which such employee registers at an employment office in accordance with such regulations as the Board may prescribe, and ends with whichever is the earlier of (i) the thirteenth day thereafter, or (ii) the day immediately preceding the day for which he next registers at a different employment office; and thereafter each period which begins with the first day for which he next registers at an employment office after the end of his last preceding registration period which began with a day for which he registered at an employment office and ends with whichever is the earlier of (i) the thirteenth day thereafter, or (ii) the day immediately preceding the day for which he next registers at a different employment office. The term "registration period" means also, with respect to any employee, the period which begins with the first day with respect to which a statement of sickness for a "period of continuing sickness" (as defined in section 352(a) of this title) is filed in his behalf in accordance with such regulations as the Board may prescribe, or the first such day after the end of a registration period which will have begun with a day with respect to which a statement of sickness for a "period of continuing sickness" (as defined in section 352(a) of this title) was filed in his behalf, and ends with whichever is the earlier of (i) the thirteenth day thereafter, or (ii) the day immediately preceding the day with respect to which a statement of sickness for a new "period of continuing sickness" (as defined in section 352(a) of this title) is filed in his behalf. (i)(1) In General. - The term "compensation" means any form of money remuneration, including pay for time lost but excluding tips, paid for services rendered as an employee to one or more employers, or as an employee representative, except that in computing the compensation paid to any employee, no part of any month's compensation in excess of the monthly compensation base (as defined in subdivision (2)) for any month shall be recognized. Solely for the purpose of determining the compensation received by an employee in a base year, the term "compensation" shall include any separation allowance or subsistence allowance paid under any benefit schedule provided under section 701 (!1) of title VII of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 [45 U.S.C. 797] and any termination allowance paid under section 702 of that Act [45 U.S.C. 797a], but does not include any other benefits payable under that title [45 U.S.C. 797 et seq.]. The total amount of any subsistence allowance payable under a benefit schedule provided pursuant to section 701 (!1) of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 shall be considered as being compensation in the month in which the employee first timely filed a claim for such an allowance. Such term does not include remuneration for service which is performed by a nonresident alien individual for the period he is temporarily present in the United States as a nonimmigrant under subparagraph (F) or (J) of section 1101(a)(15) of title 8 and which is performed to carry out the purpose specified in subparagraph (F) or (J) as the case may be. A payment made by an employer to an individual through the employer's pay roll shall be presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, to be compensation for service rendered by such individual as an employee of the employer in the period with respect to which the payment is made. An employee shall be deemed to be paid, "for time lost" the amount he is paid by an employer with respect to an identifiable period of absence from the active service of the employer, including absence on account of personal injury, and the amount he is paid by the employer for loss of earnings resulting from his displacement to a less remunerative position or occupation. If a payment is made by an employer with respect to a personal injury and includes pay for time lost, the total payment shall be deemed to be paid for time lost unless, at the time of payment, a part of such payment is specifically apportioned to factors other than time lost, in which event only such part of the payment as is not so apportioned shall be deemed to be paid for time lost. Compensation earned in any calendar month before 1947 shall be deemed paid in such month regardless of whether or when payment will have been in fact made, and compensation earned in any calendar year after 1946 but paid after the end of such calendar year shall be deemed to be compensation paid in the calendar year in which it will have been earned if it is so reported by the employer before February 1 of the next succeeding calendar year or, if the employee establishes, subject to the provisions of section 356 of this title, the period during which such compensation will have been earned. (2) Monthly Compensation Base. - (A) In general. - For purposes of subdivision (1), the term "monthly compensation base" means the amount - (i) of $400 for calendar months before January 1, 1984; (ii) of $600 for calendar months after December 31, 1983 and before January 1, 1989; and (iii) computed under subparagraph (B) for months after December 31, 1988. (B) Computation. - (i) In general. - The amount of the monthly compensation base for each calendar year beginning after December 31, 1988, is the greater of - (I) $600; or (II) the amount, as rounded under clause (iii) if applicable, computed under the formula: A-37,800 B=600 G7A 1+ G7 - - - G7B - - 56,700 -------------------------------------------------------------------- (ii) Meaning of symbols. - For the purposes of the formula in clause (i) - (I) "B" is the dollar amount of the monthly compensation base; and (II) "A" is the amount of the applicable base with respect to tier 1 taxes, for the calendar year for which the monthly compensation base is being computed, as determined under section 3231(e)(2) of title 26. (iii) Rounding rule. - If the monthly compensation base computed under this formula is not a multiple of $5, it shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $5, with such rounding being upward in the event the amount computed is equidistant between two multiples of $5. (j) The term "remuneration" means pay for services for hire, including pay for time lost, and tips, but pay for time lost shall be deemed earned on the day on which such time is lost. The term "remuneration" includes also earned income other than for services for hire if the accrual thereof in whole or in part is ascertainable with respect to a particular day or particular days. The term "remuneration" does not include any money payments received pursuant to any nongovernmental plan for unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, or sickness insurance. (k) Subject to the provisions of section 354 of this title (1) a day of unemployment, with respect to any employee, means a calendar day on which he is able to work and is available for work and with respect to which (i) no remuneration is payable or accrues to him, and (ii) he has, in accordance with such regulations as the Board may prescribe, registered at an employment office; and (2) a "day of sickness", with respect to any employee, means a calendar day on which because of any physical, mental, psychological, or nervous injury, illness, sickness, or disease he is not able to work, or, with respect to a female employee, a calendar day on which, because of pregnancy, miscarriage, or the birth of a child, (i) she is unable to work or (ii) working would be injurious to her health, and with respect to which (i) no remuneration is payable or accrues to him, and (ii) in accordance with such regulations as the Board may prescribe, a statement of sickness is filed within such reasonable period, not in excess of ten days, as the Board may prescribe: Provided, however, That "subsidiary remuneration", as hereinafter defined in this subsection, shall not be considered remuneration for the purpose of this subsection except with respect to an employee whose base-year compensation, exclusive of earnings from the position or occupation in which he earned such subsidiary remuneration, is less than an amount that is equal to 2.5 times the monthly compensation base for months in such base year as computed under subsection (i) of this section: Provided further, That remuneration for a working day which includes a part of each of two consecutive calendar days shall be deemed to have been earned on the first of such two days, and any individual who takes work for such working day shall not by reason thereof be deemed not available for work on the second of such calendar days: Provided further, That any calendar day on which no remuneration is payable to or accrues to an employee solely because of the application to him of mileage or work restrictions agreed upon in schedule agreements between employers and employees or solely because he is standing by for or laying over between regularly assigned trips or tours of duty shall not be considered either a day of unemployment or a day of sickness. For the purpose of this subsection, the term "subsidiary remuneration" means, with respect to any employee, remuneration not in excess of an average of $15 a day for the period with respect to which such remuneration is payable or accrues, if the work from which the remuneration is derived (i) requires substantially less than full time as determined by generally prevailing standards, and (ii) is susceptible of performance at such times and under such circumstances as not to be inconsistent with the holding of normal full-time employment in another occupation. (l)(1) The term "benefits" (except in phrases clearly designating other payments) means the money payments payable to an employee as provided in this chapter, with respect to his unemployment or sickness. (2) The term "statement of sickness" means a statement with respect to days of sickness of an employee, executed in such manner and form by an individual duly authorized pursuant to section 362(i) of this title to execute such statements, and filed as the Board may prescribe by regulations. (m) The term "benefit year" means the twelve-month period beginning July 1 of any year and ending June 30 of the next year, except that a registration period beginning in June and ending in July shall be deemed to be in the benefit year ending in such month of June. (n) The term "base year" means the completed calendar year immediately preceding the beginning of the benefit year. (o) The term "employment office" means a free employment office operated by the Board, or designated as such by the Board pursuant to section 362(i) of this title. (p) The term "account" means the railroad unemployment insurance account established pursuant to section 360 of this title in the unemployment trust fund. (q) The term "fund" means the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund, established pursuant to section 361 of this title in the unemployment trust fund. (r) The term "Board" means the Railroad Retirement Board. (s) The term "United States", when used in a geographical sense, means the States and the District of Columbia. (t) The term "State" means any of the States or the District of Columbia. (u) Any reference in this chapter to any other Act of Congress, including such reference in amendments to other Acts, includes a reference to such other Act as amended from time to time. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 1, 52 Stat. 1094; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, Secs. 1-6, 20, 53 Stat. 845, 848; Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, Secs. 1, 3, 54 Stat. 785, 786; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Secs. 2-8, 54 Stat. 1094, 1095; Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, Sec. 15, 56 Stat. 210; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Secs. 1, 2, 301-304, 60 Stat. 722, 735, 736; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 26, 65 Stat. 691; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. III, Secs. 301-303, 68 Stat. 1041; Pub. L. 85-927, pt. II, Sec. 201, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1782; Pub. L. 86-28, pt. III, Sec. 301, May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 30; Pub. L. 89-700, title II, Sec. 201, Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 90-257, title II, Sec. 201, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 23; Pub. L. 90-624, Sec. 3, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1316; Pub. L. 94-92, title I, Sec. 1(a), (b), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 461; Pub. L. 98-76, title IV, Secs. 402(b), 403(b), 411(a)(1), title V, Sec. 503(b), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 434, 436, 441; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Secs. 7101(a), (b), 7203(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3757, 3758, 3776; Pub. L. 104-88, title III, Sec. 324(1), (2), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 950.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (f), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (Sec. 151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of this title and Tables. The Railroad Retirement Act, referred to in subsec. (g), probably means the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, part I, 50 Stat. 307, which was classified principally to subchapter III (Sec. 228a et seq.) of chapter 9 of this title. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 was amended generally and redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 is classified generally to subchapter IV (Sec. 231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of this title. For complete classification of these Acts to the Code, see Tables. The Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, referred to in subsec. (i)(1), is Pub. L. 93-236, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 985, as amended. Section 701 of title VII of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 [45 U.S.C. 797] was repealed by Pub. L. 99-509, title IV, Sec. 4024(c), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1904, effective on the sale date (Apr. 2, 1987). Title VII of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 is classified generally to subchapter VII (Sec. 797 et seq.) of chapter 16 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 701 of this title and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1995 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 324(1), substituted "Surface Transportation Board is hereby authorized and directed upon request of the Railroad Retirement Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission is hereby authorized and directed upon request of the Board". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104-88, Sec. 324(2), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows: "The term 'carrier' means an express company, sleeping-car company, or carrier by railroad, subject to part I of the Interstate Commerce Act." 1988 - Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7101(a), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted par. heading, substituted ", except that in computing the compensation paid to any employee, no part of any month's compensation in excess of the monthly compensation base (as defined in subdivision (2)) for any month shall be recognized" for ": Provided, however, That in computing the compensation paid to any employee, no part of any month's compensation in excess of $300 for any month before July 1, 1954, or in excess of $350 for any month after June 30, 1954, and before the calendar month next following the month in which this chapter was amended in 1959, or in excess of $400 for any month after the month in which this chapter was so amended and before January 1984, or in excess of $600 for any month after 1983, shall be recognized", and added par. (2). Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7203(a), which directed amendment of second par. of subsec. (k) by substituting "$15" for "$10", was executed by making the substitution for "ten dollars" as the probable intent of Congress. Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7101(b), substituted "an amount that is equal to 2.5 times the monthly compensation base for months in such base year as computed under subsection (i) of this section" for "$1,500". 1983 - Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 503(b), inserted "and before January 1984, or in excess of $600 for any month after 1983". Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 403(b), inserted after first sentence "Solely for the purpose of determining the compensation received by an employee in a base year, the term 'compensation' shall include any separation allowance or subsistence allowance paid under any benefit schedule provided under section 701 of title VII of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 and any termination allowance paid under section 702 of that Act, but does not include any other benefits payable under that title. The total amount of any subsistence allowance payable under a benefit schedule provided pursuant to section 701 of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 shall be considered as being compensation in the month in which the employee first timely filed a claim for such an allowance." Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 402(b), struck out "(i) the voluntary payment by another, without deduction from the pay of an employee, of any tax or contribution now or hereafter imposed with respect to the remuneration of such employee, or (ii)" after " 'remuneration' does not include". Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 411(a)(1), substituted "$1,500" for "$1,000". 1975 - Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 1(a), inserted "for a period of continuing sickness (as defined in section 352(a) of this title)" after "a statement of sickness" wherever appearing and incorporated "and ends with the thirteenth day thereafter" in provision reading "and ends with whichever is the earlier of (i) the thirteenth day thereafter," and inserted cl. (ii) thereafter. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 1(b), substituted in second sentence "ten" for "three" dollars. 1968 - Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 90-624 excluded remuneration for services performed by nonresident alien individuals temporarily in the United States as participants in a cultural exchange or training program. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 201(a), amended definitions of "day of sickness" so as to remove reference to a day in a maternity period and inserted references to a day of sickness for female employees when, because of pregnancy, miscarriage, or the birth of a child, she is unable to work or working is injurious to her health and raised from $750 to $1,000 the amount specified in the subsidiary remuneration provision. Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 201(b), redesignated subsec. (l) defining "benefits" as subsec. (l)(1). Former subsec. (l)(1) redesignated (l)(2). Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 201(b), redesignated as subsec. (l)(1) former subsec. (l) defining "benefits". Subsec. (l)(2). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 201(b), redesignated as subsec. (l)(2) former subsec. (l)(1) defining "statement of sickness" and struck out reference to statement of maternity sickness. Former subsec. (l)(2) defining "maternity period" was struck out. 1966 - Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 89-700, Sec. 201(a), substituted "section 356 of this title" for "section 358 of this title." Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 89-700, Sec. 201(b), substituted "$750" for "500". Subsecs. (s), (t). Pub. L. 89-700, Sec. 201(c), struck out ", Alaska, Hawaii," after "States". 1959 - Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 86-28, Sec. 301(a), increased, for any month after May 1959, from $350 to $400 the maximum amount of monthly compensation to be used in computing benefits. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 86-28, Sec. 301(b), substituted "$500" for "$400". 1958 - Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 85-927, Sec. 201(a), substituted "first" for "second" and "second" for "first" in second proviso of first paragraph, and substituted "three dollars" for "one dollar" in second paragraph. Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 85-927, Sec. 201(b), inserted "in the unemployment trust fund". 1954 - Subsec. (g). Act Aug. 31, 1954, Sec. 301, provided that compensation for service by an individual as a delegate to a convention of a national railway labor organization shall be disregarded in determining eligibility for benefits, if he has no previous creditable service. Subsec. (i). Act Aug. 31, 1954, Sec. 302, increased, after June 30, 1954, from $300 to $350 the maximum amount of monthly compensation to be used in computing benefits. Subsec. (k). Act Aug. 31, 1954, Sec. 303 (part), substituted "$400" for "$150". 1951 - Subsec. (k). Act Oct. 30, 1951, inserted last proviso of first par. 1946 - Subsec. (e). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 1, changed opening par. to include professional or technical services when integrated into staff of employer or other personal services the rendition of which is integrated into the employer's operations and added clause at end of first proviso excluding compensation of less than 10% of remuneration. Subsec. (h). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 301, changed definition of registration period to cover days of sickness as well as days of unemployment. Subsec. (i). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 2, changed definition of compensation to remuneration "paid" instead of "payable" and inserted provisions relating to presumption that a payment is compensation; payments for time lost and with respect to personal injury; and payments after the end of a calendar year earned during that year. Subsec. (j). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 302, inserted reference to maternity insurance and sickness insurance. Subsec. (k)(2). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 303, inserted cl. (2) defining day of sickness. Subsec. (l). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 304, expanded definition of benefits to include payment with respect to sickness and added pars. (1) and (2), defining statement of sickness, statement of maternity sickness, and maternity period. 1942 - Subsec. (e). Act Apr. 8, 1942, amended first proviso. 1940 - Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 13, 1940, Sec. 1, excluded from definition of employer companies engaged in mining coal, supplying coal not beyond the mine tipple, and the operation of equipment or facilities therefor. Subsec. (d). Act Aug. 13, 1940, Sec. 3, excluded from definition of employee individuals engaged in mining coal, preparation of coal, handling (other than rail movement by standard locomotives) of coal not beyond the mine tipple, or the loading of coal at the tipple. Subsec. (l). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 6, redesignated subsec. (m) as (l). Former subsec. (l) redesignated (n) by act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 8. Subsec. (m). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 7, redesignated subsec. (n) as (m). Former subsec. (m) redesignated (l) by act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 6. Subsec. (n). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 8, redesignated former subsec. (l) as (n), and amended provisions generally. Former subsec. (n) redesignated (m) by act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 7. Subsec. (g). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 2, inserted provisions relating to employment after June 30, 1940, in service of a local lodge, etc. Subsec. (h). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 3, substituted provisions defining "registration period" for provisions defining "half month". Subsec. (j). Act Oct 10, 1940, Sec. 4, inserted provisions relating to earned income other than for services for hire to definition of "remuneration". Subsec. (k). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 5, inserted in cl. (i) "accrues" after "or", inserted provisions relating to "subsidiary remuneration", and substituted provisions relating to working days which include part of each of two consecutive calendar days, for provisions relating to work shifts which include part of two consecutive calendar days. 1939 - Subsec. (d). Act June 20, 1939, Sec. 1, designated second paragraph as subsec. (e). Subsec. (e). Act June 20, 1939, Secs. 1, 2, designated second paragraph of subsec. (d) as (e) and inserted proviso relating to an individual not deemed a citizen or resident of the United States. Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f). Subsec. (f). Act June 20, 1939, Secs. 2, 3, redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f). Former subsec. (f), which defined "part-time worker", was struck out. Subsec. (h). Act June 20, 1939, Sec. 4, substituted provisions authorizing Board to define "half-month" for provisions defining "half-month" as a period of any fifteen consecutive days, with no day to be included in more than one period for any individual. Subsec. (i). Act June 20, 1939, Sec. 5, struck out comma after "money". Subsec. (k). Act June 20, 1939, Sec. 6, struck out proviso relating to calendar days for part-time workers. Subsec. (n). Act June 20, 1939, Sec. 20, inserted provisions relating to inclusion within "benefit year" half-months containing days of unemployment. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 701 of Title 49, Transportation. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Section 7101(f) of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 352, 354, and 362 of this title] shall take effect upon the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]." Section 7203(b) of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on July 1, 1988." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 402(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 applicable to compensation paid for services rendered after June 30, 1983, see section 402(c) of Pub. L. 98-76, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. Amendment by section 403(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 effective Aug. 13, 1981, see section 403(c) of Pub. L. 98-76, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. Section 411(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 353 and 354 of this title] shall apply to compensation paid for services rendered after December 31, 1983." Section 503(c) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 358 of this title] shall apply to compensation paid for services rendered after December 31, 1983." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Section 2 of Pub. L. 94-92 provided that: "(a) The amendment made by section 1(a) of this Act [amending this section] shall be effective with respect to days of sickness in registration periods beginning after June 30, 1975. "(b) The amendment with respect to qualifying conditions made by section 1(f) [amending section 353 of this title] shall be effective for services rendered after December 31, 1973. "(c) The amendments made by sections 1(b), 1(c), and 1(d)(1) of this Act [amending this section and section 352 of this title] shall be effective with respect to days of unemployment and days of sickness in registration periods beginning after June 30, 1975: Provided, however, That the amount of benefits paid for days of unemployment or days of sickness in a registration period beginning after June 30, 1975, and prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 9, 1975] shall, if paid to an employee who is covered by a nongovernmental plan for unemployment or sickness insurance and who has been paid benefits under such plan for one or more days within the registration period, be reduced by the amount, if any, by which the benefits paid to him under the nongovernmental plan would have been reduced if this Act [amending this section, sections 231m, 352, 353, 358, 360, 361 of this title, and sections 1402 and 3231 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 231 and 231m of this title, and section 1402 of Title 26] had been enacted prior to July 1, 1975, so that the employee will receive, the full amount of the combined benefits that he would have received under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [this chapter] and the nongovernmental plan if the benefit increases provided by this Act had been enacted prior to said date. The amount of each such reduction in the benefits paid under the amendment made by section 1(c)(2) of this Act [amending section 352 of this title] shall be paid over by the Board to the insurer of the nongovernmental plan or to the employer if a self-insurer. Reductions in benefits and payments to insurers and employers hereunder shall be made on claims filed with the Board by such insurers and employers within thirty days after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 9, 1975]. "(d) The amendments made by sections 1(d)(2) and 1(e) of this Act [amending section 352 of this title] shall be effective with respect to days of unemployment in registration periods beginning after June 30, 1975. "(e) The amendments made by sections 1(g), 1(h), 1(i)(1), and 1(j) of this Act [amending sections 358, 360, and 361 of this title] shall be effective with respect to compensation paid for services rendered after December 31, 1975. "(f) The amendment made by section 1(i)(2) of this Act [amending section 360 of this title] shall be effective on the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 9, 1975]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1968 AMENDMENTS Section 4(b) of Pub. L. 90-624 provided that: "The amendments made by section 3 [amending this section] shall apply with respect to service performed after December 31, 1967." Amendment by section 201(a)(1) of Pub. L. 90-257 effective as of July 1, 1968, and amendment by section 201(a)(2) of Pub. L. 90-257 effective with respect to base years beginning in calendar years after December 31, 1966, see section 208 of Pub. L. 90-257, set out as a note under section 352 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Section 309 of Pub. L. 86-28 provided that: "The amendments made by section 301(b) [amending this section] shall be effective with respect to days in registration periods beginning after June 30, 1959. The amendments made by sections 302, 303(a), and 305 [amending sections 352 and 354 of this title] shall be effective with respect to benefits accruing in general benefit years which begin after the benefit year ending June 30, 1958, and in extended benefit periods which begin after December 31, 1957. The amendment made by section 304 [amending section 353 of this title] shall be effective with respect to base years after the base year ending December 31, 1957. The amendments made by clauses (4) and (5) of section 306 [amending section 358 of this title, increasing the contribution rates for compensation paid after May, 1959] and clause (1) of section 307 [amending section 358 of this title, increasing the contribution rate from 3 to 3 3/4 percent] shall be effective as of the first day of the calendar month next following the month in which this Act was enacted [May, 1959], and shall apply only with respect to compensation paid for services rendered in calendar months after the month in which this Act was enacted [May, 1959]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1958 AMENDMENT Section 207 of Pub. L. 85-927 provided that: "(a) The amendments made by section 201(a) [amending this section] shall be effective with respect to registration periods in benefit years after the benefit year ending on June 30, 1958. "(b) The amendments made by section 202 [amending section 354 of this title] shall be effective with respect to days in benefit years after the benefit year ending on June 30, 1958. "(c) The remaining amendments made by this part [amending this section, sections 358, 361, 362 of this title, and section 1104 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] shall be effective, except as otherwise indicated therein, on the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 6, 1958]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Sections 401 and 402 of act Aug. 31, 1954, provided that: "Sec. 401. The amendments made by this Act [enacting section 228s-1 of this title, amending this section, sections 228a, 228b, 228c, 228e, 352, 353, and 358 of this title, sections 3201, 3202, 3211, 3221, and 3231 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and sections 1500, 1501, 1510, 1520, 1532 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939] shall be effective July 1, 1954, except as otherwise provided. "Sec. 402. The provisions of sections 1, 205, and 301 of this Act [amending this section, section 228a of this title, and section 1532 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939] shall be effective with respect to compensation paid on and after April 1, 1954." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1951 AMENDMENT Section 28 of act Oct. 30, 1951, provided that: "The provisions of sections 26 and 27 of the Act [amending sections 350 and 354 of this title] shall become effective with respect to registration periods beginning on and after January 1, 1952." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1946 AMENDMENTS Amendment by sections 1 and 2 of act July 31, 1946, effective July 31, 1946, see section 401 of act July 31, 1946. Amendment by sections 301 to 304 of act July 31, 1946, effective as of July 1, 1947, see section 403 of act July 31, 1946, set out as a note under section 352 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1942 AMENDMENT Act Apr. 8, 1942, besides amending subsec. (e) of this section, contained the following paragraph: "The amendment in this section shall operate in the same manner and have the same effect as if it had been part of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [this chapter] when that Act was enacted on June 25, 1938: Provided, however, That no interest or penalties shall accrue or be deemed to have accrued for the failure to make returns under, or pay contributions levied by, section 8 of said Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [section 358 of this title] with respect to the compensation of employees of any local lodge or division of a railway-labor-organization employer earned prior to July 1, 1940, and with respect to the compensation of employees of any general committee of a railway-labor-organization employer earned prior to the enactment of this amendment if, with respect to any such local lodge or division (1) the headquarters of such a local lodge or division was not located in the United States or (2) all, or substantially all, the individuals constituting the membership of such a local lodge or division were employees of an employer not conducting the principal part of its business in the United States; and if, with respect to any such general committee (1) the individuals represented by such a general committee were employees of an employer not conducting the principal part of its business in the United States, or (2) the service to such a general committee was rendered outside the United States, or (3) the office or headquarters of the individual rendering service to such a general committee was not located in the United States and if such returns are made and such contributions are paid by such a local lodge or division or by such a general committee within the time allowed for making returns and paying contributions with respect to the first calendar quarter beginning after the enactment of this amendment." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1940 AMENDMENT Section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, provided: "That the provisions of this act [amending this section, sections 228a, 228i, 352 to 355, 356, 361, and 362 of this title, and section 1532 of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code of 1939, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 262 of this title] shall take effect on November 1, 1940, except that sections 2, 11, 25, 26, and 27 [amending sections 228a, 228i, 351, and 352 of this title and section 1532 of former Title 26 and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 262 of this title] shall be effective as of July 1, 1940, and sections 19 and 20 [amending section 355 of this title] shall become effective upon the approval of this act: Provided, however, That - "(a) A half-month which has begun prior to November 1, 1940, in accordance with the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [this chapter] and regulations thereunder, and which includes such date, shall continue, and benefits with respect thereto shall be computed and paid as if this act had not been enacted; "(b) All benefit years current on October 31, 1940, shall terminate (1) on October 31, 1940, or (2) on the last day of a half-month which includes October 31, 1940 and November 1, 1940, whichever is later, and, for the purposes of section 2(c) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [section 352(c) of this title], as amended by this act, all benefits paid for unemployment in half-months begun subsequent to June 30, 1940, and prior to November 1, 1940, shall be deemed to have been paid for unemployment within the benefit year ending June 30, 1941; "(c) Benefits for unemployment in the first registration period, beginning after October 31, 1940, of an employee who has, subsequent to June 30, 1940, completed a waiting period under section 3(b) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [section 353(b) of this title], shall be determined and computed as though such registration period were a subsequent registration period in the same benefit year." EXCLUSION FROM WAGES AND COMPENSATION OF REFUNDS REQUIRED FROM EMPLOYERS TO COMPENSATE FOR DUPLICATION OF MEDICARE BENEFITS BY HEALTH CARE BENEFITS PROVIDED BY EMPLOYERS For purposes of this chapter, the term "compensation" shall not include the amount of any refund required under section 421 of Pub. L. 100-360 [42 U.S.C. 1395b note], see section 10202 of Pub. L. 101-239, set out as a note under section 1395b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 352, 353, 354, 358, 362 of this title; title 26 sections 3306, 3322. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) See References in Text note below. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 352 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 352. Benefits -STATUTE- (a) Days for which benefits payable; determination of amount (1)(A) Payment of Unemployment Benefits. - (i) Generally. - Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, benefits shall be payable to any qualified employee for each day of unemployment in excess of 4 during any registration period within a period of continuing unemployment. (ii) Waiting period for first registration period. - Benefits shall be payable to any qualified employee for each day of unemployment in excess of 7 during that employee's first registration period in a period of continuing unemployment if such period of continuing unemployment is the employee's initial period of continuing unemployment commencing in the benefit year. (iii) Strikes. - (I) Initial 14-day waiting period. - If the Board finds that a qualified employee has a period of continuing unemployment that includes days of unemployment due to a stoppage of work because of a strike in the establishment, premises, or enterprise at which such employee was last employed, no benefits shall be payable for such employee's first 14 days of unemployment due to such stoppage of work. (II) Subsequent days of unemployment. - For subsequent days of unemployment due to the same stoppage of work, benefits shall be payable as provided in clause (i) of this subparagraph. (III) Subsequent periods of continuing unemployment. - If such period of continuing unemployment ends by reason of clause (v) but the stoppage of work continues, the waiting period established in clause (ii) shall apply to the employee's first registration period in a new period of continuing unemployment based upon the same stoppage of work. (iv) Definition of period of continuing unemployment. - Except as limited by clause (v), for the purposes of this subparagraph, the term "period of continuing unemployment" means - (I) a single registration period that includes more than 4 days of unemployment; (II) a series of consecutive registration periods, each of which includes more than 4 days of unemployment; or (III) a series of successive registration periods, each of which includes more than 4 days of unemployment, if each succeeding registration period begins within 15 days after the last day of the immediately preceding registration period. (v) Special rule regarding end of period. - For purposes of applying clause (ii), a period of continuing unemployment ends when an employee exhausts rights to unemployment benefits under subsection (c) of this section. (vi) Limit on amount of benefits. - No benefits shall be payable to an otherwise eligible employee for any day of unemployment in a registration period where the total amount of the remuneration (as defined in section 351(j) of this title) payable or accruing to him for days within such registration period exceeds the amount of the base year monthly compensation base. For purposes of the preceding sentence, an employee's remuneration shall be deemed to include the gross amount of any remuneration that would have become payable to that employee but did not become payable because that employee was not ready or willing to perform suitable work available to that employee on any day within such registration period. (B) Payment of Sickness Benefits. - (i) Generally. - Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, benefits shall be payable to any qualified employee for each day of sickness after the 4th consecutive day of sickness in a period of continuing sickness but excluding 4 days of sickness in any registration period in such period of continuing sickness. (ii) Waiting period for first registration period. - Benefits shall be payable to any qualified employee for each day of sickness in excess of 7 during that employee's first registration period in a period of continuing sickness if such period of continuing sickness is the employee's initial period of continuing sickness commencing in the benefit year. For the purposes of this clause, the first registration period in a period of continuing sickness is that registration period that first begins with 4 consecutive days of sickness and includes more than 4 days of sickness. (iii) Definition of period of continuing sickness. - For the purposes of this subparagraph, a period of continuing sickness means - (I) a period of consecutive days of sickness, whether from 1 or more causes; or (II) a period of successive days of sickness due to a single cause without interruption of more than 90 consecutive days which are not days of sickness. (iv) Special rule regarding end of period. - For purposes of applying clause (ii), a period of continuing sickness ends when an employee exhausts rights to sickness benefits under subsection (c) of this section. (2) The daily benefit rate with respect to any such employee for such day of unemployment or sickness shall be in an amount equal to 60 per centum of the daily rate of compensation for the employee's last employment in which he engaged for an employer in the base year, but not less than $12.70: Provided, however, That for registration periods beginning after June 30, 1975, but before July 1, 1976, such amount shall not exceed $24 per day of such unemployment or sickness, that for registration periods beginning after June 30, 1976, but before July 1, 1988, such amount shall not exceed $25 per day of such unemployment or sickness, that for registration periods beginning after June 30, 1988, but before July 1, 1989, such amount shall not exceed $30 per day of unemployment or sickness, and that for registration periods beginning after June 30, 1989, such amount shall not exceed the maximum daily benefit rate provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection. The daily rate of compensation referred to in this paragraph shall be determined by the Board on the basis of information furnished to the Board by the employee, his employer, or both. (3) The maximum daily benefit rate computed by the Board under section 362(r)(2) of this title shall be the product of the monthly compensation base, as computed under section 351(i)(2) of this title for the base year immediately preceding the beginning of the benefit year, multiplied by 5 percent. If the maximum daily benefit rate so computed is not a multiple of $1, it shall be rounded down to the nearest multiple of $1. (4) In computing benefits to be paid, days of unemployment shall not be combined with days of sickness in the same registration period. (b) Time of payments The benefits provided for in this section shall be paid to an employee at such reasonable intervals as the Board may prescribe. (c) Maximum number of days for benefits (1) Normal benefits (A) Generally The maximum number of days of unemployment within a benefit year for which benefits may be paid to an employee shall be 130, and the maximum number of days of sickness within a benefit year for which benefits may be paid to an employee shall be 130. (B) Limitation The total amount of benefits that may be paid to an employee for days of unemployment within a benefit year shall in no case exceed the employee's compensation in the base year; and the total amount of benefits that may be paid to an employee for days of sickness within a benefit year shall in no case exceed the employee's compensation in the base year, except that notwithstanding section 351(i) of this title, in determining the employee's compensation in the base year for the purpose of this sentence, any money remuneration paid to the employee for services rendered as an employee shall be taken into account that is not in excess of an amount that bears the same ratio to $775 as the monthly compensation base for that year as computed under section 351(i) of this title bears to $600. (2) Extended benefits (A) Generally With respect to an employee who has 10 or more years of service as defined in section 231(f) of this title, who did not voluntarily retire and (in a case involving exhaustion of rights to normal benefits for days of unemployment) did not voluntarily leave work without good cause, and who had current rights to normal benefits for days of unemployment or days of sickness in a benefit year but has exhausted such rights, the benefit year in which such rights are exhausted shall be deemed not to be ended until the last day of the extended benefit period determined under this paragraph, and extended unemployment benefits or extended sickness benefits (depending on the type of normal benefit rights exhausted) may be paid for not more than 65 days of unemployment or 65 days of sickness within such extended benefit period. (B) Beginning date An employee's extended benefit period shall begin on the employee's first day of unemployment or first day of sickness, as the case may be, following the day on which the employee exhausts the employee's then current rights to normal benefits for days of unemployment or days of sickness and shall continue for 7 consecutive 14-day periods, each of which shall constitute a registration period, but no such extended benefit period shall extend beyond the beginning of the first registration period in a benefit year in which the employee is again qualified for benefits in accordance with section 353 of this title on the basis of compensation earned after the first of such consecutive 14-day periods has begun. (C) Termination when employee reaches age of 65 Notwithstanding any other provision of this paragraph, an extended benefit period for sickness benefits shall terminate on the day next preceding the date on which the employee attains age 65, except that it may continue for the purpose of paying benefits for days of unemployment. (3) Accelerated benefits (A) General rule With respect to an employee who has 10 or more years of service as defined in section 231(f) of this title, who did not voluntarily retire, and (in a case involving unemployment benefits) did not voluntarily leave work without good cause, who has 14 or more consecutive days of unemployment, or 14 or more consecutive days of sickness, and who is not a qualified employee with respect to the general benefit year current when such unemployment or sickness commences but is or becomes a qualified employee for the next succeeding general benefit year, such succeeding general benefit year shall, in that employee's case, begin on the first day of the month in which such unemployment or sickness commences. (B) Exception In the case of a succeeding benefit year beginning in accordance with subparagraph (A) by reason of sickness, such sentence shall not operate to permit the payment of benefits in the period provided for in such sentence for any day of sickness beginning with the date on which the employee attains age 65, and continuing through the day preceding the first day of the next succeeding general benefit year. (C) Determination of age For the purposes of this subsection, the Board may rely on evidence of age available in its records and files at the time determinations of age are made. (d) Overpayment of benefits; recovery; liability of officers If the Board finds that at any time more than the correct amount of benefits has been paid to any individual under this chapter or a payment has been made to an individual not entitled thereto (including payments made prior to July 1, 1940), recovery by adjustments in subsequent payments to which such individual is entitled under this chapter or any other Act administered by the Board may, except as otherwise provided in this subsection, be made under regulations prescribed by the Board. If such individual dies before recovery is completed, recovery may be made by set-off or adjustments, under regulations prescribed by the Board, in subsequent payments due, under this chapter or any other Act administered by the Board, to the estate, designee, next of kin, legal representative, or surviving spouse of such individual, with respect to the employment of such individual. Adjustments under this subsection may be made either by deductions from subsequent payments or, with respect to payments which are to be made during a lifetime or lifetimes, by subtracting the total amount of benefits paid in excess of the proper amount from the actuarial value, as determined by the Board, of such payments to be made during a lifetime or lifetimes and recertifying such payments on the basis of the reduced actuarial value. In the latter case, recovery shall be deemed to have been completed upon such recertification. There shall be no recovery in any case in which more than the correct amount of benefits has been paid to an individual or payment has been made to an individual not entitled thereto (including payments made prior to July 1, 1940) who, in the judgment of the Board, is without fault when, in the judgment of the Board, recovery would be contrary to the purpose of this chapter or would be against equity or good conscience. No certifying or disbursing officer shall be held liable for any amount certified or paid by him in good faith to any person where the recovery of such amount is waived under the third paragraph of this subsection or has been begun but cannot be completed under the first paragraph of this subsection. (e) Assignment, taxation, garnishment, attachment, etc., of benefits Notwithstanding any other law of the United States, or of any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, no benefits shall be assignable or be subject to any tax or to garnishment, attachment, or other legal process under any circumstances whatsoever, nor shall the payment thereof be anticipated. (f) Effect of payment of benefits for remunerable period; payment of surplus remuneration to Board If (i) benefits are paid to any employee with respect to unemployment or sickness in any registration period, and it is later determined that remuneration is payable to such employee with respect to any period which includes days in such registration period which had been determined to be days of unemployment or sickness, and (ii) the person or company from which such remuneration is payable has, before payment thereof, notice of the payment of benefits upon the basis of days of unemployment or sickness included in such period, the remuneration so payable shall not be reduced by reason of such benefits but the remuneration so payable, to the extent to which benefits were paid upon the basis of days which had been determined to be days of unemployment or sickness and which are included in the period for which such remuneration is payable, shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the Board. The amount of such special fund shall be paid to the Board and in the collection thereof the Board shall have the same authority, and the same penalties shall apply, as are provided in section 358 of this title with respect to contributions. The proceeds of such special fund shall be credited to the account. Such benefits, to the extent that they are represented in such a special fund which has been collected by the Board, shall be disregarded for the purposes of subsection (c) of this section. (g) Payment of accrued benefits upon death Benefits accrued to an individual but not yet paid at death shall, upon certification by the Board, be paid, without necessity of filing further claims therefor, to the same individual or individuals to whom any accrued annuities under section 231e(a)(1) of this title are paid. In the event that no such accrued annuities are paid, and if application for such accrued benefits is filed prior to the expiration of two years after the death of the individual to whom such benefits accrued, such accrued benefits shall be paid, upon certification by the Board, to the individual or individuals who would be entitled thereto under section 231e(a)(1) of this title if such accrued benefits were accrued annuities. If there is no individual to whom all or any part of such accrued benefits can be paid in accordance with the foregoing provisions, such benefits or part thereof shall escheat to the credit of the account. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 2, 52 Stat. 1096; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, Secs. 7-9, 21, 53 Stat. 845, 848; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Secs. 9-12, 54 Stat. 1095, 1096; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Secs. 305-307, 60 Stat. 736, 737; May 15, 1952, ch. 290, Sec. 1, 66 Stat. 73; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. III, Sec. 304, 68 Stat. 1041; Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, Sec. 4, 69 Stat. 716; Pub. L. 86-28, pt. III, Secs. 302, 303(a), May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 30; Pub. L. 89-700, title II, Sec. 202, Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 90-257, title II, Sec. 202, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 23; Pub. L. 93-445, title IV, Sec. 401, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1359; Pub. L. 94-92, title I, Sec. 1(c)-(e), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 461, 462; Pub. L. 98-76, title IV, Sec. 412(a), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 436; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Secs. 7101(c), 7201(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3758, 3774; Pub. L. 104-88, title III, Sec. 324(3), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 950; Pub. L. 104-251, Secs. 2-5(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3161-3165.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104-251, Sec. 2, inserted heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "(A)(i) Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, benefits shall be payable to any qualified employee for each day of unemployment in excess of 4 during any registration period. "(ii) No benefits shall be payable for days of unemployment during the first registration period within a benefit year in which the employee has more than 4 days of unemployment. "(iii) In any case in which the Board finds that an employee's unemployment was due to a stoppage of work because of a strike in the establishment, premises, or enterprise at which such employee was last employed, no benefits shall be payable for the first 14 days of unemployment due to such stoppage of work. However, for subsequent days of unemployment due to such stoppage of work, benefits shall be payable to days in excess of 4 during any registration period." Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104-251, Sec. 3, inserted heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "(B)(i) Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, benefits shall be payable to any qualified employee for each day of sickness after the 4th consecutive day of sickness in a period of continuing sickness but excluding 4 days of sickness in any registration period. "(ii) No benefits shall be payable for days of sickness in the first registration period within a benefit year in which the employee has both 4 consecutive days of sickness and more than 4 days of sickness. "(iii) For the purposes of this subparagraph, a period of continuing sickness means (I) a period of consecutive days of sickness, whether from one or more causes, or (II) a period of successive days of sickness due to a single cause without interruption of more than 90 consecutive days which are not days of sickness." Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104-251, Sec. 4, amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) provided the formula under which the Board was required to compute the maximum daily benefit rate under section 362(r)(2) of this title which could not be less than $30. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-251, Sec. 5(a), inserted heading and amended text generally, designating existing provisions relating to normal benefits, extended benefits, and accelerated benefits as pars. (1) to (3), respectively, making technical changes in pars. (1) and (3), and in par. (2), deleting provisions which authorized extended benefits for certain employees with less than ten years of service as defined in section 231(f) of this title. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 104-251, Sec. 5(b), struck out subsec. (h), which provided for determining extended benefit period for employees with less than 10 years of service under former subsec. (c). 1995 - Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 104-88 substituted "Surface Transportation Board, adjusted, as determined by the Railroad Retirement Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission, adjusted, as determined by the Board". 1988 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7201(a)(1), (2), inserted "(1)" after "(a)" and substituted subpars. (A) and (B) for "Benefits shall be payable to any qualified employee for each day of unemployment in excess of four during any registration period: Provided, however, That in any case in which the Board finds that his unemployment was due to a stoppage of work because of a strike in the establishment, premises, or enterprise at which he was last employed, no benefits shall be payable for the first fourteen days of unemployment due to such stoppage of work. Benefits shall be payable to any qualified employee for each day of sickness after the fourth consecutive day of sickness in a period of continuing sickness, but excluding four days of sickness in any registration period. A period of continuing sickness means (i) a period of consecutive days of sickness, whether from one or more causes, or (ii) a period of successive days of sickness due to a single cause without interruption of more than ninety consecutive days which are not days of sickness." Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7201(a)(3)-(6), inserted "(2)" before "The daily benefit", substituted "sickness, that for" for "sickness and that for", inserted "but before July 1, 1988," after "June 30, 1976," and inserted ", that for registration periods beginning after June 30, 1988, but before July 1, 1989, such amount shall not exceed $30 per day of unemployment or sickness, and that for registration periods beginning after June 30, 1989, such amount shall not exceed the maximum daily benefit rate provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection." after "unemployment or sickness". Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7201(a)(7), added par. (3). Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7201(a)(8), inserted "(4)" before "In computing benefits". Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7101(c), substituted "shall be taken into account that is not in excess of $775 in any month before 1989 and, in any month in a base year after 1988, is not in excess of an amount that bears the same ratio to $775 as the monthly compensation base for that year as computed under section 351(i) of this title bears to $600" for "not in excess of $775 in any month shall be taken into account". 