-CITE- 15 USC TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE . -HEAD- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE -MISC1- Chap. Sec. 1. Monopolies and Combinations in Restraint of Trade 1 2. Federal Trade Commission; Promotion of Export Trade and Prevention of Unfair Methods of Competition 41 2A. Securities and Trust Indentures 77a 2B. Securities Exchanges 78a 2B-1. Securities Investor Protection 78aaa 2C. Public Utility Holding Companies 79 2D. Investment Companies and Advisers 80a-1 2E. Omnibus Small Business Capital Formation 80c 3. Trade-Marks 81 4. China Trade 141 5. Statistical and Commercial Information 171 6. Weights and Measures and Standard Time 201 7. National Institute of Standards and Technology 271 7A. Standard Reference Data Program 290 8. Falsely Stamped Gold or Silver or Goods Manufactured Therefrom 291 9. National Weather Service 311 9A. Weather Modification Activities or Attempts; Reporting Requirement 330 10. War Finance Corporation (Omitted) 331 10A. Collection of State Cigarette Taxes 375 10B. State Taxation of Income From Interstate Commerce 381 11. Caustic Poisons (Repealed) 401 12. Discrimination Against Farmers' Cooperative Associations by Boards of Trade 431 13. Textile Foundation 501 13A. Fishing Industry 521 14. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (Repealed, Omitted, or Transferred) 601 14A. Aid to Small Business 631 14B. Small Business Investment Program 661 15. Economic Recovery 701 15A. Interstate Transportation of Petroleum Products 715 15B. Natural Gas 717 15C. Alaska Natural Gas Transportation 719 16. Emergency Relief (Omitted or Repealed) 721 16A. Emergency Petroleum Allocation (Omitted) 751 16B. Federal Energy Administration 761 16C. Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination 791 17. Production, Marketing, and Use of Bituminous Coal (Repealed) 801 18. Transportation of Firearms (Repealed) 901 19. Miscellaneous 1001 20. Regulation of Insurance 1011 21. National Policy on Employment and Productivity 1021 22. Trademarks 1051 23. Dissemination of Technical, Scientific and Engineering Information 1151 24. Transportation of Gambling Devices 1171 25. Flammable Fabrics 1191 26. Household Refrigerators 1211 27. Automobile Dealer Suits Against Manufacturers 1221 28. Disclosure of Automobile Information 1231 29. Manufacture, Transportation, or Distribution of Switchblade Knives 1241 30. Hazardous Substances 1261 31. Destruction of Property Moving in Commerce (Repealed) 1281 32. Telecasting of Professional Sports Contests 1291 33. Brake Fluid Regulation (Repealed) 1301 34. Antitrust Civil Process 1311 35. Seat Belt Regulation (Repealed) 1321 36. Cigarette Labeling and Advertising 1331 37. State Technical Services 1351 38. Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety (Repealed) 1381 39. Fair Packaging and Labeling Program 1451 39A. Special Packaging of Household Substances for Protection of Children 1471 40. Department of Commerce 1501 41. Consumer Credit Protection 1601 42. Interstate Land Sales 1701 43. Newspaper Preservation 1801 44. Protection of Horses 1821 45. Emergency Loan Guarantees to Business Enterprises 1841 45A. Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee (Omitted) 1861 46. Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings (Repealed) 1901 46A. Automobile Title Fraud (Repealed) 2041 47. Consumer Product Safety 2051 48. Hobby Protection 2101 49. Fire Prevention and Control 2201 50. Consumer Product Warranties 2301 51. National Productivity and Quality of Working Life 2401 52. Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration 2501 53. Toxic Substances Control 2601 54. Automotive Propulsion Research and Development 2701 55. Petroleum Marketing Practices 2801 56. National Climate Program 2901 56A. Global Change Research 2921 57. Interstate Horseracing 3001 58. Full Employment and Balanced Growth 3101 59. Retail Policies for Natural Gas Utilities 3201 60. Natural Gas Policy 3301 61. Soft Drink Interbrand Competition 3501 62. Condominium and Cooperative Conversion Protection and Abuse Relief 3601 63. Technology Innovation 3701 64. Methane Transportation Research, Development, and Demonstration 3801 65. Liability Risk Retention 3901 66. Promotion of Export Trade 4001 67. Arctic Research and Policy 4101 68. Land Remote-Sensing Commercialization (Repealed) 4201 69. Cooperative Research 4301 70. Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education 4401 71. Petroleum Overcharge Distribution and Restitution 4501 72. Semiconductor Research 4601 73. Export Enhancement 4701 74. Competitiveness Policy Council 4801 75. National Trade Data Bank 4901 76. Imitation Firearms 5001 77. Steel and Aluminum Energy Conservation and Technology Competitiveness 5101 78. Superconductivity and Competitiveness 5201 79. Metal Casting Competitiveness Research Program 5301 80. Fasteners 5401 81. High-Performance Computing 5501 82. Land Remote Sensing Policy 5601 83. Telephone Disclosure and Dispute Resolution 5701 84. Commercial Space Competitiveness 5801 85. Armored Car Industry Reciprocity 5901 86. Children's Bicycle Helmet Safety 6001 87. Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention 6101 88. International Antitrust Enforcement Assistance 6201 89. Professional Boxing Safety 6301 90. Propane Education and Research 6401 91. Children's Online Privacy Protection 6501 92. Year 2000 Computer Date Change 6601 93. Insurance 6701 94. Privacy 6801 95. Microenterprise Technical Assistance and Capacity Building Program 6901 96. Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce 7001 97. Women's Business Enterprise Development 7101 -CITE- 15 USC CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE . -HEAD- CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -MISC1- Sec. 1. Trusts, etc., in restraint of trade illegal; penalty. 2. Monopolizing trade a felony; penalty. 3. Trusts in Territories or District of Columbia illegal; combination a felony. 4. Jurisdiction of courts; duty of United States attorneys; procedure. 5. Bringing in additional parties. 6. Forfeiture of property in transit. 6a. Conduct involving trade or commerce with foreign nations. 7. ''Person'' or ''persons'' defined. 8. Trusts in restraint of import trade illegal; penalty. 9. Jurisdiction of courts; duty of United States attorneys; procedure. 10. Bringing in additional parties. 11. Forfeiture of property in transit. 12. Definitions; short title. 13. Discrimination in price, services, or facilities. (a) Price; selection of customers. (b) Burden of rebutting prima-facie case of discrimination. (c) Payment or acceptance of commission, brokerage, or other compensation. (d) Payment for services or facilities for processing or sale. (e) Furnishing services or facilities for processing, handling, etc. (f) Knowingly inducing or receiving discriminatory price. 13a. Discrimination in rebates, discounts, or advertising service charges; underselling in particular localities; penalties. 13b. Cooperative association; return of net earnings or surplus. 13c. Exemption of non-profit institutions from price discrimination provisions. 14. Sale, etc., on agreement not to use goods of competitor. 15. Suits by persons injured. (a) Amount of recovery; prejudgment interest. (b) Amount of damages payable to foreign states and instrumentalities of foreign states. (c) Definitions. 15a. Suits by United States; amount of recovery; prejudgment interest. 15b. Limitation of actions. 15c. Actions by State attorneys general. (a) Parens patriae; monetary relief; damages; prejudgment interest. (b) Notice; exclusion election; final judgment. (c) Dismissal or compromise of action. (d) Attorneys' fees. 15d. Measurement of damages. 15e. Distribution of damages. 15f. Actions by Attorney General. (a) Notification to State attorney general. (b) Availability of files and other materials. 15g. Definitions. 15h. Applicability of parens patriae actions. 16. Judgments. (a) Prima facie evidence; collateral estoppel. (b) Consent judgments and competitive impact statements; publication in Federal Register; availability of copies to the public. (c) Publication of summaries in newspapers. (d) Consideration of public comments by Attorney General and publication of response. (e) Public interest determination. (f) Procedure for public interest determination. (g) Filing of written or oral communications with the district court. (h) Inadmissibility as evidence of proceedings before the district court and the competitive impact statement. (i) Suspension of limitations. 17. Antitrust laws not applicable to labor organizations. 18. Acquisition by one corporation of stock of another. 18a. Premerger notification and waiting period. (a) Filing. (b) Waiting period; publication; voting securities. (c) Exempt transactions. (d) Commission rules. (e) Additional information; waiting period extensions. (f) Preliminary injunctions; hearings. (g) Civil penalty; compliance; power of court. (h) Disclosure exemption. (i) Construction with other laws. (j) Omitted. (k) Extensions of time. 19. Interlocking directorates and officers. 19a, 20. Repealed. 21. Enforcement provisions. (a) Commission, Board, or Secretary authorized to enforce compliance. (b) Issuance of complaints for violations; hearing; intervention; filing of testimony; report; cease and desist orders; reopening and alteration of reports or orders. (c) Review of orders; jurisdiction; filing of petition and record of proceeding; conclusiveness of findings; additional evidence; modification of findings; finality of judgment and decree. (d) Exclusive jurisdiction of Court of Appeals. (e) Liability under antitrust laws. (f) Service of complaints, orders and other processes. (g) Finality of orders generally. (h) Finality of orders modified by Supreme Court. (i) Finality of orders modified by Court of Appeals. (j) Finality of orders issued on rehearing ordered by Court of Appeals or Supreme Court. (k) ''Mandate'' defined. (l) Penalties. 21a. Actions and proceedings pending prior to June 19, 1936; additional and continuing violations. 22. District in which to sue corporation. 23. Suits by United States; subpoenas for witnesses. 24. Liability of directors and agents of corporation. 25. Restraining violations; procedure. 26. Injunctive relief for private parties; exception; costs. 26a. Restrictions on the purchase of gasohol and synthetic motor fuel. (a) Limitations on the use of credit instruments; sales, resales, and transfers. (b) Credit fees; equivalent conventional motor fuel sales; labeling of pumps; product liability disclaimers; advertising support; furnishing facilities. (c) ''United States'' defined. 27. Effect of partial invalidity. 27a. Application of antitrust laws to professional major league baseball. (a) Major league baseball subject to antitrust laws. (b) Limitation of section. (c) Standing to sue. (d) Conduct, acts, practices, or agreements subject to antitrust laws. 28. Repealed. 29. Appeals. (a) Court of appeals; review by Supreme Court. (b) Direct appeals to Supreme Court. 30. Depositions for use in suits in equity; proceedings open to public. 31. Panama Canal closed to violators of antitrust laws. 32, 33. Repealed. 34. Definitions applicable to sections 34 to 36. 35. Recovery of damages, etc., for antitrust violations from any local government, or official or employee thereof acting in an official capacity. (a) Prohibition in general. (b) Preconditions for attachment of prohibition; prima facie evidence for nonapplication of prohibition. 36. Recovery of damages, etc., for antitrust violations on claim against person based on official action directed by local government, or official or employee thereof acting in an official capacity. (a) Prohibition in general. (b) Nonapplication of prohibition for cases commenced before effective date of provisions. 37. Immunity from antitrust laws. (a) Inapplicability of antitrust laws. (b) Immunity. (c) Treatment of certain annuities and trusts. (d) Limitation. 37a. Definitions. HISTORICAL NOTE This chapter includes among other statutory provisions the Sherman Act, comprising sections 1 to 7 of this title, the Clayton Act, comprising sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 20, 21, and 22 to 27 of this title and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor, the Wilson Tariff Act, comprising sections 8 and 9 of this title, the Robinson-Patman Price Discrimination Act, comprising sections 13, 13a, 13b, and 21a of this title, the ''Expediting Act'', sections 28 and 29 of this title, and the ''Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976'', comprising sections 15c to 15h, 18a, and 66 of this title. For complete classification of the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, see Short Title note under section 1 of this title. CONGRESSIONAL INVESTIGATION OF MONOPOLY Joint Res. June 16, 1938, ch. 456, 52 Stat. 705, created a Temporary National Economic Committee which was authorized to make a full investigation on monopoly and the concentration of economic power in and financial control over production and distribution of goods and services. The time for submitting the final report under Joint Res. June 16, 1938, ch. 456, 52 Stat. 705, as amended Apr. 26, 1939, ch. 104, Sec. 1, 2, 53 Stat. 624, was extended to Apr. 3, 1941, by Joint Res. Dec. 16, 1940, ch. 932, 54 Stat. 1225. The committee's report was presented to Congress on Mar. 31, 1941, and was published in Senate Document No. 35. -EXEC- EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 12022 Ex. Ord. No. 12022, Dec. 1, 1977, 42 F.R. 61441, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12052, Apr. 7, 1978, 43 F.R. 15133, which related to the National Commission for the Review of Antitrust Laws and Procedures, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12258, Dec. 31, 1980, 46 F.R. 1251, set out as a note under section 14 of the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. -SECREF- ANTITRUST ACTS AND LAWS DEFINED IN OTHER SECTIONS Antitrust acts and laws are defined in sections 12, 44, 1311, 1802, 3301, 3503, 4002, 4021, 4301, 6211 of this title; title 10 section 7430; title 12 sections 1828, 1831u, 1841, 1849; title 16 section 2602; title 17 section 109; title 28 section 1407; title 30 sections 184, 1413; title 33 section 1502; title 40 section 488; title 42 sections 5417, 5909, 6202, 8235f, 9102; title 43 sections 1331, 1770; title 45 section 791; title 46 App. section 1702; title 49 sections 10706, 41308; title 50 App. sections 1941a, 2158. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 1 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 1. Trusts, etc., in restraint of trade illegal; penalty -STATUTE- Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $10,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $350,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding three years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court. -SOURCE- (July 2, 1890, ch. 647, Sec. 1, 26 Stat. 209; Aug. 17, 1937, ch. 690, title VIII, 50 Stat. 693; July 7, 1955, ch. 281, 69 Stat. 282; Pub. L. 93-528, Sec. 3, Dec. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1708; Pub. L. 94-145, Sec. 2, Dec. 12, 1975, 89 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 101-588, Sec. 4(a), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2880.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1990 - Pub. L. 101-588 substituted ''$10,000,000'' for ''one million dollars'' and ''$350,000'' for ''one hundred thousand dollars''. 1975 - Pub. L. 94-145 struck out from first sentence two provisos granting anti-trust exemption to State fair trade laws. 1974 - Pub. L. 93-528 substituted ''a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding one million dollars if a corporation, or, if any other person, one hundred thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding three years'' for ''a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year''. 1955 - Act July 7, 1955, substituted ''fifty thousand dollars'' for ''five thousand dollars''. 1937 - Act Aug. 17, 1937, inserted two provisos. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107-72, Sec. 4, Nov. 20, 2001, 115 Stat. 650, provided that: ''This Act (enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under this section) and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect on September 30, 2001.'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Section 4 of Pub. L. 94-145 provided that: ''The amendments made by sections 2 and 3 of this Act (amending this section and section 45 of this title) shall take effect upon the expiration of the ninety-day period which begins on the date of enactment of this Act (Dec. 12, 1975).'' SHORT TITLE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107-72, Sec. 1, Nov. 20, 2001, 115 Stat. 648, provided that: ''This Act (enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under this section) may be cited as the 'Need-Based Educational Aid Act of 2001'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 105-297, Sec. 1, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2824, provided that: ''This Act (enacting section 27a of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 27a of this title) may be cited as the 'Curt Flood Act of 1998'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1997 AMENDMENTS Pub. L. 105-43, Sec. 1, Sept. 17, 1997, 111 Stat. 1140, provided that: ''This Act (enacting and amending provisions set out as notes below) may be cited as the 'Need-Based Educational Aid Antitrust Protection Act of 1997'.'' Pub. L. 105-26, Sec. 1, July 3, 1997, 111 Stat. 241, provided that: ''This Act (amending sections 37 and 37a of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 37 of this title) may be cited as the 'Charitable Donation Antitrust Immunity Act of 1997'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 104-63, Sec. 1, Dec. 8, 1995, 109 Stat. 687, provided that: ''This Act (enacting sections 37 and 37a of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 37 of this title) may be cited as the 'Charitable Gift Annuity Antitrust Relief Act of 1995'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Section 1 of Pub. L. 101-588 provided: ''That this Act (amending this section and sections 2, 3, 15a, and 19 of this title and repealing section 20 of this title) may be cited as the 'Antitrust Amendments Act of 1990'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 98-544, Sec. 1, Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2750, provided: ''That this Act (enacting sections 34 to 36 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 34 of this title) may be cited as the 'Local Government Antitrust Act of 1984'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 97-290, title IV, Sec. 401, Oct. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 1246, provided that: ''This title (enacting section 6a of this title and amending section 45 of this title) may be cited as the 'Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act of 1982'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 96-493, Sec. 1, Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2568, provided: ''That this Act (enacting section 26a of this title) may be cited as the 'Gasohol Competition Act of 1980'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Section 1 of Pub. L. 94-435, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1383, provided: ''That this Act (enacting sections 15c to 15h, 18a, and 66 of this title, amending sections 12, 15b, 16, 26, and 1311 to 1314 of this title, section 1505 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and section 1407 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 8, 15c, 18a, and 1311 of this title) may be cited as the 'Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Section 1 of Pub. L. 94-145 provided: ''That this Act (amending this section and section 45 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section) may be cited as the 'Consumer Goods Pricing Act of 1975'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1974 AMENDMENT Section 1 of Pub. L. 93-528 provided: ''That this Act (amending this section and section 2, 3, 16, 28, and 29 of this title, section 401 of Title 47, Telegraphs, Telephones, and Radiotelegraphs, and sections 43, 44, and 45 of former Title 49, Transportation, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 29 of this title) may be cited as the 'Antitrust Procedures and Penalties Act'.'' SHORT TITLE Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 305(a), Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1397, added immediately following the enacting clause of act July 2, 1890, the following: ''That this Act (this section and sections 2 to 7 of this title) may be cited as the 'Sherman Act'.'' YEAR 2000 INFORMATION AND READINESS DISCLOSURE Pub. L. 105-271, Oct. 19, 1998, 112 Stat. 2386, provided that: ''SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. ''This Act may be cited as the 'Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act'. ''SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. ''(a) Findings. - Congress finds the following: ''(1)(A) At least thousands but possibly millions of information technology computer systems, software programs, and semiconductors are not capable of recognizing certain dates in 1999 and after December 31, 1999, and will read dates in the year 2000 and thereafter as if those dates represent the year 1900 or thereafter or will fail to process those dates. ''(B) The problem described in subparagraph (A) and resulting failures could incapacitate systems that are essential to the functioning of markets, commerce, consumer products, utilities, government, and safety and defense systems, in the United States and throughout the world. ''(C) Reprogramming or replacing affected systems before the problem incapacitates essential systems is a matter of national and global interest. ''(2) The prompt, candid, and thorough disclosure and exchange of information related to year 2000 readiness of entities, products, and services - ''(A) would greatly enhance the ability of public and private entities to improve their year 2000 readiness; and ''(B) is therefore a matter of national importance and a vital factor in minimizing any potential year 2000 related disruption to the Nation's economic well-being and security. ''(3) Concern about the potential for legal liability associated with the disclosure and exchange of year 2000 readiness information is impeding the disclosure and exchange of such information. ''(4) The capability to freely disseminate and exchange information relating to year 2000 readiness, solutions, test practices and test results, with the public and other entities without undue concern about litigation is critical to the ability of public and private entities to address year 2000 needs in a timely manner. ''(5) The national interest will be served by uniform legal standards in connection with the disclosure and exchange of year 2000 readiness information that will promote disclosures and exchanges of such information in a timely fashion. ''(b) Purposes. - Based upon the powers contained in article I, section 8, clause 3 of the Constitution of the United States, the purposes of this Act are - ''(1) to promote the free disclosure and exchange of information related to year 2000 readiness; ''(2) to assist consumers, small businesses, and local governments in effectively and rapidly responding to year 2000 problems; and ''(3) to lessen burdens on interstate commerce by establishing certain uniform legal principles in connection with the disclosure and exchange of information related to year 2000 readiness. ''SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. ''In this Act: ''(1) Antitrust laws. - The term 'antitrust laws' - ''(A) has the meaning given to it in subsection (a) of the first section of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12(a)), except that such term includes section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45) to the extent such section 5 applies to unfair methods of competition; and ''(B) includes any State law similar to the laws referred to in subparagraph (A). ''(2) Consumer. - The term 'consumer' means an individual who acquires a consumer product for purposes other than resale. ''(3) Consumer product. - The term 'consumer product' means any personal property or service which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes. ''(4) Covered action. - The term 'covered action' means a civil action of any kind, whether arising under Federal or State law, except for an action brought by a Federal, State, or other public entity, agency, or authority acting in a regulatory, supervisory, or enforcement capacity. ''(5) Maker. - The term 'maker' means each person or entity, including the United States or a State or political subdivision thereof, that - ''(A) issues or publishes any year 2000 statement; ''(B) develops or prepares any year 2000 statement; or ''(C) assists in, contributes to, or reviews, reports or comments on during, or approves, or otherwise takes part in the preparing, developing, issuing, approving, or publishing of any year 2000 statement. ''(6) Republication. - The term 'republication' means any repetition, in whole or in part, of a year 2000 statement originally made by another. ''(7) Year 2000 internet website. - The term 'year 2000 Internet website' means an Internet website or other similar electronically accessible service, clearly designated on the website or service by the person or entity creating or controlling the content of the website or service as an area where year 2000 statements concerning that person or entity are posted or otherwise made accessible to the general public. ''(8) Year 2000 processing. - The term 'year 2000 processing' means the processing (including calculating, comparing, sequencing, displaying, or storing), transmitting, or receiving of date data from, into, and between the 20th and 21st centuries, and during the years 1999 and 2000, and leap year calculations. ''(9) Year 2000 readiness disclosure. - The term 'year 2000 readiness disclosure' means any written year 2000 statement - ''(A) clearly identified on its face as a year 2000 readiness disclosure; ''(B) inscribed on a tangible medium or stored in an electronic or other medium and retrievable in perceivable form; and ''(C) issued or published by or with the approval of a person or entity with respect to year 2000 processing of that person or entity or of products or services offered by that person or entity. ''(10) Year 2000 remediation product or service. - The term 'year 2000 remediation product or service' means a software program or service licensed, sold, or rendered by a person or entity and specifically designed to detect or correct year 2000 processing problems with respect to systems, products, or services manufactured or rendered by another person or entity. ''(11) Year 2000 statement. - ''(A) In general. - The term 'year 2000 statement' means any communication or other conveyance of information by a party to another or to the public, in any form or medium - ''(i) concerning an assessment, projection, or estimate concerning year 2000 processing capabilities of an entity, product, service, or set of products and services; ''(ii) concerning plans, objectives, or timetables for implementing or verifying the year 2000 processing capabilities of an entity, product, service, or set of products and services; ''(iii) concerning test plans, test dates, test results, or operational problems or solutions related to year 2000 processing by - ''(I) products; or ''(II) services that incorporate or utilize products; or ''(iv) reviewing, commenting on, or otherwise directly or indirectly relating to year 2000 processing capabilities. ''(B) Not included. - For the purposes of any action brought under the securities laws, as that term is defined in section 3(a)(47) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(47)), the term 'year 2000 statement' does not include statements contained in any documents or materials filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or with Federal banking regulators, pursuant to section 12(i) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 781(i) (78l(i))), or disclosures or writing that when made accompanied the solicitation of an offer or sale of securities. ''SEC. 4. PROTECTION FOR YEAR 2000 STATEMENTS. ''(a) Evidence Exclusion. - No year 2000 readiness disclosure, in whole or in part, shall be admissible against the maker of that disclosure to prove the accuracy or truth of any year 2000 statement set forth in that disclosure, in any covered action brought by another party except that - ''(1) a year 2000 readiness disclosure may be admissible to serve as the basis for a claim for anticipatory breach, or repudiation of a contract, or a similar claim against the maker, to the extent provided by applicable law; and ''(2) the court in any covered action shall have discretion to limit application of this subsection in any case in which the court determines that the maker's use of the year 2000 readiness disclosure amounts to bad faith or fraud, or is otherwise beyond what is reasonable to achieve the purposes of this Act. ''(b) False, Misleading and Inaccurate Year 2000 Statements. - Except as provided in subsection (c), in any covered action, to the extent that such action is based on an allegedly false, inaccurate, or misleading year 2000 statement, the maker of that year 2000 statement shall not be liable under Federal or State law with respect to that year 2000 statement unless the claimant establishes, in addition to all other requisite elements of the applicable action, by clear and convincing evidence, that - ''(1) the year 2000 statement was material; and ''(2)(A) to the extent the year 2000 statement was not a republication, that the maker made the year 2000 statement - ''(i) with actual knowledge that the year 2000 statement was false, inaccurate, or misleading; ''(ii) with intent to deceive or mislead; or ''(iii) with a reckless disregard as to the accuracy of the year 2000 statement; or ''(B) to the extent the year 2000 statement was a republication, that the maker of the republication made the year 2000 statement - ''(i) with actual knowledge that the year 2000 statement was false, inaccurate, or misleading; ''(ii) with intent to deceive or mislead; or ''(iii) without notice in that year 2000 statement that - ''(I) the maker has not verified the contents of the republication; or ''(II) the maker is not the source of the republication and the republication is based on information supplied by another person or entity identified in that year 2000 statement or republication. ''(c) Defamation or Similar Claims. - In a covered action arising under any Federal or State law of defamation, trade disparagement, or a similar claim, to the extent such action is based on an allegedly false, inaccurate, or misleading year 2000 statement, the maker of that year 2000 statement shall not be liable with respect to that year 2000 statement, unless the claimant establishes by clear and convincing evidence, in addition to all other requisite elements of the applicable action, that the year 2000 statement was made with knowledge that the year 2000 statement was false or made with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity. ''(d) Year 2000 Internet Website. - ''(1) In general. - Except as provided in paragraph (2), in any covered action other than a covered action involving personal injury or serious physical damage to property, in which the adequacy of notice about year 2000 processing is at issue, the posting, in a commercially reasonable manner and for a commercially reasonable duration, of a notice by the entity charged with giving such notice on the year 2000 Internet website of that entity shall be deemed an adequate mechanism for providing that notice. ''(2) Exception. - Paragraph (1) shall not apply if the court finds that the use of the mechanism of notice - ''(A) is contrary to express prior representations regarding the mechanism of notice made by the party giving notice; ''(B) is materially inconsistent with the regular course of dealing between the parties; or ''(C) occurs where there have been no prior representations regarding the mechanism of notice, no regular course of dealing exists between the parties, and actual notice is clearly the most commercially reasonable means of providing notice. ''(3) Construction. - Nothing in this subsection shall - ''(A) alter or amend any Federal or State statute or regulation requiring that notice about year 2000 processing be provided using a different mechanism; ''(B) create a duty to provide notice about year 2000 processing; ''(C) preclude or suggest the use of any other medium for notice about year 2000 processing or require the use of an Internet website; or ''(D) mandate the content or timing of any notices about year 2000 processing. ''(e) Limitation on Effect of Year 2000 Statements. - ''(1) In general. - In any covered action, a year 2000 statement shall not be interpreted or construed as an amendment to or alteration of a contract or warranty, whether entered into by or approved for a public or private entity. ''(2) Not applicable. - ''(A) In general. - This subsection shall not apply - ''(i) to the extent the party whose year 2000 statement is alleged to have amended or altered a contract or warranty has otherwise agreed in writing to so alter or amend the contract or warranty; ''(ii) to a year 2000 statement made in conjunction with the formation of the contract or warranty; or ''(iii) if the contract or warranty specifically provides for its amendment or alteration through the making of a year 2000 statement. ''(B) Rule of construction. - Nothing in this subsection shall affect applicable Federal or State law in effect as of the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 19, 1998) with respect to determining the extent to which a year 2000 statement affects a contract or warranty. ''(f) Special Data Gathering. - ''(1) In general. - A Federal entity, agency, or authority may expressly designate a request for the voluntary provision of information relating to year 2000 processing, including year 2000 statements, as a special year 2000 data gathering request made pursuant to this subsection. ''(2) Specifics. - A special year 2000 data gathering request made under this subsection shall specify a Federal entity, agency, or authority, or, with its consent, another public or private entity, agency, or authority, to gather responses to the request. ''(3) Protections. - Except with the express consent or permission of the provider of information described in paragraph (1), any year 2000 statements or other such information provided by a party in response to a special year 2000 data gathering request made under this subsection - ''(A) shall be exempt from disclosure under subsection (b)(4) of section 552 of title 5, United States Code, commonly known as the 'Freedom of Information Act'; ''(B) shall not be disclosed to any third party; and ''(C) may not be used by any Federal entity, agency, or authority or by any third party, directly or indirectly, in any civil action arising under any Federal or State law. ''(4) Exceptions. - ''(A) Information obtained elsewhere. - Nothing in this subsection shall preclude a Federal entity, agency, or authority, or any third party, from separately obtaining the information submitted in response to a request under this subsection through the use of independent legal authorities, and using such separately obtained information in any action. ''(B) Voluntary disclosure. - A restriction on use or disclosure of information under this subsection shall not apply to any information disclosed to the public with the express consent of the party responding to a special year 2000 data gathering request or disclosed by such party separately from a response to a special year 2000 data gathering request. ''SEC. 5. TEMPORARY ANTITRUST EXEMPTION. ''(a) Exemption. - Except as provided in subsection (b), the antitrust laws shall not apply to conduct engaged in, including making and implementing an agreement, solely for the purpose of and limited to - ''(1) facilitating responses intended to correct or avoid a failure of year 2000 processing in a computer system, in a component of a computer system, in a computer program or software, or services utilizing any such system, component, program, or hardware; or ''(2) communicating or disclosing information to help correct or avoid the effects of year 2000 processing failure(.) ''(b) Applicability. - Subsection (a) shall apply only to conduct that occurs, or an agreement that is made and implemented, after the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 19, 1998) and before July 14, 2001. ''(c) Exception to Exemption. - Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to conduct that involves or results in an agreement to boycott any person, to allocate a market, or to fix prices or output. ''(d) Rule of Construction. - The exemption granted by this section shall be construed narrowly. ''SEC. 6. EXCLUSIONS. ''(a) Effect on Information Disclosure. - This Act does not affect, abrogate, amend, or alter the authority of a Federal or State entity, agency, or authority to enforce a requirement to provide or disclose, or not to provide or disclose, information under a Federal or State statute or regulation or to enforce such statute or regulation. ''(b) Contracts and Other Claims. - ''(1) In general. - Except as may be otherwise provided in subsections (a) and (e) of section 4, this Act does not affect, abrogate, amend, or alter any right established by contract or tariff between any person or entity, whether entered into by a public or private person or entity, under any Federal or State law. ''(2) Other claims. - ''(A) In general. - In any covered action brought by a consumer, this Act does not apply to a year 2000 statement expressly made in a solicitation, including an advertisement or offer to sell, to that consumer by a seller, manufacturer, or provider of a consumer product. ''(B) Specific notice required. - In any covered action, this Act shall not apply to a year 2000 statement, concerning a year 2000 remediation product or service, expressly made in an offer to sell or in a solicitation (including an advertisement) by a seller, manufacturer, or provider, of that product or service unless, during the course of the offer or solicitation, the party making the offer or solicitation provides the following notice in accordance with section 4(d): '' 'Statements made to you in the course of this sale are subject to the Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act (_ _ U.S.C. _ _). In the case of a dispute, this Act may reduce your legal rights regarding the use of any such statements, unless otherwise specified by your contract or tariff.' ''(3) Rule of construction. - Nothing in this Act shall be construed to preclude any claims that are not based exclusively on year 2000 statements. ''(c) Duty or Standard of Care. - ''(1) In general. - This Act shall not impose upon the maker of any year 2000 statement any more stringent obligation, duty, or standard of care than is otherwise applicable under any other Federal law or State law. ''(2) Additional disclosure. - This Act does not preclude any party from making or providing any additional disclosure, disclaimer, or similar provisions in connection with any year 2000 readiness disclosure or year 2000 statement. ''(3) Duty of care. - This Act shall not be deemed to alter any standard or duty of care owed by a fiduciary, as defined or determined by applicable Federal or State law. ''(d) Intellectual Property Rights. - This Act does not affect, abrogate, amend, or alter any right in a patent, copyright, semiconductor mask work, trade secret, trade name, trademark, or service mark, under any Federal or State law. ''(e) Injunctive Relief. - Nothing in this Act shall be deemed to preclude a claimant from seeking injunctive relief with respect to a year 2000 statement. ''SEC. 7. APPLICABILITY. ''(a) Effective Date. - ''(1) In general. - Except as otherwise provided in this section, this Act shall become effective on the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 19, 1998). ''(2) Application to lawsuits pending. - This Act shall not affect or apply to any lawsuit pending on July 14, 1998. ''(3) Application to statements and disclosures. - Except as provided in subsection (b) - ''(A) this Act shall apply to any year 2000 statement made beginning on July 14, 1998 and ending on July 14, 2001; and ''(B) this Act shall apply to any year 2000 readiness disclosure made beginning on the date of enactment of this Act and ending on July 14, 2001. ''(b) Previously Made Readiness Disclosure. - ''(1) In general. - For the purposes of section 4(a), a person or entity that issued or published a year 2000 statement after January 1, 1996, and before the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 19, 1998), may designate that year 2000 statement as a year 2000 readiness disclosure if - ''(A) the year 2000 statement complied with the requirements of section 3(9) when made, other than being clearly designated on its face as a disclosure; and ''(B) within 45 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the person or entity seeking the designation - ''(i) provides individual notice that meets the requirements of paragraph (2) to all recipients of the applicable year 2000 statement; or ''(ii) prominently posts notice that meets the requirements of paragraph (2) on its year 2000 Internet website, commencing prior to the end of the 45-day period under this subparagraph and extending for a minimum of 45 consecutive days and also uses the same method of notification used to originally provide the applicable year 2000 statement. ''(2) Requirements. - A notice under paragraph (1)(B) shall - ''(A) state that the year 2000 statement that is the subject of the notice is being designated a year 2000 readiness disclosure; and ''(B) include a copy of the year 2000 statement with a legend labeling the statement as a 'Year 2000 Readiness Disclosure'. ''(c) Exception. - No designation of a year 2000 statement as a year 2000 readiness disclosure under subsection (b) shall apply with respect to any person or entity that - ''(1) proves, by clear and convincing evidence, that it relied on the year 2000 statement prior to the receipt of notice described in subsection (b)(1)(B) and it would be prejudiced by the retroactive designation of the year 2000 statement as a year 2000 readiness disclosure; and ''(2) provides to the person or entity seeking the designation a written notice objecting to the designation within 45 days after receipt of individual notice under subsection (b)(1)(B)(i), or within 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 19, 1998), in the case of notice provided under subsection (b)(1)(B)(ii). ''SEC. 8. YEAR 2000 COUNCIL WORKING GROUPS. ''(a) In General. - ''(1) Working groups. - The President's Year 2000 Council (referred to in this section as the 'Council') may establish and terminate working groups composed of Federal employees who will engage outside organizations in discussions to address the year 2000 problems identified in section 2(a)(1) to share information related to year 2000 readiness, and otherwise to serve the purposes of this Act. ''(2) List of groups. - The Council shall maintain and make available to the public a printed and electronic list of the working groups, the members of each working group, and a point of contact, together with an address, telephone number, and electronic mail address for the point of contact, for each working group created under this section. ''(3) Balance. - The Council shall seek to achieve a balance of participation and representation among the working groups. ''(4) Attendance. - The Council shall maintain and make available to the public a printed and electronic list of working group members who attend each meeting of a working group as well as any other individuals or organizations participating in each meeting. ''(5) Meetings. - Each meeting of a working group shall be announced in advance in accordance with procedures established by the Council. The Council shall encourage working groups to hold meetings open to the public to the extent feasible and consistent with the activities of the Council and the purposes of this Act. ''(b) FACA. - The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply to the working groups established under this section. ''(c) Private Right of Action. - This section creates no private right of action to sue for enforcement of the provisions of this section. ''(d) Expiration. - The authority conferred by this section shall expire on December 31, 2000. ''SEC. 9. NATIONAL INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE AND WEBSITE. ''(a) National Website. - ''(1) In general. - The Administrator of General Services shall create and maintain until July 14, 2002, a national year 2000 website, and promote its availability, designed to assist consumers, small business, and local governments in obtaining information from other governmental websites, hotlines, or information clearinghouses about year 2000 processing of computers, systems, products, and services, including websites maintained by independent agencies and other departments. ''(2) Consultation. - In creating the national year 2000 website, the Administrator of General Services shall consult with - ''(A) the Director of the Office of Management and Budget; ''(B) the Administrator of the Small Business Administration; ''(C) the Consumer Product Safety Commission; ''(D) officials of State and local governments; ''(E) the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; ''(F) representatives of consumer and industry groups; and ''(G) representatives of other entities, as determined appropriate. ''(b) Report. - The Administrator of General Services shall submit a report to the Committees on the Judiciary of the Senate and the House of Representatives and the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight of the House of Representatives (now Committee on Government Reform of House of Representatives) not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 19, 1998) regarding planning to comply with the requirements of this section.'' APPLICATION OF ANTITRUST LAWS TO AWARD OF NEED-BASED EDUCATIONAL AID Pub. L. 107-72, Sec. 3, Nov. 20, 2001, 115 Stat. 648, provided that: ''(a) Study. - ''(1) In general. - The Comptroller General shall conduct a study of the effect of the antitrust exemption on institutional student aid under section 568 of the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 (15 U.S.C. 1 note) (Pub. L. 103-382, see below). ''(2) Consultation. - The Comptroller General shall have final authority to determine the content of the study under paragraph (1), but in determining the content of the study, the Comptroller General shall consult with - ''(A) the institutions of higher education participating under the antitrust exemption under section 568 of the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 (15 U.S.C. 1 note) (referred to in this Act (see Short Title of 2001 Amendment note above) as the 'participating institutions'); ''(B) the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice; and ''(C) other persons that the Comptroller General determines are appropriate. ''(3) Matters studied. - ''(A) In general. - The study under paragraph (1) shall - ''(i) examine the needs analysis methodologies used by participating institutions; ''(ii) identify trends in undergraduate costs of attendance and institutional undergraduate grant aid among participating institutions, including - ''(I) the percentage of first-year students receiving institutional grant aid; ''(II) the mean and median grant eligibility and institutional grant aid to first-year students; and ''(III) the mean and median parental and student contributions to undergraduate costs of attendance for first year students receiving institutional grant aid; ''(iii) to the extent useful in determining the effect of the antitrust exemption under section 568 of the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 (15 U.S.C. 1 note), examine - ''(I) comparison data, identified in clauses (i) and (ii), from institutions of higher education that do not participate under the antitrust exemption under section 568 of the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 (15 U.S.C. 1 note); and ''(II) other baseline trend data from national benchmarks; and ''(iv) examine any other issues that the Comptroller General determines are appropriate, including other types of aid affected by section 568 of the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 (15 U.S.C. 1 note). ''(B) Assessment. - ''(i) In general. - The study under paragraph (1) shall assess what effect the antitrust exemption on institutional student aid has had on institutional undergraduate grant aid and parental contribution to undergraduate costs of attendance. ''(ii) Changes over time. - The assessment under clause (i) shall consider any changes in institutional undergraduate grant aid and parental contribution to undergraduate costs of attendance over time for institutions of higher education, including consideration of - ''(I) the time period prior to adoption of the consensus methodologies at participating institutions; and ''(II) the data examined pursuant to subparagraph (A)(iii). ''(b) Report. - ''(1) In general. - Not later than September 30, 2006, the Comptroller General shall submit a report to the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives that contains the findings and conclusions of the Comptroller General regarding the matters studied under subsection (a). ''(2) Identifying individual institutions. - The Comptroller General shall not identify an individual institution of higher education in information submitted in the report under paragraph (1) unless the information on the institution is available to the public. ''(c) Recordkeeping Requirement. - ''(1) In general. - For the purpose of completing the study under subsection (a)(1), a participating institution shall - ''(A) collect and maintain for each academic year until the study under subsection (a)(1) is completed - ''(i) student-level data that is sufficient, in the judgment of the Comptroller General, to permit the analysis of expected family contributions, identified need, and undergraduate grant aid awards; and ''(ii) information on formulas used by the institution to determine need; and ''(B) submit the data and information under paragraph (1) to the Comptroller General at such time as the Comptroller General may reasonably require. ''(2) Non-participating institutions. - Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to require an institution of higher education that does not participate under the antitrust exemption under section 568 of the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 (15 U.S.C. 1 note) to collect and maintain data under this subsection.'' Pub. L. 103-382, title V, Sec. 568(a)-(d), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4060, 4061, as amended by Pub. L. 105-43, Sec. 2(a), Sept. 17, 1997, 111 Stat. 1140; Pub. L. 105-244, title I, Sec. 102(a)(3), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1618; Pub. L. 107-72, Sec. 2, Nov. 20, 2001, 115 Stat. 648, provided that: ''(a) Exemption. - It shall not be unlawful under the antitrust laws for 2 or more institutions of higher education at which all students admitted are admitted on a need-blind basis, to agree or attempt to agree - ''(1) to award such students financial aid only on the basis of demonstrated financial need for such aid; ''(2) to use common principles of analysis for determining the need of such students for financial aid if the agreement to use such principles does not restrict financial aid officers at such institutions in their exercising independent professional judgment with respect to individual applicants for such financial aid; ''(3) to use a common aid application form for need-based financial aid for such students if the agreement to use such form does not restrict such institutions in their requesting from such students, or in their using, data in addition to the data requested on such form; or ''(4) to exchange through an independent third party, before awarding need-based financial aid to any of such students who is commonly admitted to the institutions of higher education involved, data submitted by the student so admitted, the student's family, or a financial institution on behalf of the student or the student's family relating to assets, liabilities, income, expenses, the number of family members, and the number of the student's siblings in college, if each of such institutions of higher education is permitted to retrieve such data only once with respect to the student. ''(b) Limitations. - Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to - ''(1) any financial aid or assistance authorized by the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.); or ''(2) any contract, combination, or conspiracy with respect to the amount or terms of any prospective financial aid award to a specific individual. ''(c) Definitions. - For purposes of this section - ''(1) the term 'alien' has the meaning given such term in section 101(3) (101(a)(3)) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(3) (1101(a)(3))); ''(2) the term 'antitrust laws' has the meaning given such term in subsection (a) of the first section of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12(a)), except that such term includes section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45) to the extent such section applies to unfair methods of competition; ''(3) the term 'institution of higher education' has the meaning given such term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001); ''(4) the term 'lawfully admitted for permanent residence' has the meaning given such term in section 101(20) (101(a)(20)) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(20) (1101(a)(20))); ''(5) the term 'national of the United States' has the meaning given such term in section 101(22) (101(a)(22)) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(22) (1101(a)(22))); ''(6) the term 'on a need-blind basis' means without regard to the financial circumstances of the student involved or the student's family; and ''(7) the term 'student' means, with respect to an institution of higher education, a national of the United States or an alien admitted for permanent residence who is admitted to attend an undergraduate program at such institution on a full-time basis. ''(d) Expiration. - Subsection (a) shall expire on September 30, 2008.'' (Pub. L. 105-43, Sec. 2(b), Sept. 17, 1997, 111 Stat. 1140, provided that: ''The amendments made by subsection (a) (amending section 568(a)-(d) of Pub. L. 103-382, set out above) shall take effect immediately before September 30, 1997.'') -SECREF- SHERMAN ACT REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS The Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 to 7) is referred to in sections 12, 15c, 15d, 29, 30, 31, 44, 62, 1012, 1013, 3301, 3503 of this title; title 7 section 225; title 10 section 7430; title 12 sections 1828, 1849; title 16 section 2602; title 30 sections 184, 1413; title 40 section 488; title 42 sections 2135, 5417, 5909, 6202, 8235f, 9102; title 43 sections 970, 1331, 1770; title 45 section 791; title 46 App. section 1702; title 49 section 10706; title 50 App. sections 1941a, 2158. SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 4, 6, 6a, 7, 18a of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 2 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 2. Monopolizing trade a felony; penalty -STATUTE- Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $10,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $350,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding three years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court. -SOURCE- (July 2, 1890, ch. 647, Sec. 2, 26 Stat. 209; July 7, 1955, ch. 281, 69 Stat. 282; Pub. L. 93-528, Sec. 3, Dec. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1708; Pub. L. 101-588, Sec. 4(b), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2880.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1990 - Pub. L. 101-588 substituted ''$10,000,000'' for ''one million dollars'' and ''$350,000'' for ''one hundred thousand dollars''. 1974 - Pub. L. 93-528 substituted ''a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding one million dollars if a corporation, or, if any other person, one hundred thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding three years'' for ''a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year''. 1955 - Act July 7, 1955, substituted ''fifty thousand dollars'' for ''five thousand dollars''. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 18a of this title; title 12 section 1849. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 3 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 3. Trusts in Territories or District of Columbia illegal; combination a felony -STATUTE- Every contract, combination in form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce in any Territory of the United States or of the District of Columbia, or in restraint of trade or commerce between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory or Territories and any State or States or the District of Columbia, or with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia and any State or States or foreign nations, is declared illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract or engage in any such combination or conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $10,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $350,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding three years, or both said punishments, in the discretion of the court. -SOURCE- (July 2, 1890, ch. 647, Sec. 3, 26 Stat. 209; July 7, 1955, ch. 281, 69 Stat. 282; Pub. L. 93-528, Sec. 3, Dec. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1708; Pub. L. 101-588, Sec. 4(c), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2880.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1990 - Pub. L. 101-588 substituted ''$10,000,000'' for ''one million dollars'' and ''$350,000'' for ''one hundred thousand dollars''. 1974 - Pub. L. 93-528 substituted ''a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding one million dollars if a corporation, or, if any other person, one hundred thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding three years'' for ''a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year''. 1955 - Act July 7, 1955, substituted ''fifty thousand dollars'' for ''five thousand''. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 4 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 4. Jurisdiction of courts; duty of United States attorneys; procedure -STATUTE- The several district courts of the United States are invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of sections 1 to 7 of this title; and it shall be the duty of the several United States attorneys, in their respective districts, under the direction of the Attorney General, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such violations. Such proceedings may be by way of petition setting forth the case and praying that such violation shall be enjoined or otherwise prohibited. When the parties complained of shall have been duly notified of such petition the court shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the hearing and determination of the case; and pending such petition and before final decree, the court may at any time make such temporary restraining order or prohibition as shall be deemed just in the premises. -SOURCE- (July 2, 1890, ch. 647, Sec. 4, 26 Stat. 209; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, Sec. 291, 36 Stat. 1167; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 909.) -COD- CODIFICATION Act Mar. 3, 1911, vested jurisdiction in ''district'' courts, instead of ''circuit'' courts. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Act June 25, 1948, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, substituted ''United States attorneys'' for ''district attorneys of the United States''. See section 541 et seq. of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 5 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 5 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 5. Bringing in additional parties -STATUTE- Whenever it shall appear to the court before which any proceeding under section 4 of this title may be pending, that the ends of justice require that other parties should be brought before the court, the court may cause them to be summoned, whether they reside in the district in which the court is held or not; and subpoenas to that end may be served in any district by the marshal thereof. -SOURCE- (July 2, 1890, ch. 647, Sec. 5, 26 Stat. 210.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 6 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 6. Forfeiture of property in transit -STATUTE- Any property owned under any contract or by any combination, or pursuant to any conspiracy (and being the subject thereof) mentioned in section 1 of this title, and being in the course of transportation from one State to another, or to a foreign country, shall be forfeited to the United States, and may be seized and condemned by like proceedings as those provided by law for the forfeiture, seizure, and condemnation of property imported into the United States contrary to law. -SOURCE- (July 2, 1890, ch. 647, Sec. 6, 26 Stat. 210.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 6a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 6a. Conduct involving trade or commerce with foreign nations -STATUTE- Sections 1 to 7 of this title shall not apply to conduct involving trade or commerce (other than import trade or import commerce) with foreign nations unless - (1) such conduct has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect - (A) on trade or commerce which is not trade or commerce with foreign nations, or on import trade or import commerce with foreign nations; or (B) on export trade or export commerce with foreign nations, of a person engaged in such trade or commerce in the United States; and (2) such effect gives rise to a claim under the provisions of sections 1 to 7 of this title, other than this section. If sections 1 to 7 of this title apply to such conduct only because of the operation of paragraph (1)(B), then sections 1 to 7 of this title shall apply to such conduct only for injury to export business in the United States. -SOURCE- (July 2, 1890, ch. 647, Sec. 7, as added Pub. L. 97-290, title IV, Sec. 402, Oct. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 1246.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 7 of act July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 210, related to suits by persons injured by acts in violation of sections 1 to 7 of this title and was classified as a note under section 15 of this title, prior to repeal by act July 7, 1955, ch. 283, Sec. 3, 69 Stat. 283, effective six months after July 7, 1955. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 7 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 7. ''Person'' or ''persons'' defined -STATUTE- The word ''person'', or ''persons'', wherever used in sections 1 to 7 of this title shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of any State, or the laws of any foreign country. -SOURCE- (July 2, 1890, ch. 647, Sec. 8, 26 Stat. 210.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 6a of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 8 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 8. Trusts in restraint of import trade illegal; penalty -STATUTE- Every combination, conspiracy, trust, agreement, or contract is declared to be contrary to public policy, illegal, and void when the same is made by or between two or more persons or corporations, either of whom, as agent or principal, is engaged in importing any article from any foreign country into the United States, and when such combination, conspiracy, trust, agreement, or contract is intended to operate in restraint of lawful trade, or free competition in lawful trade or commerce, or to increase the market price in any part of the United States of any article or articles imported or intended to be imported into the United States, or of any manufacture into which such imported article enters or is intended to enter. Every person who shall be engaged in the importation of goods or any commodity from any foreign country in violation of this section, or who shall combine or conspire with another to violate the same, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof in any court of the United States such person shall be fined in a sum not less than $100 and not exceeding $5,000, and shall be further punished by imprisonment, in the discretion of the court, for a term not less than three months nor exceeding twelve months. -SOURCE- (Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, Sec. 73, 28 Stat. 570; Feb. 12, 1913, ch. 40, 37 Stat. 667.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1913 - Act Feb. 12, 1913, inserted ''as agent or principal''. SHORT TITLE Section 78 of act Aug. 27, 1894, as added by Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 305(d), Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1397, provided that: ''Sections 73, 74, 75, 76, and 77 of this Act (sections 8 to 11 of this title) may be cited as the 'Wilson Tariff Act'.'' -SECREF- WILSON TARIFF ACT REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS The Wilson Tariff Act (15 U.S.C. 8 to 11) is referred to in sections 12, 31, 44 of this title; title 7 section 225; title 16 section 2602, title 30 section 1413; title 42 section 2135; title 43 section 1331; title 49 section 10706. SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 9, 11, 3301 of this title; title 10 section 7430; title 16 section 2602; title 30 section 184; title 40 section 488; title 42 sections 5417, 5909, 6202, 8235f, 9102; title 43 section 1770; title 45 section 791; title 46 App. section 1702; title 49 section 10706; title 50 App. sections 1941a, 2158. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 9 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 9. Jurisdiction of courts; duty of United States attorneys; procedure -STATUTE- The several district courts of the United States are invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of section 8 of this title; and it shall be the duty of the several United States attorneys, in their respective districts, under the direction of the Attorney General, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such violations. Such proceedings may be by way of petitions setting forth the case and praying that such violations shall be enjoined or otherwise prohibited. When the parties complained of shall have been duly notified of such petition the court shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the hearing and determination of the case; and pending such petition and before final decree, the court may at any time make such temporary restraining order or prohibition as shall be deemed just in the premises. -SOURCE- (Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, Sec. 74, 28 Stat. 570; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, Sec. 291, 36 Stat. 1167; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 909.) -COD- CODIFICATION Act Mar. 3, 1911, vested jurisdiction in ''district'' courts, instead of ''circuit'' courts. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Act June 25, 1948, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, substituted ''United States attorneys'' for ''district attorneys of the United States''. See section 541 et seq. of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 10, 3301 of this title; title 10 section 7430; title 16 section 2602; title 30 section 184; title 33 section 1331; title 40 section 488; title 42 sections 5417, 5909, 6202, 8235f, 9102; title 43 section 1770; title 45 section 791; title 46 App. section 1702; title 49 section 10706; title 50 App. sections 1941a, 2158. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 10 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 10. Bringing in additional parties -STATUTE- Whenever it shall appear to the court before which any proceeding under section 9 of this title may be pending, that the ends of justice require that other parties should be brought before the court, the court may cause them to be summoned, whether they reside in the district in which the court is held or not; and subpoenas to that end may be served in any district by the marshal thereof. -SOURCE- (Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, Sec. 75, 28 Stat. 570.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 11 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 11. Forfeiture of property in transit -STATUTE- Any property owned under any contract or by any combination, or pursuant to any conspiracy, and being the subject thereof, mentioned in section 8 of this title, imported into and being within the United States or being in the course of transportation from one State to another, or to or from a Territory or the District of Columbia, shall be forfeited to the United States, and may be seized and condemned by like proceedings as those provided by law for the forfeiture, seizure, and condemnation of property imported into the United States contrary to law. -SOURCE- (Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, Sec. 76, 28 Stat. 570; Feb. 12, 1913, ch. 40, 37 Stat. 667.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1913 - Act Feb. 12, 1913, substituted ''imported into and being within the United States or'' for ''and''. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 12 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 12. Definitions; short title -STATUTE- (a) ''Antitrust laws,'' as used herein, includes the Act entitled ''An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies,'' approved July second, eighteen hundred and ninety; sections seventy-three to seventy-seven, inclusive, of an Act entitled ''An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,'' of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four; an Act entitled ''An Act to amend sections seventy-three and seventy-six of the Act of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, entitled 'An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,' '' approved February twelfth, nineteen hundred and thirteen; and also this Act. ''Commerce,'' as used herein, means trade or commerce among the several States and with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia or any Territory of the United States and any State, Territory, or foreign nation, or between any insular possessions or other places under the jurisdiction of the United States, or between any such possession or place and any State or Territory of the United States or the District of Columbia or any foreign nation, or within the District of Columbia or any Territory or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States: Provided, That nothing in this Act contained shall apply to the Philippine Islands. The word ''person'' or ''persons'' wherever used in this Act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of any State, or the laws of any foreign country. (b) This Act may be cited as the ''Clayton Act''. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 1, 38 Stat. 730; Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 305(b), Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1397.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Words ''herein'' and ''this Act'', referred to in the three paragraphs of subsec. (a), mean the Clayton Act. For classification of the Clayton Act to the Code, see last paragraph hereunder. The Act entitled ''An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies,'' approved July second, eighteen hundred and ninety, referred to in subsec. (a), is act July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, as amended, known as the Sherman Act, which is classified to sections 1 to 7 of this title. The Act entitled ''An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,'' of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, referred to in subsec. (a), is act Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat. 509, as amended, known as the Wilson Tariff Act. Sections seventy-three to seventy-six thereof are set out as sections 8 to 11 of this title. Section seventy-seven thereof was not classified to the Code. The Act entitled ''An Act to amend sections seventy-three and seventy-six of the Act of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, entitled 'An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes','' approved February twelfth, nineteen hundred and thirteen, referred to in subsec. (a), is act Feb. 12, 1913, ch. 40, 37 Stat. 667, as amended, which is classified to sections 8 and 11 of this title. The Clayton Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, as amended, which is classified to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 20, 21, and 22 to 27 of this title, and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. Sections 9 and 21 to 25 of the act were repealed by act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, Sec. 21, 62 Stat. 862, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, and their provisions are now covered by sections 402, 660, 3285 and 3691 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, except that former section 23 of the act is obsolete and not now covered. Sections 17 to 19 of the act were repealed by act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 39, 62 Stat. 992, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, and their provisions are now covered by rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION The 3d par. of subsec. (a) is also classified to section 53 of Title 29, Labor. -MISC3- AMENDMENTS 1976 - Pub. L. 94-435 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). -SECREF- CLAYTON ACT REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS The Clayton Act (see References in Text note above) is referred to in sections 35, 44, 57b-1, 1012, 1013, 3301, 3503 of this title; title 7 section 225; title 10 section 7430; title 12 sections 1828, 1849, 3208; title 16 section 2602; title 30 sections 184, 1413; title 33 section 1331; title 40 section 488; title 42 sections 2135, 5417, 5909, 6202, 8235f, 9102; title 43 section 1770; title 45 section 791; title 46 App. section 1702; title 49 section 10706; title 50 App. sections 1941a, 2158. SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 34, 37a, 1291, 1311, 4002, 4021, 4301, 6211, 6701 of this title; title 12 sections 1831u, 1841; title 16 section 824k; title 17 section 109; title 19 sections 2033, 2561; title 28 section 1407; title 42 sections 7651b, 12007, 13271; title 46 App. section 885; title 47 section 303c; title 49 sections 13703, 13907, 14104, 40102, 41308, 41720. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 13 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 13. Discrimination in price, services, or facilities -STATUTE- (a) Price; selection of customers It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, either directly or indirectly, to discriminate in price between different purchasers of commodities of like grade and quality, where either or any of the purchases involved in such discrimination are in commerce, where such commodities are sold for use, consumption, or resale within the United States or any Territory thereof or the District of Columbia or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States, and where the effect of such discrimination may be substantially to lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce, or to injure, destroy, or prevent competition with any person who either grants or knowingly receives the benefit of such discrimination, or with customers of either of them: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall prevent differentials which make only due allowance for differences in the cost of manufacture, sale, or delivery resulting from the differing methods or quantities in which such commodities are to such purchasers sold or delivered: Provided, however, That the Federal Trade Commission may, after due investigation and hearing to all interested parties, fix and establish quantity limits, and revise the same as it finds necessary, as to particular commodities or classes of commodities, where it finds that available purchasers in greater quantities are so few as to render differentials on account thereof unjustly discriminatory or promotive of monopoly in any line of commerce; and the foregoing shall then not be construed to permit differentials based on differences in quantities greater than those so fixed and established: And provided further, That nothing herein contained shall prevent persons engaged in selling goods, wares, or merchandise in commerce from selecting their own customers in bona fide transactions and not in restraint of trade: And provided further, That nothing herein contained shall prevent price changes from time to time where in response to changing conditions affecting the market for or the marketability of the goods concerned, such as but not limited to actual or imminent deterioration of perishable goods, obsolescence of seasonal goods, distress sales under court process, or sales in good faith in discontinuance of business in the goods concerned. (b) Burden of rebutting prima-facie case of discrimination Upon proof being made, at any hearing on a complaint under this section, that there has been discrimination in price or services or facilities furnished, the burden of rebutting the prima-facie case thus made by showing justification shall be upon the person charged with a violation of this section, and unless justification shall be affirmatively shown, the Commission is authorized to issue an order terminating the discrimination: Provided, however, That nothing herein contained shall prevent a seller rebutting the prima-facie case thus made by showing that his lower price or the furnishing of services or facilities to any purchaser or purchasers was made in good faith to meet an equally low price of a competitor, or the services or facilities furnished by a competitor. (c) Payment or acceptance of commission, brokerage, or other compensation It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, to pay or grant, or to receive or accept, anything of value as a commission, brokerage, or other compensation, or any allowance or discount in lieu thereof, except for services rendered in connection with the sale or purchase of goods, wares, or merchandise, either to the other party to such transaction or to an agent, representative, or other intermediary therein where such intermediary is acting in fact for or in behalf, or is subject to the direct or indirect control, of any party to such transaction other than the person by whom such compensation is so granted or paid. (d) Payment for services or facilities for processing or sale It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce to pay or contact for the payment of anything of value to or for the benefit of a customer of such person in the course of such commerce as compensation or in consideration for any services or facilities furnished by or through such customer in connection with the processing, handling, sale, or offering for sale of any products or commodities manufactured, sold, or offered for sale by such person, unless such payment or consideration is available on proportionally equal terms to all other customers competing in the distribution of such products or commodities. (e) Furnishing services or facilities for processing, handling, etc. It shall be unlawful for any person to discriminate in favor of one purchaser against another purchaser or purchasers of a commodity bought for resale, with or without processing, by contracting to furnish or furnishing, or by contributing to the furnishing of, any services or facilities connected with the processing, handling, sale, or offering for sale of such commodity so purchased upon terms not accorded to all purchasers on proportionally equal terms. (f) Knowingly inducing or receiving discriminatory price It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, knowingly to induce or receive a discrimination in price which is prohibited by this section. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 2, 38 Stat. 730; June 19, 1936, ch. 592, Sec. 1, 49 Stat. 1526.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1936 - Act June 19, 1936, amended section generally. SHORT TITLE Act June 19, 1936, which amended this section and added sections 13a, 13b, and 21a of this title, is popularly known as the Robinson-Patman Act, as the Robinson-Patman Antidiscrimination Act, and also as the Robinson-Patman Price Discrimination Act. -SECREF- ROBINSON-PATMAN ANTIDISCRIMINATION ACT REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS The Robinson-Patman Antidiscrimination Act (15 U.S.C. 13 to 13b, 21a) is referred to in sections 13b, 13c, 21a, 1013, 3301 of this title; title 10 section 7430; title 16 section 2602; title 30 sections 184, 1413; title 42 sections 5909, 6202; title 43 section 1331; title 45 section 791; title 46 App. section 1702; title 49 section 10706; title 50 App. section 2158. SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 21, 21a, 26 of this title; title 28 section 1407; title 30 section 184. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 13a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 13a. Discrimination in rebates, discounts, or advertising service charges; underselling in particular localities; penalties -STATUTE- It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, to be a party to, or assist in, any transaction of sale, or contract to sell, which discriminates to his knowledge against competitors of the purchaser, in that, any discount, rebate, allowance, or advertising service charge is granted to the purchaser over and above any discount, rebate, allowance, or advertising service charge available at the time of such transaction to said competitors in respect of a sale of goods of like grade, quality, and quantity; to sell, or contract to sell, goods in any part of the United States at prices lower than those exacted by said person elsewhere in the United States for the purpose of destroying competition, or eliminating a competitor in such part of the United States; or, to sell, or contract to sell, goods at unreasonably low prices for the purpose of destroying competition or eliminating a competitor. Any person violating any of the provisions of this section shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. -SOURCE- (June 19, 1936, ch. 592, Sec. 3, 49 Stat. 1528.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 10 section 7430; title 28 section 1407; title 30 section 184; title 42 sections 6202, 8235f; title 49 section 10706. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 13b 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 13b. Cooperative association; return of net earnings or surplus -STATUTE- Nothing in this Act shall prevent a cooperative association from returning to its members, producers, or consumers the whole, or any part of, the net earnings or surplus resulting from its trading operations, in proportion to their purchases or sales from, to, or through the association. -SOURCE- (June 19, 1936, ch. 592, Sec. 4, 49 Stat. 1528.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This Act, referred to in text, is act June 19, 1936, ch. 592, 49 Stat. 1526, popularly known as the Robinson-Patman Antidiscrimination Act and also as the Robinson-Patman Price Discrimination Act, which enacted sections 13a, 13b, and 21a of this title and amended section 13 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 13 of this title and Tables. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 10 section 7430; title 28 section 1407; title 42 sections 6202, 8235f; title 49 section 10706. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 13c 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 13c. Exemption of non-profit institutions from price discrimination provisions -STATUTE- Nothing in the Act approved June 19, 1936, known as the Robinson-Patman Antidiscrimination Act, shall apply to purchases of their supplies for their own use by schools, colleges, universities, public libraries, churches, hospitals, and charitable institutions not operated for profit. -SOURCE- (May 26, 1938, ch. 283, 52 Stat. 446.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Act approved June 19, 1936, known as the Robinson-Patman Antidiscrimination Act, referred to in text, is act June 19, 1936, ch. 592, 49 Stat. 1526, also known as the Robinson-Patman Price Discrimination Act, which enacted sections 13a, 13b, and 21a of this title and amended section 13 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 13 of this title and Tables. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 14 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 14. Sale, etc., on agreement not to use goods of competitor -STATUTE- It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, to lease or make a sale or contract for sale of goods, wares, merchandise, machinery, supplies, or other commodities, whether patented or unpatented, for use, consumption, or resale within the United States or any Territory thereof or the District of Columbia or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States, or fix a price charged therefor, or discount from, or rebate upon, such price, on the condition, agreement, or understanding that the lessee or purchaser thereof shall not use or deal in the goods, wares, merchandise, machinery, supplies, or other commodities of a competitor or competitors of the lessor or seller, where the effect of such lease, sale, or contract for sale or such condition, agreement, or understanding may be to substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 3, 38 Stat. 731.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 21, 26 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 15 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 15. Suits by persons injured -STATUTE- (a) Amount of recovery; prejudgment interest Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, any person who shall be injured in his business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws may sue therefor in any district court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee. The court may award under this section, pursuant to a motion by such person promptly made, simple interest on actual damages for the period beginning on the date of service of such person's pleading setting forth a claim under the antitrust laws and ending on the date of judgment, or for any shorter period therein, if the court finds that the award of such interest for such period is just in the circumstances. In determining whether an award of interest under this section for any period is just in the circumstances, the court shall consider only - (1) whether such person or the opposing party, or either party's representative, made motions or asserted claims or defenses so lacking in merit as to show that such party or representative acted intentionally for delay, or otherwise acted in bad faith; (2) whether, in the course of the action involved, such person or the opposing party, or either party's representative, violated any applicable rule, statute, or court order providing for sanctions for dilatory behavior or otherwise providing for expeditious proceedings; and (3) whether such person or the opposing party, or either party's representative, engaged in conduct primarily for the purpose of delaying the litigation or increasing the cost thereof. (b) Amount of damages payable to foreign states and instrumentalities of foreign states (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), any person who is a foreign state may not recover under subsection (a) of this section an amount in excess of the actual damages sustained by it and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee. (2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a foreign state if - (A) such foreign state would be denied, under section 1605(a)(2) of title 28, immunity in a case in which the action is based upon a commercial activity, or an act, that is the subject matter of its claim under this section; (B) such foreign state waives all defenses based upon or arising out of its status as a foreign state, to any claims brought against it in the same action; (C) such foreign state engages primarily in commercial activities; and (D) such foreign state does not function, with respect to the commercial activity, or the act, that is the subject matter of its claim under this section as a procurement entity for itself or for another foreign state. (c) Definitions For purposes of this section - (1) the term ''commercial activity'' shall have the meaning given it in section 1603(d) of title 28, and (2) the term ''foreign state'' shall have the meaning given it in section 1603(a) of title 28. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 4, 38 Stat. 731; Pub. L. 96-349, Sec. 4(a)(1), Sept. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 1156; Pub. L. 97-393, Dec. 29, 1982, 96 Stat. 1964.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in subsec. (a), are defined in section 12 of this title. -MISC2- PRIOR PROVISIONS Section supersedes two former similar sections enacted by act July 2, 1890, ch. 647, Sec. 7, 26 Stat. 210, and act Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, Sec. 77, 28 Stat. 570, each of which were restricted in operation to the particular act cited. Section 7 of act July 2, 1890, was repealed by act July 7, 1955, ch. 283, Sec. 3, 69 Stat. 283, effective six months after July 7, 1955. AMENDMENTS 1982 - Pub. L. 97-393 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted ''Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section,'', and added subsecs. (b) and (c). 1980 - Pub. L. 96-349 inserted provisions respecting award of prejudgment interest including considerations for the court in determining whether an award is just under the circumstances. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Section 4(b) of Pub. L. 96-349 provided that: ''The amendments made by this section (amending this section and sections 15a and 15c of this title) shall apply only with respect to actions commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act (Sept 12, 1980).'' -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 15b, 15c, 16, 35, 36, 4016, 4303, 4304 of this title; title 26 sections 162, 186; title 46 App. section 1706. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 15a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 15a. Suits by United States; amount of recovery; prejudgment interest -STATUTE- Whenever the United States is hereafter injured in its business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws it may sue therefor in the United States district court for the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by it sustained and the cost of suit. The court may award under this section, pursuant to a motion by the United States promptly made, simple interest on actual damages for the period beginning on the date of service of the pleading of the United States setting forth a claim under the antitrust laws and ending on the date of judgment, or for any shorter period therein, if the court finds that the award of such interest for such period is just in the circumstances. In determining whether an award of interest under this section for any period is just in the circumstances, the court shall consider only - (1) whether the United States or the opposing party, or either party's representative, made motions or asserted claims or defenses so lacking in merit as to show that such party or representative acted intentionally for delay or otherwise acted in bad faith; (2) whether, in the course of the action involved, the United States or the opposing party, or either party's representative, violated any applicable rule, statute, or court order providing for sanctions for dilatory behavior or otherwise providing for expeditious proceedings; (3) whether the United States or the opposing party, or either party's representative, engaged in conduct primarily for the purpose of delaying the litigation or increasing the cost thereof; and (4) whether the award of such interest is necessary to compensate the United States adequately for the injury sustained by the United States. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 4A, as added July 7, 1955, ch. 283, Sec. 1, 69 Stat. 282; amended Pub. L. 96-349, Sec. 4(a)(2), Sept. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 1156; Pub. L. 101-588, Sec. 5, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2880.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in text, are defined in section 12 of this title. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1990 - Pub. L. 101-588 substituted ''threefold the'' for ''actual''. 1980 - Pub. L. 96-349 inserted provisions respecting award of prejudgment interest including considerations for the court in determining whether an award is just under the circumstances. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-349 applicable only with respect to actions commenced after Sept. 12, 1980, see section 4(b) of Pub. L. 96-349, set out as a note under section 15 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective six months after July 7, 1955, see note set out under section 15b of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 15b, 16, 35, 36 of this title; title 28 section 1407. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 15b 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 15b. Limitation of actions -STATUTE- Any action to enforce any cause of action under section 15, 15a, or 15c of this title shall be forever barred unless commenced within four years after the cause of action accrued. No cause of action barred under existing law on the effective date of this Act shall be revived by this Act. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 4B, as added July 7, 1955, ch. 283, Sec. 1, 69 Stat. 283; amended Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 302(1), Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1396.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The effective date of this Act, referred to in text, probably refers to the effective date of act July 7, 1955, ch. 283, 69 Stat. 282, which was six months after July 7, 1955. This Act, referred to in text, probably refers to act July 7, 1955. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1976 - Pub. L. 94-435 substituted ''section 15, 15a, or 15c'' for ''sections 15 or 15a''. EFFECTIVE DATE Section 4 of act July 7, 1955, provided: ''This Act (enacting this section and section 15a of this title, amending section 16 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 15 of this title) shall take effect six months after its enactment (July 7, 1955).'' -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 15c 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 15c. Actions by State attorneys general -STATUTE- (a) Parens patriae; monetary relief; damages; prejudgment interest (1) Any attorney general of a State may bring a civil action in the name of such State, as parens patriae on behalf of natural persons residing in such State, in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the defendant, to secure monetary relief as provided in this section for injury sustained by such natural persons to their property by reason of any violation of sections 1 to 7 of this title. The court shall exclude from the amount of monetary relief awarded in such action any amount of monetary relief (A) which duplicates amounts which have been awarded for the same injury, or (B) which is properly allocable to (i) natural persons who have excluded their claims pursuant to subsection (b)(2) of this section, and (ii) any business entity. (2) The court shall award the State as monetary relief threefold the total damage sustained as described in paragraph (1) of this subsection, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee. The court may award under this paragraph, pursuant to a motion by such State promptly made, simple interest on the total damage for the period beginning on the date of service of such State's pleading setting forth a claim under the antitrust laws and ending on the date of judgment, or for any shorter period therein, if the court finds that the award of such interest for such period is just in the circumstances. In determining whether an award of interest under this paragraph for any period is just in the circumstances, the court shall consider only - (A) whether such State or the opposing party, or either party's representative, made motions or asserted claims or defenses so lacking in merit as to show that such party or representative acted intentionally for delay or otherwise acted in bad faith; (B) whether, in the course of the action involved, such State or the opposing party, or either party's representative, violated any applicable rule, statute, or court order providing for sanctions for dilatory behavior or other wise providing for expeditious proceedings; and (C) whether such State or the opposing party, or either party's representative, engaged in conduct primarily for the purpose of delaying the litigation or increasing the cost thereof. (b) Notice; exclusion election; final judgment (1) In any action brought under subsection (a)(1) of this section, the State attorney general shall, at such times, in such manner, and with such content as the court may direct, cause notice thereof to be given by publication. If the court finds that notice given solely by publication would deny due process of law to any person or persons, the court may direct further notice to such person or persons according to the circumstances of the case. (2) Any person on whose behalf an action is brought under subsection (a)(1) of this section may elect to exclude from adjudication the portion of the State claim for monetary relief attributable to him by filing notice of such election with the court within such time as specified in the notice given pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection. (3) The final judgment in an action under subsection (a)(1) of this section shall be res judicata as to any claim under section 15 of this title by any person on behalf of whom such action was brought and who fails to give such notice within the period specified in the notice given pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection. (c) Dismissal or compromise of action An action under subsection (a)(1) of this section shall not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the court, and notice of any proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given in such manner as the court directs. (d) Attorneys' fees In any action under subsection (a) of this section - (1) the amount of the plaintiffs' attorney's fee, if any, shall be determined by the court; and (2) the court may, in its discretion, award a reasonable attorney's fee to a prevailing defendant upon a finding that the State attorney general has acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 4C, as added Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 301, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1394; amended Pub. L. 96-349, Sec. 4(a)(3), Sept. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 1157.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), are defined in section 12 of this title. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1980 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 96-349 inserted provisions respecting award of prejudgment interest including considerations for the court in determining whether an award is just under the circumstances. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-349 applicable only with respect to actions commenced after Sept. 12, 1980, see section 4(b) of Pub. L. 96-349, set out as a note under section 15 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Section 304 of Pub. L. 94-435 provided that: ''The amendments to the Clayton Act made by section 301 of this Act (enacting this section and sections 15d to 15h of this title) shall not apply to any injury sustained prior to the date of enactment of this Act (Sept. 30, 1976).'' -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 15b, 15d, 15e, 15g, 15h, 16, 35, 36, 4303 of this title; title 28 section 1407; title 42 section 11111. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 15d 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 15d. Measurement of damages -STATUTE- In any action under section 15c(a)(1) of this title, in which there has been a determination that a defendant agreed to fix prices in violation of sections 1 to 7 of this title, damages may be proved and assessed in the aggregate by statistical or sampling methods, by the computation of illegal overcharges, or by such other reasonable system of estimating aggregate damages as the court in its discretion may permit without the necessity of separately proving the individual claim of, or amount of damage to, persons on whose behalf the suit was brought. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 4D, as added Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 301, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1395.) -MISC1- EFFECTIVE DATE Injuries sustained prior to Sept. 30, 1976, not covered by this section, see section 304 of Pub. L. 94-435, set out as a note under section 15c of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 15g, 15h of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 15e 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 15e. Distribution of damages -STATUTE- Monetary relief recovered in an action under section 15c(a)(1) of this title shall - (1) be distributed in such manner as the district court in its discretion may authorize; or (2) be deemed a civil penalty by the court and deposited with the State as general revenues; subject in either case to the requirement that any distribution procedure adopted afford each person a reasonable opportunity to secure his appropriate portion of the net monetary relief. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 4E, as added Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 301, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1395.) -MISC1- EFFECTIVE DATE Injuries sustained prior to Sept. 30, 1976, not covered by this section, see section 304 of Pub. L. 94-435, set out as a note under section 15c of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 15g, 15h of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 15f 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 15f. Actions by Attorney General -STATUTE- (a) Notification to State attorney general Whenever the Attorney General of the United States has brought an action under the antitrust laws, and he has reason to believe that any State attorney general would be entitled to bring an action under this Act based substantially on the same alleged violation of the antitrust laws, he shall promptly give written notification thereof to such State attorney general. (b) Availability of files and other materials To assist a State attorney general in evaluating the notice or in bringing any action under this Act, the Attorney General of the United States shall, upon request by such State attorney general, make available to him, to the extent permitted by law, any investigative files or other materials which are or may be relevant or material to the actual or potential cause of action under this Act. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 4F, as added Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 301, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1395.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in subsec. (a), are defined in section 12 of this title. This Act, referred to in text, is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, as amended, known as the Clayton Act, which is classified generally to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 20, 21, and 22 to 27 of this title, and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- EFFECTIVE DATE Injuries sustained prior to Sept. 30, 1976, not covered by this section, see section 304 of Pub. L. 94-435, set out as a note under section 15c of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 15g, 15h of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 15g 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 15g. Definitions -STATUTE- For the purposes of sections 15c, 15d, 15e, and 15f of this title: (1) The term ''State attorney general'' means the chief legal officer of a State, or any other person authorized by State law to bring actions under section 15c of this title, and includes the Corporation Counsel of the District of Columbia, except that such term does not include any person employed or retained on - (A) a contingency fee based on a percentage of the monetary relief awarded under this section; or (B) any other contingency fee basis, unless the amount of the award of a reasonable attorney's fee to a prevailing plaintiff is determined by the court under section 15c(d)(1) of this title. (2) The term ''State'' means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any other territory or possession of the United States. (3) The term ''natural persons'' does not include proprietorships or partnerships. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 4G, as added Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 301, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1396.) -MISC1- EFFECTIVE DATE Injuries sustained prior to Sept. 30, 1976, not covered by this section, see section 304 of Pub. L. 94-435, set out as a note under section 15c of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 15h, 34, 37a, 4301 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 15h 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 15h. Applicability of parens patriae actions -STATUTE- Sections 15c, 15d, 15e, 15f, and 15g of this title shall apply in any State, unless such State provides by law for its nonapplicability in such State. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 4H, as added Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 301, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1396.) -MISC1- EFFECTIVE DATE Injuries sustained prior to Sept. 30, 1976, not covered by this section, see section 304 of Pub. L. 94-435, set out as a note under section 15c of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 16 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 16. Judgments -STATUTE- (a) Prima facie evidence; collateral estoppel A final judgment or decree heretofore or hereafter rendered in any civil or criminal proceeding brought by or on behalf of the United States under the antitrust laws to the effect that a defendant has violated said laws shall be prima facie evidence against such defendant in any action or proceeding brought by any other party against such defendant under said laws as to all matters respecting which said judgment or decree would be an estoppel as between the parties thereto: Provided, That this section shall not apply to consent judgments or decrees entered before any testimony has been taken. Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to impose any limitation on the application of collateral estoppel, except that, in any action or proceeding brought under the antitrust laws, collateral estoppel effect shall not be given to any finding made by the Federal Trade Commission under the antitrust laws or under section 45 of this title which could give rise to a claim for relief under the antitrust laws. (b) Consent judgments and competitive impact statements; publication in Federal Register; availability of copies to the public Any proposal for a consent judgment submitted by the United States for entry in any civil proceeding brought by or on behalf of the United States under the antitrust laws shall be filed with the district court before which such proceeding is pending and published by the United States in the Federal Register at least 60 days prior to the effective date of such judgment. Any written comments relating to such proposal and any responses by the United States thereto, shall also be filed with such district court and published by the United States in the Federal Register within such sixty-day period. Copies of such proposal and any other materials and documents which the United States considered determinative in formulating such proposal, shall also be made available to the public at the district court and in such other districts as the court may subsequently direct. Simultaneously with the filing of such proposal, unless otherwise instructed by the court, the United States shall file with the district court, publish in the Federal Register, and thereafter furnish to any person upon request, a competitive impact statement which shall recite - (1) the nature and purpose of the proceeding; (2) a description of the practices or events giving rise to the alleged violation of the antitrust laws; (3) an explanation of the proposal for a consent judgment, including an explanation of any unusual circumstances giving rise to such proposal or any provision contained therein, relief to be obtained thereby, and the anticipated effects on competition of such relief; (4) the remedies available to potential private plaintiffs damaged by the alleged violation in the event that such proposal for the consent judgment is entered in such proceeding; (5) a description of the procedures available for modification of such proposal; and (6) a description and evaluation of alternatives to such proposal actually considered by the United States. (c) Publication of summaries in newspapers The United States shall also cause to be published, commencing at least 60 days prior to the effective date of the judgment described in subsection (b) of this section, for 7 days over a period of 2 weeks in newspapers of general circulation of the district in which the case has been filed, in the District of Columbia, and in such other districts as the court may direct - (i) a summary of the terms of the proposal for consent judgment, (ii) a summary of the competitive impact statement filed under subsection (b) of this section, (iii) and a list of the materials and documents under subsection (b) of this section which the United States shall make available for purposes of meaningful public comment, and the place where such materials and documents are available for public inspection. (d) Consideration of public comments by Attorney General and publication of response During the 60-day period as specified in subsection (b) of this section, and such additional time as the United States may request and the court may grant, the United States shall receive and consider any written comments relating to the proposal for the consent judgment submitted under subsection (b) of this section. The Attorney General or his designee shall establish procedures to carry out the provisions of this subsection, but such 60-day time period shall not be shortened except by order of the district court upon a showing that (1) extraordinary circumstances require such shortening and (2) such shortening is not adverse to the public interest. At the close of the period during which such comments may be received, the United States shall file with the district court and cause to be published in the Federal Register a response to such comments. (e) Public interest determination Before entering any consent judgment proposed by the United States under this section, the court shall determine that the entry of such judgment is in the public interest. For the purpose of such determination, the court may consider - (1) the competitive impact of such judgment, including termination of alleged violations, provisions for enforcement and modification, duration or relief sought, anticipated effects of alternative remedies actually considered, and any other considerations bearing upon the adequacy of such judgment; (2) the impact of entry of such judgment upon the public generally and individuals alleging specific injury from the violations set forth in the complaint including consideration of the public benefit, if any, to be derived from a determination of the issues at trial. (f) Procedure for public interest determination In making its determination under subsection (e) of this section, the court may - (1) take testimony of Government officials or experts or such other expert witnesses, upon motion of any party or participant or upon its own motion, as the court may deem appropriate; (2) appoint a special master and such outside consultants or expert witnesses as the court may deem appropriate; and request and obtain the views, evaluations, or advice of any individual, group or agency of government with respect to any aspects of the proposed judgment or the effect of such judgment, in such manner as the court deems appropriate; (3) authorize full or limited participation in proceedings before the court by interested persons or agencies, including appearance amicus curiae, intervention as a party pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, examination of witnesses or documentary materials, or participation in any other manner and extent which serves the public interest as the court may deem appropriate; (4) review any comments including any objections filed with the United States under subsection (d) of this section concerning the proposed judgment and the responses of the United States to such comments and objections; and (5) take such other action in the public interest as the court may deem appropriate. (g) Filing of written or oral communications with the district court Not later than 10 days following the date of the filing of any proposal for a consent judgment under subsection (b) of this section, each defendant shall file with the district court a description of any and all written or oral communications by or on behalf of such defendant, including any and all written or oral communications on behalf of such defendant, or other person, with any officer or employee of the United States concerning or relevant to such proposal, except that any such communications made by counsel of record alone with the Attorney General or the employees of the Department of Justice alone shall be excluded from the requirements of this subsection. Prior to the entry of any consent judgment pursuant to the antitrust laws, each defendant shall certify to the district court that the requirements of this subsection have been complied with and that such filing is a true and complete description of such communications known to the defendant or which the defendant reasonably should have known. (h) Inadmissibility as evidence of proceedings before the district court and the competitive impact statement Proceedings before the district court under subsections (e) and (f) of this section, and the competitive impact statement filed under subsection (b) of this section, shall not be admissible against any defendant in any action or proceeding brought by any other party against such defendant under the antitrust laws or by the United States under section 15a of this title nor constitute a basis for the introduction of the consent judgment as prima facie evidence against such defendant in any such action or proceeding. (i) Suspension of limitations Whenever any civil or criminal proceeding is instituted by the United States to prevent, restrain, or punish violations of any of the antitrust laws, but not including an action under section 15a of this title, the running of the statute of limitations in respect to every private or State right of action arising under said laws and based in whole or in part on any matter complained of in said proceeding shall be suspended during the pendency thereof and for one year thereafter: Provided, however, That whenever the running of the statute of limitations in respect of a cause of action arising under section 15 or 15c of this title is suspended hereunder, any action to enforce such cause of action shall be forever barred unless commenced either within the period of suspension or within four years after the cause of action accrued. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 5, 38 Stat. 731; July 7, 1955, ch. 283, Sec. 2, 69 Stat. 283; Pub. L. 93-528, Sec. 2, Dec. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1706; Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 302(2), Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1396; Pub. L. 96-349, Sec. 5(a), Sept. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 1157.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), and (g) to (i), are defined in section 12 of this title. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1980 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96-349 made collateral estoppel inapplicable in any action or proceeding brought under the antitrust laws to any finding made by the Commission under the antitrust laws or under section 45 of this title which could give rise to a claim for relief under the antitrust laws; struck out ''or by the United States under section 15a of this title,'' after ''under said laws''; and deleted from proviso ''or to judgments or decrees entered in actions under section 15a of this title'' after ''testimony has been taken''. 1976 - Pub. L. 94-435 substituted ''private or State right of action'' for ''private right of action'' and ''section 15 or 15c'' for ''section 15''. 1974 - Subsecs. (b) to (i). Pub. L. 93-528 added subsecs. (b) to (h) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (i). 1955 - Act July 7, 1955, substituted subsec. (a) for first paragraph, to provide that final judgments in actions under the antitrust laws by the United States shall be prima facie evidence in damage suits by the United States as well as in private damage suits, and substituted subsec. (b) for second paragraph, to provide for a one-year suspension of limitations. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Section 5(b) of Pub. L. 96-349 provided that: ''The amendments made by this section (amending this section) shall apply only with respect to actions commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act (Sept. 12, 1980).'' SUSPENSION OF LIMITATION Act Oct. 10, 1942, ch. 589, 56 Stat. 781, as amended June 30, 1945, ch. 213, 59 Stat. 306, provided for the suspension of any existing statutes of limitations relating to violations of antitrust laws now indictable or subject to civil proceedings under any existing statutes, until June 30, 1946. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 17 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 17. Antitrust laws not applicable to labor organizations -STATUTE- The labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce. Nothing contained in the antitrust laws shall be construed to forbid the existence and operation of labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations, instituted for the purposes of mutual help, and not having capital stock or conducted for profit, or to forbid or restrain individual members of such organizations from lawfully carrying out the legitimate objects thereof; nor shall such organizations, or the members thereof, be held or construed to be illegal combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade, under the antitrust laws. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 6, 38 Stat. 731.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in text, are defined in section 12 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 18 section 1951; title 29 section 186; title 47 section 606. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 18 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 18. Acquisition by one corporation of stock of another -STATUTE- No person engaged in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce shall acquire, directly or indirectly, the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital and no person subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission shall acquire the whole or any part of the assets of another person engaged also in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce, where in any line of commerce or in any activity affecting commerce in any section of the country, the effect of such acquisition may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly. No person shall acquire, directly or indirectly, the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital and no person subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission shall acquire the whole or any part of the assets of one or more persons engaged in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce, where in any line of commerce or in any activity affecting commerce in any section of the country, the effect of such acquisition, of such stocks or assets, or of the use of such stock by the voting or granting of proxies or otherwise, may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly. This section shall not apply to persons purchasing such stock solely for investment and not using the same by voting or otherwise to bring about, or in attempting to bring about, the substantial lessening of competition. Nor shall anything contained in this section prevent a corporation engaged in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce from causing the formation of subsidiary corporations for the actual carrying on of their immediate lawful business, or the natural and legitimate branches or extensions thereof, or from owning and holding all or a part of the stock of such subsidiary corporations, when the effect of such formation is not to substantially lessen competition. Nor shall anything herein contained be construed to prohibit any common carrier subject to the laws to regulate commerce from aiding in the construction of branches or short lines so located as to become feeders to the main line of the company so aiding in such construction or from acquiring or owning all or any part of the stock of such branch lines, nor to prevent any such common carrier from acquiring and owning all or any part of the stock of a branch or short line constructed by an independent company where there is no substantial competition between the company owning the branch line so constructed and the company owning the main line acquiring the property or an interest therein, nor to prevent such common carrier from extending any of its lines through the medium of the acquisition of stock or otherwise of any other common carrier where there is no substantial competition between the company extending its lines and the company whose stock, property, or an interest therein is so acquired. Nothing contained in this section shall be held to affect or impair any right heretofore legally acquired: Provided, That nothing in this section shall be held or construed to authorize or make lawful anything heretofore prohibited or made illegal by the antitrust laws, nor to exempt any person from the penal provisions thereof or the civil remedies therein provided. Nothing contained in this section shall apply to transactions duly consummated pursuant to authority given by the Secretary of Transportation, Federal Power Commission, Surface Transportation Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission in the exercise of its jurisdiction under section 79j of this title, the United States Maritime Commission, or the Secretary of Agriculture under any statutory provision vesting such power in such Commission, Board, or Secretary. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 7, 38 Stat. 731; Dec. 29, 1950, ch. 1184, 64 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 96-349, Sec. 6(a), Sept. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 1157; Pub. L. 98-443, Sec. 9(l), Oct. 4, 1984, 98 Stat. 1708; Pub. L. 104-88, title III, Sec. 318(1), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 949; Pub. L. 104-104, title VI, Sec. 601(b)(3), Feb. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 143.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-104, in sixth par., struck out ''Federal Communications Commission,'' after ''Secretary of Transportation,''. 1995 - Pub. L. 104-88, in sixth par., substituted ''Surface Transportation Board'' for ''Interstate Commerce Commission'' and inserted '', Board,'' after ''vesting such power in such Commission''. 1984 - Pub. L. 98-443 substituted ''Secretary of Transportation'' for ''Civil Aeronautics Board'' and ''Commission or Secretary'' for ''Commission, Secretary, or Board'' in sixth par. 1980 - Pub. L. 96-349, substituted ''person'' for ''corporation'' wherever appearing in first and second pars.; substituted ''persons'' for ''corporations'' in second par. and first sentence of third par.; and inserted ''or in any activity affecting commerce'' after ''commerce'' wherever appearing in first, second, and third pars. 1950 - Act Dec. 29, 1950, amended section generally so as to prohibit the acquisition of the whole or any part of the assets of another corporation when the effect of the acquisition may substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 701 of Title 49, Transportation. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98-443 effective Jan. 1, 1985, see section 9(v) of Pub. L. 98-443, set out as a note under section 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Section 6(b) of Pub. L. 96-349 provided that: ''The amendments made by this section (amending this section) shall apply only with respect to acquisitions made after the date of the enactment of this Act (Sept. 12, 1980).'' -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS Federal Power Commission terminated and functions, personnel, property, funds, etc., transferred to Secretary of Energy (except for certain functions transferred to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) by sections 7151(b), 7171(a), 7172(a), 7291, and 7293 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Executive and administrative functions of Maritime Commission transferred to Chairman of Maritime Commission by Reorg. Plan No. 6 of 1949, eff. Aug. 19, 1949, 14 F.R. 5228, 63 Stat. 1069, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. See, also, notes set out under section 1111 of Title 46, Appendix, Shipping. United States Maritime Commission abolished by Reorg. Plan No. 21 of 1950, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3178, 64 Stat. 1273, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, which transferred part of its functions and part of functions of its Chairman, to Federal Maritime Board and Chairman thereof, such Board having been created by that Plan as an agency within Department of Commerce with an independent status in some respects, and transferred remainder of such Commission's functions and functions of its Chairman to Secretary of Commerce, with power vested in Secretary to authorize their performance by Maritime Administrator (the head of Maritime Administration, which likewise established by the Plan in Department of Commerce) with provision that Chairman of Federal Maritime Board should, ex officio, be such Administrator. Section 304 of Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1961, eff. Aug. 12, 1961, 26 F.R. 7315, 75 Stat. 840, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, abolished Federal Maritime Board, including offices of members of Board. Functions of Board transferred either to Federal Maritime Commission or Secretary of Commerce by sections 103 and 202 of Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1961. Maritime Administration of Department of Commerce transferred to Department of Transportation, and all related functions of Secretary and other officers and offices of Department of Commerce transferred to Department of Transportation and vested in Secretary of Transportation, see section 1601 et seq. of Title 46, Appendix, Shipping. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 18a, 21, 26, 63 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 18a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 18a. Premerger notification and waiting period -STATUTE- (a) Filing Except as exempted pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, no person shall acquire, directly or indirectly, any voting securities or assets of any other person, unless both persons (or in the case of a tender offer, the acquiring person) file notification pursuant to rules under subsection (d)(1) of this section and the waiting period described in subsection (b)(1) of this section has expired, if - (1) the acquiring person, or the person whose voting securities or assets are being acquired, is engaged in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce; and (2) as a result of such acquisition, the acquiring person would hold an aggregate total amount of the voting securities and assets of the acquired person - (A) in excess of $200,000,000 (as adjusted and published for each fiscal year beginning after September 30, 2004, in the same manner as provided in section 19(a)(5) of this title to reflect the percentage change in the gross national product for such fiscal year compared to the gross national product for the year ending September 30, 2003); or (B)(i) in excess of $50,000,000 (as so adjusted and published) but not in excess of $200,000,000 (as so adjusted and published); and (ii)(I) any voting securities or assets of a person engaged in manufacturing which has annual net sales or total assets of $10,000,000 (as so adjusted and published) or more are being acquired by any person which has total assets or annual net sales of $100,000,000 (as so adjusted and published) or more; (II) any voting securities or assets of a person not engaged in manufacturing which has total assets of $10,000,000 (as so adjusted and published) or more are being acquired by any person which has total assets or annual net sales of $100,000,000 (as so adjusted and published) or more; or (III) any voting securities or assets of a person with annual net sales or total assets of $100,000,000 (as so adjusted and published) or more are being acquired by any person with total assets or annual net sales of $10,000,000 (as so adjusted and published) or more. In the case of a tender offer, the person whose voting securities are sought to be acquired by a person required to file notification under this subsection shall file notification pursuant to rules under subsection (d) of this section. (b) Waiting period; publication; voting securities (1) The waiting period required under subsection (a) of this section shall - (A) begin on the date of the receipt by the Federal Trade Commission and the Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (hereinafter referred to in this section as the ''Assistant Attorney General'') of - (i) the completed notification required under subsection (a) of this section, or (ii) if such notification is not completed, the notification to the extent completed and a statement of the reasons for such noncompliance, from both persons, or, in the case of a tender offer, the acquiring person; and (B) end on the thirtieth day after the date of such receipt (or in the case of a cash tender offer, the fifteenth day), or on such later date as may be set under subsection (e)(2) or (g)(2) of this section. (2) The Federal Trade Commission and the Assistant Attorney General may, in individual cases, terminate the waiting period specified in paragraph (1) and allow any person to proceed with any acquisition subject to this section, and promptly shall cause to be published in the Federal Register a notice that neither intends to take any action within such period with respect to such acquisition. (3) As used in this section - (A) The term ''voting securities'' means any securities which at present or upon conversion entitle the owner or holder thereof to vote for the election of directors of the issuer or, with respect to unincorporated issuers, persons exercising similar functions. (B) The amount or percentage of voting securities or assets of a person which are acquired or held by another person shall be determined by aggregating the amount or percentage of such voting securities or assets held or acquired by such other person and each affiliate thereof. (c) Exempt transactions The following classes of transactions are exempt from the requirements of this section - (1) acquisitions of goods or realty transferred in the ordinary course of business; (2) acquisitions of bonds, mortgages, deeds of trust, or other obligations which are not voting securities; (3) acquisitions of voting securities of an issuer at least 50 per centum of the voting securities of which are owned by the acquiring person prior to such acquisition; (4) transfers to or from a Federal agency or a State or political subdivision thereof; (5) transactions specifically exempted from the antitrust laws by Federal statute; (6) transactions specifically exempted from the antitrust laws by Federal statute if approved by a Federal agency, if copies of all information and documentary material filed with such agency are contemporaneously filed with the Federal Trade Commission and the Assistant Attorney General; (7) transactions which require agency approval under section 1467a(e) of title 12, section 1828(c) of title 12, or section 1842 of title 12, except that a portion of a transaction is not exempt under this paragraph if such portion of the transaction (A) is subject to section 1843(k) of title 12; and (B) does not require agency approval under section 1842 of title 12; (8) transactions which require agency approval under section 1843 of title 12 or section 1464 of title 12, if copies of all information and documentary material filed with any such agency are contemporaneously filed with the Federal Trade Commission and the Assistant Attorney General at least 30 days prior to consummation of the proposed transaction, except that a portion of a transaction is not exempt under this paragraph if such portion of the transaction (A) is subject to section 1843(k) of title 12; and (B) does not require agency approval under section 1843 of title 12; (9) acquisitions, solely for the purpose of investment, of voting securities, if, as a result of such acquisition, the securities acquired or held do not exceed 10 per centum of the outstanding voting securities of the issuer; (10) acquisitions of voting securities, if, as a result of such acquisition, the voting securities acquired do not increase, directly or indirectly, the acquiring person's per centum share of outstanding voting securities of the issuer; (11) acquisitions, solely for the purpose of investment, by any bank, banking association, trust company, investment company, or insurance company, of (A) voting securities pursuant to a plan of reorganization or dissolution; or (B) assets in the ordinary course of its business; and (12) such other acquisitions, transfers, or transactions, as may be exempted under subsection (d)(2)(B) of this section. (d) Commission rules The Federal Trade Commission, with the concurrence of the Assistant Attorney General and by rule in accordance with section 553 of title 5, consistent with the purposes of this section - (1) shall require that the notification required under subsection (a) of this section be in such form and contain such documentary material and information relevant to a proposed acquisition as is necessary and appropriate to enable the Federal Trade Commission and the Assistant Attorney General to determine whether such acquisition may, if consummated, violate the antitrust laws; and (2) may - (A) define the terms used in this section; (B) exempt, from the requirements of this section, classes of persons, acquisitions, transfers, or transactions which are not likely to violate the antitrust laws; and (C) prescribe such other rules as may be necessary and appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section. (e) Additional information; waiting period extensions (1)(A) The Federal Trade Commission or the Assistant Attorney General may, prior to the expiration of the 30-day waiting period (or in the case of a cash tender offer, the 15-day waiting period) specified in subsection (b)(1) of this section, require the submission of additional information or documentary material relevant to the proposed acquisition, from a person required to file notification with respect to such acquisition under subsection (a) of this section prior to the expiration of the waiting period specified in subsection (b)(1) of this section, or from any officer, director, partner, agent, or employee of such person. (B)(i) The Assistant Attorney General and the Federal Trade Commission shall each designate a senior official who does not have direct responsibility for the review of any enforcement recommendation under this section concerning the transaction at issue, to hear any petition filed by such person to determine - (I) whether the request for additional information or documentary material is unreasonably cumulative, unduly burdensome, or duplicative; or (II) whether the request for additional information or documentary material has been substantially complied with by the petitioning person. (ii) Internal review procedures for petitions filed pursuant to clause (i) shall include reasonable deadlines for expedited review of such petitions, after reasonable negotiations with investigative staff, in order to avoid undue delay of the merger review process. (iii) Not later than 90 days after December 21, 2000, the Assistant Attorney General and the Federal Trade Commission shall conduct an internal review and implement reforms of the merger review process in order to eliminate unnecessary burden, remove costly duplication, and eliminate undue delay, in order to achieve a more effective and more efficient merger review process. (iv) Not later than 120 days after December 21, 2000, the Assistant Attorney General and the Federal Trade Commission shall issue or amend their respective industry guidance, regulations, operating manuals and relevant policy documents, to the extent appropriate, to implement each reform in this subparagraph. (v) Not later than 180 days after December 21, 2000, the Assistant Attorney General and the Federal Trade Commission shall each report to Congress - (I) which reforms each agency has adopted under this subparagraph; (II) which steps each has taken to implement such internal reforms; and (III) the effects of such reforms. (2) The Federal Trade Commission or the Assistant Attorney General, in its or his discretion, may extend the 30-day waiting period (or in the case of a cash tender offer, the 15-day waiting period) specified in subsection (b)(1) of this section for an additional period of not more than 30 days (or in the case of a cash tender offer, 10 days) after the date on which the Federal Trade Commission or the Assistant Attorney General, as the case may be, receives from any person to whom a request is made under paragraph (1), or in the case of tender offers, the acquiring person, (A) all the information and documentary material required to be submitted pursuant to such a request, or (B) if such request is not fully complied with, the information and documentary material submitted and a statement of the reasons for such noncompliance. Such additional period may be further extended only by the United States district court, upon an application by the Federal Trade Commission or the Assistant Attorney General pursuant to subsection (g)(2) of this section. (f) Preliminary injunctions; hearings If a proceeding is instituted or an action is filed by the Federal Trade Commission, alleging that a proposed acquisition violates section 18 of this title, or section 45 of this title, or an action is filed by the United States, alleging that a proposed acquisition violates such section 18 of this title, or section 1 or 2 of this title, and the Federal Trade Commission or the Assistant Attorney General (1) files a motion for a preliminary injunction against consummation of such acquisition pendente lite, and (2) certifies the United States district court for the judicial district within which the respondent resides or carries on business, or in which the action is brought, that it or he believes that the public interest requires relief pendente lite pursuant to this subsection, then upon the filing of such motion and certification, the chief judge of such district court shall immediately notify the chief judge of the United States court of appeals for the circuit in which such district court is located, who shall designate a United States district judge to whom such action shall be assigned for all purposes. (g) Civil penalty; compliance; power of court (1) Any person, or any officer, director, or partner thereof, who fails to comply with any provision of this section shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for each day during which such person is in violation of this section. Such penalty may be recovered in a civil action brought by the United States. (2) If any person, or any officer, director, partner, agent, or employee thereof, fails substantially to comply with the notification requirement under subsection (a) of this section or any request for the submission of additional information or documentary material under subsection (e)(1) of this section within the waiting period specified in subsection (b)(1) of this section and as may be extended under subsection (e)(2) of this section, the United States district court - (A) may order compliance; (B) shall extend the waiting period specified in subsection (b)(1) of this section and as may have been extended under subsection (e)(2) of this section until there has been substantial compliance, except that, in the case of a tender offer, the court may not extend such waiting period on the basis of a failure, by the person whose stock is sought to be acquired, to comply substantially with such notification requirement or any such request; and (C) may grant such other equitable relief as the court in its discretion determines necessary or appropriate, upon application of the Federal Trade Commission or the Assistant Attorney General. (h) Disclosure exemption Any information or documentary material filed with the Assistant Attorney General or the Federal Trade Commission pursuant to this section shall be exempt from disclosure under section 552 of title 5, and no such information or documentary material may be made public, except as may be relevant to any administrative or judicial action or proceeding. Nothing in this section is intended to prevent disclosure to either body of Congress or to any duly authorized committee or subcommittee of the Congress. (i) Construction with other laws (1) Any action taken by the Federal Trade Commission or the Assistant Attorney General or any failure of the Federal Trade Commission or the Assistant Attorney General to take any action under this section shall not bar any proceeding or any action with respect to such acquisition at any time under any other section of this Act or any other provision of law. (2) Nothing contained in this section shall limit the authority of the Assistant Attorney General or the Federal Trade Commission to secure at any time from any person documentary material, oral testimony, or other information under the Antitrust Civil Process Act (15 U.S.C. 1311 et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.), or any other provision of law. (j) Omitted (k) Extensions of time If the end of any period of time provided in this section falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal public holiday (as defined in section 6103(a) of title 5), then such period shall be extended to the end of the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal public holiday. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 7A, as added Pub. L. 94-435, title II, Sec. 201, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1390; amended Pub. L. 98-620, title IV, Sec. 402(10)(A), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3358; Pub. L. 101-73, title XII, Sec. 1214, Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 529; Pub. L. 106-102, title I, Sec. 133(c), Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1383; Pub. L. 106-553, Sec. 1(a)(2) (title VI, Sec. 630(a), (c), (d)), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2762, 2762A-108, 2762A-110.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in subsecs. (c), (d), are defined in section 12 of this title. This Act, referred to in subsec. (i)(1), is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, as amended, known as the Clayton Act, which is classified generally to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 20, 21, and 22 to 27 of this title, and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of this title and Tables. The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (i)(2), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of chapter 2 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. The Antitrust Civil Process Act, referred to in subsec. (i)(2), is Pub. L. 87-664, Sept. 19, 1962, 76 Stat. 548, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 34 (Sec. 1311 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1311 of this title and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION December 21, 2000, referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(B), was in the original ''the date of the enactment of this Act'' which was translated as meaning the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106-553, which enacted subsec. (e)(1)(B), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsection (j), which required the Federal Trade Commission, with the concurrence of the Assistant Attorney General, to report annually to Congress on the operation of this section, terminated, effective May 15, 2000, pursuant to section 3003 of Pub. L. 104-66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance. See, also, page 172 of House Document No. 103-7. -MISC3- AMENDMENTS 2000 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106-553, Sec. 1(a)(2) (title VI, Sec. 630(a)), amended subsec. (a) generally, reenacting introductory provisions, par. (1), and concluding provisions without change, adding par. (2), and striking out former pars. (2) and (3) which read as follows: ''(2)(A) any voting securities or assets of a person engaged in manufacturing which has annual net sales or total assets of $10,000,000 or more are being acquired by any person which has total assets or annual net sales of $100,000,000 or more; ''(B) any voting securities or assets of a person not engaged in manufacturing which has total assets of $10,000,000 or more are being acquired by any person which has total assets or annual net sales of $100,000,000 or more; or ''(C) any voting securities or assets of a person with annual net sales or total assets of $100,000,000 or more are being acquired by any person with total assets or annual net sales of $10,000,000 or more; and ''(3) as a result of such acquisition, the acquiring person would hold - ''(A) 15 per centum or more of the voting securities or assets of the acquired person, or ''(B) an aggregate total amount of the voting securities and assets of the acquired person in excess of $15,000,000.'' Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 106-553, Sec. 1(a)(2) (title VI, Sec. 630(c)), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B). Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 106-553, Sec. 1(a)(2) (title VI, Sec. 630(d)(1)), substituted ''30 days'' for ''20 days''. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 106-553, Sec. 1(a)(2) (title VI, Sec. 630(d)(2)), added subsec. (k). 1999 - Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 106-102, Sec. 133(c)(1), inserted before semicolon at end '', except that a portion of a transaction is not exempt under this paragraph if such portion of the transaction (A) is subject to section 1843(k) of title 12; and (B) does not require agency approval under section 1842 of title 12''. Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 106-102, Sec. 133(c)(2), inserted before semicolon at end '', except that a portion of a transaction is not exempt under this paragraph if such portion of the transaction (A) is subject to section 1843(k) of title 12; and (B) does not require agency approval under section 1843 of title 12''. 1989 - Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 1214(1), inserted reference to section 1467a(e) of title 12. Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 101-73, Sec. 1214(2), struck out reference to section 1726 or 1730a(e) of title 12. 1984 - Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 98-620 struck out designation ''(A)'' before ''upon the filing'', and struck out subpar. (B) which had provided that if the Federal Trade Commission or the Assistant Attorney General certified that he or it believed that the public interest required relief pendente lite pursuant to this subsection, the motion for a preliminary injunction had to be set down for hearing by the district judge so designated at the earliest practicable time, would take precedence over all matters except older matters of the same character and trials pursuant to section 3161 of title 18, and had to be in every way expedited. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 106-553, Sec. 1(a)(2) (title VI, Sec. 630(e)), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2762, 2762A-111, provided that: ''This section (amending this section and provisions set out as a note under this section) and the amendments made by this section shall take effect on the 1st day of the 1st month that begins more than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act (Dec. 21, 2000).'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1999 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 106-102 effective 120 days after Nov. 12, 1999, see section 161 of Pub. L. 106-102, set out as a note under section 24 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98-620 not applicable to cases pending on Nov. 8, 1984, see section 403 of Pub. L. 98-620, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1657 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. EFFECTIVE DATE Section 202 of Pub. L. 94-435 provided that: ''The amendment made by section 201 of this Act (enacting this section) shall take effect 150 days after the date of enactment of this Act (Sept. 30, 1976), except that subsection (d) of section 7A of the Clayton Act (subsec. (d) of this section) (as added by section 201 of this Act) shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act.'' ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF FILING FEES Pub. L. 101-162, title VI, Sec. 605, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1031, as amended by Pub. L. 101-302, title II, May 25, 1990, 104 Stat. 217; Pub. L. 102-395, title I, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1847; Pub. L. 103-317, title I, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1739; Pub. L. 106-553, Sec. 1(a)(2) (title VI, Sec. 630(b)), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2762, 2762A-109, provided that: ''(a) Five working days after enactment of this Act (Nov. 21, 1989) and thereafter, the Federal Trade Commission shall assess and collect filing fees established in subsection (b) which shall be paid by persons acquiring voting securities or assets who are required to file premerger notifications by the (sic) section 7A of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 18a) and the regulations promulgated thereunder. For purposes of said Act, no notification shall be considered filed until payment of the fee required by this section. Fees collected pursuant to this section shall be divided evenly between and credited to the appropriations, Federal Trade Commission, 'Salaries and Expenses' and Department of Justice, 'Salaries and Expenses, Antitrust Division': Provided, That fees in excess of $40,000,000 in fiscal year 1990 shall be deposited to the credit of the Treasury of the United States: Provided further, That fees made available to the Federal Trade Commission and the Antitrust Division herein shall remain available until expended. ''(b) The filing fees referred to in subsection (a) are - ''(1) $45,000 if the aggregate total amount determined under section 7A(a)(2) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 18a(a)(2)) is less than $100,000,000 (as adjusted and published for each fiscal year beginning after September 30, 2004, in the same manner as provided in section 8(a)(5) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 19(a)(5)) to reflect the percentage change in the gross national product for such fiscal year compared to the gross national product for the year ending September 30, 2003); ''(2) $125,000 if the aggregate total amount determined under section 7A(a)(2) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 18a(a)(2)) is not less than $100,000,000 (as so adjusted and published) but less than $500,000,000 (as so adjusted and published); and ''(3) $280,000 if the aggregate total amount determined under section 7A(a)(2) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 18a(a)(2)) is not less than $500,000,000 (as so adjusted and published).'' -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 6204 of this title; title 11 section 363. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 19 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 19. Interlocking directorates and officers -STATUTE- (a)(1) No person shall, at the same time, serve as a director or officer in any two corporations (other than banks, banking associations, and trust companies) that are - (A) engaged in whole or in part in commerce; and (B) by virtue of their business and location of operation, competitors, so that the elimination of competition by agreement between them would constitute a violation of any of the antitrust laws; if each of the corporations has capital, surplus, and undivided profits aggregating more than $10,000,000 as adjusted pursuant to paragraph (5) of this subsection. (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), simultaneous service as a director or officer in any two corporations shall not be prohibited by this section if - (A) the competitive sales of either corporation are less than $1,000,000, as adjusted pursuant to paragraph (5) of this subsection; (B) the competitive sales of either corporation are less than 2 per centum of that corporation's total sales; or (C) the competitive sales of each corporation are less than 4 per centum of that corporation's total sales. For purposes of this paragraph, ''competitive sales'' means the gross revenues for all products and services sold by one corporation in competition with the other, determined on the basis of annual gross revenues for such products and services in that corporation's last completed fiscal year. For the purposes of this paragraph, ''total sales'' means the gross revenues for all products and services sold by one corporation over that corporation's last completed fiscal year. (3) The eligibility of a director or officer under the provisions of paragraph (1) shall be determined by the capital, surplus and undivided profits, exclusive of dividends declared but not paid to stockholders, of each corporation at the end of that corporation's last completed fiscal year. (4) For purposes of this section, the term ''officer'' means an officer elected or chosen by the Board of Directors. (5) For each fiscal year commencing after September 30, 1990, the $10,000,000 and $1,000,000 thresholds in this subsection shall be increased (or decreased) as of October 1 each year by an amount equal to the percentage increase (or decrease) in the gross national product, as determined by the Department of Commerce or its successor, for the year then ended over the level so established for the year ending September 30, 1989. As soon as practicable, but not later than January 31 of each year, the Federal Trade Commission shall publish the adjusted amounts required by this paragraph. (b) When any person elected or chosen as a director or officer of any corporation subject to the provisions hereof is eligible at the time of his election or selection to act for such corporation in such capacity, his eligibility to act in such capacity shall not be affected by any of the provisions hereof by reason of any change in the capital, surplus and undivided profits, or affairs of such corporation from whatever cause, until the expiration of one year from the date on which the event causing ineligibility occurred. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 8, 38 Stat. 732; May 15, 1916, ch. 120, 39 Stat. 121; May 26, 1920, ch. 206, 41 Stat. 626; Mar. 9, 1928, ch. 165, 45 Stat. 253; Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 581, 45 Stat. 1536; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, Sec. 329, 49 Stat. 717; Pub. L. 101-588, Sec. 2, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2879; Pub. L. 103-203, Sec. 1, Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2368.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(B), are defined in section 12 of this title. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1993 - Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 103-203 substituted ''January 31'' for ''October 30''. 1990 - Pub. L. 101-588 amended section generally, completely revising it in form by substituting text divided into a subsec. (a) consisting of five numbered paragraphs and a subsec. (b) consisting of a single unnumbered paragraph for former provisions which had consisted of a series of five undesignated paragraphs, and in substance by increasing the jurisdictional threshold for application of the section to corporations from $1,000,000 in net worth to $10,000,000 in net worth, creating three ''de minimis'' exceptions to applications of the section in cases of insignificant competitive overlaps, and expanding the section to cover officers elected or chosen by the Board of Directors. 1935 - Act Aug. 23, 1935, amended section generally. 1929 - Act Mar. 2, 1929, amended second par. 1928 - Act Mar. 9, 1928, amended second par. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 18a, 21, 26 of this title; title 12 section 3205. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 19a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 19a. Repealed. Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, Sec. 329, 49 Stat. 717 -MISC1- Section, act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 8a, as added June 16, 1933, ch. 89, Sec. 33, 48 Stat. 194, related to interlocking corporations or partnerships making loans on securities. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 20 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 20. Repealed. Pub. L. 101-588, Sec. 3, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2880 -MISC1- Section, act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 10, 38 Stat. 734, related to a $50,000 yearly, aggregate limitation on purchases and contracts between a common carrier and any entity with whom such carrier has any form of interlocking directorate, etc., required filing with ICC of a full statement of transactions excluded from such limitation, and set forth fines and penalties for violation of such limitation. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 21 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 21. Enforcement provisions -STATUTE- (a) Commission, Board, or Secretary authorized to enforce compliance Authority to enforce compliance with sections 13, 14, 18, and 19 of this title by the persons respectively subject thereto is vested in the Surface Transportation Board where applicable to common carriers subject to jurisdiction under subtitle IV of title 49; in the Federal Communications Commission where applicable to common carriers engaged in wire or radio communication or radio transmission of energy; in the Secretary of Transportation where applicable to air carriers and foreign air carriers subject to part A of subtitle VII of title 49; in the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System where applicable to banks, banking associations, and trust companies; and in the Federal Trade Commission where applicable to all other character of commerce to be exercised as follows: (b) Issuance of complaints for violations; hearing; intervention; filing of testimony; report; cease and desist orders; reopening and alteration of reports or orders Whenever the Commission, Board, or Secretary vested with jurisdiction thereof shall have reason to believe that any person is violating or has violated any of the provisions of sections 13, 14, 18, and 19 of this title, it shall issue and serve upon such person and the Attorney General a complaint stating its charges in that respect, and containing a notice of a hearing upon a day and at a place therein fixed at least thirty days after the service of said complaint. The person so complained of shall have the right to appear at the place and time so fixed and show cause why an order should not be entered by the Commission, Board, or Secretary requiring such person to cease and desist from the violation of the law so charged in said complaint. The Attorney General shall have the right to intervene and appear in said proceeding and any person may make application, and upon good cause shown may be allowed by the Commission, Board, or Secretary, to intervene and appear in said proceeding by counsel or in person. The testimony in any such proceeding shall be reduced to writing and filed in the office of the Commission, Board, or Secretary. If upon such hearing the Commission, Board, or Secretary, as the case may be, shall be of the opinion that any of the provisions of said sections have been or are being violated, it shall make a report in writing, in which it shall state its findings as to the facts, and shall issue and cause to be served on such person an order requiring such person to cease and desist from such violations, and divest itself of the stock, or other share capital, or assets, held or rid itself of the directors chosen contrary to the provisions of sections 18 and 19 of this title, if any there be, in the manner and within the time fixed by said order. Until the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for review, if no such petition has been duly filed within such time, or, if a petition for review has been filed within such time then until the record in the proceeding has been filed in a court of appeals of the United States, as hereinafter provided, the Commission, Board, or Secretary may at any time, upon such notice and in such manner as it shall deem proper, modify or set aside, in whole or in part, any report or any order made or issued by it under this section. After the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for review, if no such petition has been duly filed within such time, the Commission, Board, or Secretary may at any time, after notice and opportunity for hearing, reopen and alter, modify, or set aside, in whole or in part, any report or order made or issued by it under this section, whenever in the opinion of the Commission, Board, or Secretary conditions of fact or of law have so changed as to require such action or if the public interest shall so require: Provided, however, That the said person may, within sixty days after service upon him or it of said report or order entered after such a reopening, obtain a review thereof in the appropriate court of appeals of the United States, in the manner provided in subsection (c) of this section. (c) Review of orders; jurisdiction; filing of petition and record of proceeding; conclusiveness of findings; additional evidence; modification of findings; finality of judgment and decree Any person required by such order of the commission, board, or Secretary to cease and desist from any such violation may obtain a review of such order in the court of appeals of the United States for any circuit within which such violation occurred or within which such person resides or carries on business, by filing in the court, within sixty days after the date of the service of such order, a written petition praying that the order of the commission, board, or Secretary be set aside. A copy of such petition shall be forthwith transmitted by the clerk of the court to the commission, board, or Secretary, and thereupon the commission, board, or Secretary shall file in the court the record in the proceeding, as provided in section 2112 of title 28. Upon such filing of the petition the court shall have jurisdiction of the proceeding and of the question determined therein concurrently with the commission, board, or Secretary until the filing of the record, and shall have power to make and enter a decree affirming, modifying, or setting aside the order of the commission, board, or Secretary, and enforcing the same to the extent that such order is affirmed, and to issue such writs as are ancillary to its jurisdiction or are necessary in its judgment to prevent injury to the public or to competitors pendente lite. The findings of the commission, board, or Secretary as to the facts, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive. To the extent that the order of the commission, board, or Secretary is affirmed, the court shall issue its own order commanding obedience to the terms of such order of the commission, board, or Secretary. If either party shall apply to the court for leave to adduce additional evidence, and shall show to the satisfaction of the court that such additional evidence is material and that there were reasonable grounds for the failure to adduce such evidence in the proceeding before the commission, board, or Secretary, the court may order such additional evidence to be taken before the commission, board, or Secretary, and to be adduced upon the hearing in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as to the court may seem proper. The commission, board, or Secretary may modify its findings as to the facts, or make new findings, by reason of the additional evidence so taken, and shall file such modified or new findings, which if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive, and its recommendation, if any, for the modification or setting aside of its original order, with the return of such additional evidence. The judgment and decree of the court shall be final, except that the same shall be subject to review by the Supreme Court upon certiorari, as provided in section 1254 of title 28. (d) Exclusive jurisdiction of Court of Appeals Upon the filing of the record with its jurisdiction of the court of appeals to affirm, enforce, modify, or set aside orders of the commission, board, or Secretary shall be exclusive. (e) Liability under antitrust laws No order of the commission, board, or Secretary or judgment of the court to enforce the same shall in anywise relieve or absolve any person from any liability under the antitrust laws. (f) Service of complaints, orders and other processes Complaints, orders, and other processes of the commission, board, or Secretary under this section may be serviced by anyone duly authorized by the commission, board, or Secretary, either (1) by delivering a copy thereof to the person to be served, or to a member of the partnership to be served, or to the president, secretary, or other executive officer or a director of the corporation to be served; or (2) by leaving a copy thereof at the residence or the principal office or place of business of such person; or (3) by mailing by registered or certified mail a copy thereof addressed to such person at his or its residence or principal office or place of business. The verified return by the person so serving said complaint, order, or other process setting forth the manner of said service shall be proof of the same, and the return post office receipt for said complaint, order, or other process mailed by registered or certified mail as aforesaid shall be proof of the service of the same. (g) Finality of orders generally Any order issued under subsection (b) of this section shall become final - (1) upon the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for review, if no such petition has been duly filed within such time; but the commission, board, or Secretary may thereafter modify or set aside its order to the extent provided in the last sentence of subsection (b) of this section; or (2) upon the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari, if the order of the commission, board, or Secretary has been affirmed, or the petition for review has been dismissed by the court of appeals, and no petition for certiorari has been duly filed; or (3) upon the denial of a petition for certiorari, if the order of the commission, board, or Secretary has been affirmed or the petition for review has been dismissed by the court of appeals; or (4) upon the expiration of thirty days from the date of issuance of the mandate of the Supreme Court, if such Court directs that the order of the commission, board, or Secretary be affirmed or the petition for review be dismissed. (h) Finality of orders modified by Supreme Court If the Supreme Court directs that the order of the commission, board, or Secretary be modified or set aside, the order of the commission, board, or Secretary rendered in accordance with the mandate of the Supreme Court shall become final upon the expiration of thirty days from the time it was rendered, unless within such thirty days either party has instituted proceedings to have such order corrected to accord with the mandate, in which event the order of the commission, board, or Secretary shall become final when so corrected. (i) Finality of orders modified by Court of Appeals If the order of the commission, board, or Secretary is modified or set aside by the court of appeals, and if (1) the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari has expired and no such petition has been duly filed, or (2) the petition for certiorari has been denied, or (3) the decision of the court has been affirmed by the Supreme Court then the order of the commission, board, or Secretary rendered in accordance with the mandate of the court of appeals shall become final on the expiration of thirty days from the time such order of the commission, board, or Secretary was rendered, unless within such thirty days either party has instituted proceedings to have such order corrected so that it will accord with the mandate, in which event the order of the commission, board, or Secretary shall become final when so corrected. (j) Finality of orders issued on rehearing ordered by Court of Appeals or Supreme Court If the Supreme Court orders a rehearing; or if the case is remanded by the court of appeals to the commission, board, or Secretary for a rehearing, and if (1) the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari has expired, and no such petition has been duly filed, or (2) the petition for certiorari has been denied, or (3) the decision of the court has been affirmed by the Supreme Court, then the order of the commission, board, or Secretary rendered upon such rehearing shall become final in the same manner as though no prior order of the commission, board, or Secretary had been rendered. (k) ''Mandate'' defined As used in this section the term ''mandate'', in case a mandate has been recalled prior to the expiration of thirty days from the date of issuance thereof, means the final mandate. (l) Penalties Any person who violates any order issued by the commission, board, or Secretary under subsection (b) of this section after such order has become final, and while such order is in effect, shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of not more than $5,000 for each violation, which shall accrue to the United States and may be recovered in a civil action brought by the United States. Each separate violation of any such order shall be a separate offense, except that in the case of a violation through continuing failure or neglect to obey a final order of the commission, board, or Secretary each day of continuance of such failure or neglect shall be deemed a separate offense. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 11, 38 Stat. 734; June 19, 1934, ch. 652, title VII, Sec. 702(d), formerly title VI, Sec. 602(d), 48 Stat. 1102; renumbered Pub. L. 98-549, Sec. 6(a), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2804; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, Sec. 203(a), 49 Stat. 704; June 23, 1938, ch. 601, Sec. 1107(g), 52 Stat. 1028; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 32(a), 62 Stat. 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107; Dec. 29, 1950, ch. 1184, 64 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 85-726, title XIV, Sec. 1401(b), Aug. 23, 1958, 72 Stat. 806; Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 4, Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 943; Pub. L. 86-107, Sec. 1, July 23, 1959, 73 Stat. 243; Pub. L. 98-443, Sec. 9(m), Oct. 4, 1984, 98 Stat. 1708; Pub. L. 98-620, title IV, Sec. 402(10)(B), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3358; Pub. L. 104-88, title III, Sec. 318(2), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 949.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in subsec. (e), are defined in section 12 of this title. -COD- CODIFICATION In subsec. (a), ''part A of subtitle VII of title 49'' substituted for ''the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 App. U.S.C. 1301 et seq.)'' on authority of Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 6(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, the first section of which enacted subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49. -MISC3- AMENDMENTS 1995 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-88 substituted ''Surface Transportation Board where applicable to common carriers subject to jurisdiction under subtitle IV of title 49'' for ''Interstate Commerce Commission where applicable to common carriers subject to the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended''. 1984 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-443, Sec. 9(m)(1), substituted ''Secretary of Transportation where applicable to air carriers and foreign air carriers subject to the Federal Aviation Act of 1958'' for ''Civil Aeronautics Board where applicable to air carriers and foreign air carriers subject to the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938''. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98-443, Sec. 9(m)(2), substituted ''Commission, Board, or Secretary'' for ''Commission or Board'' wherever appearing. Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 98-443, Sec. 9(m)(3), substituted ''commission, board, or Secretary'' for ''commission or board'' wherever appearing. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98-620 struck out provision that such proceedings in the court of appeals had to be given precedence over other cases pending therein, and had to be in every way expedited. Pub. L. 98-443, Sec. 9(m)(3), substituted ''commission, board, or Secretary'' for ''commission or board''. Subsecs. (f) to (j), (l). Pub. L. 98-443, Sec. 9(m)(3), substituted ''commission, board, or Secretary'' for ''commission or board'' wherever appearing. 1959 - Pub. L. 86-107 amended section generally, and among other changes, authorized the Commission or Board, upon notice and opportunity for hearing, in cases where a petition for review has not been filed within the time allowed, to reopen and alter, modify, or set aside, in whole or in part, any report or order, whenever conditions of fact or law have so changed as to require such action or if the public interest so requires, and added subsecs. (g) to (k), providing for finality of orders, and subsec. (l), prescribing the civil penalty for violation of orders. 1958 - Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 4(a), struck out ''a transcript of'' after ''Until'' in last sentence of second par. Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 4(b), substituted in first sentence of third par., ''file the record in the proceeding, as provided in section 2112 of title 28'' for ''certify and file with its application a transcript of the entire record in the proceeding, including all the testimony taken and the report and order of the Commission or Board'', and in second sentence of third par., struck out ''and transcript'' after ''application'', inserted ''concurrently with the Commission or Board until the filing of the record'', and struck out ''upon the pleadings, testimony, and proceedings set forth in such transcript'' after ''make and enter''. Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 4(c), substituted in second sentence of fourth par., ''transmitted by the clerk of the court to'' for ''served upon'' and ''shall file in the court the record in the proceeding, as provided in section 2112 of title 28'' for ''forthwith shall certify and file in the court a transcript of the record in the proceeding, as hereinbefore provided'', and in third sentence of fourth paragraph substituted ''such petition'' for ''the transcript'' and inserted ''determined as provided in section 1009(e) of title 5,''. Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 4(d), substituted in fifth par., ''Upon the filing of the record with it the'' for ''The''. 1950 - Act Dec. 29, 1950, amended section generally to allow the Attorney General to intervene and appear in any proceeding brought by any Commission or Board to enforce sections 13, 14, 18, and 19 of this title, but the amendment in nowise affects the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice to enforce these sections in the courts. 1938 - Act June 23, 1938, inserted ''in the Civil Aeronautics Authority where applicable to air carriers and foreign air carriers subject to the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938'', and ''authority'' after ''commission'' wherever appearing. 1935 - Act Aug. 23, 1935, changed the name of Federal Reserve Board to Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 1934 - Act June 19, 1934, amended first par. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Act June 25, 1948, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, substituted ''court of appeals'' for ''circuit court of appeals''. -MISC4- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 701 of Title 49, Transportation. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENTS Amendment by Pub. L. 98-620 not applicable to cases pending on Nov. 8, 1984, see section 403 of Pub. L. 98-620, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1657 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Amendment by Pub. L. 98-443 effective Jan. 1, 1985, see section 9(v) of Pub. L. 98-443, set out as a note under section 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Section 2 of Pub. L. 86-107 provided that: ''The amendments made by section 1 (amending this section) shall have no application to any proceeding initiated before the date of enactment of this Act (July 23, 1959) under the third or fourth paragraph of section 11 of the Act entitled 'An Act to supplement existing laws against unlawful restraints and monopolies, and for other purposes', approved October 15, 1914 (38 Stat. 734, as amended; 15 U.S.C. 21) (this section). Each such proceeding shall be governed by the provisions of such section as they existed on the day preceding the date of enactment of this Act.'' -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 21a, 57b-1 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 21a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 21a. Actions and proceedings pending prior to June 19, 1936; additional and continuing violations -STATUTE- Nothing herein contained shall affect rights of action arising, or litigation pending, or orders of the Federal Trade Commission issued and in effect or pending on review, based on section 13 of this title, prior to June 19, 1936: Provided, That where, prior to June 19, 1936, the Federal Trade Commission has issued an order requiring any person to cease and desist from a violation of section 13 of this title, and such order is pending on review or is in effect, either as issued or as affirmed or modified by a court of competent jurisdiction, and the Commission shall have reason to believe that such person has committed, used or carried on, since June 19, 1936, or is committing, using or carrying on, any act, practice or method in violation of any of the provisions of said section 13 of this title, it may reopen such original proceedings and may issue and serve upon such person its complaint, supplementary to the original complaint, stating its charges in that respect. Thereupon the same proceedings shall be had upon such supplementary complaint as provided in section 21 of this title. If upon such hearing the Commission shall be of the opinion that any act, practice, or method charged in said supplementary complaint has been committed, used, or carried on since June 19, 1936, or is being committed, used or carried on, in violation of said section 13 of this title, it shall make a report in writing in which it shall state its findings as to the facts and shall issue and serve upon such person its order modifying or amending its original order to include any additional violations of law so found. Thereafter the provisions of section 21 of this title, as to review and enforcement of orders of the Commission shall in all things apply to such modified or amended order. If upon review as provided in said section 21 of this title the court shall set aside such modified or amended order, the original order shall not be affected thereby, but it shall be and remain in force and effect as fully and to the same extent as if such supplementary proceedings had not been taken. -SOURCE- (June 19, 1936, ch. 592, Sec. 2, 49 Stat. 1527.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Nothing herein contained, referred to in text, probably means nothing contained in act June 19, 1936, ch. 592, 49 Stat. 1526, popularly known as the Robinson-Patman Antidiscrimination Act and also as the Robinson-Patman Price Discrimination Act, which enacted sections 13a, 13b, and 21a of this title and amended section 13 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 13 of this title and Tables. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 10 section 7430; title 42 sections 6202, 8235f; title 49 section 10706. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 22 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 22. District in which to sue corporation -STATUTE- Any suit, action, or proceeding under the antitrust laws against a corporation may be brought not only in the judicial district whereof it is an inhabitant, but also in any district wherein it may be found or transacts business; and all process in such cases may be served in the district of which it is an inhabitant, or wherever it may be found. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 12, 38 Stat. 736.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in text, are defined in section 12 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 23 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 23. Suits by United States; subpoenas for witnesses -STATUTE- In any suit, action, or proceeding brought by or on behalf of the United States subpoenas for witnesses who are required to attend a court of the United States in any judicial district in any case, civil or criminal, arising under the antitrust laws may run into any other district: Provided, That in civil cases no writ of subpoena shall issue for witnesses living out of the district in which the court is held at a greater distance than one hundred miles from the place of holding the same without the permission of the trial court being first had upon proper application and cause shown. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 13, 38 Stat. 736.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in text, are defined in section 12 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 24 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 24. Liability of directors and agents of corporation -STATUTE- Whenever a corporation shall violate any of the penal provisions of the antitrust laws, such violation shall be deemed to be also that of the individual directors, officers, or agents of such corporation who shall have authorized, ordered, or done any of the acts constituting in whole or in part such violation, and such violation shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and upon conviction therefor of any such director, officer, or agent he shall be punished by a fine of not exceeding $5,000 or by imprisonment for not exceeding one year, or by both, in the discretion of the court. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 14, 38 Stat. 736.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in text, are defined in section 12 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 25 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 25. Restraining violations; procedure -STATUTE- The several district courts of the United States are invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of this Act, and it shall be the duty of the several United States attorneys, in their respective districts, under the direction of the Attorney General, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such violations. Such proceedings may be by way of petition setting forth the case and praying that such violation shall be enjoined or otherwise prohibited. When the parties complained of shall have been duly notified of such petition, the court shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the hearing and determination of the case; and pending such petition, and before final decree, the court may at any time make such temporary restraining order or prohibition as shall be deemed just in the premises. Whenever it shall appear to the court before which any such proceeding may be pending that the ends of justice require that other parties should be brought before the court, the court may cause them to be summoned whether they reside in the district in which the court is held or not, and subpoenas to that end may be served in any district by the marshal thereof. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 15, 38 Stat. 736; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 909.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This Act, referred to in text, is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, as amended, which is classified generally to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 20, 21, and 22 to 27 of this title, and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of this title and Tables. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Act June 25, 1948, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, substituted ''United States attorneys'' for ''district attorneys of the United States''. See section 541 et seq. of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 4016 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 26 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 26. Injunctive relief for private parties; exception; costs -STATUTE- Any person, firm, corporation, or association shall be entitled to sue for and have injunctive relief, in any court of the United States having jurisdiction over the parties, against threatened loss or damage by a violation of the antitrust laws, including sections 13, 14, 18, and 19 of this title, when and under the same conditions and principles as injunctive relief against threatened conduct that will cause loss or damage is granted by courts of equity, under the rules governing such proceedings, and upon the execution of proper bond against damages for an injunction improvidently granted and a showing that the danger of irreparable loss or damage is immediate, a preliminary injunction may issue: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to entitle any person, firm, corporation, or association, except the United States, to bring suit for injunctive relief against any common carrier subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board under subtitle IV of title 49. In any action under this section in which the plaintiff substantially prevails, the court shall award the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee, to such plaintiff. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 16, 38 Stat. 737; Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 302(3), Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1396; Pub. L. 104-88, title III, Sec. 318(3), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 949.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in text, are defined in section 12 of this title. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1995 - Pub. L. 104-88 substituted ''for injunctive relief against any common carrier subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board under subtitle IV of title 49'' for ''in equity for injunctive relief against any common carrier subject to the provisions of the Act to regulate commerce, approved February fourth, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, in respect of any matter subject to the regulation, supervision, or other jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission.'' 1976 - Pub. L. 94-435 inserted provision authorizing court to award costs, including attorneys' fees, to a successful plaintiff. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104-88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 701 of Title 49, Transportation. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 4016, 4304 of this title; title 46 App. section 1706. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 26a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 26a. Restrictions on the purchase of gasohol and synthetic motor fuel -STATUTE- (a) Limitations on the use of credit instruments; sales, resales, and transfers Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, it shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, directly or indirectly to impose any condition, restriction, agreement, or understanding that - (1) limits the use of credit instruments in any transaction concerning the sale, resale, or transfer of gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel of equivalent usability in any case in which there is no similar limitation on transactions concerning such person's conventional motor fuel; or (2) otherwise unreasonably discriminates against or unreasonably limits the sale, resale, or transfer of gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel of equivalent usability in any case in which such synthetic or conventional motor fuel is sold for use, consumption, or resale within the United States. (b) Credit fees; equivalent conventional motor fuel sales; labeling of pumps; product liability disclaimers; advertising support; furnishing facilities (1) Nothing in this section or in any other provision of law in effect on December 2, 1980, which is specifically applicable to the sale of petroleum products shall preclude any person referred to in subsection (a) of this section from imposing a reasonable fee for credit on the sale, resale, or transfer of the gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel referred to in subsection (a) of this section if such fee equals no more than the actual costs to such person of extending that credit. (2) The prohibitions in this section shall not apply to any person who makes available sufficient supplies of gasohol and other synthetic motor fuels of equivalent usability to satisfy his customers' needs for such products, if the gasohol and other synthetic fuels are made available on terms and conditions which are equivalent to the terms and conditions on which such person's conventional motor fuel products are made available. (3) Nothing in this section shall - (A) preclude any person referred to in subsection (a) of this section from requiring reasonable labeling of pumps dispensing the gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel referred to in subsection (a) of this section to indicate, as appropriate, that such gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel is not manufactured, distributed, or sold by such person; (B) preclude such person from issuing appropriate disclaimers of product liability for damage resulting from use of the gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel; (C) require such person to provide advertising support for the gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel; or (D) require such person to furnish or provide, at such person's own expense, any additional pumps, tanks, or other related facilities required for the sale of the gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel. (c) ''United States'' defined As used in this section, ''United States'' includes the several States, the District of Columbia, any territory of the United States, and any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 26, as added Pub. L. 96-493, Sec. 2, Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2568.) -MISC1- SHORT TITLE For short title of Pub. L. 96-493 as the ''Gasohol Competition Act of 1980'', see section 1 of Pub. L. 96-493, set out as a Short Title of 1980 Amendment note under section 1 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 27 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 27. Effect of partial invalidity -STATUTE- If any clause, sentence, paragraph, or part of this Act shall, for any reason, be adjudged by any court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, such judgment shall not affect, impair, or invalidate the remainder thereof, but shall be confined in its operation to the clause, sentence, paragraph, or part thereof directly involved in the controversy in which such judgment shall have been rendered. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 27, formerly Sec. 26, 38 Stat. 740; renumbered Pub. L. 96-493, Sec. 2, Dec. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2568.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This Act, referred to in text, is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, as amended, known as the Clayton Act, which is classified generally to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 20, 21, and 22 to 27 of this title, and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of this title and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION Another section 27 of act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, is classified to section 27a of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 27a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 27a. Application of antitrust laws to professional major league baseball -STATUTE- (a) Major league baseball subject to antitrust laws Subject to subsections (b) through (d) of this section, the conduct, acts, practices, or agreements of persons in the business of organized professional major league baseball directly relating to or affecting employment of major league baseball players to play baseball at the major league level are subject to the antitrust laws to the same extent such conduct, acts, practices, or agreements would be subject to the antitrust laws if engaged in by persons in any other professional sports business affecting interstate commerce. (b) Limitation of section No court shall rely on the enactment of this section as a basis for changing the application of the antitrust laws to any conduct, acts, practices, or agreements other than those set forth in subsection (a) of this section. This section does not create, permit or imply a cause of action by which to challenge under the antitrust laws, or otherwise apply the antitrust laws to, any conduct, acts, practices, or agreements that do not directly relate to or affect employment of major league baseball players to play baseball at the major league level, including but not limited to - (1) any conduct, acts, practices, or agreements of persons engaging in, conducting or participating in the business of organized professional baseball relating to or affecting employment to play baseball at the minor league level, any organized professional baseball amateur or first-year player draft, or any reserve clause as applied to minor league players; (2) the agreement between organized professional major league baseball teams and the teams of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, commonly known as the ''Professional Baseball Agreement'', the relationship between organized professional major league baseball and organized professional minor league baseball, or any other matter relating to organized professional baseball's minor leagues; (3) any conduct, acts, practices, or agreements of persons engaging in, conducting or participating in the business of organized professional baseball relating to or affecting franchise expansion, location or relocation, franchise ownership issues, including ownership transfers, the relationship between the Office of the Commissioner and franchise owners, the marketing or sales of the entertainment product of organized professional baseball and the licensing of intellectual property rights owned or held by organized professional baseball teams individually or collectively; (4) any conduct, acts, practices, or agreements protected by Public Law 87-331 (15 U.S.C. Sec. 1291 et seq.) (commonly known as the ''Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961''); (5) the relationship between persons in the business of organized professional baseball and umpires or other individuals who are employed in the business of organized professional baseball by such persons; or (6) any conduct, acts, practices, or agreements of persons not in the business of organized professional major league baseball. (c) Standing to sue Only a major league baseball player has standing to sue under this section. For the purposes of this section, a major league baseball player is - (1) a person who is a party to a major league player's contract, or is playing baseball at the major league level; or (2) a person who was a party to a major league player's contract or playing baseball at the major league level at the time of the injury that is the subject of the complaint; or (3) a person who has been a party to a major league player's contract or who has played baseball at the major league level, and who claims he has been injured in his efforts to secure a subsequent major league player's contract by an alleged violation of the antitrust laws: Provided however, That for the purposes of this paragraph, the alleged antitrust violation shall not include any conduct, acts, practices, or agreements of persons in the business of organized professional baseball relating to or affecting employment to play baseball at the minor league level, including any organized professional baseball amateur or first-year player draft, or any reserve clause as applied to minor league players; or (4) a person who was a party to a major league player's contract or who was playing baseball at the major league level at the conclusion of the last full championship season immediately preceding the expiration of the last collective bargaining agreement between persons in the business of organized professional major league baseball and the exclusive collective bargaining representative of major league baseball players. (d) Conduct, acts, practices, or agreements subject to antitrust laws (1) As used in this section, ''person'' means any entity, including an individual, partnership, corporation, trust or unincorporated association or any combination or association thereof. As used in this section, the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, its member leagues and the clubs of those leagues, are not ''in the business of organized professional major league baseball''. (2) In cases involving conduct, acts, practices, or agreements that directly relate to or affect both employment of major league baseball players to play baseball at the major league level and also relate to or affect any other aspect of organized professional baseball, including but not limited to employment to play baseball at the minor league level and the other areas set forth in subsection (b) of this section, only those components, portions or aspects of such conduct, acts, practices, or agreements that directly relate to or affect employment of major league players to play baseball at the major league level may be challenged under subsection (a) of this section and then only to the extent that they directly relate to or affect employment of major league baseball players to play baseball at the major league level. (3) As used in subsection (a) of this section, interpretation of the term ''directly'' shall not be governed by any interpretation of section 151 et seq. of title 29, United States Code (as amended). (4) Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect the application to organized professional baseball of the nonstatutory labor exemption from the antitrust laws. (5) The scope of the conduct, acts, practices, or agreements covered by subsection (b) of this section shall not be strictly or narrowly construed. -SOURCE- (Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, Sec. 27, as added Pub. L. 105-297, Sec. 3, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2824.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust laws, referred to in text, are defined in section 12 of this title. Public Law 87-331, referred to in subsec. (b)(4), is Pub. L. 87-331, Sept. 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 732, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 32 (Sec. 1291 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION Another section 27 of act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, is classified to section 27 of this title. -MISC3- PURPOSE Pub. L. 105-297, Sec. 2, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2824, provided that: ''It is the purpose of this legislation to state that major league baseball players are covered under the antitrust laws (i.e., that major league baseball players will have the same rights under the antitrust laws as do other professional athletes, e.g., football and basketball players), along with a provision that makes it clear that the passage of this Act (enacting this section and provisions set out as a note under section 1 of this title) does not change the application of the antitrust laws in any other context or with respect to any other person or entity.'' -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 28 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 28. Repealed. Pub. L. 98-620, title IV, Sec. 402(11), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3358 -MISC1- Section, acts Feb. 11, 1903, ch. 544, Sec. 1, 32 Stat. 823; June 25, 1910, ch. 428, 36 Stat. 854; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, Sec. 291, 36 Stat. 1167; Apr. 6, 1942, ch. 210, Sec. 1, 56 Stat. 198; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 32(a), 62 Stat. 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107; Dec. 21, 1974, Pub. L. 93-528, Sec. 4, 88 Stat. 1708, related to expedition of actions by the United States involving general public importance. EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL Repeal not applicable to cases pending on Nov. 8, 1984, see section 403 of Pub. L. 98-620, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1657 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 29 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 29. Appeals -STATUTE- (a) Court of appeals; review by Supreme Court Except as otherwise expressly provided by this section, in every civil action brought in any district court of the United States under the Act entitled ''An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies'', approved July 2, 1890, or any other Acts having like purpose that have been or hereafter may be enacted, in which the United States is the complainant and equitable relief is sought, any appeal from a final judgement entered in any such action shall be taken to the court of appeals pursuant to sections 1291 and 2107 of title 28. Any appeal from an interlocutory order entered in any such action shall be taken to the court of appeals pursuant to sections 1292(a)(1) and 2107 of title 28 but not otherwise. Any judgment entered by the court of appeals in any such action shall be subject to review by the Supreme Court upon a writ of certiorari as provided in section 1254(1) of title 28. (b) Direct appeals to Supreme Court An appeal from a final judgment pursuant to subsection (a) of this section shall lie directly to the Supreme Court, if, upon application of a party filed within fifteen days of the filing of a notice of appeal, the district judge who adjudicated the case enters an order stating that immediate consideration of the appeal by the Supreme Court is of general public importance in the administration of justice. Such order shall be filed within thirty days after the filing of a notice of appeal. When such an order is filed, the appeal and any cross appeal shall be docketed in the time and manner prescribed by the rules of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall thereupon either (1) dispose of the appeal and any cross appeal in the same manner as any other direct appeal authorized by law, or (2) in its discretion, deny the direct appeal and remand the case to the court of appeals, which shall then have jurisdiction to hear and determine the same as if the appeal and any cross appeal therein had been docketed in the court of appeals in the first instance pursuant to subsection (a) of this section. -SOURCE- (Feb. 11, 1903, ch. 544, Sec. 2, 32 Stat. 823; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, Sec. 291, 36 Stat. 1167; June 9, 1944, ch. 239, 58 Stat. 272; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 17, 62 Stat. 989; Pub. L. 93-528, Sec. 5, Dec. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1709.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Act entitled ''An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies'', approved July 2, 1890, referred to in subsec. (a), is known as the Sherman Act, and is classified to sections 1 to 7 of this title. -COD- CODIFICATION Section was previously set out in both this section and in section 45 of former Title 49, Transportation. -MISC3- AMENDMENTS 1974 - Pub. L. 93-528 substituted provisions for appeals to the court of appeals from civil actions in district courts where equitable relief is sought, review by the Supreme Court of judgments of courts of appeals, and for direct appeals to the Supreme Court of cases involving general public importance, for provisions that appeals from final judgments of district courts lie to the Supreme Court only. 1948 - Act June 25, 1948, amended section generally to strike out provisions relating to time for appeal, procedure, etc. See sections 2101 and 2109 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. 1944 - Act June 9, 1944, provided for certification of case to circuit court of appeals when there was no quorum of Justices of the Supreme Court qualified to participate in the consideration of the case and for designation of circuit judges in the event of disqualification from hearing the case. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Act Mar. 3, 1911, which transferred the powers and duties of the circuit courts to the district courts, substituted ''district court'' for ''circuit court''. -MISC4- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT Section 7 of Pub. L. 93-528 provided that: ''The amendment made by section 5 of this Act (amending this section) shall not apply to an action in which a notice of appeal to the Supreme Court has been filed on or before the fifteenth day following the date of enactment of this Act (Dec. 21, 1974). Appeal in any such action shall be taken pursuant to the provisions of section 2 of the Act of February 11, 1903 (32 Stat. 823), as amended (15 U.S.C. 29; (former) 49 U.S.C. 45) which were in effect on the day preceding the date of enactment of this Act.'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1948 AMENDMENT Section 38 of act June 25, 1948, provided that the amendment made by that act is effective Sept. 1, 1948. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1944 AMENDMENT The last paragraph of act June 9, 1944, provided: ''This Act (this section) shall apply to every case pending before the Supreme Court of the United States on the date of its enactment (June 9, 1944).'' SHORT TITLE Act Feb. 11, 1903, which enacted sections 28 and 29 of this title, is commonly known as the ''Expediting Act''. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 30 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 30. Depositions for use in suits in equity; proceedings open to public -STATUTE- In the taking of depositions of witnesses for use in any suit in equity brought by the United States under sections 1 to 7 of this title, and in the hearings before any examiner or special master appointed to take testimony therein, the proceedings shall be open to the public as freely as are trials in open court; and no order excluding the public from attendance on any such proceedings shall be valid or enforceable. -SOURCE- (Mar. 3, 1913, ch. 114, 37 Stat. 731.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 1312 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 31 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 31. Panama Canal closed to violators of antitrust laws -STATUTE- No vessel permitted to engage in the coastwise or foreign trade of the United States shall be permitted to enter or pass through the Panama Canal if such ship is owned, chartered, operated, or controlled by any person or company which is doing business in violation of the provisions of sections 1 to 11 of this title or of any other Act of Congress amending or supplementing the same. The question of fact may be determined by the judgment of any court of the United States of competent jurisdiction in any cause pending before it to which the owners or operators of such ship are parties. Suit may be brought by any shipper or by the Attorney General of the United States. -SOURCE- (Aug. 24, 1912, ch. 390, Sec. 11, 37 Stat. 567.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 32, 33 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 32, 33. Repealed. Pub. L. 91-452, title II, Sec. 209, 210, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 929 -MISC1- Section 32, act Feb. 25, 1903, ch. 755, Sec. 1, 32 Stat. 904, granted immunity from prosecution to witnesses testifying or producing evidence, documentary or otherwise, in any proceeding, suit, or prosecution under section 1 to 11 of this title. See section 6001 et seq. of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. Section 33, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3920, 34 Stat. 798, provided that, under the immunity provisions of former section 32 of this title, immunity was to extend only to a natural person who, in obedience to a subpoena, testified or produced evidence. EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL Repeal effective on sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91-452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provision note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. SAVINGS PROVISION Repeal of sections by Pub. L. 91-452 not to affect any immunity to which any individual was entitled under sections by reason of any testimony given before the sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91-452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provision note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 34 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 34. Definitions applicable to sections 34 to 36 -STATUTE- For purposes of sections 34 to 36 of this title - (1) the term ''local government'' means - (A) a city, county, parish, town, township, village, or any other general function governmental unit established by State law, or (B) a school district, sanitary district, or any other special function governmental unit established by State law in one or more States, (2) the term ''person'' has the meaning given it in subsection (a) of the first section of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12(a)), but does not include any local government as defined in paragraph (1) of this section, and (3) the term ''State'' has the meaning given it in section 4G(2) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 15g(2)). -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 98-544, Sec. 2, Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2750.) -MISC1- EFFECTIVE DATE Section 6 of Pub. L. 98-544 provided that: ''This Act (enacting this section, sections 35 and 36 of this title, and provisions set out as a note under section 1 of this title) shall take effect thirty days before the date of the enactment of this Act (Oct. 24, 1984).'' -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 35 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 35. Recovery of damages, etc., for antitrust violations from any local government, or official or employee thereof acting in an official capacity -STATUTE- (a) Prohibition in general No damages, interest on damages, costs, or attorney's fees may be recovered under section 4, 4A, or 4C of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 15, 15a, or 15c) from any local government, or official or employee thereof acting in an official capacity. (b) Preconditions for attachment of prohibition; prima facie evidence for nonapplication of prohibition Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to cases commenced before the effective date of this Act unless the defendant establishes and the court determines, in light of all the circumstances, including the stage of litigation and the availability of alternative relief under the Clayton Act, that it would be inequitable not to apply this subsection to a pending case. In consideration of this section, existence of a jury verdict, district court judgment, or any stage of litigation subsequent thereto, shall be deemed to be prima facie evidence that subsection (a) of this section shall not apply. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 98-544, Sec. 3, Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2750.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT For the effective date of this Act, referred to in subsec. (b), see Effective Date note below. The Clayton Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, as amended, which is classified generally to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 20, 21, and 22 to 27 of this title and to sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective thirty days before Oct. 24, 1984, see section 6 of Pub. L. 98-544, set out as a note under section 34 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 34 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 36 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 36. Recovery of damages, etc., for antitrust violations on claim against person based on official action directed by local government, or official or employee thereof acting in an official capacity -STATUTE- (a) Prohibition in general No damages, interest on damages, costs or attorney's fees may be recovered under section 4, 4A, or 4C of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 15, 15a, or 15c) in any claim against a person based on any official action directed by a local government, or official or employee thereof acting in an official capacity. (b) Nonapplication of prohibition for cases commenced before effective date of provisions Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply with respect to cases commenced before the effective date of this Act. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 98-544, Sec. 4, Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2750.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT For effective date of this Act, referred to in subsec. (b), see Effective Date note below. -MISC2- EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective thirty days before Oct. 24, 1984, see section 6 of Pub. L. 98-544, set out as a note under section 34 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 34 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 37 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 37. Immunity from antitrust laws -STATUTE- (a) Inapplicability of antitrust laws Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, the antitrust laws, and any State law similar to any of the antitrust laws, shall not apply to charitable gift annuities or charitable remainder trusts. (b) Immunity Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, any person subjected to any legal proceeding for damages, injunction, penalties, or other relief of any kind under the antitrust laws, or any State law similar to any of the antitrust laws, on account of setting or agreeing to rates of return or other terms for, negotiating, issuing, participating in, implementing, or otherwise being involved in the planning, issuance, or payment of charitable gift annuities or charitable remainder trusts shall have immunity from suit under the antitrust laws, including the right not to bear the cost, burden, and risk of discovery and trial, for the conduct set forth in this subsection. (c) Treatment of certain annuities and trusts Any annuity treated as a charitable gift annuity, or any trust treated as a charitable remainder trust, either - (1) in any filing by the donor with the Internal Revenue Service; or (2) in any schedule, form, or written document provided by or on behalf of the donee to the donor; shall be conclusively presumed for the purposes of this section and section 37a of this title to be respectively a charitable gift annuity or a charitable remainder trust, unless there has been a final determination by the Internal Revenue Service that, for fraud or otherwise, the donor's annuity or trust did not qualify respectively as a charitable gift annuity or charitable remainder trust when created. (d) Limitation Subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall not apply with respect to the enforcement of a State law similar to any of the antitrust laws, with respect to charitable gift annuities, or charitable remainder trusts, created after the State enacts a statute, not later than December 8, 1998, that expressly provides that subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall not apply with respect to such charitable gift annuities and such charitable remainder trusts. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 104-63, Sec. 2, Dec. 8, 1995, 109 Stat. 687; Pub. L. 105-26, Sec. 2(1), July 3, 1997, 111 Stat. 241.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT For definition of ''antitrust laws'', referred to in text, see section 37a(1) of this title. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1997 - Pub. L. 105-26 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to modification of antitrust laws to allow two or more charitable organizations to use, or to agree to use, the same annuity rate in issuing one or more charitable gift annuities and to limitations on such conduct. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1997 AMENDMENT Section 3 of Pub. L. 105-26 provided that: ''This Act (see Short Title of 1997 Amendments note set out under section 1 of this title), and the amendments made by this Act, shall apply with respect to all conduct occurring before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act (July 3, 1997) and shall apply in all administrative and judicial actions pending on or commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act.'' EFFECTIVE DATE Section 4 of Pub. L. 104-63 provided that: ''This Act (enacting this section, section 37a of this title, and provisions set out as a note under section 1 of this title) shall apply with respect to conduct occurring before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act (Dec. 8, 1995).'' STUDY AND REPORT Section 4 of Pub. L. 105-26 provided that: ''(a) Study and Report. - The Attorney General shall carry out a study to determine the effect of this Act (see Short Title of 1997 Amendments note set out under section 1 of this title) on markets for noncharitable annuities, charitable gift annuities, and charitable remainder trusts. The Attorney General shall prepare a report summarizing the results of the study. ''(b) Details of Study and Report. - The report referred to in subsection (a) shall include any information on possible inappropriate activity resulting from this Act and any recommendations for legislative changes, including recommendations for additional enforcement resources. ''(c) Submission of Report. - The Attorney General shall submit the report referred to in subsection (a) to the Chairman and the ranking member of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, and to the Chairman and the ranking member of the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, not later than 27 months after the date of the enactment of this Act (July 3, 1997).'' -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 37a of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 37a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 1 - MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 37a. Definitions -STATUTE- For purposes of this section and section 37 of this title: (1) Antitrust laws The term ''antitrust laws'' has the meaning given it in subsection (a) of section 12 of this title, except that such term includes section 45 of this title to the extent that such section 45 applies to unfair methods of competition. (2) Charitable remainder trust The term ''charitable remainder trust'' has the meaning given it in section 664(d) of title 26. (3) Charitable gift annuity The term ''charitable gift annuity'' has the meaning given it in section 501(m)(5) of title 26. (4) Final determination The term ''final determination'' includes an Internal Revenue Service determination, after exhaustion of donor's and donee's administrative remedies, disallowing the donor's charitable deduction for the year in which the initial contribution was made because of the donee's failure to comply at such time with the requirements of section 501(m)(5) or 664(d), respectively, of title 26. (5) Person The term ''person'' has the meaning given it in subsection (a) of section 12 of this title. (6) State The term ''State'' has the meaning given it in section 15g(2) of this title. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 104-63, Sec. 3, Dec. 8, 1995, 109 Stat. 687; Pub. L. 105-26, Sec. 2(2), July 3, 1997, 111 Stat. 242.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1997 - Pars. (1), (2). Pub. L. 105-26, Sec. 2(2)(A)-(C), added par. (2), redesignated former par. (2) as (1), and struck out heading and text of former par. (1). Text read as follows: ''The term 'annuity rate' means the percentage of the fair market value of a gift (determined as of the date of the gift) given in exchange for a charitable gift annuity, that represents the amount of the annual payment to be made to 1 or 2 annuitants over the life of either or both under the terms of the agreement to give such gift in exchange for such annuity.'' Pars. (4) to (6). Pub. L. 105-26, Sec. 2(2)(D), (E), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) and (5) as (5) and (6), respectively. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1997 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 105-26 applicable with respect to all conduct occurring before, on, or after July 3, 1997, and applicable in all administrative and judicial actions pending on or commenced after July 3, 1997, see section 3 of Pub. L. 105-26, set out as a note under section 37 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Section applicable with respect to conduct occurring before, on, or after Dec. 8, 1995, see section 4 of Pub. L. 104-63, set out as a note under section 37 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 37 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION . -HEAD- CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION -MISC1- SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION Sec. 41. Federal Trade Commission established; membership; vacancies; seal. 42. Employees; expenses. 43. Office and place of meeting. 44. Definitions. 45. Unfair methods of competition unlawful; prevention by Commission. (a) Declaration of unlawfulness; power to prohibit unfair practices; inapplicability to foreign trade. (b) Proceeding by Commission; modifying and setting aside orders. (c) Review of order; rehearing. (d) Jurisdiction of court. (e) Exemption from liability. (f) Service of complaints, orders and other processes; return. (g) Finality of order. (h) Modification or setting aside of order by Supreme Court. (i) Modification or setting aside of order by Court of Appeals. (j) Rehearing upon order or remand. (k) ''Mandate'' defined. (l) Penalty for violation of order; injunctions and other appropriate equitable relief. (m) Civil actions for recovery of penalties for knowing violations of rules and cease and desist orders respecting unfair or deceptive acts or practices; jurisdiction; maximum amount of penalties; continuing violations; de novo determinations; compromise or settlement procedure. (n) Standard of proof; public policy considerations. 45a. Labels on products. 46. Additional powers of Commission. (a) Investigation of persons, partnerships, or corporations. (b) Reports of persons, partnerships, and corporations. (c) Investigation of compliance with antitrust decrees. (d) Investigations of violations of antitrust statutes. (e) Readjustment of business of corporations violating antitrust statutes. (f) Publication of information; reports. (g) Classification of corporations; regulations. (h) Investigations of foreign trade conditions; reports. (i) Investigations of foreign antitrust law violations. 46a. Concurrent resolution essential to authorize investigations 47. Reference of suits under antitrust statutes to Commission. 48. Information and assistance from departments. 49. Documentary evidence; depositions; witnesses. 50. Offenses and penalties. 51. Effect on other statutory provisions. 52. Dissemination of false advertisements. (a) Unlawfulness. (b) Unfair or deceptive act or practice. 53. False advertisements; injunctions and restraining orders. (a) Power of Commission; jurisdiction of courts. (b) Temporary restraining orders; preliminary injunctions. (c) Service of process; proof of service. (d) Exception of periodical publications. 54. False advertisements; penalties. (a) Imposition of penalties. (b) Exception of advertising medium or agency. 55. Additional definitions. (a) False advertisement. (b) Food. (c) Drug. (d) Device. (e) Cosmetic. (f) Oleomargarine or margarine. 56. Commencement, defense, intervention and supervision of litigation and appeal by Commission or Attorney General. (a) Procedure for exercise of authority to litigate or appeal. (b) Certification by Commission to Attorney General for criminal proceedings. 57. Separability clause. 57a. Unfair or deceptive acts or practices rulemaking proceedings. (a) Authority of Commission to prescribe rules and general statements of policy. (b) Procedures applicable. (c) Informal hearing procedure. (d) Statement of basis and purpose accompanying rule; ''Commission'' defined; judicial review of amendment or repeal of rule; violation of rule. (e) Judicial review; petition; jurisdiction and venue; rulemaking record; additional submissions and presentations; scope of review and relief; review by Supreme Court; additional remedies. (f) Unfair or deceptive acts or practices by banks, savings and loan institutions, or Federal credit unions; promulgation of regulations by Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System, Federal Home Loan Bank Board, and National Credit Union Administration Board; agency enforcement and compliance proceedings; violations; power of other Federal agencies unaffected; reporting requirements. (g) Exemptions and stays from application of rules; procedures. (h) Restriction on rulemaking authority of Commission respecting children's advertising proceedings pending on May 28, 1980. (i) Meetings with outside parties. (j) Communications by investigative personnel with staff of Commission concerning matters outside rulemaking record prohibited. 57a-1. Omitted. 57b. Civil actions for violations of rules and cease and desist orders respecting unfair or deceptive acts or practices. (a) Suits by Commission against persons, partnerships, or corporations; jurisdiction; relief for dishonest or fraudulent acts. (b) Nature of relief available. (c) Conclusiveness of findings of Commission in cease and desist proceedings; notice of judicial proceedings to injured persons, etc. (d) Time for bringing of actions. (e) Availability of additional Federal or State remedies; other authority of Commission unaffected. 57b-1. Civil investigative demands. (a) Definitions. (b) Actions conducted by Commission respecting unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce. (c) Issuance of demand; contents; service; verified return; sworn certificate; answers; taking of oral testimony. (d) Procedures for demand material. (e) Petition for enforcement. (f) Petition for order modifying or setting aside demand. (g) Custodial control of documentary material, tangible things, reports, etc. (h) Jurisdiction of court. (i) Commission authority to issue subpoenas or make demand for information. (j) Applicability of this section. 57b-2. Confidentiality. (a) Definitions. (b) Procedures respecting documents, tangible things, or transcripts of oral testimony received pursuant to compulsory process or investigation. (c) Information considered confidential. (d) Particular disclosures allowed. (e) Effect on other statutory provisions limiting disclosure. (f) Exemption from disclosure. 57b-3. Rulemaking process. (a) Definitions. (b) Notice of proposed rulemaking; regulatory analysis; contents; issuance. (c) Judicial review. (d) Regulatory agenda; contents; publication dates in Federal Register. 57b-4. Good faith reliance on actions of Board of Governors. (a) ''Board of Governors'' defined. (b) Use as defense. (c) Applicability of subsection (b). (d) Request for issuance of statement or interpretation concerning conduct or practice. 57b-5. Agricultural cooperatives. 57c. Authorization of appropriations. 58. Short title. SUBCHAPTER II - PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE 61. Export trade; definitions. 62. Export trade and antitrust legislation. 63. Acquisition of stock of export trade corporation. 64. Unfair methods of competition in export trade. 65. Information required from export trade corporation; powers of Federal Trade Commission. 66. Short title. SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS 68. Definitions. 68a. Misbranding declared unlawful. 68b. Misbranded wool products. (a) False identification; affixation of label, etc., contents. (b) Additional information. (c) Substitute identification. (d) Designations on linings, paddings, etc. (e) False or deceptive advertising in mail order promotions. (f) Location of label, etc. 68c. Stamp, tag, label, or other identification. (a) Affixing; retention until sale. (b) Removal or mutilation. (c) Packages of wool products. 68d. Enforcement of subchapter. (a) Authority of Commission. (b) Maintenance of records by wool manufacturers. 68e. Condemnation and injunction proceedings. (a) Grounds for condemnation; disposition of merchandise. (b) Grounds for temporary injunction or restraining order; issuance without bond. 68f. Exclusion of misbranded wool products. 68g. Guaranty. (a) Avoidance of liability; requirements. (b) Furnishing false guaranty. 68h. Criminal penalty. 68i. Application of other laws. 68j. Exceptions from subchapter. SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS 69. Definitions. 69a. Violations of Federal Trade Commission Act. (a) Introduction or manufacture for introduction into commerce, sale, advertising or offering for sale in commerce. (b) Manufacture for sale, sale, advertising, offering for sale, transportation or distribution. (c) Introduction into commerce, sale, advertising or offering for sale in commerce or transportation or distribution. (d) Removal or mutilation of label. (e) Substitution of labels; records. (f) Application of section to common carrier or freight forwarder. 69b. Misbranded fur products. 69c. False advertising and invoicing. 69d. Fur products imported into United States. (a) Necessity of proper labelling; additional information. (b) Violations of Federal Trade Commission Act. (c) Verified statement of compliance. 69e. Name guide for fur products. (a) Fur products Name Guide. (b) Additions and deletions; public hearing. (c) Prevention of confusion or deception. 69f. Enforcement of subchapter. (a) Enforcement by Federal Trade Commission. (b) Rules and regulations for disclosure of information. (c) Inspection, analysis, tests for fur products; cooperation with other governmental agencies. (d) Maintenance of records by manufacturer or dealer. 69g. Condemnation and injunction proceedings. (a) Grounds for condemnation; disposition of merchandise. (b) Grounds for temporary injunction or restraining order; issuance without bond. 69h. Guaranty. (a) Avoidance of liability; requirements. (b) Furnishing false guaranty. 69i. Criminal penalty. 69j. Application of other laws. SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION 70. Definitions. 70a. Violations of Federal Trade Commission Act. (a) Introduction or manufacture for introduction into commerce, sale, advertising or offering for sale in commerce. (b) Sale, offering for sale, advertising, delivery, transportation of products advertised for sale in commerce. (c) Sale, offering for sale, advertising, delivery, transportation of products after shipment in commerce. (d) Application of section to common carrier, freight forwarder, etc. 70b. Misbranded and falsely advertised textile fiber products. (a) False or deceptive identification. (b) Stamp, tag, label or other means of identification; contents. (c) False or deceptive advertisement. (d) Additional information allowed. (e) Labelling of packages. (f) Fabric severed from bolts, pieces or rolls of fabric. (g) Advertisement of textile product by use of name or symbol of fur-bearing animal. (h) Reused stuffing. (i) Mail order catalog or promotional material. (j) Location of stamp, tag, label, or other identification. 70c. Removal of stamp, tag, label, or other identification. (a) Removal or mutilation after shipment in commerce. (b) Substitution of stamp, tag, etc. (c) Affixing of stamp, tag, etc. to individual unit of broken package. 70d. Records. (a) Maintenance and preservation by manufacturer. (b) Maintenance and preservation by person substituting stamp, tag, etc. (c) Neglect or refusal to maintain or preserve records. 70e. Enforcement. (a) Enforcement by Federal Trade Commission. (b) Terms of Federal Trade Commission Act incorporated into this subchapter. (c) Rules and regulations by Federal Trade Commission. (d) Inspection, analyses, tests, etc. 70f. Injunction proceedings. 70g. Exclusion of misbranded textile fiber products. 70h. Guaranty. (a) Avoidance of liability; requirements. (b) Furnishing false guaranty. 70i. Criminal penalty. 70j. Exemptions. 70k. Application of other laws. SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION 71. ''Person'' defined. 72. Importation or sale of articles at less than market value or wholesale price. 73. Agreements involving restrictions in favor of imported goods. 74. Rules and regulations. 75. Retaliation against country prohibiting importations. 76. Retaliation against restriction of importations in time of war. 77. Discrimination against neutral Americans in time of war. -CITE- 15 USC SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION . -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in sections 18a, 64, 65, 68, 68a, 68c, 68d, 68e, 68f, 68g, 69, 69a, 69d, 69f, 69g, 69h, 70a, 70c, 70d, 70e, 70f, 70g, 70h, 638, 640, 1012, 1013, 1172, 1191, 1192, 1194, 1195, 1197, 1291, 1460, 1607, 1679h, 1681s, 1691c, 1692l, 1693o, 1802, 2079, 2101, 2103, 2106, 2311, 2821, 2823, 3301, 3503, 5713, 5723, 6105, 6505, 6805 of this title; title 7 section 198b; title 10 section 7430; title 12 section 1831t; title 16 section 2602; title 19 section 2485; title 21 section 378; title 30 sections 184, 1413; title 40 section 488; title 42 sections 2135, 5417, 5909, 6202, 6294, 6315, 6325, 8235f; title 43 sections 1331, 1770; title 45 section 791; title 46 App. sections 1702, 1707; title 49 sections 10706, 32908; title 50 App. sections 1941a, 2158. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 41 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 41. Federal Trade Commission established; membership; vacancies; seal -STATUTE- A commission is created and established, to be known as the Federal Trade Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Commission), which shall be composed of five Commissioners, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Not more than three of the Commissioners shall be members of the same political party. The first Commissioners appointed shall continue in office for terms of three, four, five, six, and seven years, respectively, from September 26, 1914, the term of each to be designated by the President, but their successors shall be appointed for terms of seven years, except that any person chosen to fill a vacancy shall be appointed only for the unexpired term of the Commissioner whom he shall succeed: Provided, however, That upon the expiration of his term of office a Commissioner shall continue to serve until his successor shall have been appointed and shall have qualified. The President shall choose a chairman from the Commission's membership. No Commissioner shall engage in any other business, vocation, or employment. Any Commissioner may be removed by the President for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office. A vacancy in the Commission shall not impair the right of the remaining Commissioners to exercise all the powers of the Commission. The Commission shall have an official seal, which shall be judicially noticed. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 1, 38 Stat. 717; Mar. 21, 1938, ch. 49, Sec. 1, 52 Stat. 111; 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 8, Sec. 3, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1938 - Act Mar. 21, 1938, inserted proviso clause to third sentence. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS Executive and administrative functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain reservations, transferred to Chairman of such Commission by Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, set out below. Functions of Federal Trade Commission (1) under Flammable Fabrics Act (section 1191 et seq. of this title) and under this subchapter to extent that such functions relate to administration of Flammable Fabrics Act, and (2) under Act of August 2, 1956, (section 1211 et seq. of this title), transferred to Consumer Product Safety Commission by section 30 of Act Oct. 27, 1972, Pub. L. 92-573 (section 2079 of this title). By section 3 of act Sept. 26, 1914, Bureau of Corporations abolished and all employees and functions of said Bureau transferred to Federal Trade Commission. -MISC5- CLARIFICATION OF STATUS OF SUBSIDIARIES AND AFFILIATES Pub. L. 106-102, title I, Sec. 133(a), (b), Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1383, provided that: ''(a) Clarification of Federal Trade Commission Jurisdiction. - Any person that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled directly or indirectly by, or is directly or indirectly under common control with, any bank or savings association (as such terms are defined in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813)) and is not itself a bank or savings association shall not be deemed to be a bank or savings association for purposes of any provisions applied by the Federal Trade Commission under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). ''(b) Savings Provision. - No provision of this section (amending section 18a of this title) shall be construed as restricting the authority of any Federal banking agency (as defined in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813)) under any Federal banking law, including section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1818).'' REORGANIZATION PLAN NO. 8 OF 1950 EFF. MAY 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 STAT. 1264 Prepared by the President and transmitted to the Senate and the House of Representatives in Congress assembled, March 13, 1950, pursuant to the provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1949, approved June 20, 1949 (see 5 U.S.C. 901 et seq.). FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION SECTION 1. TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS TO THE CHAIRMAN (a) Subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, there are hereby transferred from the Federal Trade Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Commission, to the Chairman of the Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Chairman, the executive and administrative functions of the Commission, including functions of the Commission with respect to (1) the appointment and supervision of personnel employed under the Commission, (2) the distribution of business among such personnel and among administrative units of the Commission, and (3) the use and expenditure of funds. (b)(1) In carrying out any of his functions under the provisions of this section the Chairman shall be governed by general policies of the Commission and by such regulatory decisions, findings, and determinations as the Commission may by law be authorized to make. (2) The appointment by the Chairman of the heads of major administrative units under the Commission shall be subject to the approval of the Commission. (3) Personnel employed regularly and full time in the immediate offices of members of the Commission other than the Chairman shall not be affected by the provisions of this reorganization plan. (4) There are hereby reserved to the Commission its functions with respect to revising budget estimates and with respect to determining upon the distribution of appropriated funds according to major programs and purposes. SEC. 2. PERFORMANCE OF TRANSFERRED FUNCTIONS The Chairman may from time to time make such provisions as he shall deem appropriate authorizing the performance by any officer, employee, or administrative unit under his jurisdiction of any function transferred to the Chairman by the provisions of this reorganization plan. SEC. 3. DESIGNATION OF CHAIRMAN The functions of the Commission with respect to choosing a Chairman from among the membership of the Commission are hereby transferred to the President. MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT To the Congress of the United States: I transmit herewith Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1950, prepared in accordance with the Reorganization Act of 1949 and providing for reorganizations in the Federal Trade Commission. My reasons for transmitting this plan are stated in any accompanying general message. After investigation I have found and hereby declare that each reorganization included in Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1950 is necessary to accomplish one or more of the purposes set forth in section 2(a) of the Reorganization Act of 1949. The taking effect of the reorganizations included in this plan may not in itself result in substantial immediate savings. However, many benefits in improved operations are probable during the next years which will result in a reduction in expenditures as compared with those that would be otherwise necessary. An itemization of these reductions in advance of actual experience under this plan is not practicable. Harry S. Truman. REORGANIZATION PLAN NO. 4 OF 1961 EFF. JULY 9, 1961, 26 F.R. 6191, 75 STAT. 837 Prepared by the President and transmitted to the Senate and the House of Representatives in Congress assembled, May 9, 1961, pursuant to the provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1949, 63 Stat. 203, as amended (see 5 U.S.C. 901 et seq.). FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION SECTION 1. AUTHORITY TO DELEGATE (a) In addition to its existing authority, the Federal Trade Commission, hereinafter referred to as the ''Commission'', shall have the authority to delegate, by published order or rule, any of its functions to a division of the Commission, an individual Commissioner, a hearing examiner, or an employee or employee board, including functions with respect to hearing, determining, ordering, certifying, reporting or otherwise acting as to any work, business, or matter; Provided, however, That nothing herein contained shall be deemed to supersede the provisions of section 7(a) of the Administrative Procedure Act (60 Stat. 241), as amended (see 5 U.S.C. 556). (b) With respect to the delegation of any of its functions, as provided in subsection (a) of this section, the Commission shall retain a discretionary right to review the action of any such division of the Commission, individual Commissioner, hearing examiner, employee or employee board, upon its own initiative or upon petition of a party to or an intervenor in such action, within such time and in such manner as the Commission shall by rule prescribe: Provided, however, That the vote of a majority of the Commission less one member thereof shall be sufficient to bring any such action before the Commission for review. (c) Should the right to exercise such discretionary review be declined, or should no such review be sought within the time stated in the rules promulgated by the Commission, then the action of any such division of the Commission, individual Commissioner, hearing examiner, employee or employee board, shall, for all purposes, including appeal or review thereof, be deemed to be the action of the Commission. SEC. 2. TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS TO THE CHAIRMAN In addition to the functions transferred by the provisions of Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1950 (64 Stat. 1264) (set out as a note under this section), there are hereby transferred from the Commission to the Chairman of the Commission the functions of the Commission with respect to the assignment of Commission personnel, including Commissioners, to perform such functions as may have been delegated by the Commission to Commission personnel, including Commissioners, pursuant to section 1 of this reorganization plan. MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT To the Congress of the United States: I transmit herewith Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1961, prepared in accordance with the Reorganization Act of 1949, as amended, and providing for reorganization in the Federal Trade Commission. This Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1961 follows upon my message of April 13, 1961, to the Congress of the United States. It is believed that the taking effect of the reorganizations included in this plan will provide for greater efficiency in the dispatch of the business of the Federal Trade Commission. The plan provides for greater flexibility in the handling of the business before the Commission, permitting its disposition at different levels so as better to promote its efficient dispatch. Thus matters both of an adjudicatory and regulatory nature may, depending upon their importance and their complexity, be finally consummated by divisions of the Commission, individual Commissioners, hearing examiners, and, subject to the provisions of section 7(a) of the Administrative Procedure Act (60 Stat. 241), by other employees. This will relieve the Commissioners from the necessity of dealing with many matters of lesser importance and thus conserve their time for the consideration of major matters of policy and planning. There is, however, reserved to the Commission as a whole the right to review any such decision, report or certification either upon its own initiative or upon the petition of a party or intervenor demonstrating to the satisfaction of the Commission the desirability of having the matter reviewed at the top level. Provision is also made, in order to maintain the fundamental bipartisan concept explicit in the basic statute creating the Commission, for mandatory review of any such decision, report or certification upon the vote of a majority of the Commission less one member. Inasmuch as the assignment of delegated functions in particular cases and with reference to particular problems to divisions of the Commission, to Commissioners, to hearing examiners, to employees and boards of employees must require continuous and flexible handling, depending both upon the amount and nature of the business, that function is placed in the Chairman by section 2 of the plan. By providing sound organizational arrangements, the taking effect of the reorganizations included in the accompanying reorganization plan will make possible more economical and expeditious administration of the affected functions. It is, however, impracticable to itemize at this time the reductions of expenditures which it is probable will be brought about by such taking effect. After investigation, I have found and hereby declare that each reorganization included in the reorganization plan transmitted herewith is necessary to accomplish one or more of the purposes set forth in section 2(a) of the Reorganization Act of 1949, as amended. I recommend that the Congress allow the reorganization plan to become effective. John F. Kennedy. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 42 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 42. Employees; expenses -STATUTE- Each commissioner shall receive a salary, payable in the same manner as the salaries of the judges of the courts of the United States. The commission shall appoint a secretary, who shall receive a salary, and it shall have authority to employ and fix the compensation of such attorneys, special experts, examiners, clerks, and other employees as it may from time to time find necessary for the proper performance of its duties and as may be from time to time appropriated for by Congress. With the exception of the secretary, a clerk to each Commissioner, the attorneys, and such special experts and examiners as the Commission may from time to time find necessary for the conduct of its work, all employees of the Commission shall be a part of the classified civil service, and shall enter the service under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Commission and by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management. All of the expenses of the Commission, including all necessary expenses for transportation incurred by the Commissioners or by their employees under their orders, in making any investigation, or upon official business in any other places than in the city of Washington, shall be allowed and paid on the presentation of itemized vouchers therefor approved by the Commission. Until otherwise provided by law, the Commission may rent suitable offices for its use. The General Accounting Office shall receive and examine all accounts of expenditures of the Commission. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 2, 38 Stat. 718; June 10, 1921, ch. 18, title III, Sec. 304, 42 Stat. 24; 1978 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Sec. 102, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The classified civil service, referred to in second par., means the ''competitive service'', see section 2102 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Rules and regulations of the Civil Service Commission for entry into the service are prescribed generally under authority of section 3301 et seq. of Title 5. -COD- CODIFICATION In the first par., provisions that fixed the salary of the commissioners have been omitted as obsolete. The positions of chairman and members of the commission are now under the Executive Schedule, see sections 5414 and 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Provisions that fixed the salary of the secretary of the commission, payable in like manner, have been omitted as obsolete. The position is now subject to chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 (relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates) and section 5504 (relating to biweekly pay periods) of Title 5. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS ''Director of the Office of Personnel Management'' substituted in text for ''Civil Service Commission'' pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1978, Sec. 102, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783, set out under section 1101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which transferred all functions vested by statute in the United States Civil Service Commission to the Director of the Office of Personnel Management (except as otherwise specified), effective Jan. 1, 1979, as provided by section 1-102 of Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055, set out under section 1101 of Title 5. For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. ''General Accounting Office'' substituted in text for ''Auditor for the State and Other Departments'' pursuant to act June 10, 1921, which transferred all powers and duties of the Comptroller, six auditors, and certain other employees of the Treasury to the General Accounting Office. See section 701 et seq. of Title 31, Money and Finance. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 43 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 43. Office and place of meeting -STATUTE- The principal office of the Commission shall be in the city of Washington, but it may meet and exercise all its powers at any other place. The Commission may, by one or more of its members, or by such examiners as it may designate, prosecute any inquiry necessary to its duties in any part of the United States. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 3, 38 Stat. 719.) -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 44 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 44. Definitions -STATUTE- The words defined in this section shall have the following meaning when found in this subchapter, to wit: ''Commerce'' means commerce among the several States or with foreign nations, or in any Territory of the United States or in the District of Columbia, or between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory and any State or foreign nation, or between the District of Columbia and any State or Territory or foreign nation. ''Corporation'' shall be deemed to include any company, trust, so-called Massachusetts trust, or association, incorporated or unincorporated, which is organized to carry on business for its own profit or that of its members, and has shares of capital or capital stock or certificates of interest, and any company, trust, so-called Massachusetts trust, or association, incorporated or unincorporated, without shares of capital or capital stock or certificates of interest, except partnerships, which is organized to carry on business for its own profit or that of its members. ''Documentary evidence'' includes all documents, papers, correspondence, books of account, and financial and corporate records. ''Acts to regulate commerce'' means subtitle IV of title 49 and the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 151 et seq.) and all Acts amendatory thereof and supplementary thereto. ''Antitrust Acts'' means the Act entitled ''An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies'', approved July 2, 1890; also sections 73 to 77, inclusive, of an Act entitled ''An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes'', approved August 27, 1894; also the Act entitled ''An Act to amend sections 73 and 76 of the Act of August 27, 1894, entitled 'An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes' '', approved February 12, 1913; and also the Act entitled ''An Act to supplement existing laws against unlawful restraints and monopolies, and for other purposes'', approved October 15, 1914. ''Banks'' means the types of banks and other financial institutions referred to in section 57a(f)(2) of this title. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 4, 38 Stat. 719; Mar. 21, 1938, ch. 49, Sec. 2, 52 Stat. 111; Pub. L. 102-242, title II, Sec. 212(g)(1), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2302.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Communications Act of 1934, referred to in text, is act June 19, 1934, ch. 652, 48 Stat. 1064, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 5 (Sec. 151 et seq.) of Title 47, Telegraphs, Telephones, and Radiotelegraphs. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 609 of Title 47 and Tables. The Act entitled ''An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies,'' approved July 2, 1890, referred to in the text, is known as the Sherman Act, and is classified to sections 1 to 7 of this title. Sections 73 to 77, inclusive, of an Act entitled ''An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes'', approved August 27, 1894, referred to in text, are known as the Wilson Tariff Act. Sections 73 to 76 are classified to sections 8 to 11 of this title, and section 77 was not classified to the Code. Act February 12, 1913, is set out as amendments to sections 8 and 11 of this title. The Act entitled ''An Act to supplement existing laws against unlawful restraints and monopolies, and for other purposes'', approved October 15, 1914, referred to in text, is the Clayton Act. For classification of the Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of this title. -COD- CODIFICATION ''Subtitle IV of title 49'' substituted in text for ''the Act entitled 'An Act to regulate commerce', approved February 14, 1887, and all Acts amendatory thereof and supplementary thereto'' on authority of Pub. L. 95-473, Sec. 3(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, the first section of which enacted subtitle IV of Title 49, Transportation. -MISC3- AMENDMENTS 1991 - Pub. L. 102-242 added par. defining ''Banks''. 1938 - Act Mar. 21, 1938, amended section generally. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 45 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 45. Unfair methods of competition unlawful; prevention by Commission -STATUTE- (a) Declaration of unlawfulness; power to prohibit unfair practices; inapplicability to foreign trade (1) Unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are hereby declared unlawful. (2) The Commission is hereby empowered and directed to prevent persons, partnerships, or corporations, except banks, savings and loan institutions described in section 57a(f)(3) of this title, Federal credit unions described in section 57a(f)(4) of this title, common carriers subject to the Acts to regulate commerce, air carriers and foreign air carriers subject to part A of subtitle VII of title 49, and persons, partnerships, or corporations insofar as they are subject to the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, as amended (7 U.S.C. 181 et seq.), except as provided in section 406(b) of said Act (7 U.S.C. 227(b)), from using unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce. (3) This subsection shall not apply to unfair methods of competition involving commerce with foreign nations (other than import commerce) unless - (A) such methods of competition have a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect - (i) on commerce which is not commerce with foreign nations, or on import commerce with foreign nations; or (ii) on export commerce with foreign nations, of a person engaged in such commerce in the United States; and (B) such effect gives rise to a claim under the provisions of this subsection, other than this paragraph. If this subsection applies to such methods of competition only because of the operation of subparagraph (A)(ii), this subsection shall apply to such conduct only for injury to export business in the United States. (b) Proceeding by Commission; modifying and setting aside orders Whenever the Commission shall have reason to believe that any such person, partnership, or corporation has been or is using any unfair method of competition or unfair or deceptive act or practice in or affecting commerce, and if it shall appear to the Commission that a proceeding by it in respect thereof would be to the interest of the public, it shall issue and serve upon such person, partnership, or corporation a complaint stating its charges in that respect and containing a notice of a hearing upon a day and at a place therein fixed at least thirty days after the service of said complaint. The person, partnership, or corporation so complained of shall have the right to appear at the place and time so fixed and show cause why an order should not be entered by the Commission requiring such person, partnership, or corporation to cease and desist from the violation of the law so charged in said complaint. Any person, partnership, or corporation may make application, and upon good cause shown may be allowed by the Commission to intervene and appear in said proceeding by counsel or in person. The testimony in any such proceeding shall be reduced to writing and filed in the office of the Commission. If upon such hearing the Commission shall be of the opinion that the method of competition or the act or practice in question is prohibited by this subchapter, it shall make a report in writing in which it shall state its findings as to the facts and shall issue and cause to be served on such person, partnership, or corporation an order requiring such person, partnership, or corporation to cease and desist from using such method of competition or such act or practice. Until the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for review, if no such petition has been duly filed within such time, or, if a petition for review has been filed within such time then until the record in the proceeding has been filed in a court of appeals of the United States, as hereinafter provided, the Commission may at any time, upon such notice and in such manner as it shall deem proper, modify or set aside, in whole or in part, any report or any order made or issued by it under this section. After the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for review, if no such petition has been duly filed within such time, the Commission may at any time, after notice and opportunity for hearing, reopen and alter, modify, or set aside, in whole or in part any report or order made or issued by it under this section, whenever in the opinion of the Commission conditions of fact or of law have so changed as to require such action or if the public interest shall so require, except that (1) the said person, partnership, or corporation may, within sixty days after service upon him or it of said report or order entered after such a reopening, obtain a review thereof in the appropriate court of appeals of the United States, in the manner provided in subsection (c) of this section; and (2) in the case of an order, the Commission shall reopen any such order to consider whether such order (including any affirmative relief provision contained in such order) should be altered, modified, or set aside, in whole or in part, if the person, partnership, or corporation involved files a request with the Commission which makes a satisfactory showing that changed conditions of law or fact require such order to be altered, modified, or set aside, in whole or in part. The Commission shall determine whether to alter, modify, or set aside any order of the Commission in response to a request made by a person, partnership, or corporation under paragraph (FOOTNOTE 1) (2) not later than 120 days after the date of the filing of such request. (FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. Probably should be ''clause''. (c) Review of order; rehearing Any person, partnership, or corporation required by an order of the Commission to cease and desist from using any method of competition or act or practice may obtain a review of such order in the court of appeals of the United States, within any circuit where the method of competition or the act or practice in question was used or where such person, partnership, or corporation resides or carries on business, by filing in the court, within sixty days from the date of the service of such order, a written petition praying that the order of the Commission be set aside. A copy of such petition shall be forthwith transmitted by the clerk of the court to the Commission, and thereupon the Commission shall file in the court the record in the proceeding, as provided in section 2112 of title 28. Upon such filing of the petition the court shall have jurisdiction of the proceeding and of the question determined therein concurrently with the Commission until the filing of the record and shall have power to make and enter a decree affirming, modifying, or setting aside the order of the Commission, and enforcing the same to the extent that such order is affirmed and to issue such writs as are ancillary to its jurisdiction or are necessary in its judgement to prevent injury to the public or to competitors pendente lite. The findings of the Commission as to the facts, if supported by evidence, shall be conclusive. To the extent that the order of the Commission is affirmed, the court shall thereupon issue its own order commanding obedience to the terms of such order of the Commission. If either party shall apply to the court for leave to adduce additional evidence, and shall show to the satisfaction of the court that such additional evidence is material and that there were reasonable grounds for the failure to adduce such evidence in the proceeding before the Commission, the court may order such additional evidence to be taken before the Commission and to be adduced upon the hearing in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as to the court may seem proper. The Commission may modify its findings as to the facts, or make new findings, by reason of the additional evidence so taken, and it shall file such modified or new findings, which, if supported by evidence, shall be conclusive, and its recommendation, if any, for the modification or setting aside of its original order, with the return of such additional evidence. The judgment and decree of the court shall be final, except that the same shall be subject to review by the Supreme Court upon certiorari, as provided in section 1254 of title 28. (d) Jurisdiction of court Upon the filing of the record with it the jurisdiction of the court of appeals of the United States to affirm, enforce, modify, or set aside orders of the Commission shall be exclusive. (e) Exemption from liability No order of the Commission or judgement of court to enforce the same shall in anywise relieve or absolve any person, partnership, or corporation from any liability under the Antitrust Acts. (f) Service of complaints, orders and other processes; return Complaints, orders, and other processes of the Commission under this section may be served by anyone duly authorized by the Commission, either (a) by delivering a copy thereof to the person to be served, or to a member of the partnership to be served, or the president, secretary, or other executive officer or a director of the corporation to be served; or (b) by leaving a copy thereof at the residence or the principal office or place of business of such person, partnership, or corporation; or (c) by mailing a copy thereof by registered mail or by certified mail addressed to such person, partnership, or corporation at his or its residence or principal office or place of business. The verified return by the person so serving said complaint, order, or other process setting forth the manner of said service shall be proof of the same, and the return post office receipt for said complaint, order, or other process mailed by registered mail or by certified mail as aforesaid shall be proof of the service of the same. (g) Finality of order An order of the Commission to cease and desist shall become final - (1) Upon the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for review, if no such petition has been duly filed within such time; but the Commission may thereafter modify or set aside its order to the extent provided in the last sentence of subsection (b). (2) Except as to any order provision subject to paragraph (4), upon the sixtieth day after such order is served, if a petition for review has been duly filed; except that any such order may be stayed, in whole or in part and subject to such conditions as may be appropriate, by - (A) the Commission; (B) an appropriate court of appeals of the United States, if (i) a petition for review of such order is pending in such court, and (ii) an application for such a stay was previously submitted to the Commission and the Commission, within the 30-day period beginning on the date the application was received by the Commission, either denied the application or did not grant or deny the application; or (C) the Supreme Court, if an applicable petition for certiorari is pending. (3) For purposes of subsection (m)(1)(B) of this section and of section 57b(a)(2) of this title, if a petition for review of the order of the Commission has been filed - (A) upon the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari, if the order of the Commission has been affirmed or the petition for review has been dismissed by the court of appeals and no petition for certiorari has been duly filed; (B) upon the denial of a petition for certiorari, if the order of the Commission has been affirmed or the petition for review has been dismissed by the court of appeals; or (C) upon the expiration of 30 days from the date of issuance of a mandate of the Supreme Court directing that the order of the Commission be affirmed or the petition for review be dismissed. (4) In the case of an order provision requiring a person, partnership, or corporation to divest itself of stock, other share capital, or assets, if a petition for review of such order of the Commission has been filed - (A) upon the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari, if the order of the Commission has been affirmed or the petition for review has been dismissed by the court of appeals and no petition for certiorari has been duly filed; (B) upon the denial of a petition for certiorari, if the order of the Commission has been affirmed or the petition for review has been dismissed by the court of appeals; or (C) upon the expiration of 30 days from the date of issuance of a mandate of the Supreme Court directing that the order of the Commission be affirmed or the petition for review be dismissed. (h) Modification or setting aside of order by Supreme Court If the Supreme Court directs that the order of the Commission be modified or set aside, the order of the Commission rendered in accordance with the mandate of the Supreme Court shall become final upon the expiration of thirty days from the time it was rendered, unless within such thirty days either party has instituted proceedings to have such order corrected to accord with the mandate, in which event the order of the Commission shall become final when so corrected. (i) Modification or setting aside of order by Court of Appeals If the order of the Commission is modified or set aside by the court of appeals, and if (1) the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari has expired and no such petition has been duly filed, or (2) the petition for certiorari has been denied, or (3) the decision of the court has been affirmed by the Supreme Court, then the order of the Commission rendered in accordance with the mandate of the court of appeals shall become final on the expiration of thirty days from the time such order of the Commission was rendered, unless within such thirty days either party has instituted proceedings to have such order corrected so that it will accord with the mandate, in which event the order of the Commission shall become final when so corrected. (j) Rehearing upon order or remand If the Supreme Court orders a rehearing; or if the case is remanded by the court of appeals to the Commission for a rehearing, and if (1) the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari has expired, and no such petition has been duly filed, or (2) the petition for certiorari has been denied, or (3) the decision of the court has been affirmed by the Supreme Court, then the order of the Commission rendered upon such rehearing shall become final in the same manner as though no prior order of the Commission had been rendered. (k) ''Mandate'' defined As used in this section the term ''mandate'', in case a mandate has been recalled prior to the expiration of thirty days from the date of issuance thereof, means the final mandate. (l) Penalty for violation of order; injunctions and other appropriate equitable relief Any person, partnership, or corporation who violates an order of the Commission after it has become final, and while such order is in effect, shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for each violation, which shall accrue to the United States and may be recovered in a civil action brought by the Attorney General of the United States. Each separate violation of such an order shall be a separate offense, except that in a case of a violation through continuing failure to obey or neglect to obey a final order of the Commission, each day of continuance of such failure or neglect shall be deemed a separate offense. In such actions, the United States district courts are empowered to grant mandatory injunctions and such other and further equitable relief as they deem appropriate in the enforcement of such final orders of the Commission. (m) Civil actions for recovery of penalties for knowing violations of rules and cease and desist orders respecting unfair or deceptive acts or practices; jurisdiction; maximum amount of penalties; continuing violations; de novo determinations; compromise or settlement procedure (1)(A) The Commission may commence a civil action to recover a civil penalty in a district court of the United States against any person, partnership, or corporation which violates any rule under this chapter respecting unfair or deceptive acts or practices (other than an interpretive rule or a rule violation of which the Commission has provided is not an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of subsection (a)(1) of this section) with actual knowledge or knowledge fairly implied on the basis of objective circumstances that such act is unfair or deceptive and is prohibited by such rule. In such action, such person, partnership, or corporation shall be liable for a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for each violation. (B) If the Commission determines in a proceeding under subsection (b) of this section that any act or practice is unfair or deceptive, and issues a final cease and desist order, other than a consent order, with respect to such act or practice, then the Commission may commence a civil action to obtain a civil penalty in a district court of the United States against any person, partnership, or corporation which engages in such act or practice - (1) after such cease and desist order becomes final (whether or not such person, partnership, or corporation was subject to such cease and desist order), and (2) with actual knowledge that such act or practice is unfair or deceptive and is unlawful under subsection (a)(1) of this section. In such action, such person, partnership, or corporation shall be liable for a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for each violation. (C) In the case of a violation through continuing failure to comply with a rule or with subsection (a)(1) of this section, each day of continuance of such failure shall be treated as a separate violation, for purposes of subparagraphs (A) and (B). In determining the amount of such a civil penalty, the court shall take into account the degree of culpability, any history of prior such conduct, ability to pay, effect on ability to continue to do business, and such other matters as justice may require. (2) If the cease and desist order establishing that the act or practice is unfair or deceptive was not issued against the defendant in a civil penalty action under paragraph (1)(B) the issues of fact in such action against such defendant shall be tried de novo. Upon request of any party to such an action against such defendant, the court shall also review the determination of law made by the Commission in the proceeding under subsection (b) of this section that the act or practice which was the subject of such proceeding constituted an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of subsection (a) of this section. (3) The Commission may compromise or settle any action for a civil penalty if such compromise or settlement is accompanied by a public statement of its reasons and is approved by the court. (n) Standard of proof; public policy consideration The Commission shall have no authority under this section or section 57a of this title to declare unlawful an act or practice on the grounds that such act or practice is unfair unless the act or practice causes or is likely to cause substantial injury to consumers which is not reasonably avoidable by consumers themselves and not outweighed by countervailing benefits to consumers or to competition. In determining whether an act or practice is unfair, the Commission may consider established public policies as evidence to be considered with all other evidence. Such public policy considerations may not serve as a primary basis for such determination. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 5, 38 Stat. 719; Mar. 21, 1938, ch. 49, Sec. 3, 52 Stat. 111; June 23, 1938, ch. 601, title XI, Sec. 1107(f), 52 Stat. 1028; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 32(a), 62 Stat. 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107; Mar. 16, 1950, ch. 61, Sec. 4(c), 64 Stat. 21; July 14, 1952, ch. 745, Sec. 2, 66 Stat. 632; Pub. L. 85-726, title XIV, Sec. 1401(b), 1411, Aug. 23, 1958, 72 Stat. 806, 809; Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 3, Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 942; Pub. L. 85-909, Sec. 3, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1750; Pub. L. 86-507, Sec. 1(13), June 11, 1960, 74 Stat. 200; Pub. L. 93-153, title IV, Sec. 408(c), (d), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 591, 592; Pub. L. 93-637, title II, Sec. 201(a), 204(b), 205(a), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2193, 2200; Pub. L. 94-145, Sec. 3, Dec. 12, 1975, 89 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 96-37, Sec. 1(a), July 23, 1979, 93 Stat. 95; Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 2, May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 374; Pub. L. 97-290, title IV, Sec. 403, Oct. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 1246; Pub. L. 98-620, title IV, Sec. 402(12), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3358; Pub. L. 100-86, title VII, Sec. 715(a)(1), Aug. 10, 1987, 101 Stat. 655; Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 4, 6, 9, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1691, 1692, 1695.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Acts to regulate commerce, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), are defined in section 44 of this title. The Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, as amended, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is act Aug. 15, 1921, ch. 64, 42 Stat. 159, as amended, which is classified to chapter 9 (Sec. 181 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 181 of Title 7 and Tables. The Antitrust Acts, referred to in subsec. (e), are defined in section 44 of this title. -COD- CODIFICATION In subsec. (a)(2), ''part A of subtitle VII of title 49'' substituted for ''the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 App. U.S.C. 1301 et seq.)'' on authority of Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 6(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, the first section of which enacted subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation. In subsec. (c), ''section 1254 of title 28'' substituted for ''section 240 of the Judicial Code (28 U.S.C. 347)'' on authority of act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 869, the first section of which enacted Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. -MISC3- AMENDMENTS 1994 - Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 6(d), substituted a period for ''; or'' at end. Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 6(a), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: ''Upon the expiration of the time allowed for filing a petition for certiorari, if the order of the Commission has been affirmed, or the petition for review dismissed by the court of appeals, and no petition for certiorari has been duly filed; or''. Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 6(b), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: ''Upon the denial of a petition for certiorari, if the order of the Commission has been affirmed or the petition for review dismissed by the court of appeals; or''. Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 6(c), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: ''Upon the expiration of thirty days from the date of issuance of the mandate of the Supreme Court, if such Court directs that the order of the Commission be affirmed or the petition for review dismissed.'' Subsec. (m)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 4(a), inserted '', other than a consent order,'' after ''a final cease and desist order'' in introductory provisions. Subsec. (m)(2). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 4(b), inserted at end ''Upon request of any party to such an action against such defendant, the court shall also review the determination of law made by the Commission in the proceeding under subsection (b) of this section that the act or practice which was the subject of such proceeding constituted an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of subsection (a) of this section.'' Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 9, added subsec. (n). 1987 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100-86 inserted ''Federal credit unions described in section 57a(f)(4) of this title,'' after ''section 57a(f)(3) of this title,''. 1984 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98-620 struck out provision that such proceedings in the court of appeals had to be given precedence over other cases pending therein, and had to be in every way expedited. 1982 - Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 97-290 added par. (3). 1980 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96-252 added cl. (2) and provision following cl. (2) requiring that the Commission determine whether to alter, modify, or set aside any order of the Commission in response to a request made by a person, partnership, or corporation under paragraph (2) not later than 120 days after the date of the filing of such request. 1979 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 96-37 added savings and loan institutions described in section 57a(f)(3) of this title to the enumeration of entities exempted from the Commission's power to prevent the use of unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices. 1975 - Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 201(a), substituted ''in or affecting commerce'' for ''in commerce'' wherever appearing. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94-145 struck out pars. (2) to (5) which permitted fair trade pricing of articles for retail sale and State enactment of nonsigner provisions, and redesignated par. (6) as (2). Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 204(b), 205(a), added subsec. (m). Former subsec. (m), relating to the election by the Commission to appear in its own name after notifying and consulting with and giving the Attorney General 10 days to take the action proposed by the Commission, was struck out. 1973 - Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 93-153, Sec. 408(c), raised the maximum civil penalty for each violation to $10,000 and inserted provisions empowering the United States District Courts to grant mandatory injunctions and such other and further equitable relief as they might deem appropriate for the enforcement of final Commission orders. Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 93-153, Sec. 408(d), added subsec. (m). 1960 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 86-507 substituted ''mailing a copy thereof by registered mail or by certified mail'' for ''registering and mailing a copy thereof'', and ''mailed by registered mail or by certified mail'' for ''registered and mailed''. 1958 - Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 85-909 substituted ''persons, partnerships, or corporations insofar as they are subject to the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, as amended,'' for ''persons, partnerships or corporations subject to the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921,''. Pub. L. 85-726, Sec. 1411, substituted ''Federal Aviation Act of 1958'' for ''Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938''. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 3(a), struck out ''the transcript of'' before ''the record in the proceeding'' in sixth sentence. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 3(b), in second sentence, substituted ''transmitted by the clerk of the court to'' for ''served upon'', and ''Commission shall file in the court the record in the proceeding, as provided in section 2112 of title 28'' for ''Commission forthwith shall certify and file in the court a transcript of the entire record in the proceeding, including all the evidence taken and the report and order of the Commission'', and which, in third sentence struck out ''and transcript'' after ''petition'', inserted ''concurrently with the Commission until the filing of the record'' and struck out ''upon the pleadings, evidence, and proceedings set forth in such transcript'' before ''a decree affirming''. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 3(c), substituted ''Upon the filing of the record with it the'' for ''The''. 1952 - Subsec. (a). Act July 14, 1952, amended subsec. (a) generally to permit fair trade pricing of articles for retail sale. 1950 - Subsec. (l). Act Mar. 16, 1950, inserted last sentence to make each separate violation of a cease and desist order as a separate offense, except that each day of a continuing failure to obey a final order shall be a separate offense. 1938 - Subsec. (a). Act June 23, 1938, inserted ''air carriers and foreign air carriers subject to chapter 9 of title 49'' in second par. Act Mar. 21, 1938, amended section generally. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Act June 25, 1948, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, substituted ''court of appeals'' for ''circuit court of appeals''. -MISC4- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Section 15 of Pub. L. 103-312 provided that: ''(a) In General. - Except as provided in subsections (b), (c), (d), and (e), the provisions of this Act (enacting section 57b-5 of this title, amending this section and sections 53, 57a, 57b-1, 57b-2, 57c, and 58 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 57c and 58 of this title) shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act (Aug. 26, 1994). ''(b) Applicability of Section 5. - The amendment made by section 5 of this Act (amending section 57a of this title) shall apply only to rulemaking proceedings initiated after the date of enactment of this Act. Such amendment shall not be construed to affect in any manner a rulemaking proceeding which was initiated before the date of enactment of this Act (Aug. 26, 1994). ''(c) Applicability of Section 6. - The amendments made by section 6 of this Act (amending this section) shall apply only with respect to cease and desist orders issued under section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45) after the date of enactment of this Act (Aug. 26, 1994). These amendments shall not be construed to affect in any manner a cease and desist order which was issued before the date of enactment of this Act. ''(d) Applicability of Sections 7 and 8. - The amendments made by sections 7 and 8 of this Act (amending sections 57b-1 and 57b-2 of this title) shall apply only with respect to compulsory process issued after the date of enactment of this Act (Aug. 26, 1994). ''(e) Applicability of Section 9. - The amendments made by section 9 of this Act (amending this section) shall apply only with respect to cease and desist orders issued under section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45), or to rules promulgated under section 18 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 57a) after the date of enactment of this Act (Aug. 26, 1994). These amendments shall not be construed to affect in any manner a cease and desist order which was issued, or a rule which was promulgated, before the date of enactment of this Act. These amendments shall not be construed to affect in any manner a cease and desist order issued after the date of enactment of this Act, if such order was issued pursuant to remand from a court of appeals or the Supreme Court of an order issued by the Federal Trade Commission before the date of enactment of this Act.'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98-620 not applicable to cases pending on Nov. 8, 1984, see section 403 of Pub. L. 98-620, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1657 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Section 23 of Pub. L. 96-252 provided that: ''The provisions of this Act (enacting sections 57a-1 and 57b-1 to 57b-4 of this title, amending this section and sections 46, 50, 57a, 57c, and 58 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 46, 57a, 57a-1, 57c, and 58 of this title), and the amendments made by this Act, shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act (May 28, 1980).'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENTS Amendment by Pub. L. 94-145 effective upon expiration of ninety-day period beginning on Dec. 12, 1975, see section 4 of Pub. L. 94-145, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. Amendment by section 204(b) of Pub. L. 93-637 not applicable to any civil action commenced before Jan. 4, 1975, see section 204(c) of Pub. L. 93-637, set out as a note under section 56 of this title. Section 205(b) of Pub. L. 93-637 provided that: ''The amendment made by subsection (a) of this section (amending this section) shall not apply to any violation, act, or practice to the extent that such violation, act, or practice occurred before the date of enactment of this Act (Jan. 4, 1975).'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1958 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 85-726 effective on 60th day following the date on which the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency first appointed under Pub. L. 85-726 qualifies and takes office, see section 1505(2) of Pub. L. 85-726. The Administrator was appointed, qualified, and took office on Oct. 31, 1958. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1950 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Mar. 16, 1950, effective July 1, 1950, see note set out under section 347 of Title 21, Food and Drugs. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -MISC5- CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF PURPOSE COVERING GRANT OF DISTRICT SUBPENA ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY AND AUTHORITY TO GRANT PRELIMINARY INJUNCTIVE RELIEF Section 408(a), (b) of Pub. L. 93-153 provided that: ''(a)(1) The Congress hereby finds that the investigative and law enforcement responsibilities of the Federal Trade Commission have been restricted and hampered because of inadequate legal authority to enforce subpenas and to seek preliminary injunctive relief to avoid unfair competitive practices. ''(2) The Congress further finds that as a direct result of this inadequate legal authority significant delays have occurred in a major investigation into the legality of the structure, conduct, and activities of the petroleum industry, as well as in other major investigations designed to protect the public interest. ''(b) It is the purpose of this Act (amending this section and sections 46, 53, and 56 of this title) to grant the Federal Trade Commission the requisite authority to insure prompt enforcement of the laws the Commission administers by granting statutory authority to directly enforce subpenas issued by the Commission and to seek preliminary injunctive relief to avoid unfair competitive practices.'' PURPOSE OF ACT JULY 14, 1952 Section 1 of act July 14, 1952, provided: ''That it is the purpose of this Act (amending this section) to protect the rights of States under the United States Constitution to regulate their internal affairs and more particularly to enact statutes and laws, and to adopt policies, which authorize contracts and agreements prescribing minimum or stipulated prices for the resale of commodities and to extend the minimum or stipulated prices prescribed by such contracts and agreements to persons who are not parties thereto. It is the further purpose of this Act to permit such statutes, laws, and public policies to apply to commodities, contracts, agreements, and activities in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce.'' -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 1, 16a, 18a, 37a, 45a, 52, 53, 56, 57a, 57b, 57b-1, 1456, 1679h, 1681s, 2310, 2823, 4002, 4021, 4301, 4404, 5711, 5721, 6211, 6501, 6701 of this title; title 7 sections 193, 228b-2; title 12 sections 1831u, 1841; title 16 sections 824k, 1385; title 17 section 109; title 21 sections 347b, 378; title 39 section 3009; title 42 section 6303; title 47 section 303c; title 49 section 32908; title 50 App. section 2158. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 45a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 45a. Labels on products -STATUTE- To the extent any person introduces, delivers for introduction, sells, advertises, or offers for sale in commerce a product with a ''Made in the U.S.A.'' or ''Made in America'' label, or the equivalent thereof, in order to represent that such product was in whole or substantial part of domestic origin, such label shall be consistent with decisions and orders of the Federal Trade Commission issued pursuant to section 45 of this title. This section only applies to such labels. Nothing in this section shall preclude the application of other provisions of law relating to labeling. The Commission may periodically consider an appropriate percentage of imported components which may be included in the product and still be reasonably consistent with such decisions and orders. Nothing in this section shall preclude use of such labels for products that contain imported components under the label when the label also discloses such information in a clear and conspicuous manner. The Commission shall administer this section pursuant to section 45 of this title and may from time to time issue rules pursuant to section 553 of title 5 for such purpose. If a rule is issued, such violation shall be treated by the Commission as a violation of a rule under section 57a of this title regarding unfair or deceptive acts or practices. This section shall be effective upon publication in the Federal Register of a Notice of the provisions of this section. The Commission shall publish such notice within six months after September 13, 1994. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXII, Sec. 320933, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2135.) -COD- CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, and not as part of the Federal Trade Commission Act which comprises this subchapter. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 46 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 46. Additional powers of Commission -STATUTE- The Commission shall also have power - (a) Investigation of persons, partnerships, or corporations To gather and compile information concerning, and to investigate from time to time the organization, business, conduct, practices, and management of any person, partnership, or corporation engaged in or whose business affects commerce, excepting banks, savings and loan institutions described in section 57a(f)(3) of this title, Federal credit unions described in section 57a(f)(4) of this title, and common carriers subject to the Act to regulate commerce, and its relation to other persons, partnerships, and corporations. (b) Reports of persons, partnerships, and corporations To require, by general or special orders, persons, partnerships, and corporations, engaged in or whose business affects commerce, excepting banks, savings and loan institutions described in section 57a(f)(3) of this title, Federal credit unions described in section 57a(f)(4) of this title, and common carriers subject to the Act to regulate commerce, or any class of them, or any of them, respectively, to file with the Commission in such form as the Commission may prescribe annual or special, or both annual and special, reports or answers in writing to specific questions, furnishing to the Commission such information as it may require as to the organization, business, conduct, practices, management, and relation to other corporations, partnerships, and individuals of the respective persons, partnerships, and corporations filing such reports or answers in writing. Such reports and answers shall be made under oath, or otherwise, as the Commission may prescribe, and shall be filed with the Commission within such reasonable period as the Commission may prescribe, unless additional time be granted in any case by the Commission. (c) Investigation of compliance with antitrust decrees Whenever a final decree has been entered against any defendant corporation in any suit brought by the United States to prevent and restrain any violation of the antitrust Acts, to make investigation, upon its own initiative, of the manner in which the decree has been or is being carried out, and upon the application of the Attorney General it shall be its duty to make such investigation. It shall transmit to the Attorney General a report embodying its findings and recommendations as a result of any such investigation, and the report shall be made public in the discretion of the Commission. (d) Investigations of violations of antitrust statutes Upon the direction of the President or either House of Congress to investigate and report the facts relating to any alleged violations of the antitrust Acts by any corporation. (e) Readjustment of business of corporations violating antitrust statutes Upon the application of the Attorney General to investigate and make recommendations for the readjustment of the business of any corporation alleged to be violating the antitrust Acts in order that the corporation may thereafter maintain its organization, management, and conduct of business in accordance with law. (f) Publication of information; reports To make public from time to time such portions of the information obtained by it hereunder as are in the public interest; and to make annual and special reports to the Congress and to submit therewith recommendations for additional legislation; and to provide for the publication of its reports and decisions in such form and manner as may be best adapted for public information and use: Provided, That the Commission shall not have any authority to make public any trade secret or any commercial or financial information which is obtained from any person and which is privileged or confidential, except that the Commission may disclose such information to officers and employees of appropriate Federal law enforcement agencies or to any officer or employee of any State law enforcement agency upon the prior certification of an officer of any such Federal or State law enforcement agency that such information will be maintained in confidence and will be used only for official law enforcement purposes. (g) Classification of corporations; regulations From time to time classify corporations and (except as provided in section 57a(a)(2) of this title) to make rules and regulations for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subchapter. (h) Investigations of foreign trade conditions; reports To investigate, from time to time, trade conditions in and with foreign countries where associations, combinations, or practices of manufacturers, merchants, or traders, or other conditions, may affect the foreign trade of the United States, and to report to Congress thereon, with such recommendations as it deems advisable. (i) Investigations of foreign antitrust law violations With respect to the International Antitrust Enforcement Assistance Act of 1994 (15 U.S.C. 6201 et seq.), to conduct investigations of possible violations of foreign antitrust laws (as defined in section 12 of such Act (15 U.S.C. 6211)). Provided, That the exception of ''banks, savings and loan institutions described in section 57a(f)(3) of this title, Federal credit unions described in section 57a(f)(4) of this title, and common carriers subject to the Act to regulate commerce'' from the Commission's powers defined in clauses (a) and (b) of this section, shall not be construed to limit the Commission's authority to gather and compile information, to investigate, or to require reports or answers from, any person, partnership, or corporation to the extent that such action is necessary to the investigation of any person, partnership, or corporation, group of persons, partnerships, or corporations, or industry which is not engaged or is engaged only incidentally in banking, in business as a savings and loan institution, in business as a Federal credit union, or in business as a common carrier subject to the Act to regulate commerce. The Commission shall establish a plan designed to substantially reduce burdens imposed upon small businesses as a result of requirements established by the Commission under clause (b) relating to the filing of quarterly financial reports. Such plan shall (1) be established after consultation with small businesses and persons who use the information contained in such quarterly financial reports; (2) provide for a reduction of the number of small businesses required to file such quarterly financial reports; and (3) make revisions in the forms used for such quarterly financial reports for the purpose of reducing the complexity of such forms. The Commission, not later than December 31, 1980, shall submit such plan to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and to the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. Such plan shall take effect not later than October 31, 1981. No officer or employee of the Commission or any Commissioner may publish or disclose information to the public, or to any Federal agency, whereby any line-of-business data furnished by a particular establishment or individual can be identified. No one other than designated sworn officers and employees of the Commission may examine the line-of-business reports from individual firms, and information provided in the line-of-business program administered by the Commission shall be used only for statistical purposes. Information for carrying out specific law enforcement responsibilities of the Commission shall be obtained under practices and procedures in effect on May 28, 1980, or as changed by law. Nothing in this section (other than the provisions of clause (c) and clause (d)) shall apply to the business of insurance, except that the Commission shall have authority to conduct studies and prepare reports relating to the business of insurance. The Commission may exercise such authority only upon receiving a request which is agreed to by a majority of the members of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate or the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. The authority to conduct any such study shall expire at the end of the Congress during which the request for such study was made. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 6, 38 Stat. 721; Pub. L. 93-153, title IV, Sec. 408(e), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 592; Pub. L. 93-637, title II, Sec. 201(b), 202(b), 203(a), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2193, 2198; Pub. L. 96-37, Sec. 1(b), July 23, 1979, 93 Stat. 95; Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 3-5(a), May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 374, 375; Pub. L. 100-86, title VII, Sec. 715(a), (b), Aug. 10, 1987, 101 Stat. 655; Pub. L. 103-437, Sec. 5(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4582; Pub. L. 103-438, Sec. 3(e)(2)(A), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4598.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Act to regulate commerce, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), and the proviso following subsec. (h), is defined in section 44 of this title. The antitrust Acts, referred to in subsecs. (c) to (e), are defined in section 44 of this title. The International Antitrust Enforcement Assistance Act of 1994, referred to in subsec. (i), is Pub. L. 103-438, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4597, which is classified principally to chapter 88 (Sec. 6201 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6201 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1994 - Pub. L. 103-437, in first and third undesignated pars. following proviso after subsec. (h), substituted ''Committee on Energy and Commerce'' for ''Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce''. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 103-438 added subsec. (i). 1987 - Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 100-86, Sec. 715(a)(1), (2), inserted reference to Federal credit unions described in section 57a(f)(4) of this title. Pub. L. 100-86, Sec. 715(b), in proviso following subsec. (h), inserted reference to Federal credit unions described in section 57a(f)(4) of this title and reference to in business as a Federal credit union. 1980 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 3(a), substituted ''as are'' for '', except trade secrets and names of customers, as it shall deem expedient'' and inserted proviso restricting Commission's authority to make public trade secrets or commercial or financial information which is obtained from any person and which is privileged or confidential. Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 3(b)-5(a), inserted three undesignated paragraphs following subsec. (h) requiring the Commission to establish a plan to reduce burdens imposed upon small businesses by the quarterly financial reporting requirements under subsec. (b) of this section, prohibiting Commissioners and officers and employees of the Commission from publishing or disclosing information whereby line-of-business data furnished by particular establishments or individuals can be identified, and, with certain exceptions, making this section inapplicable to the business of insurance. 1979 - Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 96-37, Sec. 1(b)(1), (2), inserted reference to savings and loan institutions described in section 57a(f)(3) of this title. Pub. L. 96-37, Sec. 1(b)(3), in proviso following subsec. (h), inserted references to savings and loan institutions and to persons, partnerships, corporations, groups of persons, partnerships, or corporations or industries that are not engaged or are engaged only incidentally in business as savings and loan institutions. 1975 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 201(b), 203(a)(1), substituted ''in or whose business affects commerce'' for ''in commerce'', ''person, partnership, or corporation'' for ''corporation'', and ''persons, partnerships, and corporations'' for ''corporations and to individuals, associations, and partnerships''. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 201(b), 203(a)(2), substituted ''in or whose business affects commerce'' for ''in commerce'', ''special orders, persons, partnerships, and corporations, engaged in or whose business affects commerce, excepting'' for ''special orders, corporations engaged in or whose business affects commerce, excepting'', and ''respective persons, partnerships, and corporations'' for ''respective corporations''. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 202(b), inserted ''(except as provided in section 57a(a)(2) of this title)'' before ''to make rules and regulations''. Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 203(a)(3), in proviso following subsec. (h), substituted ''any person, partnership, or corporation to the extent that such action is necessary to the investigation of any person, partnership, or corporation, group of persons, partnerships, or corporations,'' for ''any such corporation to the extent that such action is necessary to the investigation of any corporation, group of corporations,''. 1973 - Pub. L. 93-153 inserted proviso following subsec. (h) that the Commission's investigatory powers to gather and compile information, investigate, and require reports or answers is not curtailed as regards banks and common carriers when the investigation in question is an investigation of a corporation, group of corporations, or industry not engaged or engaged only incidentally in banking or in business as a common carrier subject to the Act to regulate commerce notwithstanding provisions excepting banks and common carriers subject to the Act from the exercise of the Commission's power to investigate and require reports from corporations. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Committee on Energy and Commerce of House of Representatives treated as referring to Committee on Commerce of House of Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104-14, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress. Committee on Commerce of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Energy and Commerce of House of Representatives, and jurisdiction over matters relating to securities and exchanges and insurance generally transferred to Committee on Financial Services of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Jan. 3, 2001. -MISC4- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-252 effective May 28, 1980, see section 23 of Pub. L. 96-252, set out as a note under section 45 of this title. APPLICABILITY OF 1975 AMENDMENT TO SUBSECTION (G) OF THIS SECTION For applicability to rules promulgated or proposed under subsec. (g) of this section prior to Jan. 4, 1975, of amendment made to said subsec. (g) by section 202(b) of Act Jan. 4, 1975, see ''Applicability'' provisions of section 202(c) of Act Jan. 4, 1975, set out as a note under section 57a of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -MISC5- STUDY AND EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF STATE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS RELATING TO REGULATION OF CERTAIN HEALTH INSURANCE POLICIES Section 5(b) of Pub. L. 96-252 provided that: ''The amendment made in subsection (a) (adding undesignated paragraph authorizing studies and reports relating to the business of insurance) shall not be construed to prohibit the Federal Trade Commission from participating with the Secretary of Health and Human Services in a comprehensive study and evaluation of the comparative effectiveness of various State policies and programs relating to the regulation of health insurance policies available for purchase by individuals who are eligible for benefits under the program of health insurance benefits established in title XVIII of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.).'' -EXEC- EX. ORD. NO. 10544. INSPECTION OF INCOME TAX RETURNS BY FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION Ex. Ord. No. 10544, July 12, 1954, 19 F.R. 4289, provided: By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 55(a) of the Internal Revenue Code (53 Stat. 29; 54 Stat. 1008; 55 Stat. 722) and in the interest of the internal management of the Government, it is hereby ordered that corporation income tax returns made for the year 1953 and subsequent years shall be open to inspection by the Federal Trade Commission as an aid in executing the powers conferred upon such Commission by the Federal Trade Commission Act of September 26, 1914, 38 Stat. 717, (this subchapter), such inspection to be in accordance and upon compliance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury in the Treasury decision relating to the inspection of returns by the Federal Trade Commission, approved by me this date (T.D. 6080, 19 F.R. 4308). This Executive Order shall be effective upon its filing for publication in the Federal Register. Dwight D. Eisenhower. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 57b-1, 57b-2, 57b-3, 6205 of this title; title 7 sections 198b, 222, 2146, 3807; title 13 section 91; title 21 sections 467d, 677, 1051. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 46a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 46a. Concurrent resolution essential to authorize investigations -STATUTE- After June 16, 1933, no new investigations shall be initiated by the Commission as the result of a legislative resolution, except the same be a concurrent resolution of the two Houses of Congress. -SOURCE- (June 16, 1933, ch. 101, Sec. 1, 48 Stat. 291.) -COD- CODIFICATION Section was not enacted as part of the Federal Trade Commission Act which comprises this subchapter. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 47 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 47. Reference of suits under antitrust statutes to Commission -STATUTE- In any suit in equity brought by or under the direction of the Attorney General as provided in the antitrust Acts, the court may, upon the conclusion of the testimony therein, if it shall be then of opinion that the complainant is entitled to relief, refer said suit to the Commission, as a master in chancery, to ascertain and report an appropriate form of decree therein. The Commission shall proceed upon such notice to the parties and under such rules of procedure as the court may prescribe, and upon the coming in of such report such exceptions may be filed and such proceedings had in relation thereto as upon the report of a master in other equity causes, but the court may adopt or reject such report, in whole or in part, and enter such decree as the nature of the case may in its judgment require. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 7, 38 Stat. 722.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The words ''In any suit in equity brought by or under the direction of the Attorney General as provided in the antitrust Acts'' have reference to actions under sections 4, 9, and 25 of this title. The antitrust Acts, referred to in text, are defined in section 44 of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 48 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 48. Information and assistance from departments -STATUTE- The several departments and bureaus of the Government when directed by the President shall furnish the Commission, upon its request, all records, papers, and information in their possession relating to any corporation subject to any of the provisions of this subchapter, and shall detail from time to time such officials and employees to the Commission as he may direct. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 8, 38 Stat. 722.) -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 7 sections 198b, 222, 610, 2146, 3807; title 21 sections 467d, 677, 1051. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 49 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 49. Documentary evidence; depositions; witnesses -STATUTE- For the purposes of this subchapter the Commission, or its duly authorized agent or agents, shall at all reasonable times have access to, for the purpose of examination, and the right to copy any documentary evidence of any person, partnership, or corporation being investigated or proceeded against; and the Commission shall have power to require by subpoena the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of all such documentary evidence relating to any matter under investigation. Any member of the Commission may sign subpoenas, and members and examiners of the Commission may administer oaths and affirmations, examine witnesses, and receive evidence. Such attendance of witnesses, and the production of such documentary evidence, may be required from any place in the United States, at any designated place of hearing. And in case of disobedience to a subpoena the Commission may invoke the aid of any court of the United States in requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of documentary evidence. Any of the district courts of the United States within the jurisdiction of which such inquiry is carried on may, in case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpoena issued to any person, partnership, or corporation issue an order requiring such person, partnership, or corporation to appear before the Commission, or to produce documentary evidence if so ordered, or to give evidence touching the matter in question; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof. Upon the application of the Attorney General of the United States, at the request of the Commission, the district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus commanding any person, partnership, or corporation to comply with the provisions of this subchapter or any order of the Commission made in pursuance thereof. The Commission may order testimony to be taken by deposition in any proceeding or investigation pending under this subchapter at any stage of such proceeding or investigation. Such depositions may be taken before any person designated by the commission and having power to administer oaths. Such testimony shall be reduced to writing by the person taking the deposition, or under his direction, and shall then be subscribed by the deponent. Any person may be compelled to appear and depose and to produce documentary evidence in the same manner as witnesses may be compelled to appear and testify and produce documentary evidence before the Commission as hereinbefore provided. Witnesses summoned before the Commission shall be paid the same fees and mileage that are paid witnesses in the courts of the United States and witnesses whose depositions are taken and the persons taking the same shall severally be entitled to the same fees as are paid for like services in the courts of the United States. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 9, 38 Stat. 722; Pub. L. 91-452, title II, Sec. 211, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 929; Pub. L. 93-637, title II, Sec. 203(b), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2198.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1975 - First par. Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 203(b)(1), substituted ''person, partnership, or corporation'' for ''corporation''. Third par. Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 203(b)(2), substituted ''person, partnership, or corporation'' for ''corporation or other person'' wherever appearing. Fourth par. Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 203(b)(3), substituted ''person, partnership, or corporation'' for ''person or corporation''. 1970 - Seventh par. Pub. L. 91-452 struck out provisions which granted immunity from prosecution for any natural person testifying or producing evidence, documentary or otherwise, before the commission in obedience to a subpoena issued by it. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91-452 effective on sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91-452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provision note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. SAVINGS PROVISION Amendment by Pub. L. 91-452 not to affect any immunity to which any individual is entitled under this section by reason of any testimony given before the sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91-452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provision note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 57b-1 of this title; title 7 sections 198b, 222, 610, 1636, 2146, 3807; title 21 sections 467d, 677, 1051; title 26 section 5274; title 27 section 202; title 29 sections 177, 209, 521, 1134, 1862, 2004, 2933; title 33 sections 907, 944; title 42 section 7255; title 50 App. section 1983. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 50 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 50. Offenses and penalties -STATUTE- Any person who shall neglect or refuse to attend and testify, or to answer any lawful inquiry or to produce any documentary evidence, if in his power to do so, in obedience to an order of a district court of the United States directing compliance with the subpoena or lawful requirement of the Commission, shall be guilty of an offense and upon conviction thereof by a court of competent jurisdiction shall be punished by a fine of not less than $1,000 nor more than $5,000, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Any person who shall willfully make, or cause to be made, any false entry or statement of fact in any report required to be made under this subchapter, or who shall willfully make, or cause to be made, any false entry in any account, record, or memorandum kept by any person, partnership, or corporation subject to this subchapter, or who shall willfully neglect or fail to make, or to cause to be made, full, true, and correct entries in such accounts, records, or memoranda of all facts and transactions appertaining to the business of such person, partnership, or corporation, or who shall willfully remove out of the jurisdiction of the United States, or willfully mutilate, alter, or by any other means falsify any documentary evidence of such person, partnership, or corporation, or who shall willfully refuse to submit to the Commission or to any of its authorized agents, for the purpose of inspection and taking copies, any documentary evidence of such person, partnership, or corporation in his possession or within his control, shall be deemed guilty of an offense against the United States, and shall be subject, upon conviction in any court of the United States of competent jurisdiction, to a fine of not less than $1,000 nor more than $5,000, or to imprisonment for a term of not more than three years, or to both such fine and imprisonment. If any persons, partnership, or corporation required by this subchapter to file any annual or special report shall fail so to do within the time fixed by the Commission for filing the same, and such failure shall continue for thirty days after notice of such default, the corporation shall forfeit to the United States the sum of $100 for each and every day of the continuance of such failure, which forfeiture shall be payable into the Treasury of the United States, and shall be recoverable in a civil suit in the name of the United States brought in the case of a corporation or partnership in the district where the corporation or partnership has its principal office or in any district in which it shall do business, and in the case of any person in the district where such person resides or has his principal place of business. It shall be the duty of the various United States attorneys, under the direction of the Attorney General of the United States, to prosecute for the recovery of the forfeitures. The costs and expenses of such prosecution shall be paid out of the appropriation for the expenses of the courts of the United States. Any officer or employee of the Commission who shall make public any information obtained by the Commission without its authority, unless directed by a court, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $5,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 10, 38 Stat. 723; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 909; Pub. L. 93-637, title II, Sec. 203(c), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2199; Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 6, May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 376.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1980 - First par. Pub. L. 96-252 inserted ''any'' after ''produce'' and ''an order of a district court of the United States directing compliance with'' after ''obedience to''. 1975 - Second par. Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 203(c)(1), substituted ''person, partnership, or corporation'' for ''corporation'' wherever appearing. Third par. Pub. L. 93-637, Sec. 203(c)(2), substituted ''If any persons, partnership, or corporation'' for ''If any corporation'', and ''in the case of a corporation or partnership in the district where the corporation or partnership has its principal office or in any district in which it shall do business, and in the case of any person in the district where such person resides or has his principal place of business'' for ''in the district where the corporation has its principal office or in any district in which it shall do business''. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Act June 25, 1948, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, substituted ''United States attorneys'' for ''district attorneys''. See section 541 et seq. of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. -MISC4- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-252 effective May 28, 1980, see section 23 of Pub. L. 96-252, set out as a note under section 45 of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 7 sections 198b, 222, 610, 1636, 2146, 3807; title 21 sections 467d, 677, 1051; title 26 section 5274; title 27 section 202; title 29 sections 177, 209, 521, 1134, 1862, 2004; title 33 sections 907, 944; title 50 App. 1983. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 51 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 51. Effect on other statutory provisions -STATUTE- Nothing contained in this subchapter shall be construed to prevent or interfere with the enforcement of the provisions of the antitrust Acts or the Acts to regulate commerce, nor shall anything contained in this subchapter be construed to alter, modify, or repeal the said antitrust Acts or the Acts to regulate commerce or any part or parts thereof. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 11, 38 Stat. 724.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust Acts, referred to in text, are defined in section 44 of this title. The Acts to regulate commerce, referred to in text, are defined in section 44 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 52 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 52. Dissemination of false advertisements -STATUTE- (a) Unlawfulness It shall be unlawful for any person, partnership, or corporation to disseminate, or cause to be disseminated, any false advertisement - (1) By United States mails, or in or having an effect upon commerce, by any means, for the purpose of inducing, or which is likely to induce, directly or indirectly the purchase of food, drugs, devices, services, or cosmetics; or (2) By any means, for the purpose of inducing, or which is likely to induce, directly or indirectly, the purchase in or having an effect upon commerce, of food, drugs, devices, services, or cosmetics. (b) Unfair or deceptive act or practice The dissemination or the causing to be disseminated of any false advertisement within the provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall be an unfair or deceptive act or practice in or affecting commerce within the meaning of section 45 of this title. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 12, as added Mar. 21, 1938, ch. 49, Sec. 4, 52 Stat. 114; amended Pub. L. 93-637, title II, Sec. 201(c), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2193; Pub. L. 103-297, Sec. 8, Aug. 16, 1994, 108 Stat. 1550.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1994 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103-297 inserted ''services,'' after ''devices,'' in pars. (1) and (2). 1975 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93-637 substituted ''in or having an effect upon commerce,'' for ''in commerce''. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93-637 substituted ''in or affecting commerce'' for ''in commerce''. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 54, 55 of this title; title 21 section 352. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 53 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 53. False advertisements; injunctions and restraining orders -STATUTE- (a) Power of Commission; jurisdiction of courts Whenever the Commission has reason to believe - (1) that any person, partnership, or corporation is engaged in, or is about to engage in, the dissemination or the causing of the dissemination of any advertisement in violation of section 52 of this title, and (2) that the enjoining thereof pending the issuance of a complaint by the Commission under section 45 of this title, and until such complaint is dismissed by the Commission or set aside by the court on review, or the order of the Commission to cease and desist made thereon has become final within the meaning of section 45 of this title, would be to the interest of the public, the Commission by any of its attorneys designated by it for such purpose may bring suit in a district court of the United States or in the United States court of any Territory, to enjoin the dissemination or the causing of the dissemination of such advertisement. Upon proper showing a temporary injunction or restraining order shall be granted without bond. Any suit may be brought where such person, partnership, or corporation resides or transacts business, or wherever venue is proper under section 1391 of title 28. In addition, the court may, if the court determines that the interests of justice require that any other person, partnership, or corporation should be a party in such suit, cause such other person, partnership, or corporation to be added as a party without regard to whether venue is otherwise proper in the district in which the suit is brought. In any suit under this section, process may be served on any person, partnership, or corporation wherever it may be found. (b) Temporary restraining orders; preliminary injunctions Whenever the Commission has reason to believe - (1) that any person, partnership, or corporation is violating, or is about to violate, any provision of law enforced by the Federal Trade Commission, and (2) that the enjoining thereof pending the issuance of a complaint by the Commission and until such complaint is dismissed by the Commission or set aside by the court on review, or until the order of the Commission made thereon has become final, would be in the interest of the public - the Commission by any of its attorneys designated by it for such purpose may bring suit in a district court of the United States to enjoin any such act or practice. Upon a proper showing that, weighing the equities and considering the Commission's likelihood of ultimate success, such action would be in the public interest, and after notice to the defendant, a temporary restraining order or a preliminary injunction may be granted without bond: Provided, however, That if a complaint is not filed within such period (not exceeding 20 days) as may be specified by the court after issuance of the temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction, the order or injunction shall be dissolved by the court and be of no further force and effect: Provided further, That in proper cases the Commission may seek, and after proper proof, the court may issue, a permanent injunction. Any suit may be brought where such person, partnership, or corporation resides or transacts business, or wherever venue is proper under section 1391 of title 28. In addition, the court may, if the court determines that the interests of justice require that any other person, partnership, or corporation should be a party in such suit, cause such other person, partnership, or corporation to be added as a party without regard to whether venue is otherwise proper in the district in which the suit is brought. In any suit under this section, process may be served on any person, partnership, or corporation wherever it may be found. (c) Service of process; proof of service Any process of the Commission under this section may be served by any person duly authorized by the Commission - (1) by delivering a copy of such process to the person to be served, to a member of the partnership to be served, or to the president, secretary, or other executive officer or a director of the corporation to be served; (2) by leaving a copy of such process at the residence or the principal office or place of business of such person, partnership, or corporation; or (3) by mailing a copy of such process by registered mail or certified mail addressed to such person, partnership, or corporation at his, or her, or its residence, principal office, or principal place or business. The verified return by the person serving such process setting forth the manner of such service shall be proof of the same. (d) Exception of periodical publications Whenever it appears to the satisfaction of the court in the case of a newspaper, magazine, periodical, or other publication, published at regular intervals - (1) that restraining the dissemination of a false advertisement in any particular issue of such publication would delay the delivery of such issue after the regular time therefor, and (2) that such delay would be due to the method by which the manufacture and distribution of such publication is customarily conducted by the publisher in accordance with sound business practice, and not to any method or device adopted for the evasion of this section or to prevent or delay the issuance of an injunction or restraining order with respect to such false advertisement or any other advertisement, the court shall exclude such issue from the operation of the restraining order or injunction. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 13, as added Mar. 21, 1938, ch. 49, Sec. 4, 52 Stat. 114; amended Pub. L. 93-153, title IV, Sec. 408(f), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 592; Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 10, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1695.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1994 - Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 10(a), in concluding provisions, substituted ''Any suit may be brought where such person, partnership, or corporation resides or transacts business, or wherever venue is proper under section 1391 of title 28. In addition, the court may, if the court determines that the interests of justice require that any other person, partnership, or corporation should be a party in such suit, cause such other person, partnership, or corporation to be added as a party without regard to whether venue is otherwise proper in the district in which the suit is brought. In any suit under this section, process may be served on any person, partnership, or corporation wherever it may be found.'' for ''Any such suit shall be brought in the district in which such person, partnership, or corporation resides or transacts business.'' Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 10(b), added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d). 1973 - Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 93-153 added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c). -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 55, 56, 6107 of this title; title 21 sections 352, 378. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 54 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 54. False advertisements; penalties -STATUTE- (a) Imposition of penalties Any person, partnership, or corporation who violates any provision of section 52(a) of this title shall, if the use of the commodity advertised may be injurious to health because of results from such use under the conditions prescribed in the advertisement thereof, or under such conditions as are customary or usual, or if such violation is with intent to defraud or mislead, be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine of not more than $5,000 or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment; except that if the conviction is for a violation committed after a first conviction of such person, partnership, or corporation, for any violation of such section, punishment shall be by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment: Provided, That for the purposes of this section meats and meat food products duly inspected, marked, and labeled in accordance with rules and regulations issued under the Meat Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) shall be conclusively presumed not injurious to health at the time the same leave official ''establishments.'' (b) Exception of advertising medium or agency No publisher, radio-broadcast licensee, or agency or medium for the dissemination of advertising, except the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller of the commodity to which the false advertisement relates, shall be liable under this section by reason of the dissemination by him of any false advertisement, unless he has refused, on the request of the Commission, to furnish the Commission the name and post-office address of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, seller, or advertising agency, residing in the United States, who caused him to disseminate such advertisement. No advertising agency shall be liable under this section by reason of the causing by it of the dissemination of any false advertisement, unless it has refused, on the request of the Commission, to furnish the Commission the name and post-office address of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller, residing in the United States, who caused it to cause the dissemination of such advertisement. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 14, as added Mar. 21, 1938, ch. 49, Sec. 4, 52 Stat. 114.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Meat Inspection Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, titles I to IV, as added Dec. 15, 1967, Pub. L. 90-201, 81 Stat. 584, as amended, which is classified to subchapters I to IV (Sec. 601 et seq.) of chapter 12 of Title 21, Food and Drugs. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 601 of Title 21 and Tables. -TRANS- EFFECTIVE DATE Section 5(b) of act Mar. 21, 1938, provided: ''Section 14 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (this section) added to such Act by section 4 of this Act, shall take effect on the expiration of sixty days after the date of the enactment of this Act (Mar. 21, 1938).'' TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 55 of this title; title 21 section 352. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 55 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 55. Additional definitions -STATUTE- For the purposes of sections 52 to 54 of this title - (a) False advertisement (1) The term ''false advertisement'' means an advertisement, other than labeling, which is misleading in a material respect; and in determining whether any advertisement is misleading, there shall be taken into account (among other things) not only representations made or suggested by statement, word, design, device, sound, or any combination thereof, but also the extent to which the advertisement fails to reveal facts material in the light of such representations or material with respect to consequences which may result from the use of the commodity to which the advertisement relates under the conditions prescribed in said advertisement, or under such conditions as are customary or usual. No advertisement of a drug shall be deemed to be false if it is disseminated only to members of the medical profession, contains no false representation of a material fact, and includes, or is accompanied in each instance by truthful disclosure of, the formula showing quantitatively each ingredient of such drug. (2) In the case of oleomargarine or margarine an advertisement shall be deemed misleading in a material respect if in such advertisement representations are made or suggested by statement, word, grade designation, design, device, symbol, sound, or any combination thereof, that such oleomargarine or margarine is a dairy product, except that nothing contained herein shall prevent a truthful, accurate, and full statement in any such advertisement of all the ingredients contained in such oleomargarine or margarine. (b) Food The term ''food'' means (1) articles used for food or drink for man or other animals, (2) chewing gum, and (3) articles used for components of any such article. (c) Drug The term ''drug'' means (1) articles recognized in the official United States Pharmacopoeia, official Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, or official National Formulary, or any supplement to any of them; and (2) articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals; and (3) articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals; and (4) articles intended for use as a component of any article specified in clause (1), (2), or (3); but does not include devices or their components, parts, or accessories. (d) Device The term ''device'' (except when used in subsection (a) of this section) means an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including any component, part, or accessory, which is - (1) recognized in the official National Formulary, or the United States Pharmacopeia, or any supplement to them, (2) intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals, or (3) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve any of its principal intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its principal intended purposes. (e) Cosmetic The term ''cosmetic'' means (1) articles to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof intended for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance, and (2) articles intended for use as a component of any such article; except that such term shall not include soap. (f) Oleomargarine or margarine For the purposes of this section and section 347 of title 21, the term ''oleomargarine'' or ''margarine'' includes - (1) all substances, mixtures, and compounds known as oleomargarine or margarine; (2) all substances, mixtures, and compounds which have a consistence similar to that of butter and which contain any edible oils or fats other than milk fat if made in imitation or semblance of butter. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 15, as added Mar. 21, 1938, ch. 49, Sec. 4, 52 Stat. 114; amended Mar. 16, 1950, ch. 61, Sec. 4(a), (b), 64 Stat. 21; Pub. L. 94-295, Sec. 3(a)(1)(B), May 28, 1976, 90 Stat. 575.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1976 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94-295 expanded definition of ''device'' to include implements, machines, implants, in vitro reagents, and other similar or related articles, added recognition in the National Formulary or the United States Pharmacopeia, or any supplement to the Formulary or Pharmacopeia, to the enumeration of conditions under which a device may qualify for inclusion under this chapter, and inserted requirements that a device be one which does not achieve any of its principal intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its principal intended purposes. 1950 - Subsec. (a). Act Mar. 16, 1950, Sec. 4(a), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2) relating to oleomargarine. Subsec. (f). Act Mar. 16, 1950, Sec. 4(b), added subsec. (f). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1950 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Mar. 16, 1950, effective July 1, 1950, see note set out under section 347 of Title 21, Food and Drugs. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 21 sections 347b, 352. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 56 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 56. Commencement, defense, intervention and supervision of litigation and appeal by Commission or Attorney General -STATUTE- (a) Procedure for exercise of authority to litigate or appeal (1) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (2) or (3), if - (A) before commencing, defending, or intervening in, any civil action involving this subchapter (including an action to collect a civil penalty) which the Commission, or the Attorney General on behalf of the Commission, is authorized to commence, defend, or intervene in, the Commission gives written notification and undertakes to consult with the Attorney General with respect to such action; and (B) the Attorney General fails within 45 days after receipt of such notification to commence, defend, or intervene in, such action; the Commission may commence, defend, or intervene in, and supervise the litigation or, such action and any appeal of such action in its own name by any of its attorneys designated by it for such purpose. (2) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (3), in any civil action - (A) under section 53 of this title (relating to injunctive relief); (B) under section 57b of this title (relating to consumer redress); (C) to obtain judicial review of a rule prescribed by the Commission, or a cease and desist order issued under section 45 of this title; or (D) under the second paragraph of section 49 of this title (relating to enforcement of a subpena) and under the fourth paragraph of such section (relating to compliance with section 46 of this title); the Commission shall have exclusive authority to commence or defend, and supervise the litigation of, such action and any appeal of such action in its own name by any of its attorneys designated by it for such purpose, unless the Commission authorizes the Attorney General to do so. The Commission shall inform the Attorney General of the exercise of such authority and such exercise shall not preclude the Attorney General from intervening on behalf of the United States in such action and any appeal of such action as may be otherwise provided by law. (3)(A) If the Commission makes a written request to the Attorney General, within the 10-day period which begins on the date of the entry of the judgment in any civil action in which the Commission represented itself pursuant to paragraph (1) or (2), to represent itself through any of its attorneys designated by it for such purpose before the Supreme Court in such action, it may do so, if - (i) the Attorney General concurs with such request; or (ii) the Attorney General, within the 60-day period which begins on the date of the entry of such judgment - (a) refuses to appeal or file a petition for writ of certiorari with respect to such civil action, in which case he shall give written notification to the Commission of the reasons for such refusal within such 60-day period; or (b) the Attorney General fails to take any action with respect to the Commission's request. (B) In any case where the Attorney General represents the Commission before the Supreme Court in any civil action in which the Commission represented itself pursuant to paragraph (1) or (2), the Attorney General may not agree to any settlement, compromise, or dismissal of such action, or confess error in the Supreme Court with respect to such action, unless the Commission concurs. (C) For purposes of this paragraph (with respect to representation before the Supreme Court), the term ''Attorney General'' includes the Solicitor General. (4) If, prior to the expiration of the 45-day period specified in paragraph (1) of this section or a 60-day period specified in paragraph (3), any right of the Commission to commence, defend, or intervene in, any such action or appeal may be extinguished due to any procedural requirement of any court with respect to the time in which any pleadings, notice of appeal, or other acts pertaining to such action or appeal may be taken, the Attorney General shall have one-half of the time required to comply with any such procedural requirement of the court (including any extension of such time granted by the court) for the purpose of commencing, defending, or intervening in the civil action pursuant to paragraph (1) or for the purpose of refusing to appeal or file a petition for writ of certiorari and the written notification or failing to take any action pursuant to paragraph 3(A)(ii). (5) The provisions of this subsection shall apply notwithstanding chapter 31 of title 28, or any other provision of law. (b) Certification by Commission to Attorney General for criminal proceedings Whenever the Commission has reason to believe that any person, partnership, or corporation is liable for a criminal penalty under this subchapter, the Commission shall certify the facts to the Attorney General, whose duty it shall be to cause appropriate criminal proceedings to be brought. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 16, as added Mar. 21, 1938, ch. 49, Sec. 4, 52 Stat. 114; amended Pub. L. 93-153, title IV, Sec. 408(g), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 592; Pub. L. 93-637, title II, Sec. 204(a), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2199.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1975 - Pub. L. 93-637 substituted provisions authorizing the Commission at its election to appear in court by its own name and designate its attorneys for such purpose, for provisions relating to the certification of facts by the Commission to the Attorney General who brought the appropriate proceedings, or, after compliance with section 45(m) of this title, itself brought the appropriate proceedings. 1973 - Pub. L. 93-153 inserted provisions authorizing the Federal Trade Commission to itself cause appropriate proceedings to be brought after compliance with the requirements of section 45(m) of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Section 204(c) of Pub. L. 93-637 provided that: ''The amendment and repeal made by this section (amending this section and repealing section 45(m) of this title) shall not apply to any civil action commenced before the date of enactment of this Act (Jan. 4, 1975).'' -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 21 sections 352, 378; title 28 section 1407. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 57 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 57. Separability clause -STATUTE- If any provision of this subchapter, or the application thereof to any person, partnership, or corporation, or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of this subchapter, and the application of such provisions to any other person, partnership, corporation, or circumstance, shall not be affected thereby. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 17, as added Mar. 21, 1938, ch. 49, Sec. 4, 52 Stat. 114.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in title 21 section 352. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 57a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 57a. Unfair or deceptive acts or practices rulemaking proceedings -STATUTE- (a) Authority of Commission to prescribe rules and general statements of policy (1) Except as provided in subsection (h) of this section, the Commission may prescribe - (A) interpretive rules and general statements of policy with respect to unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title), and (B) rules which define with specificity acts or practices which are unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title), except that the Commission shall not develop or promulgate any trade rule or regulation with regard to the regulation of the development and utilization of the standards and certification activities pursuant to this section. Rules under this subparagraph may include requirements prescribed for the purpose of preventing such acts or practices. (2) The Commission shall have no authority under this subchapter, other than its authority under this section, to prescribe any rule with respect to unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title). The preceding sentence shall not affect any authority of the Commission to prescribe rules (including interpretive rules), and general statements of policy, with respect to unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce. (b) Procedures applicable (1) When prescribing a rule under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section, the Commission shall proceed in accordance with section 553 of title 5 (without regard to any reference in such section to sections 556 and 557 of such title), and shall also (A) publish a notice of proposed rulemaking stating with particularity the text of the rule, including any alternatives, which the Commission proposes to promulgate, and the reason for the proposed rule; (B) allow interested persons to submit written data, views, and arguments, and make all such submissions publicly available; (C) provide an opportunity for an informal hearing in accordance with subsection (c) of this section; and (D) promulgate, if appropriate, a final rule based on the matter in the rulemaking record (as defined in subsection (e)(1)(B) of this section), together with a statement of basis and purpose. (2)(A) Prior to the publication of any notice of proposed rulemaking pursuant to paragraph (1)(A), the Commission shall publish an advance notice of proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register. Such advance notice shall - (i) contain a brief description of the area of inquiry under consideration, the objectives which the Commission seeks to achieve, and possible regulatory alternatives under consideration by the Commission; and (ii) invite the response of interested parties with respect to such proposed rulemaking, including any suggestions or alternative methods for achieving such objectives. (B) The Commission shall submit such advance notice of proposed rulemaking to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and to the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. The Commission may use such additional mechanisms as the Commission considers useful to obtain suggestions regarding the content of the area of inquiry before the publication of a general notice of proposed rulemaking under paragraph (1)(A). (C) The Commission shall, 30 days before the publication of a notice of proposed rulemaking pursuant to paragraph (1)(A), submit such notice to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and to the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. (3) The Commission shall issue a notice of proposed rulemaking pursuant to paragraph (1)(A) only where it has reason to believe that the unfair or deceptive acts or practices which are the subject of the proposed rulemaking are prevalent. The Commission shall make a determination that unfair or deceptive acts or practices are prevalent under this paragraph only if - (A) it has issued cease and desist orders regarding such acts or practices, or (B) any other information available to the Commission indicates a widespread pattern of unfair or deceptive acts or practices. (c) Informal hearing procedure The Commission shall conduct any informal hearings required by subsection (b)(1)(C) of this section in accordance with the following procedure: (1)(A) The Commission shall provide for the conduct of proceedings under this subsection by hearing officers who shall perform their functions in accordance with the requirements of this subsection. (B) The officer who presides over the rulemaking proceedings shall be responsible to a chief presiding officer who shall not be responsible to any other officer or employee of the Commission. The officer who presides over the rulemaking proceeding shall make a recommended decision based upon the findings and conclusions of such officer as to all relevant and material evidence, except that such recommended decision may be made by another officer if the officer who presided over the proceeding is no longer available to the Commission. (C) Except as required for the disposition of ex parte matters as authorized by law, no presiding officer shall consult any person or party with respect to any fact in issue unless such officer gives notice and opportunity for all parties to participate. (2) Subject to paragraph (3) of this subsection, an interested person is entitled - (A) to present his position orally or by documentary submission (or both), and (B) if the Commission determines that there are disputed issues of material fact it is necessary to resolve, to present such rebuttal submissions and to conduct (or have conducted under paragraph (3)(B)) such cross-examination of persons as the Commission determines (i) to be appropriate, and (ii) to be required for a full and true disclosure with respect to such issues. (3) The Commission may prescribe such rules and make such rulings concerning proceedings in such hearings as may tend to avoid unnecessary costs or delay. Such rules or rulings may include (A) imposition of reasonable time limits on each interested person's oral presentations, and (B) requirements that any cross-examination to which a person may be entitled under paragraph (2) be conducted by the Commission on behalf of that person in such manner as the Commission determines (i) to be appropriate, and (ii) to be required for a full and true disclosure with respect to disputed issues of material fact. (4)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), if a group of persons each of whom under paragraphs (2) and (3) would be entitled to conduct (or have conducted) cross-examination and who are determined by the Commission to have the same or similar interests in the proceeding cannot agree upon a single representative of such interests for purposes of cross-examination, the Commission may make rules and rulings (i) limiting the representation of such interest, for such purposes, and (ii) governing the manner in which such cross-examination shall be limited. (B) When any person who is a member of a group with respect to which the Commission has made a determination under subparagraph (A) is unable to agree upon group representation with the other members of the group, then such person shall not be denied under the authority of subparagraph (A) the opportunity to conduct (or have conducted) cross-examination as to issues affecting his particular interests if (i) he satisfies the Commission that he has made a reasonable and good faith effort to reach agreement upon group representation with the other members of the group and (ii) the Commission determines that there are substantial and relevant issues which are not adequately presented by the group representative. (5) A verbatim transcript shall be taken of any oral presentation, and cross-examination, in an informal hearing to which this subsection applies. Such transcript shall be available to the public. (d) Statement of basis and purpose accompanying rule; ''Commission'' defined; judicial review of amendment or repeal of rule; violation of rule (1) The Commission's statement of basis and purpose to accompany a rule promulgated under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section shall include (A) a statement as to the prevalence of the acts or practices treated by the rule; (B) a statement as to the manner and context in which such acts or practices are unfair or deceptive; and (C) a statement as to the economic effect of the rule, taking into account the effect on small business and consumers. (2)(A) The term ''Commission'' as used in this subsection and subsections (b) and (c) of this section includes any person authorized to act in behalf of the Commission in any part of the rulemaking proceeding. (B) A substantive amendment to, or repeal of, a rule promulgated under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section shall be prescribed, and subject to judicial review, in the same manner as a rule prescribed under such subsection. An exemption under subsection (g) of this section shall not be treated as an amendment or repeal of a rule. (3) When any rule under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section takes effect a subsequent violation thereof shall constitute an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of section 45(a)(1) of this title, unless the Commission otherwise expressly provides in such rule. (e) Judicial review; petition; jurisdiction and venue; rulemaking record; additional submissions and presentations; scope of review and relief; review by Supreme Court; additional remedies (1)(A) Not later than 60 days after a rule is promulgated under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section by the Commission, any interested person (including a consumer or consumer organization) may file a petition, in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia circuit or for the circuit in which such person resides or has his principal place of business, for judicial review of such rule. Copies of the petition shall be forthwith transmitted by the clerk of the court to the Commission or other officer designated by it for that purpose. The provisions of section 2112 of title 28 shall apply to the filing of the rulemaking record of proceedings on which the Commission based its rule and to the transfer of proceedings in the courts of appeals. (B) For purposes of this section, the term ''rulemaking record'' means the rule, its statement of basis and purpose, the transcript required by subsection (c)(5) of this section, any written submissions, and any other information which the Commission considers relevant to such rule. (2) If the petitioner or the Commission applies to the court for leave to make additional oral submissions or written presentations and shows to the satisfaction of the court that such submissions and presentations would be material and that there were reasonable grounds for the submissions and failure to make such submissions and presentations in the proceeding before the Commission, the court may order the Commission to provide additional opportunity to make such submissions and presentations. The Commission may modify or set aside its rule or make a new rule by reason of the additional submissions and presentations and shall file such modified or new rule, and the rule's statement of basis of purpose, with the return of such submissions and presentations. The court shall thereafter review such new or modified rule. (3) Upon the filing of the petition under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the court shall have jurisdiction to review the rule in accordance with chapter 7 of title 5 and to grant appropriate relief, including interim relief, as provided in such chapter. The court shall hold unlawful and set aside the rule on any ground specified in subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), or (D) of section 706(2) of title 5 (taking due account of the rule of prejudicial error), or if - (A) the court finds that the Commission's action is not supported by substantial evidence in the rulemaking record (as defined in paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection) taken as a whole, or (B) the court finds that - (i) a Commission determination under subsection (c) of this section that the petitioner is not entitled to conduct cross-examination or make rebuttal submissions, or (ii) a Commission rule or ruling under subsection (c) of this section limiting the petitioner's cross-examination or rebuttal submissions, has precluded disclosure of disputed material facts which was necessary for fair determination by the Commission of the rulemaking proceeding taken as a whole. The term ''evidence'', as used in this paragraph, means any matter in the rulemaking record. (4) The judgment of the court affirming or setting aside, in whole or in part, any such rule shall be final, subject to review by the Supreme Court of the United States upon certiorari or certification, as provided in section 1254 of title 28. (5)(A) Remedies under the preceding paragraphs of this subsection are in addition to and not in lieu of any other remedies provided by law. (B) The United States Courts of Appeal shall have exclusive jurisdiction of any action to obtain judicial review (other than in an enforcement proceeding) of a rule prescribed under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section, if any district court of the United States would have had jurisdiction of such action but for this subparagraph. Any such action shall be brought in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia circuit, or for any circuit which includes a judicial district in which the action could have been brought but for this subparagraph. (C) A determination, rule, or ruling of the Commission described in paragraph (3)(B)(i) or (ii) may be reviewed only in a proceeding under this subsection and only in accordance with paragraph (3)(B). Section 706(2)(E) of title 5 shall not apply to any rule promulgated under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section. The contents and adequacy of any statement required by subsection (b)(1)(D) of this section shall not be subject to judicial review in any respect. (f) Unfair or deceptive acts or practices by banks, savings and loan institutions, or Federal credit unions; promulgation of regulations by Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System, Federal Home Loan Bank Board, and National Credit Union Administration Board; agency enforcement and compliance proceedings; violations; power of other Federal agencies unaffected; reporting requirements (1) In order to prevent unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (including acts or practices which are unfair or deceptive to consumers) by banks or savings and loan institutions described in paragraph (3), each agency specified in paragraph (2) or (3) of this subsection shall establish a separate division of consumer affairs which shall receive and take appropriate action upon complaints with respect to such acts or practices by banks or savings and loan institutions described in paragraph (3) subject to its jurisdiction. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (with respect to banks) and the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (with respect to savings and loan institutions described in paragraph (3)) and the National Credit Union Administration Board (with respect to Federal credit unions described in paragraph (4)) shall prescribe regulations to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations defining with specificity such unfair or deceptive acts or practices, and containing requirements prescribed for the purpose of preventing such acts or practices. Whenever the Commission prescribes a rule under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section, then within 60 days after such rule takes effect each such Board shall promulgate substantially similar regulations prohibiting acts or practices of banks or savings and loan institutions described in paragraph (3), or Federal credit unions described in paragraph (4), as the case may be, which are substantially similar to those prohibited by rules of the Commission and which impose substantially similar requirements, unless (A) any such Board finds that such acts or practices of banks or savings and loan institutions described in paragraph (3), or Federal credit unions described in paragraph (4), as the case may be, are not unfair or deceptive, or (B) the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System finds that implementation of similar regulations with respect to banks, savings and loan institutions or Federal credit unions would seriously conflict with essential monetary and payments systems policies of such Board, and publishes any such finding, and the reasons therefor, in the Federal Register. (2) Enforcement. - Compliance with regulations prescribed under this subsection shall be enforced under section 1818 of title 12, in the case of - (A) national banks, banks operating under the code of law for the District of Columbia, and Federal branches and Federal agencies of foreign banks, by the division of consumer affairs established by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency; (B) member banks of the Federal Reserve System (other than national banks and banks operating under the code of law for the District of Columbia), branches and agencies of foreign banks (other than Federal branches, Federal agencies, and insured State branches of foreign banks), commercial lending companies owned or controlled by foreign banks, and organizations operating under section 25 or 25(a) (FOOTNOTE 1) of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 601 et seq., 611 et seq.), by the division of consumer affairs established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; and (FOOTNOTE 1) See References in Text note below. (C) banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (other (FOOTNOTE 2) banks referred to in subparagraph (A) or (B)) and insured State branches of foreign banks, by the division of consumer affairs established by the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. (FOOTNOTE 2) So in original. Probably should be ''(other than''. (3) Compliance with regulations prescribed under this subsection shall be enforced under section 1818 of title 12 with respect to savings associations as defined in section 1813 of title 12. (4) Compliance with regulations prescribed under this subsection shall be enforced with respect to Federal credit unions under sections 1766 and 1786 of title 12. (5) For the purpose of the exercise by any agency referred to in paragraph (2) of its powers under any Act referred to in that paragraph, a violation of any regulation prescribed under this subsection shall be deemed to be a violation of a requirement imposed under that Act. In addition to its powers under any provision of law specifically referred to in paragraph (2), each of the agencies referred to in that paragraph may exercise, for the purpose of enforcing compliance with any regulation prescribed under this subsection, any other authority conferred on it by law. (6) The authority of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to issue regulations under this subsection does not impair the authority of any other agency designated in this subsection to make rules respecting its own procedures in enforcing compliance with regulations prescribed under this subsection. (7) Each agency exercising authority under this subsection shall transmit to the Congress each year a detailed report on its activities under this paragraph during the preceding calendar year. The terms used in this paragraph that are not defined in this subchapter or otherwise defined in section 1813(s) of title 12 shall have the meaning given to them in section 3101 of title 12. (g) Exemptions and stays from application of rules; procedures (1) Any person to whom a rule under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section applies may petition the Commission for an exemption from such rule. (2) If, on its own motion or on the basis of a petition under paragraph (1), the Commission finds that the application of a rule prescribed under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section to any person or class or (FOOTNOTE 3) persons is not necessary to prevent the unfair or deceptive act or practice to which the rule relates, the Commission may exempt such person or class from all or part of such rule. Section 553 of title 5 shall apply to action under this paragraph. (FOOTNOTE 3) So in original. Probably should be ''of''. (3) Neither the pendency of a proceeding under this subsection respecting an exemption from a rule, nor the pendency of judicial proceedings to review the Commission's action or failure to act under this subsection, shall stay the applicability of such rule under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section. (h) Restriction on rulemaking authority of Commission respecting children's advertising proceedings pending on May 28, 1980 The Commission shall not have any authority to promulgate any rule in the children's advertising proceeding pending on May 28, 1980, or in any substantially similar proceeding on the basis of a determination by the Commission that such advertising constitutes an unfair act or practice in or affecting commerce. (i) Meetings with outside parties (1) For purposes of this subsection, the term ''outside party'' means any person other than (A) a Commissioner; (B) an officer or employee of the Commission; or (C) any person who has entered into a contract or any other agreement or arrangement with the Commission to provide any goods or services (including consulting services) to the Commission. (2) Not later than 60 days after May 28, 1980, the Commission shall publish a proposed rule, and not later than 180 days after May 28, 1980, the Commission shall promulgate a final rule, which shall authorize the Commission or any Commissioner to meet with any outside party concerning any rulemaking proceeding of the Commission. Such rule shall provide that - (A) notice of any such meeting shall be included in any weekly calendar prepared by the Commission; and (B) a verbatim record or a summary of any such meeting, or of any communication relating to any such meeting, shall be kept, made available to the public, and included in the rulemaking record. (j) Communications by investigative personnel with staff of Commission concerning matters outside rulemaking record prohibited Not later than 60 days after May 28, 1980, the Commission shall publish a proposed rule, and not later than 180 days after May 28, 1980, the Commission shall promulgate a final rule, which shall prohibit any officer, employee, or agent of the Commission with any investigative responsibility or other responsibility relating to any rulemaking proceeding within any operating bureau of the Commission, from communicating or causing to be communicated to any Commissioner or to the personal staff of any Commissioner any fact which is relevant to the merits of such proceeding and which is not on the rulemaking record of such proceeding, unless such communication is made available to the public and is included in the rulemaking record. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to any communication to the extent such communication is required for the disposition of ex parte matters as authorized by law. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 18, as added Pub. L. 93-637, title II, Sec. 202(a), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2193; amended Pub. L. 96-37, Sec. 1(c), July 23, 1979, 93 Stat. 95; Pub. L. 96-221, title VI, Sec. 610(b), Mar. 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 174; Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 7-11(a), 12, May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 376-379; Pub. L. 100-86, title VII, Sec. 715(c), Aug. 10, 1987, 101 Stat. 655; Pub. L. 101-73, title VII, Sec. 744(t), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 441; Pub. L. 102-242, title II, Sec. 212(g)(2), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2302; Pub. L. 102-550, title XVI, Sec. 1604(a)(9), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4082; Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 3, 5, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1691, 1692; Pub. L. 103-437, Sec. 5(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4582.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 25(a) of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(B), which is classified to subchapter II (Sec. 611 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, was renumbered section 25A of that act by Pub. L. 102-242, title I, Sec. 142(e)(2), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2281. Section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act is classified to subchapter I (Sec. 601 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12. -MISC2- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 18 of act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, was renumbered section 25 and is classified to section 58 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1994 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 3(b), substituted ''subsection (h)'' for ''subsection (i)'' in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b)(2)(B), (C). Pub. L. 103-437 substituted ''Committee on Energy and Commerce'' for ''Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce''. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 5, added par. (3). Subsecs. (h) to (k). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 3(a), redesignated subsecs. (i) to (k) as (h) to (j), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (h) which provided for compensation for attorney fees, expert witness fees, etc., incurred in rulemaking proceedings, limitation on amount, and establishment of small business outreach program. 1992 - Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 102-550 substituted ''division'' for ''divisions''. 1991 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 212(g)(2)(B), inserted at end ''The terms used in this paragraph that are not defined in this subchapter or otherwise defined in section 1813(s) of title 12 shall have the meaning given to them in section 3101 of title 12.'' Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 102-242, Sec. 212(g)(2)(A), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: ''Compliance with regulations prescribed under this subsection shall be enforced under section 1818 of title 12, in the case of - ''(A) national banks and banks operating under the code of law for the District of Columbia, by the division of consumer affairs established by the Comptroller of the Currency; ''(B) member banks of the Federal Reserve System (other than banks referred to in subparagraph (A)) by the division of consumer affairs established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; and ''(C) banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (other than banks referred to in subparagraph (A) or (B)), by the division of consumer affairs established by the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.'' 1989 - Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 101-73 amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: ''Compliance with regulations prescribed under this subsection shall be enforced under section 5 of the Home Owners' Loan Act of 1933 (12 U.S.C. 1464) with respect to Federal savings and loan associations, section 407 of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C. 1730) with respect to insured institutions, and sections 6(i) and 17 of the Federal Home Loan Bank Act (12 U.S.C. 1426(i), 1437) with respect to savings and loan institutions which are members of a Federal Home Loan Bank, by a division of consumer affairs to be established by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board pursuant to the Federal Home Loan Bank Act.'' 1987 - Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 100-86, Sec. 715(c)(1), (2), in second sentence inserted ''and the National Credit Union Administration Board (with respect to Federal credit unions described in paragraph (4))'' and in last sentence inserted ''or Federal credit unions described in paragraph (4),'' in two places, substituted ''any such'' for ''either such'', and inserted '', savings and loan institutions or Federal credit unions''. Subsec. (f)(4) to (7). Pub. L. 100-86, Sec. 715(c)(3), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) to (6) as (5) to (7), respectively. 1980 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 7, 11(a)(2), in provisions preceding subpar. (A) substituted ''Except as provided in subsection (i) of this section, the'' for ''The'' and in subpar. (B) inserted '', except that the Commission shall not develop or promulgate any trade rule or regulation with regard to the regulation of the development and utilization of the standards and certification activities pursuant to this section'' after ''section 45(a)(1) of this title)''. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 8(a), 11(a)(3), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and cls. (1) to (4) thereof as subpars. (A) to (D) and, subpar. (A) thereof, inserted ''the text of the rule, including any alternatives, which the Commission proposes to promulgate, and'' after ''particularity'', and added par. (2). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 8(b)(1), in provisions preceding par. (1) substituted ''subsection (b)(1)(C)'' for ''subsection (b)(3)''. Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 9(a)(2), added par. (1). Former par. (1) redesignated (2). Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 9(a)(1), (b)(1), redesignated former par. (1) as (2), substituted ''paragraph (3)'' for ''paragraph (2)'' and ''paragraph (3)(B)'' for ''paragraph (2)(B)''. Former par. (2) redesignated (3). Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 9(a)(1), (b)(2), redesignated former par. (2) as (3) and substituted ''paragraph (2)'' for ''paragraph (1)''. Former par. (3) redesignated (4). Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 9(a)(1), (b)(3), redesignated former par. (3) as (4) and substituted in subpar. (A) ''paragraph (2) and (3)'' for ''paragraphs (1) and (2)''. Former par. (4) redesignated (5). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 8(b)(2), 9(c), substituted in par. (1)(B) ''subsection (c)(5)'' for ''subsection (c)(4)'' and in par. (5)(C) ''subsection (b)(1)(D)'' for ''subsection (b)(4)''. Subsec. (f)(6). Pub. L. 96-221 struck out requirement that the report be made not later than every March 15. Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 10(b), substituted provisions reserving an amount equal to 25 percent of the amount appropriated for the payment of compensation under this subsection to be available solely for the payment of compensation to persons who either would be regulated by a proposed rule or represent persons who would be so regulated for provisions restricting the aggregate amount of compensation paid under this subsection in any fiscal year to all persons, who in rulemaking proceedings in which they receive compensation, are persons who would be regulated by the proposed rule or represent persons who would be so regulated, to an amount not in excess of 25 percent of the aggregate amount paid as compensation under this subsection. Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 10(a), (e), temporarily added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4). See Effective and Termination Dates of 1980 Amendments note below. Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 10(a), (c), (e), temporarily redesignated former par. (3) as (4) and substituted ''$750,000'' for ''$1,000,000''. See Effective and Termination Dates of 1980 Amendments note below. Subsec. (h)(5). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 10(d), (e), added par. (5) to be redesignated (4) effective Sept. 30, 1983. See Effective and Termination Dates of 1980 Amendments note below. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 11(a)(1), added subsec. (i). Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 12, added subsecs. (j) and (k). 1979 - Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 96-37, Sec. 1(c)(1), inserted provisions relating to savings and loan institutions and to regulations with respect to savings and loan institutions promulgated by Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Subsec. (f)(3) to (6). Pub. L. 96-37, Sec. 1(c)(2), added par. (3) and redesignated former pars. (3) to (5) as (4) to (6), respectively. -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Committee on Energy and Commerce of House of Representatives treated as referring to Committee on Commerce of House of Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104-14, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress. Committee on Commerce of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Energy and Commerce of House of Representatives, and jurisdiction over matters relating to securities and exchanges and insurance generally transferred to Committee on Financial Services of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Jan. 3, 2001. -MISC4- EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 5 of Pub. L. 103-312 applicable only to rulemaking proceedings initiated after Aug. 26, 1994, and not to be construed to affect in any manner a rulemaking proceeding initiated before such date, see section 15(b) of Pub. L. 103-312, set out as a note under section 45 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 102-550 effective as if included in the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102-242, as of Dec. 19, 1991, see section 1609(a) of Pub. L. 102-550, set out as a note under section 191 of this title. EFFECTIVE AND TERMINATION DATES OF 1980 AMENDMENTS Section 10(e) of Pub. L. 96-252 provided that: ''The amendments made in subsection (a) and subsection (c) (amending this section) are repealed, effective at the end of fiscal year 1982. Effective upon such repeal, paragraph (5) of section 18(h) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (subsec. (h)(5) of this section), as added by subsection (d), is redesignated as paragraph (4) of section 18(h) of such Act.'' Pub. L. 97-377, title I, Sec. 101(d), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1866, 1870, provided in part that: ''Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the provisions of sections 10 (amending this section and enacting provision set out as first paragraph of this note), 11(b) (set out as a note below), 18 (set out as a note under section 57c of this title), 20 (set out as a note under section 57c of this title) and 21 (enacting section 57a-1 of this title and enacting a provision set out as a note under section 57a-1 of this title), of the Federal Trade Commission Improvements Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-252; 94 Stat. 374) are hereby extended until the termination date set forth in section 102(c) of H.J. Res. 631 (Sept. 30, 1983) as enacted into law (Pub. L. 97-377), notwithstanding subsections 10(e) (see paragraph above) and 21(i) (set out as a note under section 57a-1 of this title) of the Federal Trade Commission Improvements Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-252; 94 Stat. 374).'' Section 11(c) of Pub. L. 96-252 provided that: ''The amendments made in subsection (a) (amending this section) shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act (May 28, 1980). The children's advertising proceeding pending on the date of the enactment of this Act shall not proceed further until such time as the Commission has complied with section 18(b)(1)(A) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (subsec. (b)(1)(A) of this section), as amended by subsection (a)(3) and as so redesignated in section 8(a). In any such further proceeding, interested parties shall be given a reasonable opportunity to present their views in accordance with section 18(b)(1)(B) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, as so redesignated in section 8(a) (subsec. (b)(1)(B) of this section), section 18(b)(1)(C) of such Act, as so redesignated in section 8(a) (subsec. (b)(1)(C) of this section), and section 18(c) of such Act (15 U.S.C. 57a(c)).'' Amendment by Pub. L. 96-252 effective May 28, 1980, see section 23 of Pub. L. 96-252, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 45 of this title. Amendment by Pub. L. 96-221 effective on expiration of two years and six months after Mar. 31, 1980, with all regulations, forms and clauses required to be prescribed to be promulgated at least one year prior to such effective date, and allowing any creditor to comply with any amendments, in accordance with the regulations, forms, and clauses prescribed by the Board prior to such effective date, see section 625 of Pub. L. 96-221, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 1602 of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS Federal Home Loan Bank Board abolished and functions transferred, see sections 401 to 406 of Pub. L. 101-73, set out as a note under section 1437 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. -MISC5- RESTRICTION ON USE OF FUNDS FOR PURPOSE OF INITIATING NEW RULEMAKING PROCEEDING Section 11(b) of Pub. L. 96-252 prohibited the Federal Trade Commission from using any funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subchapter for fiscal year 1980, 1981, or 1982 (or 1983 as extended by Pub. L. 97-377, title I Sec. 101(d), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1870), under section 57c of this title, for the purpose of initiating any new rulemaking proceeding under this section which was intended to result in, or which might result in, the promulgation of any rule by the Commission which prohibited or otherwise regulated any commercial advertising on the basis of a determination by the Commission that such commercial advertising constituted an unfair act or practice in or affecting commerce. RESTRICTION ON USE OF FUNDS RESPECTING REGULATION OF FUNERAL INDUSTRY; EXCEPTION Section 19 of Pub. L. 96-252 prohibited the Federal Trade Commission from using any funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subchapter for fiscal year 1980, 1981, or 1982, under section 57c of this title to issue the proposed trade regulation rule which was published in the Federal Register of Aug. 29, 1975, beginning at page 39901, and which relates to the regulation of funeral industry practices, in final form or a substantially similar proposed or final trade regulation rule unless the final rule met specific requirements and the Commission followed specific procedures. OVERSIGHT HEARINGS WITH RESPECT TO FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION Section 22 of Pub. L. 96-252 required the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate to conduct an oversight hearing with respect to the Federal Trade Commission at least once during the first 6 calendar months, and at least once during the last 6 calendar months, of each of the fiscal years 1980, 1981, and 1982. APPLICABILITY OF UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES RULEMAKING PROCEDURES TO RULES CLASSIFYING CORPORATIONS PROMULGATED PRIOR TO JANUARY 4, 1975 Section 202(c) of Pub. L. 93-637 provided that: ''(1) The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) of this section (enacting this section and amending section 46 of this title) shall not affect the validity of any rule which was promulgated under section 6(g) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (section 46(g) of this title) prior to the date of enactment of this section (Jan. 4, 1975). Any proposed rule under section 6(g) of such Act with respect to which presentation of data, views, and arguments was substantially completed before such date may be promulgated in the same manner and with the same validity as such rule could have been promulgated had this section not been enacted. ''(2) If a rule described in paragraph (1) of this subsection is valid and if section 18 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (this section) would have applied to such rule had such rule been promulgated after the date of enactment of this Act, any substantive change in the rule after it has been promulgated shall be made in accordance with such section 18.'' STUDY, EVALUATION, AND REPORT BY FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONFERENCE OF UNITED STATES ON UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES; RULEMAKING PROCEDURES Section 202(d) of Pub. L. 93-637, as amended by Pub. L. 94-299, Sec. 2, May 29, 1976, 90 Stat. 588; Pub. L. 95-558, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2130, required the Federal Trade Commission and the Administrative Conference of the United States, not later than June 30, 1979, to conduct a study and submit a report to Congress on the rulemaking procedures under section 57a of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 44, 45, 45a, 46, 57b-3, 2309, 2823, 5711, 5721, 6102, 6502 of this title; title 12 sections 14, 247, 1827; title 49 section 32908. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 57a-1 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 57a-1. Omitted -COD- CODIFICATION Section, Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 21(a)-(h), May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 393; H. Res. 549, Mar. 25, 1980; Pub. L. 98-620, title IV, Sec. 402(13), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3358, provided procedures for review by Congress of final rules promulgated by the Federal Trade Commission. -MISC3- EFFECTIVE DATE; TERMINATION DATE Section 21(i) of Pub. L. 96-252 provided that: ''The provisions of this section shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act (May 28, 1980) and shall cease to have any force or effect after September 30, 1982.'' Pub. L. 97-377, title I, Sec. 101(d), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1870, provided in part that notwithstanding any other provision of law, the provisions of section 21 of the Federal Trade Commission Improvements Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-252), which enacted this section and enacted provisions set out as a note under this section, were extended until Sept. 30, 1983, notwithstanding section 21(i) of such Act. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 57b 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 57b. Civil actions for violations of rules and cease and desist orders respecting unfair or deceptive acts or practices -STATUTE- (a) Suits by Commission against persons, partnerships, or corporations; jurisdiction; relief for dishonest or fraudulent acts (1) If any person, partnership, or corporation violates any rule under this subchapter respecting unfair or deceptive acts or practices (other than an interpretive rule, or a rule violation of which the Commission has provided is not an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of section 45(a) of this title), then the Commission may commence a civil action against such person, partnership, or corporation for relief under subsection (b) of this section in a United States district court or in any court of competent jurisdiction of a State. (2) If any person, partnership, or corporation engages in any unfair or deceptive act or practice (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title) with respect to which the Commission has issued a final cease and desist order which is applicable to such person, partnership, or corporation, then the Commission may commence a civil action against such person, partnership, or corporation in a United States district court or in any court of competent jurisdiction of a State. If the Commission satisfies the court that the act or practice to which the cease and desist order relates is one which a reasonable man would have known under the circumstances was dishonest or fraudulent, the court may grant relief under subsection (b) of this section. (b) Nature of relief available The court in an action under subsection (a) of this section shall have jurisdiction to grant such relief as the court finds necessary to redress injury to consumers or other persons, partnerships, and corporations resulting from the rule violation or the unfair or deceptive act or practice, as the case may be. Such relief may include, but shall not be limited to, rescission or reformation of contracts, the refund of money or return of property, the payment of damages, and public notification respecting the rule violation or the unfair or deceptive act or practice, as the case may be; except that nothing in this subsection is intended to authorize the imposition of any exemplary or punitive damages. (c) Conclusiveness of findings of Commission in cease and desist proceedings; notice of judicial proceedings to injured persons, etc. (1) If (A) a cease and desist order issued under section 45(b) of this title has become final under section 45(g) of this title with respect to any person's, partnership's, or corporation's rule violation or unfair or deceptive act or practice, and (B) an action under this section is brought with respect to such person's, partnership's, or corporation's rule violation or act or practice, then the findings of the Commission as to the material facts in the proceeding under section 45(b) of this title with respect to such person's, partnership's, or corporation's rule violation or act or practice, shall be conclusive unless (i) the terms of such cease and desist order expressly provide that the Commission's findings shall not be conclusive, or (ii) the order became final by reason of section 45(g)(1) of this title, in which case such finding shall be conclusive if supported by evidence. (2) The court shall cause notice of an action under this section to be given in a manner which is reasonably calculated, under all of the circumstances, to apprise the persons, partnerships, and corporations allegedly injured by the defendant's rule violation or act or practice of the pendency of such action. Such notice may, in the discretion of the court, be given by publication. (d) Time for bringing of actions No action may be brought by the Commission under this section more than 3 years after the rule violation to which an action under subsection (a)(1) of this section relates, or the unfair or deceptive act or practice to which an action under subsection (a)(2) of this section relates; except that if a cease and desist order with respect to any person's, partnership's, or corporation's rule violation or unfair or deceptive act or practice has become final and such order was issued in a proceeding under section 45(b) of this title which was commenced not later than 3 years after the rule violation or act or practice occurred, a civil action may be commenced under this section against such person, partnership, or corporation at any time before the expiration of one year after such order becomes final. (e) Availability of additional Federal or State remedies; other authority of Commission unaffected Remedies provided in this section are in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedy or right of action provided by State or Federal law. Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect any authority of the Commission under any other provision of law. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 19, as added Pub. L. 93-637, title II, Sec. 206(a), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2201.) -MISC1- EFFECTIVE DATE Section 206(b) of Pub. L. 93-637 provided that: ''The amendment made by subsection (a) of this section (enacting this section) shall not apply to - ''(1) any violation of a rule to the extent that such violation occurred before the date of enactment of this Act (Jan. 4, 1975), or ''(2) any act or practice with respect to which the Commission issues a cease-and-desist order, to the extent that such act or practice occurred before the date of enactment of this Act (Jan. 4, 1975), unless such order was issued after such date and the person, partnership or corporation against whom such an order was issued had been notified in the complaint, or in the notice or order attached thereto, that consumer redress may be sought.'' -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 45, 56 of this title; title 21 section 378. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 57b-1 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 57b-1. Civil investigative demands -STATUTE- (a) Definitions For purposes of this section: (1) The terms ''civil investigative demand'' and ''demand'' mean any demand issued by the commission under subsection (c)(1) of this section. (2) The term ''Commission investigation'' means any inquiry conducted by a Commission investigator for the purpose of ascertaining whether any person is or has been engaged in any unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title) or in any antitrust violations. (3) The term ''Commission investigator'' means any attorney or investigator employed by the Commission who is charged with the duty of enforcing or carrying into effect any provisions relating to unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title) or any provisions relating to antitrust violations. (4) The term ''custodian'' means the custodian or any deputy custodian designated under section 57b-2(b)(2)(A) of this title. (5) The term ''documentary material'' includes the original or any copy of any book, record, report, memorandum, paper, communication, tabulation, chart, or other document. (6) The term ''person'' means any natural person, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, including any person acting under color or authority of State law. (7) The term ''violation'' means any act or omission constituting an unfair or deceptive act or practice in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title) or any antitrust violation. (8) The term ''antitrust violation'' means - (A) any unfair method of competition (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title); (B) any violation of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12 et seq.) or of any other Federal statute that prohibits, or makes available to the Commission a civil remedy with respect to, any restraint upon or monopolization of interstate or foreign trade or commerce; (C) with respect to the International Antitrust Enforcement Assistance Act of 1994 (15 U.S.C. 6201 et seq.), any violation of any of the foreign antitrust laws (as defined in section 12 of such Act (15 U.S.C. 6211)) with respect to which a request is made under section 3 of such Act (15 U.S.C. 6202); or (D) any activity in preparation for a merger, acquisition, joint venture, or similar transaction, which if consummated, may result in any such unfair method of competition or in any such violation. (b) Actions conducted by Commission respecting unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce For the purpose of investigations performed pursuant to this section with respect to unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title); all actions of the Commission taken under section 46 and section 49 of this title shall be conducted pursuant to subsection (c) of this section. (c) Issuance of demand; contents; service; verified return; sworn certificate; answers; taking of oral testimony (1) Whenever the Commission has reason to believe that any person may be in possession, custody, or control of any documentary material or tangible things, or may have any information, relevant to unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title), or to antitrust violations, the Commission may, before the institution of any proceedings under this subchapter, issue in writing, and cause to be served upon such person, a civil investigative demand requiring such person to produce such documentary material for inspection and copying or reproduction, to submit such tangible things, to file written reports or answers to questions, to give oral testimony concerning documentary material or other information, or to furnish any combination of such material, answers, or testimony. (2) Each civil investigative demand shall state the nature of the conduct constituting the alleged violation which is under investigation and the provision of law applicable to such violation. (3) Each civil investigative demand for the production of documentary material shall - (A) describe each class of documentary material to be produced under the demand with such definiteness and certainty as to permit such material to be fairly identified; (B) prescribe a return date or dates which will provide a reasonable period of time within which the material so demanded may be assembled and made available for inspection and copying or reproduction; and (C) identify the custodian to whom such material shall be made available. (4) Each civil investigative demand for the submission of tangible things shall - (A) describe each class of tangible things to be submitted under the demand with such definiteness and certainty as to permit such things to be fairly identified; (B) prescribe a return date or dates which will provide a reasonable period of time within which the things so demanded may be assembled and submitted; and (C) identify the custodian to whom such things shall be submitted. (5) Each civil investigative demand for written reports or answers to questions shall - (A) propound with definiteness and certainty the reports to be produced or the questions to be answered; (B) prescribe a date or dates at which time written reports or answers to questions shall be submitted; and (C) identify the custodian to whom such reports or answers shall be submitted. (6) Each civil investigative demand for the giving of oral testimony shall - (A) prescribe a date, time, and place at which oral testimony shall be commenced; and (B) identify a Commission investigator who shall conduct the investigation and the custodian to whom the transcript of such investigation shall be submitted. (7)(A) Any civil investigative demand may be served by any Commission investigator at any place within the territorial jurisdiction of any court of the United States. (B) Any such demand or any enforcement petition filed under this section may be served upon any person who is not found within the territorial jurisdiction of any court of the United States, in such manner as the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure prescribe for service in a foreign nation. (C) To the extent that the courts of the United States have authority to assert jurisdiction over such person consistent with due process, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia shall have the same jurisdiction to take any action respecting compliance with this section by such person that such district court would have if such person were personally within the jurisdiction of such district court. (8) Service of any civil investigative demand or any enforcement petition filed under this section may be made upon a partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity by - (A) delivering a duly executed copy of such demand or petition to any partner, executive officer, managing agent, or general agent of such partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, or to any agent of such partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process on behalf of such partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity; (B) delivering a duly executed copy of such demand or petition to the principal office or place of business of the partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity to be served; or (C) depositing a duly executed copy in the United States mails, by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, duly addressed to such partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity at its principal office or place of business. (9) Service of any civil investigative demand or of any enforcement petition filed under this section may be made upon any natural person by - (A) delivering a duly executed copy of such demand or petition to the person to be served; or (B) depositing a duly executed copy in the United States mails by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, duly addressed to such person at his residence or principal office or place of business. (10) A verified return by the individual serving any civil investigative demand or any enforcement petition filed under this section setting forth the manner of such service shall be proof of such service. In the case of service by registered or certified mail, such return shall be accompanied by the return post office receipt of delivery of such demand or enforcement petition. (11) The production of documentary material in response to a civil investigative demand shall be made under a sworn certificate, in such form as the demand designates, by the person, if a natural person, to whom the demand is directed or, if not a natural person, by any person having knowledge of the facts and circumstances relating to such production, to the effect that all of the documentary material required by the demand and in the possession, custody, or control of the person to whom the demand is directed has been produced and made available to the custodian. (12) The submission of tangible things in response to a civil investigative demand shall be made under a sworn certificate, in such form as the demand designates, by the person to whom the demand is directed or, if not a natural person, by any person having knowledge of the facts and circumstances relating to such production, to the effect that all of the tangible things required by the demand and in the possession, custody, or control of the person to whom the demand is directed have been submitted to the custodian. (13) Each reporting requirement or question in a civil investigative demand shall be answered separately and fully in writing under oath, unless it is objected to, in which event the reasons for the objection shall be stated in lieu of an answer, and it shall be submitted under a sworn certificate, in such form as the demand designates, by the person, if a natural person, to whom the demand is directed or, if not a natural person, by any person responsible for answering each reporting requirement or question, to the effect that all information required by the demand and in the possession, custody, control, or knowledge of the person to whom the demand is directed has been submitted. (14)(A) Any Commission investigator before whom oral testimony is to be taken shall put the witness on oath or affirmation and shall personally, or by any individual acting under his direction and in his presence, record the testimony of the witness. The testimony shall be taken stenographically and transcribed. After the testimony is fully transcribed, the Commission investigator before whom the testimony is taken shall promptly transmit a copy of the transcript of the testimony to the custodian. (B) Any Commission investigator before whom oral testimony is to be taken shall exclude from the place where the testimony is to be taken all other persons except the person giving the testimony, his attorney, the officer before whom the testimony is to be taken, and any stenographer taking such testimony. (C) The oral testimony of any person taken pursuant to a civil investigative demand shall be taken in the judicial district of the United States in which such person resides, is found, or transacts business, or in such other place as may be agreed upon by the Commission investigator before whom the oral testimony of such person is to be taken and such person. (D)(i) Any person compelled to appear under a civil investigative demand for oral testimony pursuant to this section may be accompanied, represented, and advised by an attorney. The attorney may advise such person, in confidence, either upon the request of such person or upon the initiative of the attorney, with respect to any question asked of such person. (ii) Such person or attorney may object on the record to any question, in whole or in part, and shall briefly state for the record the reason for the objection. An objection may properly be made, received, and entered upon the record when it is claimed that such person is entitled to refuse to answer the question on grounds of any constitutional or other legal right or privilege, including the privilege against self-incrimination. Such person shall not otherwise object to or refuse to answer any question, and shall not himself or through his attorney otherwise interrupt the oral examination. If such person refuses to answer any question, the Commission may petition the district court of the United States pursuant to this section for an order compelling such person to answer such question. (iii) If such person refuses to answer any question on grounds of the privilege against self-incrimination, the testimony of such person may be compelled in accordance with the provisions of section 6004 of title 18. (E)(i) After the testimony of any witness is fully transcribed, the Commission investigator shall afford the witness (who may be accompanied by an attorney) a reasonable opportunity to examine the transcript. The transcript shall be read to or by the witness, unless such examination and reading are waived by the witness. Any changes in form or substance which the witness desires to make shall be entered and identified upon the transcript by the Commission investigator with a statement of the reasons given by the witness for making such changes. The transcript shall then be signed by the witness, unless the witness in writing waives the signing, is ill, cannot be found, or refuses to sign. (ii) If the transcript is not signed by the witness during the 30-day period following the date upon which the witness is first afforded a reasonable opportunity to examine it, the Commission investigator shall sign the transcript and state on the record the fact of the waiver, illness, absence of the witness, or the refusal to sign, together with any reasons given for the failure to sign. (F) The Commission investigator shall certify on the transcript that the witness was duly sworn by him and that the transcript is a true record of the testimony given by the witness, and the Commission investigator shall promptly deliver the transcript or send it by registered or certified mail to the custodian. (G) The Commission investigator shall furnish a copy of the transcript (upon payment of reasonable charges for the transcription) to the witness only, except that the Commission may for good cause limit such witness to inspection of the official transcript of his testimony. (H) Any witness appearing for the taking of oral testimony pursuant to a civil investigative demand shall be entitled to the same fees and mileage which are paid to witnesses in the district courts of the United States. (d) Procedures for demand material Materials received as a result of a civil investigative demand shall be subject to the procedures established in section 57b-2 of this title. (e) Petition for enforcement Whenever any person fails to comply with any civil investigative demand duly served upon him under this section, or whenever satisfactory copying or reproduction of material requested pursuant to the demand cannot be accomplished and such person refuses to surrender such material, the Commission, through such officers or attorneys as it may designate, may file, in the district court of the United States for any judicial district in which such person resides, is found, or transacts business, and serve upon such person, a petition for an order of such court for the enforcement of this section. All process of any court to which application may be made as provided in this subsection may be served in any judicial district. (f) Petition for order modifying or setting aside demand (1) Not later than 20 days after the service of any civil investigative demand upon any person under subsection (c) of this section, or at any time before the return date specified in the demand, whichever period is shorter, or within such period exceeding 20 days after service or in excess of such return date as may be prescribed in writing, subsequent to service, by any Commission investigator named in the demand, such person may file with the Commission a petition for an order by the Commission modifying or setting aside the demand. (2) The time permitted for compliance with the demand in whole or in part, as deemed proper and ordered by the Commission, shall not run during the pendency of such petition at the Commission, except that such person shall comply with any portions of the demand not sought to be modified or set aside. Such petition shall specify each ground upon which the petitioner relies in seeking such relief, and may be based upon any failure of the demand to comply with the provisions of this section, or upon any constitutional or other legal right or privilege of such person. (g) Custodial control of documentary material, tangible things, reports, etc. At any time during which any custodian is in custody or control of any documentary material, tangible things, reports, answers to questions, or transcripts of oral testimony given by any person in compliance with any civil investigative demand, such person may file, in the district court of the United States for the judicial district within which the office of such custodian is situated, and serve upon such custodian, a petition for an order of such court requiring the performance by such custodian of any duty imposed upon him by this section or section 57b-2 of this title. (h) Jurisdiction of court Whenever any petition is filed in any district court of the United States under this section, such court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine the matter so presented, and to enter such order or orders as may be required to carry into effect the provisions of this section. Any final order so entered shall be subject to appeal pursuant to section 1291 of title 28. Any disobedience of any final order entered under this section by any court shall be punished as a contempt of such court. (i) Commission authority to issue subpoenas or make demand for information Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Commission shall have no authority to issue a subpoena or make a demand for information, under authority of this subchapter or any other provision of law, unless such subpoena or demand for information is signed by a Commissioner acting pursuant to a Commission resolution. The Commission shall not delegate the power conferred by this section to sign subpoenas or demands for information to any other person. (j) Applicability of this section The provisions of this section shall not - (1) apply to any proceeding under section 45(b) of this title, any proceeding under section 11(b) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 21(b)), or any adjudicative proceeding under any other provision of law; or (2) apply to or affect the jurisdiction, duties, or powers of any agency of the Federal Government, other than the Commission, regardless of whether such jurisdiction, duties, or powers are derived in whole or in part, by reference to this subchapter. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 20, as added Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 13, May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 380; amended Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 7, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1693; Pub. L. 103-438, Sec. 3(e)(2)(B), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4598.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Clayton Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(8)(B), is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, as amended, which is classified generally to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 20, 21, and 22 to 27 of this title, and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of this title and Tables. The International Antitrust Enforcement Assistance Act of 1994, referred to in subsec. (a)(8)(C), is Pub. L. 103-438, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4597, which is classified principally to chapter 88 (Sec. 6201 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6201 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 20 of act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, was renumbered section 24 and is classified to section 57c of this title. AMENDMENTS 1994 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 7(a)(1), inserted before period at end ''or in any antitrust violations''. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 7(a)(2), inserted before period at end ''or any provisions relating to antitrust violations''. Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 7(a)(3), inserted before period at end ''or any antitrust violation''. Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 103-438 amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: ''The term 'antitrust violation' means any unfair method of competition (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title), any violation of the Clayton Act, any violation of any other Federal statute that prohibits, or makes available to the Commission a civil remedy with respect to, any restraint upon or monopolization of interstate or foreign trade or commerce, or any activity in preparation for a merger, acquisition, joint venture, or similar transaction, which if consummated, may result in such an unfair method of competition or violation.'' Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 7(a)(4), added par. (8). Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 7(b)(1), inserted ''or tangible things'' after ''control of any documentary material'', ''or to antitrust violations,'' after ''section 45(a)(1) of this title),'', and ''to submit such tangible things,'' after ''copying or reproduction,''. Subsec. (c)(4) to (14). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 7(b)(2), added pars. (4) and (12) and redesignated former pars. (4) to (10), (11), and (12) as (5) to (11), (13), and (14), respectively. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 7(c), inserted '', tangible things'' after ''documentary material''. Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 7(d), inserted before semicolon at end '', any proceeding under section 11(b) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 21(b)), or any adjudicative proceeding under any other provision of law''. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 103-312 applicable only with respect to compulsory process issued after Aug. 26, 1994, see section 15(d) of Pub. L. 103-312, set out as a note under section 45 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective May 28, 1980, see section 23 of Pub. L. 96-252, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 45 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 57b-2 of this title; title 44 section 3518. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 57b-2 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 57b-2. Confidentiality -STATUTE- (a) Definitions For purposes of this section: (1) The term ''material'' means documentary material, tangible things, written reports or answers to questions, and transcripts of oral testimony. (2) The term ''Federal agency'' has the meaning given it in section 552(e) (FOOTNOTE 1) of title 5. (FOOTNOTE 1) See References in Text note below. (b) Procedures respecting documents, tangible things, or transcripts of oral testimony received pursuant to compulsory process or investigation (1) With respect to any document, tangible thing, or transcript of oral testimony received by the Commission pursuant to compulsory process in an investigation, a purpose of which is to determine whether any person may have violated any provision of the laws administered by the Commission, the procedures established in paragraph (2) through paragraph (7) shall apply. (2)(A) The Commission shall designate a duly authorized agent to serve as custodian of documentary material, tangible things, or written reports or answers to questions, and transcripts of oral testimony, and such additional duly authorized agents as the Commission shall determine from time to time to be necessary to serve as deputies to the custodian. (B) Any person upon whom any demand for the production of documentary material has been duly served shall make such material available for inspection and copying or reproduction to the custodian designated in such demand at the principal place of business of such person (or at such other place as such custodian and such person thereafter may agree or prescribe in writing or as the court may direct pursuant to section 57b-1(h) of this title) on the return date specified in such demand (or on such later date as such custodian may prescribe in writing). Such person may upon written agreement between such person and the custodian substitute copies for originals of all or any part of such material. (3)(A) The custodian to whom any documentary material, tangible things, written reports or answers to questions, and transcripts of oral testimony are delivered shall take physical possession of such material, reports or answers, and transcripts, and shall be responsible for the use made of such material, reports or answers, and transcripts, and for the return of material, pursuant to the requirements of this section. (B) The custodian may prepare such copies of the documentary material, written reports or answers to questions, and transcripts of oral testimony, and may make tangible things available, as may be required for official use by any duly authorized officer or employee of the Commission under regulations which shall be promulgated by the Commission. Notwithstanding subparagraph (C), such material, things, and transcripts may be used by any such officer or employee in connection with the taking of oral testimony under this section. (C) Except as otherwise provided in this section, while in the possession of the custodian, no documentary material, tangible things, reports or answers to questions, and transcripts of oral testimony shall be available for examination by any individual other than a duly authorized officer or employee of the Commission without the consent of the person who produced the material, things, or transcripts. Nothing in this section is intended to prevent disclosure to either House of the Congress or to any committee or subcommittee of the Congress, except that the Commission immediately shall notify the owner or provider of any such information of a request for information designated as confidential by the owner or provider. (D) While in the possession of the custodian and under such reasonable terms and conditions as the Commission shall prescribe - (i) documentary material, tangible things, or written reports shall be available for examination by the person who produced the material, or by any duly authorized representative of such person; and (ii) answers to questions in writing and transcripts of oral testimony shall be available for examination by the person who produced the testimony or by his attorney. (4) Whenever the Commission has instituted a proceeding against a person, partnership, or corporation, the custodian may deliver to any officer or employee of the Commission documentary material, tangible things, written reports or answers to questions, and transcripts of oral testimony for official use in connection with such proceeding. Upon the completion of the proceeding, the officer or employee shall return to the custodian any such material so delivered which has not been received into the record of the proceeding. (5) If any documentary material, tangible things, written reports or answers to questions, and transcripts of oral testimony have been produced in the course of any investigation by any person pursuant to compulsory process and - (A) any proceeding arising out of the investigation has been completed; or (B) no proceeding in which the material may be used has been commenced within a reasonable time after completion of the examination and analysis of all such material and other information assembled in the course of the investigation; then the custodian shall, upon written request of the person who produced the material, return to the person any such material which has not been received into the record of any such proceeding (other than copies of such material made by the custodian pursuant to paragraph (3)(B)). (6) The custodian of any documentary material, written reports or answers to questions, and transcripts of oral testimony may deliver to any officers or employees of appropriate Federal law enforcement agencies, in response to a written request, copies of such material for use in connection with an investigation or proceeding under the jurisdiction of any such agency. The custodian of any tangible things may make such things available for inspection to such persons on the same basis. Such materials shall not be made available to any such agency until the custodian received certification of any officer of such agency that such information will be maintained in confidence and will be used only for official law enforcement purposes. Such documentary material, results of inspections of tangible things, written reports or answers to questions, and transcripts of oral testimony may be used by any officer or employee of such agency only in such manner and subject to such conditions as apply to the Commission under this section. The custodian may make such materials available to any State law enforcement agency upon the prior certification of any officer of such agency that such information will be maintained in confidence and will be used only for official law enforcement purposes. (7) In the event of the death, disability, or separation from service in the Commission of the custodian of any documentary material, tangible things, written reports or answers to questions, and transcripts of oral testimony produced under any demand issued under this subchapter, or the official relief of the custodian from responsibility for the custody and control of such material, the Commission promptly shall - (A) designate under paragraph (2)(A) another duly authorized agent to serve as custodian of such material; and (B) transmit in writing to the person who produced the material or testimony notice as to the identity and address of the successor so designated. Any successor designated under paragraph (2)(A) as a result of the requirements of this paragraph shall have (with regard to the material involved) all duties and responsibilities imposed by this section upon his predecessor in office with regard to such material, except that he shall not be held responsible for any default or dereliction which occurred before his designation. (c) Information considered confidential (1) All information reported to or otherwise obtained by the Commission which is not subject to the requirements of subsection (b) of this section shall be considered confidential when so marked by the person supplying the information and shall not be disclosed, except in accordance with the procedures established in paragraph (2) and paragraph (3). (2) If the Commission determines that a document marked confidential by the person supplying it may be disclosed because it is not a trade secret or commercial or financial information which is obtained from any person and which is privileged or confidential, within the meaning of section 46(f) of this title, then the Commission shall notify such person in writing that the Commission intends to disclose the document at a date not less than 10 days after the date of receipt of notification. (3) Any person receiving such notification may, if he believes disclosure of the document would cause disclosure of a trade secret, or commercial or financial information which is obtained from any person and which is privileged or confidential, within the meaning of section 46(f) of this title, before the date set for release of the document, bring an action in the district court of the United States for the district within which the documents are located or in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to restrain disclosure of the document. Any person receiving such notification may file with the appropriate district court or court of appeals of the United States, as appropriate, an application for a stay of disclosure. The documents shall not be disclosed until the court has ruled on the application for a stay. (d) Particular disclosures allowed (1) The provisions of subsection (c) of this section shall not be construed to prohibit - (A) the disclosure of information to either House of the Congress or to any committee or subcommittee of the Congress, except that the Commission immediately shall notify the owner or provider of any such information of a request for information designated as confidential by the owner or provider; (B) the disclosure of the results of any investigation or study carried out or prepared by the Commission, except that no information shall be identified nor shall information be disclosed in such a manner as to disclose a trade secret of any person supplying the trade secret, or to disclose any commercial or financial information which is obtained from any person and which is privileged or confidential; (C) the disclosure of relevant and material information in Commission adjudicative proceedings or in judicial proceedings to which the Commission is a party; or (D) the disclosure to a Federal agency of disaggregated information obtained in accordance with section 3512 (FOOTNOTE 1) of title 44, except that the recipient agency shall use such disaggregated information for economic, statistical, or policymaking purposes only, and shall not disclose such information in an individually identifiable form. (2) Any disclosure of relevant and material information in Commission adjudicative proceedings or in judicial proceedings to which the Commission is a party shall be governed by the rules of the Commission for adjudicative proceedings or by court rules or orders, except that the rules of the Commission shall not be amended in a manner inconsistent with the purposes of this section. (e) Effect on other statutory provisions limiting disclosure Nothing in this section shall supersede any statutory provision which expressly prohibits or limits particular disclosures by the Commission, or which authorizes disclosures to any other Federal agency. (f) Exemption from disclosure Any material which is received by the Commission in any investigation, a purpose of which is to determine whether any person may have violated any provision of the laws administered by the Commission, and which is provided pursuant to any compulsory process under this subchapter or which is provided voluntarily in place of such compulsory process shall be exempt from disclosure under section 552 of title 5. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 21, as added Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 14, May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 385; amended Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 8, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1694.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 552(e) of title 5, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), was redesignated section 552(f) of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by section 1802(b) of Pub. L. 99-570. Section 3512 of title 44, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(D), which related to requirements for the collection of information by independent Federal regulatory agencies, was a part of chapter 35 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents. Chapter 35 was amended generally by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-511) and subsequently by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-13). -MISC2- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 21 of act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, was renumbered section 25 and is classified to section 58 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1994 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 8(1), inserted ''tangible things,'' after ''documentary material,''. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 8(2), inserted '', tangible thing,'' after ''document''. Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 8(3), inserted ''tangible things,'' after ''documentary material,''. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 8(4), in subpar. (A), inserted ''tangible things,'' after ''documentary material,'', in subpar. (B), inserted '', and may make tangible things available,'' after ''transcripts of oral testimony'' and '', things,'' after ''such material'', in subpar. (C), inserted ''tangible things,'' after ''documentary material,'' and '', things,'' after ''material'', and in subpar. (D)(i), inserted '', tangible things,'' after ''documentary material''. Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 8(5), (6), inserted ''tangible things,'' after ''documentary material,''. Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 8(7), inserted ''The custodian of any tangible things may make such things available for inspection to such persons on the same basis.'' after first sentence, and ''results of inspections of tangible things,'' after ''Such documentary material,''. Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 8(8), inserted ''tangible things,'' after ''documentary material,''. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 103-312 applicable only with respect to compulsory process issued after Aug. 26, 1994, see section 15(d) of Pub. L. 103-312, set out as a note under section 45 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective May 28, 1980, see section 23 of Pub. L. 96-252, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 45 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 57b-1, 6205 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 57b-3 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 57b-3. Rulemaking process -STATUTE- (a) Definitions For purposes of this section: (1) The term ''rule'' means any rule promulgated by the Commission under section 46 or section 57a of this title, except that such term does not include interpretive rules, rules involving Commission management or personnel, general statements of policy, or rules relating to Commission organization, procedure, or practice. Such term does not include any amendment to a rule unless the Commission - (A) estimates that such amendment will have an annual effect on the national economy of $100,000,000 or more; (B) estimates that such amendment will cause a substantial change in the cost or price of goods or services which are used extensively by particular industries, which are supplied extensively in particular geographic regions, or which are acquired in significant quantities by the Federal Government, or by State or local governments; or (C) otherwise determines that such amendment will have a significant impact upon persons subject to regulation under such amendment and upon consumers. (2) The term ''rulemaking'' means any Commission process for formulating or amending a rule. (b) Notice of proposed rulemaking; regulatory analysis; contents; issuance (1) In any case in which the Commission publishes notice of a proposed rulemaking, the Commission shall issue a preliminary regulatory analysis relating to the proposed rule involved. Each preliminary regulatory analysis shall contain - (A) a concise statement of the need for, and the objectives of, the proposed rule; (B) a description of any reasonable alternatives to the proposed rule which may accomplish the stated objective of the rule in a manner consistent with applicable law; and (C) for the proposed rule, and for each of the alternatives described in the analysis, a preliminary analysis of the projected benefits and any adverse economic effects and any other effects, and of the effectiveness of the proposed rule and each alternative in meeting the stated objectives of the proposed rule. (2) In any case in which the Commission promulgates a final rule, the Commission shall issue a final regulatory analysis relating to the final rule. Each final regulatory analysis shall contain - (A) a concise statement of the need for, and the objectives of, the final rule; (B) a description of any alternatives to the final rule which were considered by the Commission; (C) an analysis of the projected benefits and any adverse economic effects and any other effects of the final rule; (D) an explanation of the reasons for the determination of the Commission that the final rule will attain its objectives in a manner consistent with applicable law and the reasons the particular alternative was chosen; and (E) a summary of any significant issues raised by the comments submitted during the public comment period in response to the preliminary regulatory analysis, and a summary of the assessment by the Commission of such issues. (3)(A) In order to avoid duplication or waste, the Commission is authorized to - (i) consider a series of closely related rules as one rule for purposes of this subsection; and (ii) whenever appropriate, incorporate any data or analysis contained in a regulatory analysis issued under this subsection in the statement of basis and purpose to accompany any rule promulgated under section 57a(a)(1)(B) of this title, and incorporate by reference in any preliminary or final regulatory analysis information contained in a notice of proposed rulemaking or a statement of basis and purpose. (B) The Commission shall include, in each notice of proposed rulemaking and in each publication of a final rule, a statement of the manner in which the public may obtain copies of the preliminary and final regulatory analyses. The Commission may charge a reasonable fee for the copying and mailing of regulatory analyses. The regulatory analyses shall be furnished without charge or at a reduced charge if the Commission determines that waiver or reduction of the fee is in the public interest because furnishing the information primarily benefits the general public. (4) The Commission is authorized to delay the completion of any of the requirements established in this subsection by publishing in the Federal Register, not later than the date of publication of the final rule involved, a finding that the final rule is being promulgated in response to an emergency which makes timely compliance with the provisions of this subsection impracticable. Such publication shall include a statement of the reasons for such finding. (5) The requirements of this subsection shall not be construed to alter in any manner the substantive standards applicable to any action by the Commission, or the procedural standards otherwise applicable to such action. (c) Judicial review (1) The contents and adequacy of any regulatory analysis prepared or issued by the Commission under this section, including the adequacy of any procedure involved in such preparation or issuance, shall not be subject to any judicial review in any court, except that a court, upon review of a rule pursuant to section 57a(e) of this title, may set aside such rule if the Commission has failed entirely to prepare a regulatory analysis. (2) Except as specified in paragraph (1), no Commission action may be invalidated, remanded, or otherwise affected by any court on account of any failure to comply with the requirements of this section. (3) The provisions of this subsection do not alter the substantive or procedural standards otherwise applicable to judicial review of any action by the Commission. (d) Regulatory agenda; contents; publication dates in Federal Register (1) The Commission shall publish at least semiannually a regulatory agenda. Each regulatory agenda shall contain a list of rules which the Commission intends to propose or promulgate during the 12-month period following the publication of the agenda. On the first Monday in October of each year, the Commission shall publish in the Federal Register a schedule showing the dates during the current fiscal year on which the semiannual regulatory agenda of the Commission will be published. (2) For each rule listed in a regulatory agenda, the Commission shall - (A) describe the rule; (B) state the objectives of and the legal basis for the rule; and (C) specify any dates established or anticipated by the Commission for taking action, including dates for advance notice of proposed rulemaking, notices of proposed rulemaking, and final action by the Commission. (3) Each regulatory agenda shall state the name, office address, and office telephone number of the Commission officer or employee responsible for responding to any inquiry relating to each rule listed. (4) The Commission shall not propose or promulgate a rule which was not listed on a regulatory agenda unless the Commission publishes with the rule an explanation of the reasons the rule was omitted from such agenda. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 22, as added Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 15, May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 388.) -MISC1- EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective May 28, 1980, see section 23 of Pub. L. 96-252, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 45 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 57b-4 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 57b-4. Good faith reliance on actions of Board of Governors -STATUTE- (a) ''Board of Governors'' defined For purposes of this section, the term ''Board of Governors' means the Board of Governors'' of the Federal Reserve System. (b) Use as defense Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if - (1) any person, partnership, or corporation engages in any conduct or practice which allegedly constitutes a violation of any Federal law with respect to which the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System has rulemaking authority; and (2) such person, partnership, or corporation engaged in such conduct or practice in good faith reliance upon, and in conformity with, any rule, regulation, statement of interpretation, or statement of approval prescribed or issued by the Board of Governors under such Federal law; then such good faith reliance shall constitute a defense in any administrative or judicial proceeding commenced against such person, partnership, or corporation by the Commission under this subchapter or in any administrative or judicial proceeding commenced against such person, partnership, or corporation by the Attorney General of the United States, upon request made by the Commission, under any provision of law. (c) Applicability of subsection (b) The provisions of subsection (b) of this section shall apply regardless of whether any rule, regulation, statement of interpretation, or statement of approval prescribed or issued by the Board of Governors is amended, rescinded, or held to be invalid by judicial authority or any other authority after a person, partnership, or corporation has engaged in any conduct or practice in good faith reliance upon, and in conformity with, such rule, regulation, statement of interpretation, or statement of approval. (d) Request for issuance of statement or interpretation concerning conduct or practice If, in any case in which - (1) the Board of Governors has rulemaking authority with respect to any Federal law; and (2) the Commission is authorized to enforce the requirements of such Federal law; any person, partnership, or corporation submits a request to the Board of Governors for the issuance of any statement of interpretation or statement of approval relating to any conduct or practice of such person, partnership, or corporation which may be subject to the requirements of such Federal law, then the Board of Governors shall dispose of such request as soon as practicable after the receipt of such. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 23, as added Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 16, May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 390.) -MISC1- EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective May 28, 1980, see section 23 of Pub. L. 96-252, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 45 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 57b-5 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 57b-5. Agricultural cooperatives -STATUTE- (a) The Commission shall not have any authority to conduct any study, investigation, or prosecution of any agricultural cooperative for any conduct which, because of the provisions of sections 291 and 292 of title 7, is not a violation of any of the antitrust Acts or this subchapter. (b) The Commission shall not have any authority to conduct any study or investigation of any agricultural marketing orders. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 24, as added Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 2, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1691.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The antitrust Acts, referred to in subsec. (a), are defined in section 44 of this title. -MISC2- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 24 of act Sept. 26, 1914, was renumbered section 25 and is classified to section 57c of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 57c 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 57c. Authorization of appropriations -STATUTE- There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the functions, powers, and duties of the Commission not to exceed $92,700,000 for fiscal year 1994; not to exceed $99,000,000 for fiscal year 1995; not to exceed $102,000,000 for fiscal year 1996; not to exceed $107,000,000 for fiscal year 1997; and not to exceed $111,000,000 for fiscal year 1998. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 25, formerly Sec. 20, as added Pub. L. 93-367, title II, Sec. 207, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2203; amended Pub. L. 94-299, Sec. 1, May 29, 1976, 90 Stat. 588; renumbered Sec. 24 and amended Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 13, 17, May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 380, 391; renumbered Sec. 25 and amended Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 2, 14, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1691, 1697; Pub. L. 104-216, Sec. 2, Oct. 1, 1996, 110 Stat. 3019.) -MISC1- PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 25 of act Sept. 26, 1914, was renumbered section 26 and is classified to section 58 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1996 - Pub. L. 104-216 struck out ''and'' before ''not to exceed $102,000,000'' and inserted before period at end ''; not to exceed $107,000,000 for fiscal year 1997; and not to exceed $111,000,000 for fiscal year 1998''. 1994 - Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 14, amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: ''There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the functions, powers, and duties of the Federal Trade Commission not to exceed $42,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975; not to exceed $47,091,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976; not to exceed $50,000,000 for the fiscal year ending in 1977; not to exceed $70,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980; not to exceed $75,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981; and not to exceed $80,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982.'' 1980 - Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 17, substituted ''1977; not to exceed $70,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980; not to exceed $75,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981; and not to exceed $80,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982'' for ''1977. For fiscal years ending after 1977, there may be appropriated to carry out such functions, powers, and duties, only such sums as the Congress may hereafter authorize by law''. 1976 - Pub. L. 94-299 substituted ''$47,091,000'' for ''$46,000,000''. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-252 effective May 28, 1980, see section 23 of Pub. L. 96-252, set out as a note under section 45 of this title. INTERVENTION BY COMMISSION IN CERTAIN PROCEEDINGS Section 11 of Pub. L. 103-312 provided that: ''(a) Limitation on Use of Authorized Funds. - The Federal Trade Commission shall not have any authority to use any funds which are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) for fiscal years 1994, 1995, and 1996 for the purpose of submitting statements to, appearing before, or intervening in the proceedings of, any Federal or State agency or State legislative body concerning proposed rules or legislation that the agency or legislative body is considering unless the Commission advises the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives regarding such action as soon as possible. ''(b) Contents of Notice to Congress. - The notice required in subsection (a) shall include the name of the agency or legislator involved, the date of such action, and a concise statement regarding the nature and purpose of such action.'' RESTRICTION ON USE OF FUNDS TO CANCEL REGISTRATION OF TRADEMARKS Section 18 of Pub. L. 96-252 prohibited the Federal Trade Commission from using any funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subchapter for fiscal year 1980, 1981, or 1982 (or 1983 as extended by Pub. L. 97-377, title I Sec. 101(d), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1870), under this section, for the purpose of taking any action under 15 U.S.C. 1064 with respect to the cancellation of the registration of any mark on the ground that such mark has become the common descriptive name of an article or substance. RESTRICTION ON USE OF FUNDS RESPECTING STUDY, INVESTIGATION, OR PROSECUTION OF ANY AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE OR STUDY OR INVESTIGATION OF ANY AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ORDERS Section 20 of Pub. L. 96-252 prohibited the Federal Trade Commission from using any funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subchapter for fiscal year 1980, 1981, or 1982 (or 1983 as extended by Pub. L. 97-377, title I Sec. 101(d), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1870), under this section, for the purpose of conducting any study, investigation, or prosecution of any agricultural cooperative for any conduct which, because of the provisions of the Capper-Volstead Act (7 U.S.C. 291 et seq.), was not a violation of any Federal antitrust Act or this subchapter or for the purpose of conducting any study or investigation of any agricultural marketing orders. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 58 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER I - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION -HEAD- Sec. 58. Short title -STATUTE- This subchapter may be cited as the ''Federal Trade Commission Act''. -SOURCE- (Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, Sec. 26, formerly Sec. 18, as added Mar. 21, 1938, ch. 49, Sec. 4, 52 Stat. 114; renumbered Sec. 21, Pub. L. 93-637, title II, Sec. 202(a), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2193; renumbered Sec. 25, Pub. L. 96-252, Sec. 13, May 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 380; renumbered Sec. 26, Pub. L. 103-312, Sec. 2, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1691.) -MISC1- SHORT TITLE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 104-216, Sec. 1, Oct. 1, 1996, 110 Stat. 3019, provided that: ''This Act (amending section 57c of this title) may be cited as the 'Federal Trade Commission Reauthorization Act of 1996'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Section 1(a) of Pub. L. 103-312 provided that: ''This Act (enacting section 57b-5 of this title, amending this section and sections 45, 53, 57a, 57b-1, 57b-2, and 57c of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 45 and 57c of this title) may be cited as the 'Federal Trade Commission Act Amendments of 1994'.'' SHORT TITLE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Section 1 of Pub. L. 96-252 provided that ''This Act (enacting sections 57a-1 and 57b-1 to 57b-4 of this title, amending this section and sections 45, 46, 50, 57a, and 57c of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 45, 46, 57a, 57a-1, and 57c of this title) may be cited as the 'Federal Trade Commission Improvements Act of 1980'.'' -CITE- 15 USC SUBCHAPTER II - PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER II - PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE . -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER II - PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in title 7 section 225; title 50 App. section 2158. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 61 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER II - PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 61. Export trade; definitions -STATUTE- The words ''export trade'' wherever used in this subchapter mean solely trade or commerce in goods, wares, or merchandise exported, or in the course of being exported from the United States or any Territory thereof to any foreign nation; but the words ''export trade'' shall not be deemed to include the production, manufacture, or selling for consumption or for resale, within the United States or any Territory thereof, of such goods, wares, or merchandise, or any act in the course of such production, manufacture, or selling for consumption or for resale. The words ''trade within the United States'' wherever used in this subchapter mean trade or commerce among the several States or in any Territory of the United States, or in the District of Columbia, or between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory or Territories and any State or States or the District of Columbia, or between the District of Columbia and any State or States. The word ''association'' wherever used in this subchapter means any corporation or combination, by contract or otherwise, of two or more persons, partnerships, or corporations. -SOURCE- (Apr. 10, 1918, ch. 50, Sec. 1, 40 Stat. 516.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 62 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER II - PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 62. Export trade and antitrust legislation -STATUTE- Nothing contained in the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.) shall be construed as declaring to be illegal an association entered into for the sole purpose of engaging in export trade and actually engaged solely in such export trade, or an agreement made or act done in the course of export trade by such association, provided such association, agreement, or act is not in restraint of trade within the United States, and is not in restraint of the export trade of any domestic competitor of such association: Provided, That such association does not, either in the United States or elsewhere, enter into any agreement, understanding, or conspiracy, or do any act which artificially or intentionally enhances or depresses prices within the United States of commodities of the class exported by such association, or which substantially lessens competition within the United States or otherwise restrains trade therein. -SOURCE- (Apr. 10, 1918, ch. 50, Sec. 2, 40 Stat. 517.) -COD- CODIFICATION ''Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.)'' substituted in text for ''Act entitled 'An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies,' approved July second, eighteen hundred and ninety'' on authority of the enacting clause of that Act set out as a Short Title note under section 1 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 65 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 63 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER II - PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 63. Acquisition of stock of export trade corporation -STATUTE- Nothing contained in section 18 of this title shall be construed to forbid the acquisition or ownership by any corporation of the whole or any part of the stock or other capital of any corporation organized solely for the purpose of engaging in export trade, and actually engaged solely in such export trade, unless the effect of such acquisition or ownership may be to restrain trade or substantially lessen competition within the United States. -SOURCE- (Apr. 10, 1918, ch. 50, Sec. 3, 40 Stat. 517.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 65 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 64 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER II - PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 64. Unfair methods of competition in export trade -STATUTE- The prohibition against ''unfair methods of competition'' and the remedies provided for enforcing said prohibition contained in the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) shall be construed as extending to unfair methods of competition used in export trade against competitors engaged in export trade, even though the acts constituting such unfair methods are done without the territorial jurisdiction of the United States. -SOURCE- (Apr. 10, 1918, ch. 50, Sec. 4, 40 Stat. 517.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in text, is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION ''Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.)'' substituted in text for ''Act entitled 'An Act to create a Federal Trade Commission, to define its powers and duties, and for other purposes,' approved September twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred and fourteen'' on authority of section 18 of that Act (15 U.S.C. 58). -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 65 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER II - PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 65. Information required from export trade corporation; powers of Federal Trade Commission -STATUTE- Every association which engages solely in export trade, within thirty days after its creation, shall file with the Federal Trade Commission a verified written statement setting forth the location of its offices or places of business and the names and addresses of all its officers and of all its stockholders or members, and if a corporation, a copy of its certificate or articles of incorporation and bylaws, and if unincorporated, a copy of its articles or contract of association, and on the 1st day of January of each year every association engaged solely in export trade shall make a like statement of the location of its offices or places of business and the names and addresses of all its officers and of all its stockholders or members and of all amendments to and changes in its articles or certificate of incorporation or in its articles or contract of association. It shall also furnish to the Commission such information as the Commission may require as to its organization business, conduct, practices, management, and relation to other associations, corporations, partnerships, and individuals. Any association which shall fail so to do shall not have the benefit of the provisions of sections 62 and 63 of this title, and it shall also forfeit to the United States the sum of $100 for each and every day of the continuance of such failure, which forfeiture shall be payable into the Treasury of the United States, and shall be recoverable in a civil suit in the name of the United States brought in the district where the association has its principal office, or in any district in which it shall do business. It shall be the duty of the various United States attorneys, under the direction of the Attorney General of the United States, to prosecute for the recovery of the forfeiture. The costs and expenses of such prosecution shall be paid out of the appropriation for the expenses of the courts of the United States. Whenever the Federal Trade Commission shall have reason to believe that an association or any agreement made or act done by such association is in restraint of trade within the United States or in restraint of the export trade of any domestic competitor of such association, or that an association either in the United States or elsewhere has entered into any agreement, understanding, or conspiracy, or done any act which artificially or intentionally enhances or depresses prices within the United States of commodities of the class exported by such association, or which substantially lessens competition within the United States or otherwise restrains trade therein, it shall summon such association, its officers, and agents to appear before it, and thereafter conduct an investigation into the alleged violations of law. Upon investigation, if it shall conclude that the law has been violated, it may make to such association recommendations for the readjustment of its business, in order that it may thereafter maintain its organization and management and conduct its business in accordance with law. If such association fails to comply with the recommendations of the Federal Trade Commission, said Commission shall refer its findings and recommendations to the Attorney General of the United States for such action thereon as he may deem proper. For the purpose of enforcing these provisions the Federal Trade Commission shall have all the powers, so far as applicable, given it in the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). -SOURCE- (Apr. 10, 1918, ch. 50, Sec. 5, 40 Stat. 517; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 909.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in text, is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION ''Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.)'' substituted in text for ''An Act to create a Federal Trade Commission, to define its powers and duties, and for other purposes,'' on authority of section 18 of that Act (15 U.S.C. 58). -CHANGE- CHANGE OF NAME Act June 25, 1948, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, substituted ''United States attorneys'' for ''district attorneys''. See section 541 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 66 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER II - PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE -HEAD- Sec. 66. Short title -STATUTE- This subchapter may be cited as the ''Webb-Pomerene Act''. -SOURCE- (Apr. 10, 1918, ch. 50, Sec. 6, as added Pub. L. 94-435, title III, Sec. 305(c), Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1397.) -CITE- 15 USC SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS . -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in section 70 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68. Definitions -STATUTE- As used in this subchapter - (a) The term ''person'' means an individual, partnership, corporation, association, or any other form of business enterprise, plural or singular, as the case demands. (b) The term ''wool'' means the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the Angora or Cashmere goat (and may include the so-called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any woven or felted wool product. (c) The term ''recycled wool'' means (1) the resulting fiber when wool has been woven or felted into a wool product which, without ever having been utilized in any way by the ultimate consumer, subsequently has been made into a fibrous state, or (2) the resulting fiber when wool or reprocessed wool has been spun, woven, knitted, or felted into a wool product which, after having been used in any way by the ultimate consumer, subsequently has been made into a fibrous state. (d) The term ''wool product'' means any product, or any portion of a product, which contains, purports to contain, or in any way is represented as containing wool or recycled wool. (e) The term ''Commission'' means the Federal Trade Commission. (f) The term ''Federal Trade Commission Act'' means the Act of Congress entitled ''An Act to create a Federal Trade Commission, to define its powers and duties, and for other purposes'', approved September 26, 1914, as amended, and the Federal Trade Commission Act approved March 21, 1938 (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (g) The term ''commerce'' means commerce among the several States or with foreign nations, or in any Territory of the United States or in the District of Columbia, or between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory and any State or foreign nation, or between the District of Columbia and any State or Territory or foreign nation. (h) The term ''Territory'' includes the insular possessions of the United States and also any Territory of the United States. -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 2, 54 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 96-242, Sec. 1, May 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 344.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (f), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1980 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96-242, Sec. 1(a), substituted ''recycled wool'' for ''reprocessed wool'' as term defined, designated existing definition as cl. (1), and added cl. (2). Subsecs. (d) to (i). Pub. L. 96-242, Sec. 1(b)-(d), redesignated subsecs. (e) to (i) as (d) to (h), respectively, and, in subsec. (d) as so redesignated, substituted ''containing wool or recycled wool'' for ''containing wool, reprocessed wool, or reused wool''. Former subsec. (d), which defined term ''reused wool'', was struck out. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Section 3 of Pub. L. 96-242 provided that: ''The amendments made by this Act (amending this section and section 68b of this title) shall take effect with respect to wool products manufactured on or after the date sixty days after the date of enactment of this Act (May 5, 1980).'' EFFECTIVE DATE Section 12 of act Oct. 14, 1940, provided that: ''This Act (this subchapter) shall take effect nine months after the date of its passage.'' SHORT TITLE Section 1 of act Oct. 14, 1940, provided that: ''This Act (this subchapter) may be cited as the 'Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939'.'' SEPARABILITY Section 13 of act Oct. 14, 1940, provided that: ''If any provision of this Act (this subchapter), or the application thereof to any person, partnership, corporation, or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the Act and the application of such provision to any other person, partnership, corporation, or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.'' -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68a. Misbranding declared unlawful -STATUTE- The introduction, or manufacture for introduction, into commerce, or the sale, transportation, or distribution, in commerce, of any wool product which is misbranded within the meaning of this subchapter or the rules and regulations hereunder, is unlawful and shall be an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act or practice, in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.); and any person who shall manufacture or deliver for shipment or ship or sell or offer for sale in commerce, any such wool product which is misbranded within the meaning of this subchapter and the rules and regulations hereunder is guilty of an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act or practice, in commerce within the meaning of the Federal Trade Commission Act. This section shall not apply - (a) To any common carrier or contract carrier in respect to a wool product shipped or delivered for shipment in commerce in the ordinary course of its business; or (b) To any person manufacturing, delivering for shipment, shipping, selling, or offering for sale, for exportation from the United States to any foreign country a wool product branded in accordance with the specifications of the purchaser and in accordance with the laws of such country. -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 3, 54 Stat. 1129.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in text, is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 68b, 68e, 68g, 68h of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68b 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68b. Misbranded wool products -STATUTE- (a) False identification; affixation of label, etc., contents A wool product shall be misbranded - (1) If it is falsely or deceptively stamped, tagged, labeled, or otherwise identified. (2) If a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification, or substitute therefor under section 68c of this title, is not on or affixed to the wool product and does not show - (A) the percentage of the total fiber weight of the wool product, exclusive of ornamentation not exceeding 5 per centum of said total fiber weight, of (1) wool; (2) recycled wool; (3) each fiber other than wool if said percentage by weight of such fiber is 5 per centum or more; and (4) the aggregate of all other fibers: Provided, That deviation of the fiber contents of the wool product from percentages stated on the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification, shall not be misbranding under this section if the person charged with misbranding proves such deviation resulted from unavoidable variations in manufacture and despite the exercise of due care to make accurate the statements on such stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification. (B) the maximum percentage of the total weight of the wool product, of any nonfibrous loading, filling, or adulterating matter. (C) the name of the manufacturer of the wool product and/or the name of one or more persons subject to section 68a of this title with respect to such wool product. (D) the name of the country where processed or manufactured. (3) In the case of a wool product containing a fiber other than wool, if the percentages by weight of the wool contents thereof are not shown in words and figures plainly legible. (4) In the case of a wool product represented as wool, if the percentages by weight of the wool content thereof are not shown in words and figures plainly legible, or if the total fiber weight of such wool product if not 100 per centum wool exclusive of ornamentation not exceeding 5 per centum of such total fiber weight. (b) Additional information In addition to information required in this section, the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification, or substitute therefor under section 68c of this title, may contain other information not violating the provisions of this subchapter or the rules and regulations of the Commission. (c) Substitute identification If any person subject to section 68a of this title with respect to a wool product finds or has reasonable cause to believe its stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification, or substitute therefor under section 68c of this title, does not contain the information required by this subchapter, he may replace same with a substitute containing the information so required. (d) Designations on linings, paddings, etc. This section shall not be construed as requiring designation on garments or articles of apparel of fiber content of any linings, paddings, stiffening, trimmings, or facings, except those concerning which express or implied representations of fiber content are customarily made, nor as requiring designation of fiber content of products which have an insignificant or inconsequential textile content: Provided, That if any such article or product purports to contain or in any manner is represented as containing wool, this section shall be applicable thereto and the information required shall be separately set forth and segregated. The Commission, after giving due notice and opportunity to be heard to interested persons, may determine and publicly announce the classes of such articles concerning which express or implied representations of fiber content are customarily made, and those products which have an insignificant or inconsequential textile content. (e) False or deceptive advertising in mail order promotions For the purposes of this subchapter, a wool product shall be considered to be falsely or deceptively advertised in any mail order promotional material which is used in the direct sale or direct offering for sale of such wool product, unless such wool product description states in a clear and conspicuous manner that such wool product is processed or manufactured in the United States of America, or imported, or both. (f) Location of label, etc. For purposes of this subchapter, any wool product shall be misbranded if a stamp, tag, label, or other identification conforming to the requirements of this section is not on or affixed to the inside center of the neck midway between the shoulder seams or, if such product does not contain a neck, in the most conspicuous place on the inner side of such product, unless it is on or affixed on the outer side of such product or in the case of hosiery items, on the outer side of such product or package. -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 4, 54 Stat. 1129; Pub. L. 96-242, Sec. 2, May 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 344; Pub. L. 98-417, title III, Sec. 304, 305, Sept. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 1604.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1984 - Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 98-417, Sec. 304, added subpar. (D). Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 98-417, Sec. 305, added subsecs. (e) and (f). 1980 - Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 96-242 substituted ''recycled wool'' for ''reprocessed wool'' as cl. (2), struck out cl. (3) ''reused wool'', and redesignated existing cls. (4) and (5) as (3) and (4), respectively. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Section 307 of title III of Pub. L. 98-417 provided that: ''The amendments made by this title (amending this section and sections 68c and 70b of this title) shall be effective ninety days after the date of enactment of this Act (Sept. 24, 1984).'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-242 effective with respect to wool products manufactured on or after the date sixty days after May 5, 1980, see section 3 of