1983 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-76 substituted "That in any case in which the Board finds that his unemployment was due to a stoppage of work because of a strike in the establishment, premises, or enterprise at which he was last employed, no benefits shall be payable for the first fourteen days of unemployment due to such stoppage of work" for "That notwithstanding the provisions of section 351(h) of this title, in any case in which the Board finds that his unemployment was due to a stoppage of work because of a strike in the establishment, premises, or enterprise at which he was last employed, other than a strike subject to the disqualification in section 354(a-2)(iii) of this title, none of the first seven days of unemployment due to such stoppage of work shall be included in any registration period; and subject to the registration provisions of section 351(h) of this title, so many of the ensuing seven consecutive calendar days during which his unemployment continues to be caused by such stoppage of work shall constitute a registration period, during which benefits shall be payable for each day of unemployment". 1975 - Subsec. (a), first par. Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 1(c)(1), inserted proviso and definition of registration period, provided for payment of sickness benefits after four rather than after seven days of sickness, and inserted definition of period of continuing sickness. Subsec. (a), second par. Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 1(c)(2), substituted provisions for a daily rate of unemployment and sickness benefits, for registration periods beginning after June 30, 1975, but before July 1, 1976, equal to the smaller of $24 or 60 percent of the employee's last daily rate of pay in the base period (but not less than $12.70), and for registration periods beginning after June 30, 1976, a daily rate of $25 for prior provision for such benefits set out in a table with ten levels of base year compensation and corresponding daily benefit rates starting at $8.00, payable to those with the minimum qualifying base year compensation, and rising to a maximum of $12.70, which is reached by those who received base year compensation totalling $4,000 or more and prescribing a minimum daily benefit not less than the smaller of the table maximum ($12.70) or 60 percent of the employee's last daily rate of pay in the base period. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 1(d), inserted exception provision in first proviso and proviso respecting an employee with less than ten years of service. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 1(e), added subsec. (h). 1974 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93-445, Sec. 401(a), substituted "ten or more years of service as defined in section 231(f) of this title" for "ten or more years of service as defined in section 228a(f) of this title" and struck out "and section 360(h) of this title" after "For purposes of this subsection". Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 93-445, Sec. 401(b), substituted "section 231e(a)(1) of this title" for "section 228c(f)(1) of this title" in two places. 1968 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 202(a), struck out all references to the payment of maternity benefits, amended table of benefit rates by striking out the line for persons in the compensation range of $750 to $999.99 and by increasing the rates of benefits for the remaining categories from $5.50 to $8.00, $6.00 to $8.50, $6.50 to $9.00, $7.00 to $9.50, $7.50 to $10.00, $8.00 to $10.50, $8.50 to $11.00, $9.00 to $11.50, $9.50 to $12.00, and $10.20 to $12.70 respectively, and raised from $10.20 to $12.70 the maximum rate applicable if the formula of 60 per centum of the daily rate of compensation for the employee's last employment in which he engaged for an employer in the base year is used. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 202(b), removed all references to payment of maternity benefits, made provision for extended sickness benefits similar to extended unemployment benefits, added to existing provisions for the early beginning of a general benefit year (or accelerated benefit year) in certain cases involving days of unemployment similar provisions for a similar early beginning of a general benefit year in certain cases involving days of sickness, and inserted provisions dealing with the effect of the attainment of age 65 on an employee's receipt of extended sickness benefits and on his receipt of sickness benefits in an accelerated benefit year and relating to the evidence of age on which the Board may rely for purposes of determining the attainment of age 65. 1966 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89-700, Sec. 202(a), struck out daily benefit rate of $4.50 for the compensation range of $500 to $699.99 from the table, and substituted "750" for "700" in Column I. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89-700, Sec. 202(b), amended subsec. (g) generally, and among other changes, provided that if there is no individual to whom accrued benefits can be paid, such benefits or parts thereof shall escheat to the credit of the account. 1959 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86-28, Sec. 302, substituted "for each day of unemployment in excess of four during any registration period, and" for "for each day of unemployment in excess of seven during the first registration period, within a benefit year, in which he will have had seven or more days of unemployment, and for each day of unemployment in excess of four during any subsequent registration period in the same benefit year, and", "60 per centum" for "50 per centum", and "not to exceed $10.20" for "not to exceed $8.50", and increased the daily benefit rates. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 86-28, Sec. 303(a), provided for an extended benefit period with respect to employees who have ten or more years of service, who did not voluntarily leave work without good cause or voluntarily retire, and who have exhausted their rights to normal benefits for days of unemployment in a benefit year. 1955 - Subsec. (e). Act Aug. 12, 1955, specified that exemption applies to the laws of the several States, the District of Columbia, and the Territories. 1954 - Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 31, 1954, Sec. 304(a), changed the table of daily benefit rates and qualifying amounts of earnings in the base year so that such rates and amounts will begin with $3.50 and $4.00, respectively, to a maximum of $8.50 for $4,000 and over, and inserted proviso immediately after the table. Subsec. (c). Act Aug. 31, 1954, Sec. 304(b), inserted proviso at end. 1952 - Subsec. (a). Act May 15, 1952, substituted a new table of daily benefit rates. 1946 - Subsec. (a). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 305, changed first and second pars. to include benefits for days of sickness, changed reference to total amount of compensation payable to him in second par. to total compensation, added new benefit rates to table for compensation of $2,000 to $2,499.99 and $2,500 and over, and added last two pars. relating to maternity benefits and to computation of benefits. Subsec. (c). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 306, increased maximum days of unemployment to 130 and established same maximum for days of sickness. Subsec. (f). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 307, inserted references to sickness. 1940 - Subsec. (a). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 9, designated existing provisions as cl. (i), substituted registration period for half-month as determining factor, added cl. (ii), and increased total compensation amounts set out in Column I and daily benefit amounts set out in Column II. Subsec. (c). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 10, substituted provisions relating to maximum number of days of unemployment within a benefit year, for provisions relating to maximum benefits payable to an employee within his benefit year. Subsec. (d). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 11, substituted provisions relating to adjustments for erroneous payments and procedure for recovery of such payments, for provisions making applicable section 228i of this title for adjustments and recovery of erroneous payments. Subsec. (f). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 12, in cl. (i) substituted provisions relating to registration periods for provisions relating to benefits paid with respect to any period, and in text following cl. (ii) inserted condition relating to benefits which were paid upon the basis of days determined to be days of unemployment and included in the period for which remuneration is payable. 1939 - Subsec. (a). Act June 20, 1939, Sec. 7, struck out exception relating to part-time workers. Subsec. (d). Act June 20, 1939, Secs. 8, 9, redesignated subsec. (e) as (d). Former subsec. (d), which authorized Board to prescribe regulations for determining amount of daily benefits and maximum benefits during any benefit year, was struck out. Subsec. (e). Act June 20, 1939, Sec. 9, redesignated subsec. (f) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (d). Subsecs. (f), (g). Act June 20, 1939, Sec. 9, redesignated subsec (g) as (f) and struck out reference to subsec. (a). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (e). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Section 6 of Pub. L. 104-251 provided that: "The amendments made by this Act [amending this section and repealing section 368 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 9, 1996]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 701 of Title 49, Transportation. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Section 7201(b) of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]. "(2) The amendments made by paragraph (2) of subsection (a) shall apply with respect to registration periods beginning after June 30, 1988." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Section 412(b) of Pub. L. 98-76 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to days of unemployment in registration periods beginning after December 31, 1983." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT; REDUCTION OF BENEFITS IN VIEW OF COVERAGE UNDER NONGOVERNMENTAL PLAN; FILING CLAIMS FOR PAYMENTS TO INSURERS AND EMPLOYERS Amendment by section 1(c), (d)(1) of Pub. L. 94-92 effective with respect to days of unemployment and days of sickness in registration periods beginning after June 30, 1975, reduction of benefits in view of coverage under nongovernmental plan, and filing of claims for payments to insurers and employers; and amendment by section 1(d)(2), (e) of Pub. L. 94-92 effective with respect to days of unemployment in registration periods beginning after June 30, 1975, see section 2 of Pub. L. 94-92, set out as an Effective Date of 1975 Amendment note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 93-445 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 603 of Pub. L. 93-445, set out as a note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1968 AMENDMENT Section 208 of Pub. L. 90-257 provided that: "The amendments made by sections 201(a)(1), 201(b), 202(a)(1), 202(a)(2), 202(b)(1), 206 and 207 [amending this section and sections 351, 362, and 363 of this title] shall be effective as of July 1, 1968. The amendments made by sections 201(a)(2) and 203 [amending sections 351 and 353 of this title] shall be effective with respect to base years beginning in calendar years after December 31, 1966, except that with respect to the base year in calendar year 1967 the amendments made by section 203 [amending section 353 of this title] shall not be applicable to an employee whose compensation with respect to that base year was not less than $750 but less than $1,000; further, as to such an employee, the amendments made by section 202(a)(3) [amending this section] shall not be applicable with respect to days of unemployment and days of sickness in registration periods in the benefit year beginning July 1, 1968. The amendments made by section 202(a)(3) [amending this section] shall otherwise be effective with respect to days of unemployment and days of sickness in registration periods beginning on or after July 1, 1968. The amendments made by sections 202(b)(2)(i) through (vi) [amending this section] shall be effective to provide the beginning of extended benefit periods on or after July 1, 1968. The amendments made by section 202(b)(2)(vii) through (ix) [amending this section] shall be effective to provide for the early beginning of a benefit year on or after July 1, 1967. The amendment made by section 204(a) [amending section 354 of this title] shall be effective with respect to calendar days in benefit years beginning after June 30, 1968, and the amendment made by section 204(b) [amending section 354 of this title] shall be effective with respect to voluntary leaving of work (within the meaning of section 4(a-2)(i) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [section 354(a-2)(i) of this title]) after the enactment date of this Act [Feb. 15, 1968]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 86-28 effective with respect to benefits accruing in general benefit years which begin after the benefit year ending June 30, 1958, and in extended benefit periods which begin after Dec. 31, 1957, see section 309 of Pub. L. 86-28, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1955 AMENDMENT Section 4 of act Aug. 12, 1955, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective as of the date of its "original enactment" [June 25, 1938]. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 31, 1954, effective July 1, 1954, see section 401 of act Aug. 31, 1954, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1952 AMENDMENT Section 3 of act May 15, 1952, provided that: "The amendments made by this Act [amending this section and section 353 of this title] shall be effective with respect to benefit years beginning on and after July 1, 1952." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1946 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 306 of act July 31, 1946, effective July 1, 1946, see section 402 of that Act. Section 403 of act July 31, 1946, provided that: "Sections 301, 302, 303, 304, 305 (except for the revision of the table which shall become effective on the date of enactment of this Act [July 31, 1946]), 307, 308, 309, and 310 [amending sections 351 to 354 of this title] shall become effective on July 1, 1947." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1940 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EXTENDED RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE BENEFITS DURING PERIODS OF HIGH NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT Pub. L. 102-164, title V, Sec. 501, Nov. 15, 1991, 105 Stat. 1064, as amended by Pub. L. 102-182, Sec. 3(a)(6), (7), Dec. 4, 1991, 105 Stat. 1234; Pub. L. 102-244, Sec. 5, Feb. 7, 1992, 106 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 102-318, title I, Sec. 105, July 3, 1992, 106 Stat. 293; Pub. L. 103-6, Sec. 3(a), (b), Mar. 4, 1993, 107 Stat. 33; Pub. L. 103-152, Secs. 8, 9(b), Nov. 24, 1993, 107 Stat. 1519, provided that: "(a) In General. - For purposes of section 2(h) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act (45 U.S.C. 352(h)(2)), a 'period of high unemployment' includes any month during the period November 1991 through February 1994. "(b) Effective Dates. - "(1) In general. - Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), no employee shall have an extended benefit period under the second proviso of section 2(c) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act beginning before November 17, 1991, or after February 5, 1994. "(2) Transition. - If an employee has established an extended benefit period under the second proviso of section 2(c) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act and the last day of such extended benefit period, as established, is after February 5, 1994, such employee shall continue to be entitled to extended unemployment benefits for days of unemployment in registration periods included in such extended benefit period, provided that such employee meets the eligibility requirements of this section and the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.]. "(3) Reachback Provisions. - If an employee has exhausted that employee's rights to normal unemployment benefits under section 2(c) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 352(c)] after February 28, 1991, but before November 17, 1991, such employee shall, for the purposes of the application of this section, be deemed to have exhausted such rights after November 17, 1991. "(c) Limitation on Payment. - Extended benefits under this section shall be payable for a maximum of 65 days of unemployment, including any extended benefits payable by reason of the application of the reachback provisions. "(d) Enlargement of Benefits. - "(1) Generally. - During the period that begins on the date of the enactment of this subsection [Feb. 7, 1992] - "(A) subsection (c) of this section shall be applied by substituting '130' for '65'; "(B) section 2(c) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 352(c)] shall be applied - "(i) by substituting '13 (but not more than 130 days)' for '7 (but not more than 65 days)' in the table; and "(ii) by substituting 'but not by more than 130 days' for 'but not by more than sixty-five days' in the second proviso; and "(C) section 2(h)(1) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 352(h)(1)] shall be applied by substituting '13' for 'seven'. "(2) Phase-out. - "(A) Benefits on or after june 14, 1992. - Effective on and after June 14, 1992, paragraph (1) of this section shall be applied by substituting '100' for '130' each place it appears, and by substituting '10' for '13' each place it appears. "(B) Reductions under emergency compensation extension provisions. - "(i) Effective on and after the date on which a reduction in benefits is imposed under section 102(b)(2)(A)(iii) [section 102(b)(2)(A)(iii) of Pub. L. 102-164, 26 U.S.C. 3304 note], subparagraph (A) of this paragraph and subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (1) shall not apply and subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) shall be applied by substituting '50' for '130'. "(ii) Effective after October 2, 1993, subparagraph (A) of this paragraph and subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (1) shall not apply and subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) shall be applied by substituting '35' for '130'. "(C) Limitations on reductions. - Notwithstanding subparagraphs (A) and (B), in the case of an individual who is receiving extended benefits under section 2(c) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 352(c)] for persons with 10 or more but less than 15 years of service, or extended benefits by reason of this section, for any day during a week which precedes a period for which a reduction under this paragraph takes effect, such reduction shall not apply for purposes of determining the amount of benefits payable to such individual for any day thereafter for which the individual meets the eligibility requirements of this section and the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.]. "(e) Termination of Benefits. - In the case of an individual who is receiving extended benefits by reason of this section on February 5, 1994, such benefits shall not continue to be payable to such individual after April 30, 1994." [Section 3(c) of Pub. L. 103-6 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending section 501 of Pub. L. 102-164, set out above] shall apply to weeks beginning after March 6, 1993."] [Amendments made by Pub. L. 102-182 to section 501 of Pub. L. 102-164, set out above, applicable as if included in the provisions of and the amendments made by Pub. L. 102-164, see section 3(b) of Pub. L. 102-182, set out as a note under section 3304 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.] GAO STUDY OF FRAUD AND PAYMENT ERRORS Section 7107 of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "The Comptroller General shall study the frequency of fraud and payment errors in the railroad unemployment compensation program. Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988], the Comptroller General shall report to Congress the results of such study. Such report shall include - "(1) estimates of rates and amounts of annual losses due to fraud and overpayment; "(2) comparisons of such rates with the rates of losses in other Federal programs which experience such losses; "(3) recommendations for legislative measures that could be taken to reduce the losses in the railroad unemployment compensation program arising from fraud and payment errors; and "(4) such other matters relating to such fraud and payment errors as the Comptroller General determines are appropriate." BENEFITS FOR CERTAIN EMPLOYEES WHO EXHAUSTED RIGHTS TO BENEFITS BEFORE APRIL 1, 1959 Section 303(b) of Pub. L. 86-28 provided that: "An employee who has less than ten years of service as defined in section 1(f) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228a(f) of this title], and who has after June 30, 1957, and before April 1, 1959, exhausted (within the meaning prescribed by the Railroad Retirement Board by regulation) his rights to unemployment benefits, shall be paid unemployment benefits for days of unemployment, not exceeding sixty-five, which occur in registration periods beginning on or after June 19, 1958, and before July 1, 1959, and which would not be days with respect to which he would be held entitled otherwise to receive unemployment benefits under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [this chapter], except that an employee who has filed, and established, a first claim for benefits under the Temporary Unemployment Compensation Act of 1958 [42 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.] may not thereafter establish a claim under this subsection, and an employee who has registered for, and established a claim for benefits under this subsection may not thereafter establish a claim under the Temporary Unemployment Compensation Act of 1958. Except to the extent inconsistent with this subsection, the provisions of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [this chapter] shall be applicable in the administration of this subsection." INTERCHANGE OF INFORMATION BETWEEN SECRETARY OF LABOR AND RAILROAD RETIREMENT BOARD Section 303(c) of Pub. L. 86-28 provided that: "The Secretary of Labor, upon request shall furnish the Board information deemed necessary by the Board for the administration of the provisions of subsection (b) hereof [set out above], and the Board, upon request, shall furnish the Secretary of Labor information deemed necessary by the Secretary for the administration of the Temporary Unemployment Compensation Act of 1958 [section 1400 et seq. of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare]." -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 351, 355, 360, 362 of this title; title 26 sections 105, 3231. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 353 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 353. Qualifying condition -STATUTE- An employee shall be a "qualified employee" if the Board finds that his compensation with respect to the base year will have been not less than 2.5 times the monthly compensation base for months in such base year as computed under section 351(i) of this title, and, if such employee has had no compensation prior to such year, that he will have had compensation with respect to each of not less than five months in such year. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 3, 52 Stat. 1097; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, Sec. 10, 53 Stat. 845; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Sec. 13, 54 Stat. 1097; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Sec. 308, 60 Stat. 737; May 15, 1952, ch. 290, Sec. 2, 66 Stat. 73; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. III, Sec. 303, 68 Stat. 1041; Pub. L. 86-28, pt. III, Sec. 304, May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 31; Pub. L. 88-133, title III, Sec. 301(a), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 222; Pub. L. 90-257, title II, Sec. 203, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 24; Pub. L. 94-92, title I, Sec. 1(f), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 463; Pub. L. 98-76, title IV, Sec. 411(a)(2), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 436; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Sec. 7202(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3776.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1988 - Pub. L. 100-647 inserted "with respect to the base year" after "his compensation" and substituted "2.5 times the monthly compensation base for months in such base year as computed under section 351(i) of this title" for "$1,500 with respect to the base year". 1983 - Pub. L. 98-76 substituted "$1,500" for "$1,000". 1975 - Pub. L. 94-92 substituted "five" for "seven" months. 1968 - Pub. L. 90-257 substituted "$1,000" for "$750". 1963 - Pub. L. 88-133 increased from $500 to $750 the amount of compensation in a base year required to qualify for benefits and provided that if employee has had no compensation prior to such year he will have had compensation with respect to each of not less than 7 months in such year. 1959 - Pub. L. 86-28 substituted "$500" for "$400". 1954 - Act Aug. 31, 1954, substituted "$400" for "$300". 1952 - Act May 15, 1952, substituted "$300" for "$150" to conform to the new table of daily benefit rates as set out in section 352 of this title. 1946 - Act July 31, 1946, changed section to relate to compensation paid instead of compensation earned during a year. 1940 - Act Oct. 10, 1940, reorganized structure by striking out designations for subsecs. "(a)" and "(b)" and, as so restructured, provisions of former subsec. (a) became entire section and defined "qualified employee" and provisions of former subsec. (b), which related to the employee's waiting period, were omitted. 1939 - Subsec. (b). Act June 20, 1939, substituted provisions relating to half-months as the waiting period, for provisions relating to fifteen consecutive days of unemployment or two half months. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Section 7202(b) of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98-76 applicable to compensation paid for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 411(b) of Pub. L. 98-76, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 94-92 effective for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1973, see section 2 of Pub. L. 94-92, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1968 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 90-257 effective with respect to base years beginning in calendar years after December 31, 1966, except that with respect to the base year in calendar year 1967 such amendments not to be applicable to an employee whose compensation with respect to that base year was not less than $750 but was less than $1,000, see section 208 of Pub. L. 90-257, set out as a note under section 352 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1963 AMENDMENT Section 301(b) of Pub. L. 88-133 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be fully effective with respect to base years after 1963. With respect to the base year 1963, they shall be applicable only to an employee concerning whom the Railroad Retirement Board finds that his compensation in that portion of the calendar year 1963 preceding the first day of the calendar month next following the month of enactment of this Act [October 1963] will have been less than $500." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 86-28 effective with respect to base years after the base year ending Dec. 31, 1957, see section 309 of Pub. L. 86-28, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 31, 1954, effective July 1, 1954, see section 401 of act Aug. 31, 1954, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1952 AMENDMENT Amendment by act May 15, 1952, effective with respect to benefit years beginning on and after July 1, 1952, see section 3 of act May 15, 1952, set out as a note under section 352 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1946 AMENDMENT Amendment by act July 31, 1946, effective July 1, 1947, see section 403 of act July 31, 1946, set out as a note under section 352 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1940 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 352, 362 of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 354 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 354. Disqualifying conditions -STATUTE- (a-1) Day of unemployment or day of sickness There shall not be considered as a day of unemployment, or as a day of sickness, with respect to any employee - (i) any of the seventy-five days beginning with the first day of any registration period with respect to which the Board finds that he knowingly made or aided in making or caused to be made any false or fraudulent statement or claim for the purpose of causing benefits to be paid; (ii) any day in any period with respect to which the Board finds that he is receiving or will have received annuity payments under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.], or insurance benefits under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.], or unemployment, maternity, or sickness benefits under an unemployment, maternity, or sickness compensation law other than this chapter, or any other social-insurance payments under any law: Provided, That if an employee receives or is held entitled to receive any such payments, other than unemployment, maternity, or sickness payments, with respect to any period which include days of unemployment or sickness in a registration period, after benefits under this chapter for such registration period will have been paid, the amount by which such benefits under this chapter will have been increased by including such days as days of unemployment or as days of sickness shall be recoverable by the Board: Provided further, That, if that part of any such payment or payments, other than unemployment, maternity, or sickness payments, which is apportionable to such days of unemployment or days of sickness is less in amount than the benefits under this chapter which, but for this paragraph, would be payable and not recoverable with respect to such days of unemployment or days of sickness, the preceding provisions of this paragraph shall not apply but such benefits under this chapter for such days of unemployment or days of sickness shall be diminished or recoverable in the amount of such part of such other payment or payments; (iii) if he is paid a separation allowance, any of the days in the period beginning with the day following his separation from service and continuing for that number of consecutive fourteen-day periods which is equal, or most nearly equal, to the amount of the separation allowance divided (i) by ten times his last daily rate of compensation prior to his separation if he normally works five days a week, (ii) by twelve times such rate if he normally works six days a week, and (iii) by fourteen times such rate if he normally works seven days a week; (!1) (a-2) Day of unemployment (i)(A) subject to the provisions of subdivision (B) hereof, any of the days in the period beginning with the day with respect to which the Board finds that he left work voluntarily, and continuing until he has been paid compensation of not less than $1,500 with respect to time after the beginning of such period and before 1989 or, if any part of such compensation is paid in a calendar year after 1988, not less than an amount that is equal to 2.5 times the monthly compensation base for months in such calendar year, as computed under section 351(i) of this title; (B) if the Board finds that he left work voluntarily with good cause, the provisions of subdivision (A) shall not apply, with respect to him, to any day in a registration period if such period does not include any day which is in a period for which he could receive benefits under an unemployment compensation law other than this chapter, and he so certifies. Such certification shall, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, be accepted subject to the penalty provisions of section 359(a) of this title; (ii) any of the thirty days beginning with the day with respect to which the Board finds that he failed, without good cause, to accept suitable work available on such day and offered to him, or to comply with instructions from the Board requiring him to apply for suitable work or to report, in person or by mail as the Board may require, to an employment office; (iii) subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, any day with respect to which the Board finds that his unemployment was due to a stoppage of work because of a strike in the establishment, premises, or enterprise at which he was last employed, and the Board finds that such strike was commenced in violation of the provisions of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.] or in violation of the established rules and practices of a bona fide labor organization of which he was a member. (b) Participation, interest, or financial assistance in labor dispute The disqualification provided in subsection (a-2)(iii) of this section shall not apply if the Board finds that - (i) the employee is not participating in or financing or directly interested in the strike which causes the stoppage of work: Provided, That payment of regular union dues shall not be construed to constitute financing a strike or direct interest in a strike within the meaning of this and the following paragraphs; and (ii) he does not belong to a grade or class of workers of which, immediately before the commencement of the stoppage, there were members employed in the establishment, premises, or enterprise at which the stoppage occurs, any of whom are participating in or financing or directly interested in the dispute: Provided, That if separate types of work are commonly conducted in separate departments of a single enterprise, each such department shall, for the purposes of this subsection, be deemed to be a separate establishment, enterprise, or other premises. (c) Unsuitable work No work shall be deemed suitable for the purposes of subsection (a-2)(ii) of this section, and benefits shall not be denied under this chapter to any otherwise qualified employee for refusing to accept work if - (i) the position offered is vacant due directly to a strike, lockout, or other labor dispute; (ii) the remuneration, hours, or other conditions of work offered are substantially less favorable to the employee than those prevailing for similar work in the locality, or the rate of remuneration is less than the union wage rate, if any, for similar work in the locality; (iii) as a condition of being employed he would be required to join a company union or to resign from or refrain from joining any bona fide labor organization; (iv) acceptance of the work would require him to engage in activities in violation of law or which, by reason of their being in violation of reasonable requirements of the constitution, bylaws, or similar regulations of a bona fide labor organization of which he is a member, would subject him to expulsion from such labor organization; or (v) acceptance of the work would subject him to loss of substantial seniority rights under any collective bargaining agreement between a railway labor organization, organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], and any other employer. (d) Factors in determination of suitable work In determining, within the limitations of subsection (c) of this section, whether or not any work is suitable for an employee for the purposes of subsection (a-2)(ii) of this section, the Board shall consider, in addition to such other factors as it deems relevant, (i) the current practices recognized by management and labor with respect to such work; (ii) the degree of risk involved to such employee's health, safety, and morals; (iii) his physical fitness and prior training; (iv) his experience and prior earnings; (v) his length of unemployment and prospects for securing work in his customary occupation; and (vi) the distance of the available work from his residence and from his most recent work. (e) Voluntarily leaving unsuitable work For the purposes of subsection (a-2)(i) of this section, no voluntary leaving of work shall be deemed to have been without good cause if the Board finds that such work would not have been suitable for the purposes of subsection (a-2)(ii) of this section. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 4, 52 Stat. 1098; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, Sec. 11, 53 Stat. 846; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Secs. 14-18, 54 Stat. 1097, 1098; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Secs. 309, 310, 60 Stat. 737, 738; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, Sec. 27, 65 Stat. 691; Pub. L. 85-927, pt. II, Sec. 202, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1782; Pub. L. 86-28, pt. III, Sec. 305, May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 31; Pub. L. 88-133, title III, Sec. 302(a), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 222; Pub. L. 90-257, title II, Sec. 204, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 24; Pub. L. 93-445, title IV, Sec. 402, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1359; Pub. L. 98-76, title IV, Sec. 411(a)(3), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 436; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Sec. 7101(d), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3758.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (a-1)(ii), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (Sec. 231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of this title. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of this title, section 231t of this title, and Tables. The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (a-1)(ii), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended. Title II of the Social Security Act is classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsecs. (a-2)(iii) and (c)(v), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (Sec. 151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of this title and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1988 - Subsec. (a-2)(i)(A). Pub. L. 100-647 inserted "and before 1989 or, if any part of such compensation is paid in a calendar year after 1988, not less than an amount that is equal to 2.5 times the monthly compensation base for months in such calendar year, as computed under section 351(i) of this title" after "such period". 1983 - Subsec. (a-2)(i)(A). Pub. L. 98-76 substituted "$1,500" for "$1,000". 1974 - Subsec. (a-1)(ii). Pub. L. 93-445 substituted "annuity payments under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974" for "annuity payments or pensions under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 or the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937". 1968 - Subsec. (a-1)(iii). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 204(a), added cl. (iii). Subsec. (a-2)(i)(A). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 204(b), substituted "$1,000" for "$750". 1963 - Subsec. (a-2)(i). Pub. L. 88-133 substituted cl. (i) providing in subd. (A) that an employee who voluntarily leaves his work shall not be considered as having days of unemployment for a period beginning with the day he so leaves and continuing until he has been paid compensation of not less than $750 with respect to time after the beginning of such period and subd. (B) that if the Board finds that the employee left work voluntarily with good cause, such disqualification shall not apply, except that in such case the employee would not be considered as having days of unemployment with respect to any day in a registration period if such period includes a day which is in a period for which he could receive benefits under an unemployment law other than this chapter and he so certifies, for former cl. (i) providing that an employee who leaves work voluntarily is not considered as having days of unemployment with respect to any of the first 30 days after he so leaves if the Board finds that he left work voluntarily without good cause. 1959 - Subsec. (a-2)(iv). Pub. L. 86-28 struck out cl. (iv) which prevented Sundays and holidays from being considered as days of unemployment unless they were preceded and succeeded by a day of unemployment. 1958 - Subsec. (a-1)(ii). Pub. L. 85-927 substituted "other than this chapter or any other social-insurance payments under any law" for "of any State of the United States other than this chapter, or any other social-insurance payments under a law of any State or of the United States". 1951 - Subsec. (a-1). Act Oct. 30, 1951, struck out cls. (iii) and (iv) which excepted from consideration as a day of unemployment or as a day of sickness, any days in any registration period in which the employee had certain specified earnings. 1946 - Subsec. (a-1). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 309(a), (b), designated provisions of former subsec. (a) which apply both to days of unemployment and to days of sickness as subsec. (a-1) and changed cl. (ii) to include sickness and maternity benefits. Subsec. (a-2). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 309(c), designated provisions of former subsec. (a) which apply only to days of unemployment as subsec. (a-2). Subsecs. (b) to (e). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 310, changed references to subsec. (a) of this section to refer to subsec. (a-2). 1940 - Subsec. (a)(ii). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 14, inserted provisions relating to employee's failure to comply with instructions of the Board. Subsec. (a)(iv). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 15, substituted "registration period" for "half-month". Subsec. (a)(v). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 16, struck out applicability to employee having a right to receive compensation or other wages in lieu of notice, and inserted provisions relating to recovery of certain other payments and inapplicability of paragraph under specified conditions. Subsec. (a)(vi). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 17, substituted provisions relating to earnings of employees during any day in any registration period, for provisions relating to earnings of employees during any day in any half-month. Subsec. (a)(vii), (viii). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 18, added cls. (vii) and (viii). 1939 - Subsec. (a). Act June 20, 1939, generally revised criteria for determining what shall not be considered as a day of unemployment with respect to any employee. Subsec. (b). Act June 20, 1939, substituted provisions setting forth criteria for determining nonapplicability of disqualification provided in subsec. (a)(iii) of this section, for provisions setting forth criteria for determining nonapplicability of disqualification provided in subsec. (a)(v) of this section. Subsecs. (c) to (e). Act June 20, 1939, substituted references to subsec. (a)(ii) of this section for references to subsec. (a)(iii) or (iv) of this section. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98-76 applicable to compensation paid for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 411(b) of Pub. L. 98-76, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 93-445 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 603 of Pub. L. 93-445, set out as a note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1968 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 204(a) of Pub. L. 90-257 effective with respect to calendar days in benefit years beginning after June 30, 1968, and amendment by section 204(b) of Pub. L. 90-257 effective with respect to voluntary leaving of work (within the meaning of subsec. (a-2)(i) this section) after February 15, 1968, see section 208 of Pub. L. 90-257, set out as a note under section 352 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1963 AMENDMENT Section 302(b) of Pub. L. 88-133 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be effective only with respect to an employee who leaves work voluntarily after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 1963]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 86-28 effective with respect to benefits accruing in general benefit years which begin after the benefit year ending June 30, 1958, and in extended benefit periods which begin after Dec. 31, 1957, see section 309 of Pub. L. 86-28, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1958 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 85-927 effective with respect to days in benefit years after the benefit year ending on June 30, 1958, see section 207(a) of Pub. L. 85-927, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1951 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Oct. 30, 1951, effective with respect to registration periods beginning on and after Jan. 1, 1952, see section 28 of act Oct. 30, 1951, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1946 AMENDMENT Amendment by act July 31, 1946, effective July 1, 1947, see section 403 of act July 31, 1946, set out as a note under section 352 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1940 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 351, 362 of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. The semicolon probably should be a period. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 355 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 355. Claims for benefits -STATUTE- (a) Publication of Board's regulations Claims for benefits and appeals from determinations with respect thereto shall be made in accordance with such regulations as the Board shall prescribe. Each employer shall post and maintain, in places readily accessible to employees in his service, such printed statements concerning such regulations as the Board supplies to him for such purpose, and shall keep available to his employees copies of such printed statements. Such printed statements shall be supplied by the Board to each employer without cost to him. (b) Findings, hearings, investigations, etc., by Board The Board is authorized and directed to make findings of fact with respect to any claim for benefits and to make decisions as to the right of any claimant to benefits. The Board is further authorized to hold such hearings, to conduct such investigations and other proceedings, and to establish, by regulations or otherwise, such procedures as it may deem necessary or proper for the determination of a right to benefits. When a claim for benefits is filed with the Board, the Board shall provide notice of such claim to the claimant's base-year employer or employers and afford such employer or employers an opportunity to submit information relevant to the claim before making an initial determination on the claim. When the Board initially determines to pay benefits to a claimant under this chapter, the Board shall provide notice of such determination to the claimant's base-year employer or employers. (c) Hearing and review of decisions on claims (1) Each qualified employee whose claim for benefits has been denied in whole or in part upon an initial determination with respect thereto upon a basis other than one which is reviewable pursuant to one of the succeeding paragraphs of this subsection, shall be granted an opportunity for a fair hearing thereon before a referee or such other reviewing body as the Board may establish or assign thereto. In any such case the Board or the person or reviewing body so established or assigned shall, by publication or otherwise, notify all parties properly interested of their right to participate in the hearing and of the time and place of the hearing. (2) Any claimant whose claim for benefits has been denied in an initial determination with respect thereto upon the basis of his not being a qualified employee, and any claimant who contends that under an initial determination of his claim he has been awarded benefits at less than the proper rate, may appeal to the Board for the review of such determination. Thereupon the Board shall review the determination and for such review may designate one of its officers or employees to receive evidence and to report to the Board thereon together with recommendations. In any such case the Board or the person so designated shall, by publication or otherwise, notify all parties properly interested of their right to participate in the proceeding and, if a hearing is to be held, of the time and place of the hearing. At the request of any party properly interested the Board shall provide for a hearing, and may provide for a hearing on its own motion. The Board shall prescribe regulations governing the appeals provided for in this paragraph and for decisions upon such appeal. (3) Any base-year employer of a claimant whose claim for benefits has been granted in whole or in part, either in an initial determination with respect thereto or in a determination after a hearing pursuant to paragraph (1), and who contends that the determination is erroneous for a reason or reasons other than a reason that is reviewable under paragraph (4), may appeal to the Board for review of such determination. Despite such an appeal, the benefits awarded shall be paid to such claimant, subject to recovery by the Board if and to the extent found on the appeal to have been erroneously awarded. The Board shall take such action as is appropriate to recover the amount of such benefits including if feasible adjustment in subsequent payments pursuant to the first two paragraphs of section 352(d) of this title. Upon an appeal, the Board shall review the determination appealed from and for such review may designate one of its officers or employees to receive evidence and report to the Board thereof together with recommendations. In any such case the Board or the person so designated shall, by publication or otherwise, notify all parties properly interested of their right to participate in the proceeding and, if a hearing is to be held, of the time and place of the hearing. At the request of any party properly interested the Board shall provide for a hearing, and may provide for a hearing on its own motion. The Board shall prescribe regulations governing the appeals provided for in this paragraph and for decisions upon such appeal. (4) In any case in which benefits are awarded to a claimant in whole or in part upon the basis of pay earned in the service of a person or company found by the Board to be an employer as defined in this chapter but which denies that it is such an employer, such benefits awarded on such basis shall be paid to such claimant subject to a right of recovery of such benefits. The Board shall thereupon designate one of its officers or employees to receive evidence and to report to the Board on whether such benefits should be repaid. The Board may also designate one of its officers or employees to receive evidence and report to the Board whether or not any person or company is entitled to a refund of contributions or should be required to pay contributions under this chapter, regardless of whether or not any claims for benefits will have been filed upon the basis of service in the employ of such person or company, and shall follow such procedure if contributions are assessed and payment is refused or payment is made and a refund claimed upon the basis that such person or company is or will not have been liable for such contributions. In any such case the Board or the person so designated shall, by publication or otherwise, notify all parties properly interested of their right to participate in the proceeding and, if a hearing is to be held, of the time and place of the hearing. At the request of any party properly interested the Board shall provide for a hearing, and may provide for a hearing on its own motion. The Board shall prescribe regulations governing the proceedings provided for in this paragraph and for decisions upon such proceedings. (5) Final decision of the Board in the cases provided for in the preceding three paragraphs shall be communicated to the claimant and to the other interested parties within fifteen days after it is made. Any properly interested party notified, as hereinabove provided, of his right to participate in the proceedings may obtain a review of any such decision by which he claims to be aggrieved or the determination of any issue therein in the manner provided in subsection (f) of this section with respect to the review of the Board's decisions upon claims for benefits and subject to all provisions of law applicable to the review of such decisions. Subject only to such review, the decision of the Board upon all issues determined in such decision shall be final and conclusive for all purposes and shall conclusively establish all rights and obligations, arising under this chapter, of every party notified as hereinabove provided of his right to participate in the proceedings. (6) For purposes of this subsection and subsections (d) and (f) of this section, any base-year employer of the claimant is a properly interested party. (7) Any issue determinable pursuant to this subsection and subsection (f) of this section shall not be determined in any manner other than pursuant to this subsection and subsection (f) of this section. (d) Decisions of reviewing bodies; review and finality The Board shall prescribe regulations governing the filing of cases with and the decision of cases by reviewing bodies, and the review of such decisions. The Board may provide for intermediate reviews of such decisions by such bodies as the Board may establish or assign thereto. The Board may (i) on its own motion review a decision of an intermediate reviewing body on the basis of the evidence previously submitted in such case, and may direct the taking of additional evidence, or (ii) permit such parties as it finds properly interested in the proceedings to take appeals to the Board. Unless a review or an appeal is had pursuant to this subsection, the decision of an intermediate reviewing body shall, subject to such regulations as the Board may prescribe, be deemed to be the final decision of the Board. (e) Application of rules of evidence in law and equity; notice of findings In any proceeding other than a court proceeding, the rules of evidence prevailing in courts of law or equity shall not be controlling, but a full and complete record shall be kept of all proceedings and testimony, and the Board's final determination, together with its findings of fact and conclusions of law in connection therewith, shall be communicated to the parties within fifteen days after the date of such final determination. (f) Review of final decision of Board by Courts of Appeals; costs Any claimant, or any railway labor organization organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], of which claimant is a member, or any base-year employer of the claimant, or any other party aggrieved by a final decision under subsection (c) of this section, may, only after all administrative remedies within the Board will have been availed of and exhausted, obtain a review of any final decision of the Board by filing a petition for review within ninety days after the mailing of notice of such decision to the claimant or other party, or within such further time as the Board may allow, in the United States court of appeals for the circuit in which the claimant or other party resides or will have had his principal place of business or principal executive office, or in the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit or in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. A copy of such petition, together with initial process, shall forth-with be served upon the Board or any officer designated by it for such purpose. A copy of such petition also shall forthwith be served upon any other properly interested party, and such party shall be a party to the review proceeding. Service may be made upon the Board by registered mail addressed to the Chairman. Within thirty days after receipt of service, or within such additional time as the court may allow, the Board shall file with the court in which such petition has been filed the record upon which the findings and decision complained of are based, as provided in section 2112 of title 28. Upon the filing of such petition the court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of the proceeding and of the question determined therein. It shall have power to enter a decree affirming, modifying, or reversing the decision of the Board, with or without remanding the cause for rehearing. The findings of the Board as to the facts, if supported by evidence and in the absence of fraud, shall be conclusive. No additional evidence shall be received by the court but the court may order additional evidence to be taken before the Board, and the Board may, after hearing such additional evidence, modify its findings of fact and conclusions and file such additional or modified findings and conclusions with the court, and the Board shall file with the court the additional record. The judgment and decree of the court shall be final, subject to review as in equity cases. An applicant for review of a final decision of the Board concerning a claim for benefits shall not be liable for costs, including costs of service, or costs of printing records, except that costs may be assessed by the court against such applicant if the court determines that the proceedings for such review have been instituted or continued without reasonable ground. (g) Finality of Board decisions Findings of fact and conclusions of law of the Board in the determination of any claim for benefits or refund, the determination of any other matter pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, and the determination of the Board that the unexpended funds in the account are available for the payment of any claim for benefits or refund under this chapter, shall be, except as provided in subsection (f) of this section, binding and conclusive for all purposes and upon all persons, including the Comptroller General and any other administrative or accounting officer, employee, or agent of the United States, and shall not be subject to review in any manner other than that set forth in subsection (f) of this section. (h) Benefits payable prior to final decision of Board Except as may be otherwise prescribed by regulations of the Board, benefits payable with respect to any period prior to the date of a final decision of the Board with respect to a claim therefor, shall be paid only after such final decision. (i) Fees for presenting claims; penalties No claimant or other properly interested person claiming benefits shall be charged fees of any kind by the Board, its employees or representatives, with respect to such claim. Any such claimant or other properly interested person may be represented by counsel or other duly authorized agent, in any proceeding before the Board or its representatives or a court, but no such counsel or agent for a claimant shall either charge or receive for such services more than an amount approved by the Board or by the court before whom the proceedings of the Board are reviewed. Any person who violates any provision of this subsection shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 5, 52 Stat. 1099; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Secs. 19, 20, 54 Stat. 1098; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Secs. 311-316, 60 Stat. 738; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Secs. 1, 32(a), 62 Stat. 870, 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107; Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 23, Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 948; Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1128(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 98-620, title IV, Sec. 402(47), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3360; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Sec. 7104(a)-(c), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3771.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsec. (f), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (Sec. 151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of this title and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION In subsec. (f), "Courts of Appeals", "United States court of appeals for the circuit", "United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit" substituted for "Circuit Courts of Appeals", "United States circuit court of appeals for the circuit", and "United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit", respectively, on authority of act June 25, 1948, Sec. 32(a), as amended by act May 24, 1949, Sec. 127. "United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia" substituted for "Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia" pursuant to act June 7, 1934, ch. 426, 48 Stat. 926. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1988 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7104(a), inserted at end "When a claim for benefits is filed with the Board, the Board shall provide notice of such claim to the claimant's base-year employer or employers and afford such employer or employers an opportunity to submit information relevant to the claim before making an initial determination on the claim. When the Board initially determines to pay benefits to a claimant under this chapter, the Board shall provide notice of such determination to the claimant's base-year employer or employers." Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7401(b)(1), (2), inserted "(1)" after "(c)" and inserted at end "In any such case the Board or the person or reviewing body so established or assigned shall, by publication or otherwise, notify all parties properly interested of their right to participate in the hearing and of the time and place of the hearing." Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7104(b)(3), inserted "(2)" before "Any claimant whose claim". Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7104(b)(4), added par. (3). Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7104(b)(5), inserted "(4)" before "In any case in which". Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7104(b)(6), (7), inserted "(5)" before "Final decision of the Board" and substituted "preceding three paragraphs" for "preceding two paragraphs". Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7104(b)(8), added par. (6). Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7104(b)(9), inserted "(7)" before "Any issue determinable". Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7104(c), inserted "or any base-year employer of the claimant," after "member," and inserted after second sentence "A copy of such petition also shall forthwith be served upon any other properly interested party, and such party shall be a party to the review proceeding." 1984 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98-620 struck out provision requiring court to give precedence in adjudication of petition over all other civil cases not otherwise entitled by law to precedence. 1981 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97-35 substituted "Within thirty days" for "Within fifteen days". 1958 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 85-791, in fourth sentence, struck out "certify and" after "shall" and "a transcript of" after "filed", and inserted "as provided in section 2112 of title 28"; in fifth sentence, substituted "the filing of such petition" for "such filing"; in sixth sentence, struck out "upon the pleadings and transcript of the record," after "enter"; and in eighth sentence struck out "a transcript of" before "the additional record". 1946 - Subsec. (c). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 311, struck out provisions for district boards, placing their functions in referees or such other reviewing bodies as Board may establish; changed third par. to allow Board to determine if a person or company is covered by this chapter regardless of whether or not benefit claims are pending; and added last par. Subsec. (d). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 312, changed references to district boards to refer to reviewing bodies. Subsec. (e). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 313, struck out provisions restricting subsection to proceedings on a claim for benefits. Subsec. (f). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 314, changed first sentence to provide for review by circuit courts of appeals instead of district courts. Subsec. (g). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 315, inserted reference to determination of any other matter pursuant to subsec. (c) of this section. Subsec. (i). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 316, extended provisions to other properly interested persons besides a claimant. 1940 - Subsec. (c). Act Oct. 10, 1940, substituted provisions relating to a fair hearing for each qualified employee for provisions relating to a fair hearing for each claimant, and added paragraphs relating to review for claimants denied benefits on basis of not being a qualified employee or awarded benefits at an improper rate, payment of benefits to employees of noncomplying employers, and final decisions of Board. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Section 7104(f) of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 362 of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 1990." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98-620 not applicable to cases pending on Nov. 8, 1984, see section 403 of Pub. L. 98-620, set out as a note under section 1657 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, and applicable only with respect to annuities awarded on or after that date, see section 1129 of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1946 AMENDMENT Amendment by act July 31, 1946, effective July 31, 1946, see section 401 of act July 31, 1946. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1940 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 362 of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 355a 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 355a. Acceptance of claims for benefits -STATUTE- Whenever there is duly tendered to the Board, by any person, any claim for unemployment compensation pursuant to the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.], such claim shall be accepted by the Board without delay and appropriate administrative action for the allowance or disallowance of such claim shall be taken by the Board at the earliest practicable time. -SOURCE- (June 29, 1956, ch. 477, title V, Sec. 501, 70 Stat. 437.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in text, is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, as amended, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of this title and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of act June 29, 1956, popularly known as the Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare, Appropriation Act, 1957, and not as a part of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act which comprises this chapter. -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act: Aug. 1, 1955, ch. 437, title V, Sec. 501, 69 Stat. 411. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 356 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 356. Returns of compensation; conclusiveness; failure to make -STATUTE- Employers shall file with the Board, in such manner and at such times as the Board by regulations may prescribe, returns of compensation of employees, and, if the Board shall so require, shall distribute to employees annual statements of compensation: Provided, That no returns shall be required of employers which would duplicate information contained in similar returns required under any other Act of Congress administered by the Board. The Board's record of the compensation so returned shall, for the purpose of determining eligibility for and the amount of benefits, be conclusive as to the amount of compensation paid to an employee during the period covered by the return, and the fact that the Board's records show that no return was made of the compensation claimed to have been paid to an employee during a particular period shall, for the purposes of determining eligibility for and the amount of benefits, be taken as conclusive that no compensation was paid to such employee during that period, unless the error in the amount of compensation in the one case, or failure to make or record return of the compensation in the other case, is called to the attention of the Board within eighteen months after the date on which the last return covering any portion of the calendar year which includes such period is required to have been made. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 6, 52 Stat. 1101; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, Sec. 12, 53 Stat. 847; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Sec. 21, 54 Stat. 1099; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Sec. 317, 60 Stat. 739; Pub. L. 89-700, title II, Sec. 203, Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1966 - Pub. L. 89-700 struck out provisions which required returns of compensation of employees to be under oath. 1946 - Act July 31, 1946, changed references to compensation earned by an employee to refer to compensation paid to an employee. 1940 - Act Oct. 10, 1940, inserted provisions relating to conclusiveness of returns for purpose of determining eligibility for and amount of benefits, and struck out requirements that returns relate to monthly compensation and that distributed statements of compensation be prepared by Board. 1939 - Act June 20, 1939, struck out requirement that return shall be in form required by Board, inserted proviso relating to return containing duplicative information, and substituted provisions relating to conclusiveness of returns not questioned within eighteen months after last return is filed, for provisions relating to conclusiveness of returns not questioned within four years after last date on which return was required to be made. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1946 AMENDMENT Amendment by act July 31, 1946, effective July 31, 1946, see section 401 of act July 31, 1946. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1940 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 351 of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 357 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 357. Free transportation -STATUTE- It shall not be unlawful for carriers to furnish free transportation to employees qualified for benefits or serving waiting periods under this chapter. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 7, 52 Stat. 1102.) -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 358 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 358. Contributions -STATUTE- (a) Employer contribution (1) In general (A) General rule (i) Contribution rate generally Every employer shall pay a contribution, with respect to having employees in his service, equal to the percentage determined under subparagraph (B), (C), or (D), whichever is applicable, of so much of the compensation paid in any calendar month by such employer to any employee as is not in excess of the monthly compensation base for that month as computed under section 351(i) of this title. (ii) Multiple employer limitation If compensation is paid to an employee by more than one employer in any calendar month - (I) the contributions required by this subsection shall not apply to any amount of the aggregate compensation paid to such employee by all such employers in such calendar month which is in excess of such monthly compensation base; and (II) each employer (other than a subordinate unit of a national-railway-labor-organization employer) shall be liable for that portion of the contribution with respect to such compensation paid by all such employers which the compensation paid by him to such employee bears to the total compensation paid in such month by all such employers to such employee. In the event that the compensation paid by such employers to the employee in such month is less than such monthly compensation base, each subordinate unit of a national-railway-labor-organization employer shall be liable for such portion of any additional contribution as the compensation paid by such employer to such employee in such month bears to the total compensation paid by all such employers to such employee in such month. (B) Transitional rule (i) 1st, 2d, and 3d calendar years Except as provided in clause (vi), with respect to compensation paid in calendar years 1988, 1989, and 1990, the contribution rate shall be 8 percent. (ii) 4th calendar year With respect to compensation paid in calendar year 1991, the contribution rate shall be the smaller of - (I) the maximum contribution limit computed under paragraph (20); or (II) the percentage computed pursuant to the following formula: 2A+B R= G7 - - - - 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------- (iii) 5th calendar year With respect to compensation paid in calendar year 1992, the contribution rate shall be the smaller of - (I) the maximum contribution limit computed under paragraph (20); or (II) the percentage computed pursuant to the following formula: A+2C R= G7 - - - - 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------- (iv) Meaning of symbols For purposes of the formulas in clauses (ii) and (iii) - (I) "R" is the applicable contribution rate expressed as a percentage for months in the calendar year; (II) "A" is the contribution rate determined under clause (i); (III) "B" is the percentage rate for the employer, as determined under subparagraph (C), for calendar year 1991; and (IV) "C" is the percentage rate for the employer, as determined under subparagraph (C), for calendar year 1992. (v) Special rule for certain computations For purposes of computing B and C in such formulas - (I) the percentage rate computed under subparagraph (C), if more than the maximum contribution limit computed under paragraph (20) shall not be reduced to that limit; and (II) any computations which under subparagraph (C) are to be made on the basis of a 4-quarter or a 12-quarter period ending on a given June 30 shall be made on the basis of a period beginning on January 1, 1990, and ending on that June 30, and the amount so computed shall be increased to an amount that bears the same ratio to the amount so computed as 4 or 12, as appropriate, bears to the number of calendar quarters in the period on which the computation was based. (vi) Special transition rule for public commuter railroads With respect to each of calendar years 1989 and 1990, the contribution of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation and an employer which on November 10, 1988, is a publicly funded and publicly operated carrier providing rail commuter service shall be equal to the amount of benefits attributable to such carrier, plus an amount equal to 0.65 percent of the total compensation paid by that employer in that year on which that employer's contribution would be based under clause (i) if such employer's contribution were determined under that clause. (C) Experience-rated contributions With respect to compensation paid in a calendar year that begins after December 31, 1992, the contribution rate for each employer shall be determined as follows: (i) Step 1 Compute the employer's benefit ratio as of the preceding June 30 to 4 decimal points in accordance with paragraph (2). (ii) Step 2 Subtract the employer's reserve ratio as of the preceding June 30 as computed to 4 decimal points in accordance with paragraph (4). (iii) Step 3 Subtract the pooled credit ratio for the calendar year, if any, as computed to 4 decimal points in accordance with paragraph (12). (iv) Step 4 Multiply by 100 the total arrived at under the steps set forth in clauses (i) through (iii) so as to obtain a percentage rate, which shall be rounded to the nearest 100th of 1 percent. If the total arrived at under such steps is 0 or less than 0, the percentage rate as so computed shall be 0. (v) Step 5 Add 0.65 to the percentage rate arrived at under clause (iv), representing the portion of the employer's contribution which is to be deposited to the credit of the fund under subsection (i) of this section. (vi) Step 6 Add the surcharge rate for the calendar year, if any, as computed under paragraph (14). (vii) Step 7 Add the pooled charge ratio for the calendar year, if any, as computed to 4 decimal points under paragraph (13) and multiplied by 100. (viii) Step 8 Reduce the precentage (!1) rate computed in accordance with the preceding steps to the maximum contribution limit computed under paragraph (20), if such rate is higher than such limit. The rate computed in accordance with the preceding steps, after any reduction under this clause, is the contribution rate. (D) New-employer contribution rates Notwithstanding subparagraphs (B) and (C), the contribution rate applicable to a new employer who does not become subject to this chapter until after December 31, 1989, shall be determined as follows: (i) 1st calendar year With respect to compensation paid in calendar months before the end of the first full calendar year in which the employer is subject to this chapter, the contribution rate shall be the average contribution rate paid by all employers during the 3 calendar years preceding the calendar year before the calendar year in which the compensation is paid. The average contribution rate shall be determined - (I) by dividing the aggregate contributions paid by all employers under this subsection in those 3 calendar years by the aggregate compensation with respect to which such contributions were paid; and (II) by multiplying the resulting ratio as computed to 4 decimal points by 100. (ii) 2d calendar year With respect to compensation paid in calendar months in the next calendar year, the contribution rate shall be the smaller of - (I) the maximum contribution limit computed under paragraph (20); or (II) the percentage rate computed pursuant to the following formula: 2(A2)+B R= G7A G7 - - - G7B - - 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------- (iii) 3d calendar year With respect to compensation paid in calendar months in the third full calendar year in which the employer is subject to the coverage of this chapter, the contribution rate shall be the smaller of - (I) the maximum contribution limit computed under paragraph (20); or (II) the percentage rate computed pursuant to the following formula: A3+2C R= G7 - - - - 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------- (iv) Subsequent calendar years With respect to all calendar months in calendar years subsequent to that calendar year, the contribution rate shall be determined under subparagraph (C). (v) Meaning of symbols For purposes of the formulas in clauses (ii) and (iii) - (I) "R" is the applicable contribution rate expressed as a percentage for months in the calendar year; (II) "A1" is the contribution rate determined under clause (i) for such employer's first full calendar year; (III) "A2" is the contribution rate which would have been determined under clause (i) if the employer's second calendar year had been its first full calendar year; (IV) "A3" is the contribution rate which would have been determined under clause (i) if the employer's third calendar year had been such employer's first full calendar year; (V) "B" is the contribution rate for the employer as determined under subparagraph (C) for the employer's second full calendar year; and (VI) "C" is the contribution rate for the employer as determined under subparagraph (C) for the employer's third full calendar year. (vi) Special rule for certain computations For purposes of computing B and C in such formulas - (I) the percentage rate computed under subparagraph (C), shall not be reduced under clause (viii) of that subparagraph; and (II) any computations which under subparagraph (C) are to be made on the basis of a 4-quarter or 12-quarter period ending on a given June 30 shall be made on the basis of a period commencing with the first day of the first calendar quarter that begins after the date on which the employer first commenced paying compensation subject to this chapter and ending on that June 30, and the amount so computed shall be increased to an amount that bears the same ratio to the amount so computed as 4 or 12, as appropriate, bears to the number of calendar quarters in the period on which the computation was based. (2) Benefit ratio An employer's benefit ratio as of any given June 30 shall be determined by dividing all benefits charged to the employer under paragraph (15) during the 12 calendar quarters ending on such June 30 by the employer's 3-year compensation base as of such June 30 as computed under paragraph (3). (3) 3-year compensation base An employer's 3-year compensation base as of any given June 30 is the aggregate compensation with respect to which contributions were paid by the employer under this subsection in the 12 calendar quarters ending on such June 30. (4) Reserve ratio An employer's reserve ratio as of any given June 30 shall be computed by dividing the employer's reserve balance as of such June 30, as computed under paragraph (6), by that employer's 1-year compensation base as of such June 30, as computed under paragraph (5). The employer's reserve ratio may be either a positive or a negative figure, depending upon whether the employer's reserve balance is a positive or negative figure. (5) 1-year compensation base An employer's 1-year compensation base as of any given June 30 is the aggregate compensation with respect to which contributions were paid by the employer under this subsection in the 4 calendar quarters ending on such June 30. (6) Reserve balance An employer's reserve balance as of any given June 30 shall be determined by subtracting the employer's cumulative benefit balance as of such June 30, computed under paragraph (7), from the employer's net cumulative contribution balance as of such June 30, computed under paragraph (8). An employer's reserve balance may be either positive or negative, depending upon whether or not that employer's net cumulative contribution balance exceeds the employer's cumulative benefit balance. (7) Cumulative benefit balance An employer's cumulative benefit balance as of any given June 30 shall be determined by adding - (A) the net amount of the benefits charged to the employer under paragraph (15) on or after January 1, 1990; and (B) the cumulative amount of the employer's unallocated charges for the same period, if any, as computed under paragraph (9). (8) Net cumulative contribution balance An employer's net cumulative contribution balance as of any given June 30 shall be determined as follows: (A) Step 1 Compute the sum of (i) all contributions paid by the employer pursuant to this subsection; (ii) that portion of the tax imposed under section 3321(a) of title 26 that is attributable to the surtax rate under section 516(b) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance and Retirement Improvement Act of 1988; (!2) and (iii) any taxes paid by the employer pursuant to section 3321(a) of title 26 (after the outstanding balance of loans made under section 360(d) of this title before October 1, 1985, plus interest, have been paid); on or after January 1, 1990. (B) Step 2 Subtract an amount equal to the amount of such contributions deposited to the credit of the fund under subsection (i) of this section. (C) Step 3 Add an amount equal to the aggregate amount by which such contributions were reduced in prior calendar years as a result of pooled credits, if any, under paragraph (1)(C)(iii). (9) Unallocated charge An employer's unallocated charge as of any given June 30 is the amount that as of such June 30 bears the same ratio to the system unallocated charge balance, computed under paragraph (10), as the employer's 1-year compensation base, computed under paragraph (5), bears to the system compensation base computed under paragraph (11). (10) System unallocated charge balance The system unallocated charge balance as of any given June 30 shall be determined as follows: (A) Step 1 Compute the aggregate amount of all interest paid by the account on loans from the Railroad Retirement Account after September 30, 1985, pursuant to section 360(d) of this title, during the 4 calendar quarters ending on that June 30. (B) Step 2 Add the aggregate amount of any additions to the system unallocated charge balance specified in paragraphs (15) and (16), during that period. (C) Step 3 Add the aggregate amount of any other expenditures by the account during that period not chargeable to any individual employer under paragraph (15) or to the fund under section 361 of this title. (D) Step 4 Subtract the aggregate amount of all income to the account, under section 360(a)(iv) of this title or section 360(a)(vii) of this title, during that period. (E) Step 5 Subtract the aggregate amount of all transfers to the account, pursuant to section 361(d) of this title, during that period. (F) Step 6 Subtract the aggregate amount of all other income and receipts of the account, during that period, which are not assigned to individual employer balances. (G) Step 7 Subtract the net cumulative contribution balance of each employer whose balance has been cancelled pursuant to paragraph (16), during that period, calculated as of the date of such cancellation. (11) System compensation base The system compensation base as of any given June 30 shall be determined by adding together the amounts of the 1-year compensation bases of all employers and employee representatives subject to this chapter, computed in accordance with paragraph (5), as of such June 30. (12) Pooled credit ratio The pooled credit ratio, if any, for a calendar year shall be determined as follows: (A) Step 1 Compute the balance to the credit of the account as of the close of business on the preceding June 30, including any amounts in the account attributable to loans made under section 360(d) of this title before October 1, 1985, but disregarding the obligation to repay such loans and interest thereon. In determining such balance as of June 30 of any year, so much of the balance to the credit of the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund as of the close of business on such date as is in excess of $6,000,000 shall be deemed to be part of the balance to the credit of such account. There will be a pooled credit ratio for the calendar year only if that balance is in excess of the greater of $250,000,000 or of the amount that bears the same ratio to $250,000,000 as the system compensation base as of that June 30 bears to the system compensation base as of June 30, 1991, as computed in accordance with paragraph (11). (B) Step 2 If there is such an excess amount, divide that excess amount by the system compensation base as of the June 30 preceding the calendar year. The result is the pooled credit ratio for the calendar year. (13) Pooled charge ratio The pooled charge ratio, if any, for a calendar year shall be determined as follows: (A) Step 1 With respect to each employer whose contribution rate for that calendar year as computed through step 6 under paragraph (1)(C) was greater than the maximum contribution limit computed under paragraph (20), multiply the employer's 1-year compensation base as of the preceding June 30, as computed in accordance with paragraph (5), by the difference between - (i) the percentage rate determined under subparagraph (B), (C), or (D) of paragraph (1) before the reduction to the maximum contribution limit; and (ii) the maximum contribution limit. (B) Step 2 Add the amounts arrived at under step 1 so as to obtain an aggregate amount for all such employers. (C) Step 3 For each employer whose contribution rate as computed through step 3 under paragraph (1)(C) was less than 0, the percentage rate by which such employer's rate was raised in order to bring that rate to 0 shall be multiplied by that employer's 1-year compensation base as of the preceding June 30. Subtract the total of the amounts computed under the preceding sentence for all employers from the amount arrived at in step 2. (D) Step 4 Divide the aggregate amount arrived at under step 3 by the system compensation base as of the preceding June 30 as computed under paragraph (11) minus the one-year compensation base of those employers whose rates computed through step 6 of paragraph (1)(C) exceeded the maximum contribution rate computed under paragraph (20). The result is the pooled charge ratio for the calendar year. (14) Surcharge rate The surcharge rate for a calendar year, if any, shall be determined as follows: (A) Step 1 Compute the balance to the credit of the account as of the close of business on the preceding June 30, including any amounts in the account attributable to loans made under section 360(d) of this title before October 1, 1985, but disregarding the obligation to repay such loans and interest thereon. In determining such balance as of June 30 of any year, so much of the balance to the credit of the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund as of the close of business on such date as is in excess of $6,000,000 shall be deemed to be part of the balance to the credit of such account. There will be a surcharge rate for the calendar year only if that balance is less than the greater of $100,000,000 or of the amount that bears the same ratio to $100,000,000 as the system compensation base as of that June 30 bears to the system compensation base as of June 30, 1991, as computed in accordance with paragraph (11). (B) Step 2 (i) If the balance to the credit of the account is less than the greater of the amounts referred to in the 2nd sentence of step 1 but is equal to or more than the greater of $50,000,000 or of the amount that bears the same ratio to $50,000,000 as the system compensation base as of that June 30 bears to the system compensation base as of June 30, 1991, then the surcharge rate for the calendar year shall be 1.5 percent. (ii) If the balance to the credit of the account is less than the greater of the amounts referred to in the clause (i), but greater than or equal to zero, then the surcharge rate for the calendar year shall be 2.5 percent. (iii) If the balance to the credit of the account is less than zero, the surcharge rate for the calendar year shall be 3.5 percent. (15) Chargeable benefits (A) In general Beginning January 1, 1990, all benefits paid to an employee for days of unemployment or days of sickness shall be charged to that employee's base year employer by adding amounts equal to the amounts of such benefits to the employer's cumulative benefit balance except that benefits paid by reason of strikes or work stoppages growing out of labor disputes shall not be added to the employer's cumulative benefit balance but instead shall be added to the system unallocated charge balance. (B) Adjustments A sum equal to each amount realized in recovery for overpayment, erroneous payment, or reimbursement of benefits and credited to the account pursuant to section 360(a)(v) or 360(a)(viii) of this title shall be subtracted from the cumulative benefit balances of the employers of the employees to whom such an amount was paid as a benefit in the proportion to the amount by which each such employer's cumulative benefit balance was increased as a result of the payment of the benefit. (C) Multiple employers (i) In general All benefits paid to an employee who had more than 1 base-year employer shall be charged to the cumulative benefit balances of the employee's base year employers - (I) in reverse chronological order of the employee's employment with each such employer in the base year if the employer at the time of the claim was the last base year employer, and the amount charged to each employer shall not exceed the compensation paid by that employer to the employee in the base year; and (II) in all other cases, in the same ratio as the compensation paid to such employee by the employer bears to the total of such compensation paid to such employees by all such employers in the base year. (ii) Special rule for employer with cancelled balances All benefits chargeable under this subparagraph to an employer for which the Board has cancelled balances under paragraph (16) shall be added to the system unallocated charge balance. (16) Defunct employer Whenever the Board determines, pursuant to such regulations as the Board may prescribe, that an employer has permanently ceased to pay compensation with respect to which contributions are payable pursuant to this subsection, the Board shall, effective on the date of the Board's determination, transfer the employer's net cumulative contribution balance as a subtraction from, and cumulative benefit balance as an addition to, the system unallocated charge balance and cancel all other accumulations of the employer. (17) Individual employer record (A) In general As of January 1, 1990, the Board shall commence maintaining an individual employer record with respect to each employer, and the records necessary to determine pooled charges, pooled credits and unallocated charge balances for the system. Whenever a new employer begins paying compensation with respect to which contributions are payable pursuant to this subsection, the Board shall establish and maintain an individual employer record for such employer. (B) Definition As used in this paragraph, the term "individual employer record" means a record of an individual employer's benefit ratio, reserve ratio, 1-year compensation base, 3-year compensation base, unallocated charge, reserve balance, net cumulative contribution balance, and cumulative benefit balance. (18) Joint employer records Pursuant to regulations prescribed by the Board, the Board may allow 2 or more employers, upon application, to establish and maintain, or to discontinue, a joint individual employer record for such employers as though such joint record constituted a single employer's individual employer record. (19) Mergers, consolidations, or other changes in employer identity (A) With other employers In the event of a merger, consolidation, unification, or reorganization in which an employer combines with another employer and the combination entails no partitioning of the property of the employer, the individual employer records of the 2 employers shall be combined into a joint individual employer record if the parties request such joint treatment pursuant to paragraph (18) or if the Board otherwise determines, pursuant to regulations prescribed by the Board, that such joint treatment is desirable. (B) With nonemployers In the event of a merger, consolidation, unification, or reorganization in which an employer combines with another entity that is not an employer, the employer's individual employer record shall attach to the combined entity. (C) Sale of assets In the event property of an employer is sold or transferred to another employer or other entity, or is partitioned among 2 or more employers or entities, the cumulative benefit balance, net cumulative contribution balance, 1-year compensation base, and 3-year compensation base of the employer shall be prorated among the employers which receive the property, including any entities which become employers by virtue of such transfer or partition, in such equitable manner as the Board by regulation shall prescribe. (D) Reincorporation The cumulative benefit balance, net cumulative contribution balance, 1-year compensation base, and 3-year compensation base of an employer that reincorporates or otherwise alters its corporate identity in a transaction not involving a merger, consolidation, or unification shall attach to the reincorporated or altered entity. (E) Abandonment If an employer abandons property or discontinues service but continues to operate as an employer, the employer's individual employer record shall continue to be calculated as provided in this subsection without retroactive adjustment. (20) Maximum contribution limit The maximum contribution limit with respect to a calendar year is 12 percent, unless a 3.5 percent surcharge under paragraph (14) is in effect with respect to that calendar year. If such a surcharge is in effect the maximum contribution limit with respect to that calendar year is 12.5 percent. (21) Special rules for certain computations under paragraph (1)(C) (A) Any computation that is to be made under paragraph (1)(C) on the basis of a 12-quarter period ending on a given June 30 shall be made on the basis of a period - (i) beginning on the later of - (I) January 1, 1990; (II) the first day of the first calendar quarter that begins after the date on which the employer first began to pay compensation subject to this chapter; or (III) July 1 of the third calendar year preceding that June 30; and (ii) ending on that June 30. (B) The amount computed under subparagraph (A) shall be increased to an amount that bears the same ratio to the amount so computed as 12 bears to the number of calendar quarters on which the computation is based. (b) Employee representative contribution Each employee representative shall pay a contribution with respect to so much of the compensation paid to him for services performed as an employee representative as is not in excess of the monthly compensation base computed in accordance with section 351(i) of this title, at a rate which shall be determined under subsection (a) of this section in the same manner and with the same effect as if the employee organization by which such employee representative is employed were an employer as defined in this chapter. (c) Board proclamation of balance (1) In general Not later than October 15, 1990, and October 15 of each year thereafter the Board shall proclaim - (A) the balance to the credit of the account as of the preceding June 30 for purposes of paragraphs (12) and (14) of subsection (a) of this section; (B) the balance of any advances to the account under section 360(d) of this title after September 30, 1985, that has not been repaid with interest as provided in such section as of September 30 of that year; (C) the system compensation base as of that June 30 as computed in accordance with paragraph (11) of that subsection; (D) the system unallocated charge balance as of that June 30, as computed in accordance with paragraph (10) of that subsection; and (E) the pooled credit ratio, the pooled charge ratio, and the surcharge rate, if any, as determined under paragraph (12), (13), or (14) of that subsection and applicable in the following calendar year. (2) Publication of notice As soon as is practicable after such proclamation, the Board shall publish notice in the Federal Register of the amounts so determined and proclaimed. (d) Notifications by Board (1) Not later than the last day of any calendar quarter that begins after March 31, 1990, the Board shall notify each employer and employee representative of its net cumulative contribution balance and cumulative benefit balance as of the end of the preceding calendar quarter, as computed in accordance with paragraphs (7) and (8) of subsection (a) of this section as of the last day of such preceding calendar quarter rather than as of a given June 30 if such last day is not a June 30. (2) Not later than October 15, 1990, and October 15 of each year thereafter, the Board shall notify each employer and employee representative of its benefit ratio, reserve ratio, 1-year compensation base, 3-year compensation base, unallocated charge, and reserve balance as of the preceding June 30 as computed in accordance with paragraphs (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), and (9) of subsection (a) of this section, and of the contribution rate applicable to the employer or employee representative in the following calendar year as computed under paragraphs (1)(B), (C), or (D) of that subsection. (e) Information to verify accuracy to be made available Notwithstanding any other provision of law, upon request by an employer or employee representative, the Board shall make available to such employer or employee representative any information available to the Board which may be necessary to verify the accuracy of a contribution rate determined by the Board to be applicable to such employer or employee representative, or of any component of that contribution rate including the accuracy of the employer's individual employer record, upon payment by such employer or employee representative to the Board of the cost incurred by the Board in making such information available. The amounts so paid to the Board shall be credited to and deposited in the fund. (f) Fractional parts of a cent In the payment of any contribution under this chapter, a fractional part of a cent shall be disregarded unless it amounts to one-half cent or more, in which case it shall be increased to one cent. (g) Adjustments for improper payments If more or less than the correct amount of the contribution required by this section is paid with respect to any compensation, then, under regulations prescribed under this chapter by the Board, proper adjustments with respect to the contribution shall be made, without interest, in connection with subsequent contribution payments made under this chapter by the same employer or employee representative. (h) Refunding overpayment; collecting underpayment If more or less than the correct amount of the contribution required by this section is paid with respect to any compensation and the overpayment or underpayment of the contribution cannot be adjusted under subsection (d) of this section, the amount of the overpayment shall be refunded from the account, or the amount of the underpayment shall be collected, in such manner and at such times (subject to the statute of limitations properly applicable thereto) as may be prescribed by regulations of the Board. (i) Collection and deposit of contributions The contributions required by this chapter shall be collected by the Board and shall be deposited by it with the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, such part thereof as equals 0.65 per centum of the total compensation on which such contributions are based to be deposited to the credit of the fund and the balance to be deposited to the credit of the account. (j) Time for payment; failure to pay promptly The contributions required by this chapter shall be collected and paid quarterly or at such other times and in such manner and under such conditions not inconsistent with this chapter as may be prescribed by regulations of the Board, and shall not be deducted, in whole or in part, from the compensation of employees in the employer's employ. If a contribution required by this chapter is not paid when due, there shall be added to the amount payable (except in the case of adjustments made in accordance with the provisions of this chapter) interest at the rate of 1 per centum per month or fraction of a month from the date the contribution became due until paid. Any interest collected pursuant to this subsection shall be credited to the account. (k) Application of other laws; authority of Board All provisions of law, including penalties, applicable with respect to any tax imposed by the provisions of the Railroad Retirement Tax Act [26 U.S.C. 3201 et seq.], insofar as applicable and not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter, shall be applicable with respect to the contributions required by this chapter: Provided, That all authority and functions conferred by or pursuant to such provisions upon any officer or employee of the United States, except the authority to institute and prosecute, and the function of instituting and prosecuting, criminal proceedings, shall, with respect to such contributions, be vested in and exercised by the Board or such officers and employees of the Board as it may designate therefor. The remedies available under the first sentence of this subsection for an employer or employee representative who contests the amount of contributions payable by him shall also apply with respect to a contention that the contribution rate determined by the Board under subsection (a) or (b) of this section to be applicable to such employer or employee representative is inaccurate or otherwise improper. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 8, 52 Stat. 1102; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Sec. 318, 60 Stat. 739; June 23, 1948, ch. 608, Secs. 4, 5(a), 6, 62 Stat. 577, 578; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. III, Secs. 305, 306, 68 Stat. 1042; Pub. L. 85-927, pt. II, Sec. 203, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1782; Pub. L. 86-28, pt. III, Secs. 306, 307, May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 88-133, title III, Secs. 303(a), 304, Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 222, 223; Pub. L. 89-700, title II, Sec. 204, title III, Sec. 301(i), (ii), Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087, 1088; Pub. L. 94-92, title I, Sec. 1(g), (h), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 463; Pub. L. 97-35, title XI, Sec. 1128(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 98-76, title V, Sec. 503(a), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 440; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Secs. 7102(a)-(d), 7103(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3759-3770; Pub. L. 101-322, Sec. 8(a), July 6, 1990, 104 Stat. 297.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 516(b) of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance and Retirement Improvement Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (a)(8)(A)(ii), probably means section 7106(b) of Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3773, which is set out as a note under section 3321 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. The Railroad Retirement Tax Act, referred to in subsec. (k), is act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, Secs. 3201, 3202, 3211, 3212, 3221, and 3231 to 3233, 68A Stat. 431, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 22 (Sec. 3201 et seq.) of Title 26. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 3233 of Title 26 and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1990 - Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 101-322 inserted "the National Railroad Passenger Corporation and" after "the contribution of". 1988 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7102(a), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which consisted of two undesignated pars. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7102(b), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: "Each employee representative shall pay a contribution with respect to so much of the compensation paid to him for services performed as an employee representative during any month as is not, for any such calendar month, in excess of $600, at the rate applicable to employers in accordance with subsection (a) of this section. The compensation of an employee representative and the contribution with respect thereto shall be determined in the same manner and with the same effect as if the employee organization by which such employee representative is employed were an employer as defined in this chapter." Subsecs. (c) to (g). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7102(d), added subsecs. (c) to (e) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) to (g) as (f) to (j), respectively. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7102(d)(1), redesignated former subsec. (e) as (h). Former subsec. (h) redesignated (k). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7102(c), inserted at end "The remedies available under the first sentence of this subsection for an employer or employee representative who contests the amount of contributions payable by him shall also apply with respect to a contention that the contribution rate determined by the Board under subsection (a) or (b) of this section to be applicable to such employer or employee representative is inaccurate or otherwise improper." Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7103(a), substituted "0.65" for "0.5". Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7102(d)(1), redesignated former subsec. (f) as (i). Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7102(d)(1), redesignated former subsecs. (g) and (h) as (j) and (k), respectively. 1983 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-79, Sec. 503(a)(1), amended provisions preceding table generally. Prior to amendment, such provisions read as follows: "Every employer shall pay a contribution, with respect to having employees in his service, equal to the percentage determined as set forth below of so much of the compensation as is not in excess of $300 for any calendar month paid by him to any employee for services rendered to him after June 30, 1939, and before July 1, 1954, and is not in excess of $350 for any calendar month paid by him to any employee for services rendered to him after June 30, 1954, and before June 1, 1959, and is not in excess of $400 for any calendar month paid by him to any employee for services rendered to him after May 31, 1959: Provided, however, That if compensation is paid to an employee by more than one employer with respect to any such calendar month, the contributions required by this subsection shall apply to not more than $300 for any month before July 1, 1954, and to not more than $350 for any month after June 30, 1954, and before June 1, 1959, and to not more than $400 for any month after May 31, 1959, of the aggregate compensation paid to said employee by all said employers with respect to such calendar month, and each employer other than a subordinate unit of a national railway-labor-organization employer shall be liable for that proportion of the contribution with respect to such compensation paid by all such employers which the compensation paid by him after December 31, 1946, to the employee for services during any calendar month after 1946 bears to the total compensation paid by all such employers after December 31, 1946, to such employee for services rendered during such month; and in the event that the compensation so paid by such employers to the employee for services rendered during such month is less than $300 if such month is before July 1, 1954, or less than $350 if such month is after June 30, 1954, and before June 1, 1959, or less than $400 if such month is after May 31, 1959, each subordinate unit of a national railway-labor-organization employer shall be liable for such proportion of any additional contribution as the compensation paid by such employer after December 31, 1946, to such employee for services rendered during such month bears to the total compensation paid by all such employers after December 31, 1946, to such employee for services rendered during such month: "1. With respect to compensation paid prior to January 1, 1948, the rate shall be 3 per centum; "2. With respect to compensation paid after the month in which this chapter was amended in 1959, the rate shall be as follows:". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98-76, Sec. 503(a)(2), struck out "after December 1975" after "during any month", and substituted "$600" for "$400". 1981 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97-35 substituted "equals 0.5 per centum" for "equals 0.25 per centum". 1975 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 1(g), substituted table reading: "$300,000,000 or more 0.5 $200,000,000 or more but less than $300,000,000 4.0 $100,000,000 or more but less than $200,000,000 5.5 $50,000,000 or more but less than $100,000,000 7.0 Less than $50,000,000 8.0" for prior provisions reading: "$450,000,000 or more 1 1/2 $400,000,000 or more but less than $450,000,000 2 $350,000,000 or more but less than $400,000,000 2 1/2 $300,000,000 or more but less than $350,000,000 3 Less than $300,000,000 4" -------------------------------------------------------------------- Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 1(h), substituted "Each employee representative shall pay a contribution with respect to so much of the compensation paid to him for services performed as an employee representative during any month after December 1975 as is not, for any such calendar month, in excess of $400, at the rate applicable to employers in accordance with subsection (a) of this section." for "Each employee representative shall pay, with respect to his income, a contribution equal to 4 per centum of so much of the compensation of such employee representative as is not in excess of $300 for any calendar month, paid to him for services performed as an employee representative after June 30, 1939, and before July 1, 1954, and as is not in excess of $350 paid to him for services rendered as an employee representative in any calendar month after June 30, 1954, and before June 1, 1959, and as is not in excess of $400 paid to him for services rendered as an employee representative in any calendar month after May 31, 1959." 1966 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89-700, Sec. 301(i), (ii), substituted "before June 1, 1959" for "before the calendar month next following the month in which this Act was amended in 1959", and "after May 31, 1959" for "after the month in which this Act was so amended". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89-700, Secs. 204(a), 301(i), (ii), increased contribution rate from 3 3/4 per centum to 4 per centum, and substituted "before June 1, 1959" for "before the calendar month next following the month in which this Act was amended in 1959", and "after May 31, 1959" for "after the month in which this Act was so amended". Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 89-700, Sec. 204(b), substituted "the provisions of the Railroad Retirement Tax Act" for "section 1800 or 2700 of title 26, and the provisions of section 3661 of title 26". 1963 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 88-133, Sec. 303(a), increased contribution rate in table from 3 3/4 to 4 percent when balance to credit of railroad unemployment insurance account as of close of business on Sept. 30 of any year is less than $300,000,000. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 88-133, Sec. 304, increased amount of contributions to be deposited to credit of fund from 0.2 per centum to 0.25 per centum of total compensation on which such contributions are based. 1959 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86-28, Sec. 306, increased earnings base from $350 to $400 per month for months after May 1959 for purposes of unemployment insurance contributions, and contribution rates with respect to compensation paid after May 1959 by 1 percent for each of the categories over $300,000,000, by 1 1/4 percent when the balance was $250,000,000 or more but less than $300,000,000, and by 3/4 of 1 percent where the balance was less than $250,000,000. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86-28, Sec. 307, increased contribution rate from 3 to 3 3/4 per centum and maximum amount of compensation for which contribution is payable from $350 to $400 for services rendered in any calendar month after May 1959. 1958 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85-927 inserted provision deeming balance to credit of fund a part of balance to credit of account. 1954 - Subsecs. (a), (b). Act Aug. 31, 1954, increased earnings base from $300 to $350 per month after June 30, 1954 for purposes of unemployment insurance contributions. 1948 - Subsec. (a). Act June 23, 1948, Secs. 4, 5(a), substituted for flat 3 percent contribution rate a sliding scale under which tax rate is automatically adjusted in accordance with amount of reserves in unemployment insurance account as of close of business on Sept. 30 of each year. Subsec. (f). Act June 23, 1948, Sec. 6, changed rates of credits to account and fund. 1946 - Subsec. (a). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 318(a), changed basis of contributions from compensation payable during a month to compensation paid during the month and inserted provisions relating to proration of contributions where one of the employers is a railway labor organization. Subsec. (h). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 318(b), substituted references to sections of the Internal Revenue Code for references to the sections of the Internal Revenue Acts of 1926 and 1934 from which they were derived. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Section 8(b) of Pub. L. 101-322 provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be effective as of January 1, 1989." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Section 7102(e) of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect upon the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]." Section 7103(c) of Pub. L. 100-647 provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 360 and 361 of this title] shall apply with respect to compensation paid in months beginning after September 30, 1988." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98-76 applicable to compensation paid for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 503(c) of Pub. L. 98-76, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97-35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, and applicable only with respect to annuities awarded on or after that date, see section 1129 of Pub. L. 97-35, set out as a note under section 231 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 94-92 effective with respect to compensation paid for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 2 of Pub. L. 94-92, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1963 AMENDMENT Section 303(a) of Pub. L. 88-133 provided that the amendment made by that section is effective with respect to compensation paid after Dec. 31, 1963. Section 304 of Pub. L. 88-133 provided that the amendment made by that section is effective with respect to contributions collected by the Railroad Retirement Board after Dec. 31, 1961. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Amendment by sections 306(4), (5) and 307(1) of Pub. L. 86-28 effective first day of calendar month next following May 1959, and applicable only with respect to compensation paid for services rendered in calendar months after May 1959, see section 309 of Pub. L. 86-28, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1958 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 85-927 effective Sept. 6, 1958, except as otherwise indicated, see section 207(c) of Pub. L. 85-927, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 31, 1954, effective July 1, 1954, see section 401 of act Aug. 31, 1954, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1946 AMENDMENT Amendment by act July 31, 1946, effective Jan. 1, 1947, see section 402 of act July 31, 1946. ADJUSTMENT OR REFUND OF EXCESSIVE CONTRIBUTIONS Section 5(b) of act June 23, 1948, provided that: "Contributions paid under subsection (a) of section 8 of the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, as amended [subsec. (a) of this section], prior to the enactment of the foregoing amendment thereof [June 23, 1948] which are in excess of those required by said subsection as so amended shall be subject to adjustment or refund in accordance with the provisions of subsections (d) and (e) of said section 8 [subsecs. (d) and (e) of this section]." -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 352, 360, 404 of this title; title 26 sections 51, 3322; title 49 section 24104. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. Probably should be "percentage". (!2) See References in Text note below. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 359 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 359. Penalties -STATUTE- (a) Failure to make report or furnish information; false or fraudulent statement or claim Any officer or agent of an employer, or any employee representative, or any employee acting in his own behalf, or any person whether or not of the character hereinbefore defined, who shall willfully fail or refuse to make any report or furnish any information required by the Board in the administration of this chapter, or who shall knowingly make or aid in making or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statement or report when a statement or report is required to be made for the purposes of this chapter, or who shall knowingly make or aid in making or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statement or claim for the purpose of causing benefits or other payment to be made or not to be made under this chapter, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. (b) Agreement by employee to bear employer's contribution Any agreement by an employee to pay all or any portion of the contribution required of his employer under this chapter shall be void, and it shall be unlawful for any employer, or officer or agent of an employer, to make, require, or permit any employee to bear all or any portion of such contribution. Any employer, or officer or agent of an employer, who violates any provision of this subsection shall be punished for each such violation by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. (c) Punishments not specifically provided Any person who violates any provision of this chapter, the punishment for which is not otherwise provided, shall be punished for each such violation by a fine of not more than $1,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. (d) Payment and disposition of fines or penalties All fines and penalties imposed by a court pursuant to this chapter shall be paid to the court and be remitted from time to time by order of the judge to the Treasury of the United States to be credited to the account. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 9, 52 Stat. 1103.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 354 of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 360 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 360. Railroad unemployment insurance account -STATUTE- (a) Funds constituting account; availability for benefits or refunds The Secretary of the Treasury shall maintain in the unemployment trust fund established pursuant to section 1104 of title 42 an account to be known as the railroad unemployment insurance account. This account shall consist of (i) such part of all contributions collected pursuant to section 358 of this title as is in excess of 0.65 per centum of the total compensation on which such contributions are based, together with all interest collected pursuant to section 358(g) (!1) of this title; (ii) all amounts transferred or paid into the account pursuant to section 363 or section 364 of this title; (iii) all additional amounts appropriated to the account in accordance with any provision of this chapter or with any provision of law now or hereafter adopted; (iv) a proportionate part of the earnings of the unemployment trust fund, computed in accordance with the provisions of section 1104(e) of title 42; (v) all amounts realized in recoveries for overpayments or erroneous payments of benefits; (vi) all amounts transferred thereto pursuant to section 361 of this title; (vii) all fines or penalties collected pursuant to the provisions of this chapter; and (viii) all amounts credited thereto pursuant to section 352(f) or section 362(g) of this title. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all moneys credited to the account shall be mingled and undivided, and are permanently appropriated to the Board to be continuously available to the Board without further appropriation, for the payment of benefits and refunds under this chapter, and no part thereof shall lapse at any time, or be carried to the surplus fund or any other fund. (b) Payment of benefits or refunds All moneys in the account shall be used solely for the payment of the benefits and refunds provided for by this chapter. The Board shall, from time to time, certify to the Secretary of the Treasury the name and address of each person or company entitled to receive benefits or a refund payment under this chapter, the amount of such payment, and the time at which it shall be made. Prior to audit or settlement by the General Accounting Office, the Secretary of the Treasury, through the Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department, shall make payments from the account directly to such person or company of the amount of benefits or refund so certified by the Board: Provided, however, That if the Board shall so request, the Secretary of the Treasury, through the Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department, shall transmit benefits payments to the Board for distribution by it through employment offices or in such other manner as the Board deems proper. (c) Annual report to Congress The Board shall include in its annual report to Congress a statement with respect to the status and operation of the account. (d) Transfer and retransfer of funds; interest Whenever the Board finds at any time that the balance in the railroad unemployment insurance account will be insufficient to pay the benefits and refunds which it estimates are due, or will become due, under this chapter, it shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the credit of the railroad unemployment insurance account such moneys as the Board estimates would be necessary for the payment of such benefits and refunds, and the Secretary shall make such transfer. Whenever the Board finds that the balance in the railroad unemployment insurance account, without regard to the amounts transferred pursuant to the next preceding sentence, is sufficient to pay such benefits and refunds, it shall request the Secretary of the Treasury to retransfer from the railroad unemployment insurance account to the credit of the Railroad Retirement Account such moneys as in its judgment are not needed for the payment of such benefits and refunds, plus interest at a rate for each fiscal year equal to the average rate of interest borne by all special obligations held by the Railroad Retirement Account on the last day of the preceding fiscal year, rounded to the nearest multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum, and the Secretary shall make such retransfer. In determining the balance in the railroad unemployment insurance account as of September 30 of any year pursuant to section 358(a) of this title, any moneys transferred from the Railroad Retirement Account to the credit of the railroad unemployment insurance account which have not been retransferred as of such date from the latter account to the credit of the former, plus the interest accrued thereon to that date, shall be disregarded. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 10 (less (e)-(g)), 52 Stat. 1104; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, Sec. 13, 53 Stat. 848; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. III, Sec. 1(a)(1), eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231; June 23, 1948, ch. 608, Sec. 7, 62 Stat. 578; Pub. L. 86-28, pt. III, Sec. 308(a), May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 88-133, title III, Sec. 305, Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 223; Pub. L. 89-700, title II, Sec. 205, Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 90-257, title II, Sec. 205, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 24; Pub. L. 93-445, title IV, Sec. 403, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1359; Pub. L. 94-92, title I, Sec. 1(i), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 464; Pub. L. 98-76, title III, Sec. 302, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 432; Pub. L. 99-107, Sec. 4, Sept. 30, 1985, 99 Stat. 479; Pub. L. 99-155, Sec. 2(c), Nov. 14, 1985, 99 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 99-181, Sec. 3, Dec. 13, 1985, 99 Stat. 1172; Pub. L. 99-189, Sec. 3, Dec. 18, 1985, 99 Stat. 1184; Pub. L. 99-272, title XIII, Sec. 13302, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 327; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Sec. 7103(b)(1), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3770.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 358(g) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was redesignated section 358(j) of this title by Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Sec. 7102(d)(1), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3769. -COD- CODIFICATION Section 10(e)-(g) of act June 25, 1938, amended section 1104 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1988 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100-647 substituted "0.65" for "0.5". 1986 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99-272 struck out at end "No transfer shall be made under this subsection from Railroad Retirement Account after December 19, 1985, and no such transfer shall be made on or before December 19, 1985, for purposes of paying benefits and refunds due after such date." 1985 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99-189 substituted "December 19, 1985" for "December 18, 1985" wherever appearing. Pub. L. 99-181 substituted "December 18, 1985" for "December 14, 1985" wherever appearing. Pub. L. 99-155 substituted "December 14, 1985" for "November 14, 1985" wherever appearing. Pub. L. 99-107 substituted "November 14, 1985" for "September 30, 1985" wherever appearing. 1983 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98-76 inserted provisions that no transfer shall be made under this subsection from Railroad Retirement Account after September 30, 1985, and no such transfer shall be made on or before September 30, 1985, for purposes of paying benefits and refunds due after such date. 1975 - Subsec. (a)(i). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 1(i)(1), substituted "0.5" for "0.25". Subsec. (a)(ii). Pub. L. 94-92, Sec. 1(i)(2), struck out "and pursuant to subsection (h)[e] of this section". Congress probably intended to strike out internal reference to subsec. (e) of this section in view of repeal of subsection by section 403 of Pub. L. 93-445 and it being last subsection of section. 1974 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 93-445 repealed subsec. (e) which was added by Pub. L. 90-257 as subsec. (h) and redesignated (e) for purposes of codification, and which provided for annual adjustment of account and transfer of funds from Railroad Retirement Account. 1968 - Subsec. (a)(ii). Pub. L. 90-257 inserted reference to amounts transferred or paid into account pursuant to subsec. (e) of this section. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 90-257 added subsec. (e) which was subsec. (h) in original and was redesignated (e) for purposes of codification. 1966 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89-700 substituted "0.25 per centum" for "0.2 per centum". 1963 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 88-133 substituted "a rate for each fiscal year equal to the average rate of interest borne by all special obligations held by the Railroad Retirement Account on the last day of the preceding fiscal year, rounded to the nearest multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum" for "the rate of 3 per centum per annum." 1959 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 86-28 substituted provisions authorizing Board to request transfer and retransfer of funds for provisions which directed Secretary of the Treasury to advance not more than $25,000,000 for purpose of paying benefits. 1948 - Subsec. (a)(i). Act June 23, 1948, changed computation of insurance account. 1939 - Subsec. (a). Act June 20, 1939, substituted "(f)" for "(g)". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 100-647 applicable with respect to compensation paid in months beginning after Sept. 30, 1988, see section 7103(c) of Pub. L. 100-647, set out as a note under section 358 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 94-92 effective with respect to compensation paid for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1975; and effective Aug. 9, 1975, respectively, see section 2 of Pub. L. 94-92, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 93-445 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 603 of Pub. L. 93-445, set out as a note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1963 AMENDMENT Section 305 of Pub. L. 88-133 provided that the amendment made by that section is effective after June 30, 1964. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Section 308(b) of Pub. L. 86-28 provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [May 19, 1959]." -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS "Fiscal Service" substituted for "Division of Disbursements" in two places in subsec. (b) on authority of section 1(a)(1) of Reorg. Plan No. III of 1940, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which consolidated such division into Fiscal Service of Treasury Department. See section 306 of Title 31, Money and Finance. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 231u, 351, 358 of this title; title 26 section 3321. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) See References in Text note below. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 361 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 361. Railroad unemployment insurance administration fund -STATUTE- (a) Maintenance of account; amounts constituting fund The Secretary of the Treasury shall maintain in the unemployment trust fund established pursuant to section 904 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1104] an account to be known as the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund. This unemployment insurance administration fund shall consist of (i) such part of all contributions collected pursuant to section 358 of this title as equals 0.65 per centum of the total compensation on which such contributions are based; (ii) all amounts advanced to the fund by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to this section; (iii) all amounts appropriated by subsection (b) of this section; and (iv) such additional amounts as Congress may appropriate for expenses necessary or incidental to administering this chapter. Such additional amounts are authorized to be appropriated. (b) Authorization of appropriations; advance of sums; repayment In addition to the other moneys herein provided for expenses necessary or incidental to administering this chapter, there is appropriated to the fund such amount as the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board shall jointly estimate to have been collected or to be collectible with respect to the calendar years 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939, from employers subject to this chapter, under title IX of the Social Security Act, less such amount as the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board shall jointly estimate will be appropriated or has been appropriated to States or Territories pursuant to the Act of Congress approved August 24, 1937 (Public, Numbered 353, Seventy-fifth Congress), as proceeds of taxes paid by employers pursuant to title IX of the Social Security Act. Until the amount appropriated by this subsection is credited to the fund, the Secretary of the Treasury is directed to advance to the credit of the fund such sums, but not more than $2,000,000, as the Board requests for the purpose of financing the costs of administering this chapter. Such advance shall be repaid from the fund at such time after the amount appropriated by this subsection is credited to the fund as the Board by agreement with the Secretary of the Treasury may determine, but not later than January 1, 1940. (c) Availability for administrative expenses Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all moneys at any time credited to the fund are permanently appropriated to the Board to be continuously available to the Board without further appropriation for any expenses necessary or incidental to administering this chapter, including personal services in the District of Columbia and elsewhere; travel expenses, including expenses of attendance at meetings when authorized by the Board; actual transportation expenses and not to exceed $10 per diem to cover subsistence and other expenses while in attendance at and en route to and from the place to which he is invited, to any person other than an employee of the Federal Government who may, from time to time, be invited to the city of Washington or elsewhere for conference or advisory purposes in furthering the work of the Board; when found by the Board to be in the interest of the Government, not exceeding 3 per centum, in any fiscal year, of the amounts credited during such year to the fund, for engaging persons or organizations, by contract or otherwise, for any special technical or professional services, determined necessary by the Board, including but not restricted to accounting, actuarial, statistical, and reporting services, without regard to section 5 of title 41 and the provisions of other laws applicable to the employment and compensation of officers and employees of the United States; services; advertising, postage, telephone, telegraph, teletype, and other communication services and tolls; supplies; reproducing, photographing, and all other equipment, office appliances, and laborsaving devices, including devices for internal communication and conveyance; purchase and exchange, operation, maintenance and repair of motor-propelled passenger-carrying vehicles to be used only for official purposes in the District of Columbia and in the field; printing and binding; purchase and exchange of law books, books of reference, and directories; periodicals, newspapers and press clippings, in such amounts as the Board deems necessary, without regard to the provisions of section 192 of the Revised Statutes; manuscripts and special reports; membership fees or dues in organizations which issue publications to members only, or to members at a lower price than to others, payment for which may be made in advance; rentals, including garages, in the District of Columbia or elsewhere; alterations and repairs; if found by the Board to be necessary to expedite the certification to the Board by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management of persons eligible to be employed by the Board, and to the extent that the Board finds such expedition necessary, meeting the expenses of the Director of the Office of Personnel Management in holding examinations for testing the fitness of applicants for admission to the classified service for employment by the Board pursuant to the second paragraph of section 362(l) of this title, but not to exceed the additional expenses found by the Board to have been incurred by reason of the holding of such examinations; and miscellaneous items, including those for public instruction and information deemed necessary by the Board: Provided, That section 5 of title 41 shall not be construed to apply to any purchase or procurement of supplies or services by the Board from moneys in the fund when the aggregate amount involved does not exceed $300. Determinations of the Board whether the fund or an appropriation for the administration of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.] is properly chargeable with the authorized expenses, or parts thereof, incurred in the administration of such Act, or of this chapter, shall be binding and conclusive for all purposes and upon all persons, including the Comptroller General and any other administrative or accounting officer, employee, or agent of the United States and shall not be subject to review in any manner. (d) Transfer of excess to insurance account So much of the balance in the fund as of September 30 of each year as is in excess of $6,000,000 shall as of such date be transferred from the fund and credited to the account. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 11, 52 Stat. 1105; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, Secs. 14, 15, 53 Stat. 848; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Sec. 22, 54 Stat. 1099; June 23, 1948, ch. 608, Sec. 8, 62 Stat. 578; Pub. L. 85-927, pt. II, Sec. 205, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1783; Pub. L. 89-700, title II, Sec. 205, Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 93-445, title IV, Sec. 404, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1359; Pub. L. 94-92, title I, Sec. 1(j), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat. 464; Pub. L. 94-273, Sec. 2(22), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 376; 1978 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Sec. 102, eff. Jan. 1, 1979, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Sec. 7103(b)(2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3770.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended. Title IX of the Social Security Act was formerly classified generally to subchapter IX (Sec. 1101 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and, except for section 1104 of Title 42, was omitted from the Code pursuant to section 4 of act Feb. 10, 1939, ch. 2, 53 Stat. 1. For further details, see Prior Provisions note preceding section 1101 of Title 42. For complete classification of the Social Security Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables. Act of Congress approved August 24, 1937, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Aug. 24, 1937, ch. 755, 50 Stat. 754, which is not classified to the Code. Section 192 of the Revised Statutes, referred to in subsec. (c), which related to expenditures for newspapers and which was classified to section 102 of former Title 5, was repealed by act Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 744, Sec. 17(a), 60 Stat. 811. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (c), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (Sec. 231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of this title. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of this title, section 231t of this title, and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1988 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100-647 substituted "0.65" for "0.5". 1976 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94-273 substituted "September" for "June". 1975 - Subsec. (a)(i). Pub. L. 94-92 substituted "0.5" for "0.25". 1974 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93-445 substituted "Railroad Retirement Act of 1974" and "such Act" for "Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 and the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935" and "such Acts", respectively. 1966 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89-700 substituted "0.25 per centum" for "0.2 per centum". 1958 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85-927 substituted provisions directing Secretary of the Treasury to maintain in unemployment trust fund established pursuant to section 1104 of title 42 an account to be known as the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund, for provisions which established railroad unemployment insurance administration fund in Treasury of United States. 1948 - Subsec. (a)(i). Act June 23, 1948, changed computation of administration funds. 1940 - Subsec. (d). Act Oct. 10, 1940, substituted provisions relating to transfer of balance remaining in fund in excess of $6,000,000, for provisions relating to lapsing of fund, carryovers to surplus or other fund, and transfers from fund. 1939 - Subsec. (b). Act June 20, 1939, Sec. 14, substituted ". Such advance shall be repaid from the fund at" for ", including personal services in the District of". Subsec. (c). Act June 20, 1939, Sec. 15, substituted ", including personal services in the District of" for ". Such advance shall be repaid from the fund at". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 100-647 applicable with respect to compensation paid in months beginning after Sept. 30, 1988, see section 7103(c) of Pub. L. 100-647, set out as a note under section 358 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 94-92 effective with respect to compensation paid for services rendered after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 2 of Pub. L. 94-92, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 93-445 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 603 of Pub. L. 93-445, set out as a note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1958 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 85-927 effective Sept. 6, 1958, except as otherwise indicated, see section 207(c) of Pub. L. 85-927, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1940 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, see note set out under section 351 of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS "Director of the Office of Personnel Management" substituted for "Civil Service Commission" in subsec. (c), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1978, Sec. 102, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783, set out under section 1101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which transferred functions vested by statute in United States Civil Service Commission to Director of Office of Personnel Management (except as otherwise specified), effective Jan. 1, 1979, as provided by section 1-102 of Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055, set out under section 1101 of Title 5. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 351, 358, 360, 362 of this title. -End- -CITE- 45 USC Sec. 362 01/06/03 -EXPCITE- TITLE 45 - RAILROADS CHAPTER 11 - RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE -HEAD- Sec. 362. Duties and powers of Board -STATUTE- (a) Witnesses; subpenas, service, fees, etc. For the purpose of any investigation or other proceeding relative to the determination of any right to benefits, or relative to any other matter within its jurisdiction under this chapter, the Board shall have the power to issue subpenas requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of any evidence, documentary or otherwise, that relates to any matter under investigation or in question, before the Board or any member, employee, or representative thereof. Any member of the Board or any of its employees or representatives designated by it may administer oaths and affirmations, examine witnesses, and receive evidence. Such attendance of witnesses and production of evidence may be required from any place in the United States or any Territory or possession thereof at any designated place of hearing. All subpenas may be served and returned by anyone authorized by the Board in the same manner as is now provided by law for the service and return by United States marshals of subpenas in suits in equity. Such service may also be made by registered mail or by certified mail and in such case the return post-office receipt shall be proof of service. Witnesses summoned in accordance with this subsection shall be paid the same fees and mileage as are paid witnesses in the district courts of the United States. (b) Enforcement of subpenas by courts; contempts; service of orders, writs, or processes In case of contumacy by, or refusal to obey a subpena lawfully issued to, any person, the Board may invoke the aid of the district court of the United States or the United States courts of any Territory or possession, where such person is found or resides or is otherwise subject to service of process, or the United States District Court for the District of Columbia if the investigation or proceeding is being carried on in the District of Columbia, or the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, if the investigation or proceeding is being carried on in the Northern District of Illinois, in requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence. Any such court shall issue an order requiring such person to appear before the Board or its specified employee or representative at the place specified in the subpena of the Board, whether within or without the judicial district of the court, there to produce evidence, if so ordered, or there to give testimony concerning the matter under investigation or in question; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by said court as a contempt thereof. All orders, writs, and processes in any such proceeding may be served in the judicial district of the district court issuing such order, writ, or process, except that the orders, writs, and processes of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia or of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois in such proceedings may run and be served anywhere in the United States. (c) Repealed. Pub. L. 91-452, title II, Sec. 239, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 930 (d) Information as confidential Information obtained by the Board in connection with the administration of this chapter shall not be revealed or open to inspection nor be published in any manner revealing an employee's identity: Provided, however, That (i) the Board may arrange for the exchange of any information with governmental agencies engaged in functions related to the administration of this chapter; (ii) the Board may disclose such information in cases in which the Board finds that such disclosure is clearly in furtherance of the interest of the employee or his estate; (iii) any claimant of benefits under this chapter shall, upon his request, be supplied with information from the Board's records pertaining to his claim; and (iv) the Board shall disclose to any base-year employer of a claimant for benefits any information, including information as to the claimant's identity, that is necessary or appropriate to notify such employer of the claim for benefits or to full and fair participation by such employer in an appeal, hearing, or other proceeding relative to the claim pursuant to section 355 of this title. Subject to the provisions of this section, the Board may furnish such information to any person or organization upon payment by such person or organization to the Board of the cost incurred by the Board by reason thereof; and the amounts so paid to the Board shall be credited to the railroad unemployment insurance administration fund established pursuant to section 361(a) of this title; (e) Certification of claims; authorization of employee to make payments; bond The Board shall provide for the certification of claims for benefits and refunds and may arrange total or partial settlements at such times and in such manner as may appear to the Board to be expedient. The Board shall designate and authorize one or more of its employees to sign vouchers for the payment of benefits and refunds under this chapter. Each such employee shall give bond, in form and amount fixed by the Board, conditioned upon the faithful performance of his duties. The premiums due on such bonds shall be paid from the fund and deemed to be a part of the expenses of administering this chapter. (f) Cooperation with other agencies administering unemployment or sickness compensation laws; agreements The Board may cooperate with or enter into agreement with the appropriate agencies charged with the administration of State, Territorial, Federal, or foreign unemployment-compensation or sickness laws or employment offices, with respect to investigations, the exchange of information and services, the establishment, maintenance, and use of free employment service facilities, and such other matters as the Board deems expedient in connection with the administration of this chapter, and may compensate any such agency for services or facilities supplied to the Board in connection with the administration of this chapter. The Board may enter also into agreements with any such agency, pursuant to which any unemployment or sickness benefits provided for by this chapter or any other unemployment-compensation or sickness law, may be paid through a single agency to persons who have, during the period on the basis of which eligibility for and duration of benefits is determined under the law administered by such agency or under this chapter, or both, performed services covered by one or more of such laws, or performed services which constitute employment as defined in this chapter: Provided, That the Board finds that any such agreement is fair and reasonable as to all affected interests. (g) Benefits also subject to a State law; mutual reimbursement In determining whether an employee has qualified for benefits in accordance with section 353 of this title, and in determining the amount of benefits to be paid to such employee in accordance with section 352(a) and (c) of this title, the Board is authorized to consider as employment (and compensation therefor) services for hire other than employment (and remuneration therefor) if such services for hire are subject to an unemployment or sickness compensation law of any State, provided that such State has agreed to reimburse the United States such portion of the benefits to be paid upon such basis to such employee as the Board deems equitable. Any amounts collected pursuant to this paragraph shall be credited to the account. If a State, in determining whether an employee is eligible for unemployment or sickness benefits under an unemployment or sickness compensation law of such State, and in determining the amount of unemployment or sickness benefits to be paid to such employee pursuant to such unemployment or sickness compensation law, considers as services for hire (and remuneration therefor) included within the provisions of such unemployment or sickness compensation law, employment (and compensation therefor), the Board is authorized to reimburse such State such portion of such unemployment or sickness benefits as the Board deems equitable; such reimbursements shall be paid from the account, and are included within the meaning of the word "benefits" as used in this chapter. (h) Assistance from employers and labor organizations; compensation The Board may enter into agreements or arrangements with employers, organizations of employers, and railway-labor organizations which are duly organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], for securing the performance of services or the use of facilities in connection with the administration of this chapter, and may compensate any such employer or organization therefor upon such reasonable basis as the Board shall prescribe, but not to exceed the additional expense incurred by such employer or organization by reason of the performance of such services or making available the use of such facilities pursuant to such agreements or arrangements. Such employers and organizations, and persons employed by either of them, shall not be subject to section 209 of title 18. (i) Free employment offices; registration of unemployed; statements of sickness; reemployment The Board may establish, maintain, and operate free employment offices, and may designate as free employment offices facilities maintained by (i) a railway labor organization which is duly authorized and designated to represent employees in accordance with the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], or (ii) any other labor organization which has been or may be organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act, or (iii) one or more employers, or (iv) an organization of employers, or (v) a group of such employers and labor organizations, or (vi) a State, Territorial, foreign, or the Federal Government. The Board may also enter into agreements or arrangements with one or more employers or railway labor organizations organized in accordance with the provisions of the Railway Labor Act, pursuant to which notice of the availability of work and the rights of employees with respect to such work under agreements between such employers and railway labor organizations may be filed with employment offices and pursuant to which employees registered with employment offices may be referred to such work. The Board shall prescribe a procedure for registration of unemployed employees at employment offices. Such procedure for registration shall be prescribed with a view to such registration affording substantial evidence of the days of unemployment of the employees who register. The Board may, when such registration is made personally by an employee, accept such registration as initial proof of unemployment sufficient to certify for payment a claim for benefits. The Board shall provide a form or forms for statements of sickness and a procedure for the execution and filing thereof. Such forms and procedure shall be designated with a view to having such statements provide substantial evidence of the days of sickness of the employee. Such statements may be executed by any doctor (authorized to practice in the State or foreign jurisdiction in which he practices his profession) or any officer or supervisory employee of a hospital, clinic, group health association, or other similar organization, who is qualified under such regulations as the Board may prescribe to execute such statements. The Board shall issue regulations for the qualification of such persons to execute such statements. When so executed by any such person, or, in the discretion of the Board, by others designated by the Board individually or by groups, they may be accepted as initial proof of days of sickness sufficient to certify for payment a claim for benefits. The regulations of the Board concerning registration at employment offices by unemployed persons may provide for group registration and reporting, through employers, and need not be uniform with respect to different classes of employees. The operation of any employment facility operated by the Board shall be directed primarily toward the reemployment of employees who have theretofore been substantially employed by employers. (j) Advisory councils; members' remuneration The Board may appoint national or local advisory councils composed of equal numbers of representatives of employers, representatives of employees, and persons representing the general public, for the purpose of discussing problems in connection with the administration of this chapter and aiding the Board in formulating policies. The members of such councils shall serve without remuneration, but shall be reimbursed for any necessary traveling and subsistence expenses or on a per diem basis in lieu of subsistence expenses. (k) Reduction of unemployment; training and reemployment of unemployed employees, etc. The Board, with the advice and aid of any advisory council appointed by it, shall take appropriate steps to reduce and prevent unemployment and loss of earnings; to encourage and assist in the adoption of practical methods of vocational training, retraining, and vocational guidance; to promote the reemployment of unemployed employees; and to these ends to carry on and publish the results of investigations and research studies. (l) Necessary and incidental powers; employees of Board, employment, remuneration, civil-service laws, registration of unemployed, and detail In addition to the powers and duties expressly provided, the Board shall have and exercise all the powers and duties necessary to administer or incidental to administering this chapter, and in connection therewith shall have such of the powers, duties, and remedies provided in subdivisions (5), (6), and (9) of section 7(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231f(b)] with respect to the administration of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.], as are not inconsistent with the express provisions of this chapter. A person in the employ of the Board under section 205 of the Act of Congress approved June 24, 1937 (50 Stat. 307), shall acquire a competitive classified civil-service status if, after recommendation by the Board to the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, he shall pass such noncompetitive tests of fitness as the Director of the Office of Personnel Management may prescribe. A person in the employ of the Board on June 30, 1939, and on June 30, 1940, and who has had experience in railroad service, shall acquire a competitive classified civil-service status if, after recommendation by the Board to the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, he shall pass such noncompetitive tests of fitness for the position for which the Board recommends him as the Director of the Office of Personnel Management may prescribe. The Board may employ such persons and provide for their remuneration and expenses, as may be necessary for the proper administration of this chapter. Such persons shall be employed and their remuneration prescribed in accordance with the civil-service laws and chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5: Provided, That all positions to which such persons are appointed, except one administrative assistant to each member of the Board, shall be in and under the competitive civil service and shall not be removed or excepted therefrom: Provided, That in the employment of such persons the Board shall give preference, as between applicants attaining the same grades, to persons who have had experience in railroad service, and notwithstanding any other provisions of law, rules, or regulations, no other preference shall be given or recognized: And provided further, That certification by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management of persons for appointment to any positions at minimum salaries of $4,600 per annum, or less, shall, if the Board so requests, be upon the basis of competitive examinations, written, oral, or both, as the Board may request: And provided further, That, for the purpose of registering unemployed employees who reside in areas in which no employer facilities are located, or in which no employer will make facilities available for the registration of such employees, the Board may, without regard to civil-service laws and chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, appoint persons to accept, in such areas, registration of such employees and perform services incidental thereto and may compensate such persons on a piece-rate basis to be determined by the Board. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Board may detail employees from stations outside the District of Columbia to other stations outside the District of Columbia or to service in the District of Columbia, and may detail employees in the District of Columbia to service outside the District of Columbia: Provided, That all details hereunder shall be made by specific order and in no case for a period of time exceeding one hundred and twenty days. Details so made may, on expiration, be renewed from time to time by order of the Board, in each particular case, for periods not exceeding one hundred and twenty days. (m) Delegation of powers The Board is authorized to delegate to any member, officer, or employee of the Board any of the powers conferred upon the Board by this chapter, excluding only the power to prescribe rules and regulations. (n) Sickness benefits; examinations; information and reports; contracts and expenses for examinations Any employee claiming, entitled to, or receiving sickness benefits under this chapter may be required to take such examination, physical, medical, mental, or otherwise, in such manner and at such times and by such qualified individuals, including medical officers or employees of the United States or a State, as the Board may prescribe. The place or places of examination shall be reasonably convenient for the employee. No sickness benefits shall be payable under this chapter with respect to any period during which the employee unreasonably refuses to take or willfully obstructs an examination as prescribed by the Board. Any doctor who renders any attendance, treatment, attention, or care, or performs any examination with respect to a sickness of an employee, upon which a claim or right to benefits under this chapter is based, shall furnish the Board, in such manner and form and at such times as the Board by regulations may prescribe, information and reports relative thereto and to the condition of the employee. An application for sickness benefits under this chapter shall contain a waiver of any doctor-patient privilege that the employee may have with respect to any sickness period upon which such application is based: Provided, That such information shall not be disclosed by the Board except in a proceeding relating to any claim for benefits by the employee under this chapter. The Board may enter into agreements or arrangements with doctors, hospitals, clinics, or other persons for securing the examination, physical, medical, mental, or otherwise, of employees claiming, entitled to, or receiving sickness benefits under this chapter and the performance of services or the use of facilities in connection with the execution of statements of sickness. The Board may compensate any such doctors, hospitals, clinics, or other persons upon such reasonable basis as the Board shall prescribe. Such doctors, hospitals, clinics, or other persons and persons employed by any of them shall not be subject to section 209 of title 18. In the event that the Board pays for the physical or mental examination of an employee or for the execution of a statement of sickness and such employee's claim for benefits is based upon such examination or statement, the Board shall deduct from any sickness benefits payable to the employee pursuant to such claim such amount as, in the judgment of the Board, is a fair and reasonable charge for such examination or execution of such statement. (o) Liability of third party for sickness; reimbursement of Board Benefits payable to an employee with respect to days of sickness shall be payable regardless of the liability of any person to pay damages for such infirmity. The Board shall be entitled to reimbursement from any sum or damages paid or payable to such employee or other person through suit, compromise, settlement, judgment, or otherwise on account of any liability (other than a liability under a health, sickness, accident, or similar insurance policy) based upon such infirmity, to the extent that it will have paid or will pay benefits for days of sickness resulting from such infirmity. Upon notice to the person against whom such right or claim exists or is asserted, the Board shall have a lien upon such right or claim, any judgment obtained thereunder, and any sum or damages paid under such right or claim, to the extent of the amount to which the Board is entitled by way of reimbursement. (p) Disqualification to execute statements of sickness or receive fees The Board may, after hearing, disqualify any person from executing statements of sickness who, the Board finds, (i) will have solicited, or will have employed another to solicit, for himself or for another the execution of any such statement, or (ii) will have made false or misleading statements to the Board, to any employer, or to any employee, in connection with the awarding of any benefits under this chapter, or (iii) will have failed to submit medical reports and records required by the Board under this chapter, or will have failed to submit any other reports, records, or information required by the Board in connection with the administration of this chapter or any other Act heretofore or hereafter administered by the Board, or (iv) will have engaged in any malpractice or other professional misconduct. No fees or charges of any kind shall accrue to any such person from the Board after his disqualification. (q) Investigations and research with respect to accidents and disabilities The Board shall engage in and conduct research projects, investigations, and studies with respect to the cause, care, and prevention of, and benefits for, accidents and disabilities and other subjects deemed by the Board to be related thereto, and shall recommend legislation deemed advisable in the light of such research projects, investigations, and studies. (r) Duty of Board to make certain computations (1) Compensation base On or before December 1, 1988, and on or before December 1 of each year thereafter, the Board shall compute - (A) in accordance with section 351(i) of this title, the monthly compensation base which shall be applicable with respect to months in the next succeeding calendar year; and (B) the amounts described in section 351(k) of this title, section 352(c) of this title, section 353 of this title, and section 354(a-2)(i)(A) of this title that are related to changes in the monthly compensation base. (2) Maximum daily benefit rate On or before June 1, 1989, and on or before June 1 of each year thereafter, the Board shall compute in accordance with section 352(a)(3) of this title the maximum daily benefit rate which shall be applicable with respect to days of unemployment and days of sickness in registration periods beginning after June 30 of that year. (3) Notice in Federal Register and to employers Not later than 10 days after each computation made under this subsection, the Board shall publish notice in the Federal Register and shall notify each employer and employee representative of the amount so computed. -SOURCE- (June 25, 1938, ch. 680, Sec. 12, 52 Stat. 1107; June 20, 1939, ch. 227, Sec. 16, 53 Stat. 848; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, Secs. 23, 24, 54 Stat. 1099; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, Secs. 319-323, 60 Stat. 739, 740; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Secs. 1, 32(b), 62 Stat. 878, 895, 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title II, Sec. 202(29), title XI, Sec. 1106(a), 63 Stat. 956, 972; Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, Sec. 6, 69 Stat. 716; Pub. L. 85-927, pt. II, Sec. 206, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1783; Pub. L. 86-507, Sec. 1(37), June 11, 1960, 74 Stat. 202; Pub. L. 89-700, title II, Sec. 206, Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 90-257, title II, Sec. 206, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 25; Pub. L. 91-452, title II, Sec. 239, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 930; Pub. L. 93-445, title IV, Sec. 405, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1359; 1978 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Sec. 102, eff. Jan. 1, 1979, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783; Pub. L. 100-647, title VII, Secs. 7101(e), 7104(d), (e), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3758, 3772.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsecs. (h) and (i), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (Sec. 151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of this title and Tables. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (l), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93-445, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (Sec. 231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of this title. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of this title, section 231t of this title, and Tables. Section 205 of the Act of Congress approved June 24, 1937 (50 Stat. 307), referred to in subsec. (l), is section 205 of act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, 50 Stat. 307, which is not classified to the Code. The civil-service laws, referred to in subsec. (l), are set forth in Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. See, particularly, section 3301 et seq. of Title 5. -COD- CODIFICATION In subsecs. (h) and (n), "section 209 of title 18" substituted for reference to the Act of March 3, 1917, 39 Stat. 1106 (5 U.S.C. 66) on authority of (1) act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 683, section 1 of which enacted Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and which enacted in section 1914 of Title 18 the provisions formerly classified to section 66 of former Title 5; and (2) section 2 of Pub. L. 87-849, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1126, which repealed section 1914 of Title 18 and supplanted it with section 209, and which provided that exemptions from section 1914 shall be deemed exemptions from section 209. For further details, see Exemptions note set out under section 203 of Title 18. In subsec. (l), "chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5" substituted for "the Classification Act of 1949, as amended" on authority of Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. In penultimate sentence of subsec. (l), following the first word "Notwithstanding", the words "the provisions of the Act of June 22, 1906 (34 Stat. 449), or" have been omitted as obsolete. The provisions were enacted as section 3342 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89-554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 425. Section 3342 of Title 5 was repealed by Pub. L. 89-762, Sec. 1(a), Nov. 5, 1966, 80 Stat. 1312. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1988 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7104(d), added cl. (iv). Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7104(e), struck out "court" before "proceeding" in proviso of second par. Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec. 7101(e), added subsec. (r). 1974 - Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 93-445 substituted "subdivisions (5), (6), and (9) of section 7(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974" for "section 10(b)(4) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937". 1970 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91-452 struck out subsec. (c) which related to immunity from prosecution of any person compelled to testify or produce evidence, documentary or otherwise, after claiming his privilege against self-incrimination. 1968 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 206(a), struck out references to maternity benefits and laws and made changes in punctuation and grammar necessitated thereby. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 206(b), struck out references to maternity benefits and maternity compensation laws and made changes in punctuation and grammar necessitated thereby. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 206(c), struck out provisions making reference to maternity sickness and to expected and actual date of birth of the child required to be included in report of maternity sickness. Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 90-257, Sec. 206(d), struck out references to maternity benefits and to services of a doctor as to expected date of birth of a female employee's child, or the birth of such a child. 1966 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 89-700 authorized Board to furnish such information to any person or organization upon payment of the cost incurred by reason thereof, and requiring amounts so paid to Board to be credited to railroad unemployment insurance administration fund. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89-700 substituted "section 353 of this title" for "section 353(a) of this title". 1960 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86-507 inserted "or by certified mail" after "registered mail". 1958 - Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 85-927 struck out "except that the Board may fix the salary of a director of unemployment insurance at $10,000 per annum" before first proviso in second paragraph, and substituted "Classification Act of 1949" for "Classification Act of 1923", immediately preceding such first proviso, which substitution had already been executed in accordance with act Oct. 28, 1949. 1955 - Subsec. (l). Act Aug. 12, 1955, specifically provided for employees of Railroad Retirement Board to be in and under competitive civil service. 1949 - Subsec. (l). Act Oct. 28, 1949, substituted "Classification Act of 1949" for "Classification Act of 1923" in two places. 1946 - Subsec. (b). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 319, inserted provisions relating to the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois. Subsec. (f). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 320, inserted references to sickness or maternity laws and benefits. Subsec. (g). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 321, inserted references to sickness or maternity laws and benefits and struck out phrase limiting second paragraph to eligibility with respect to unemployment after June 30, 1939. Subsec. (i). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 322, added third par., providing for form, execution and filing of statements of sickness. Subsecs. (n) to (q). Act July 31, 1946, Sec. 323, added subsecs. (n) to (q). 1940 - Subsec. (l). Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 22, inserted provisions relating to acquisition of competitive classified civil-service status by a person in the employ of Board on June 30, 1939, and June 30, 1940. Act Oct. 10, 1940, Sec. 23, inserted provisos relating to personnel for registering unemployed employees. 1939 - Subsec. (g). Act June 20, 1939, inserted ", with respect to unemployment after June 30, 1939" after "employee is eligible" and struck out "June 30, 1939" after "therefor) after". -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Subsec. (b) of this section was amended by act June 25, 1948, Sec. 32(b), eff. Sept. 1, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, which substituted "United States District Court for the District of Columbia" for "District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia". "United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois" substituted for "District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois" in view of act June 25, 1948, which states that "There shall be in each judicial district a district court which shall be a court of record known as the United States District Court for the district", and that "Illinois is divided into three judicial districts to be known as the Northern, Southern, and Eastern Districts of Illinois." See sections 88 and 132 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. -MISC2- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 7104(d), (e) of Pub. L. 100-647, effective Jan. 1, 1990, see section 7104(f) of Pub. L. 100-647, set out as a note under section 355 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 93-445 effective Jan. 1, 1975, see section 603 of Pub. L. 93-445, set out as a note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91-452 effective on sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, and not to affect any immunity to which any individual is entitled under this section by reason of any testimony given before sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91-452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provisions note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1968 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 90-257 effective July 1, 1968, see section 208 of Pub. L. 90-257, set out as a note under section 352 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1958 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 85-927 effective Sept. 6, 1958, except as otherwise indicated, see section 207(c) of Pub. L. 85-927, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1946 AMENDMENT Amendment by act July 31, 1946, effective July 31, 1946, see section 401 of act July 31, 1946. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1940 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by act Oct. 10, 1940, see section 1 of act Oct. 10, 1940, set out as a note under section 351 of this title. REPEALS Act Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed (subject to a savings clause) by Pub. L. 89-554, Sept. 6, 1966, Sec. 8, 80 Stat. 632, 655. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS "Director of the Office of Personnel Management" substituted for "Civil Service Commission" in subsec. (l), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1978, Sec. 102, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783, set out under section 1101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which transferred functions vested by statute in United States Civil Service Commission to Director of Office of Personnel Management (except as otherwise specified), effective Jan. 1, 1979, as provided by section 1-102 of Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055, set out under section 1101 of Title 5. -MISC3- TERMINATION OF ADVISORY COUNCILS Advisory councils in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a council established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such council is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a council established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. Advisory councils established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a council established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such council is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a council established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. See sections 3(2) and 14 of Pub. L. 92-463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, 776, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION COMMITTEE Pub. L. 98-76, title V, Sec. 504, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 441, provided that: "(a) Representatives of railroad labor and railroad management shall jointly establish (and jointly appoint the members of) a committee to be known as the 'Railroad Unemployment Compensation Committee' (hereinafter in this section referred to as the 'Committee'). "(b) The Committee shall consist of five members - "(1) two of whom shall be representatives of railroad labor, "(2) two of whom shall be representatives of railroad management, and "(3) one of whom shall be an individual who shall not be in the employment of or pecuniarily or otherwise interested in any employer (as defined in section 1 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [45 U.S.C. 231]) or any organization of employees (as defined in section 1 of such Act). "(c) The Committee shall review all aspects of the unemployment and sickness insurance systems provided by the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act [this chapter] including (but not limited to) a review of - "(1) benefit levels, "(2) experience rating, "(3) debt repayment and interest on debt, "(4) waiting period for unemployment benefits and qualifying requirements, and "(5) alternatives to the railroad unemployment insurance system such as covering railroad employees under the Federal-State unemployment compensation system. "(d) Not later than April 1, 1984, the Committee shall submit a report to the Congress containing recommendations - "(1) with respect to the review conducted under subsection (c), and "(2) with respect to the repayment of funds which the railroad unemployment insurance system has borrowed from the Railroad Retirement Account. Any recommendation submitted under paragraph (2) shall contain adjustments in contributions and benefits which will enable the railroad unemployment compensation system to repay all loans from the Railroad Retirement Account before December 31, 2000. "(e) The Railroad Retirement Board (and any other department, agency, or instrumentality of the Federal Government) is authorized to cooperate with, and assist, the Committee (at its request) in carrying out its duties by furnishing services, information, data, or other material which the Co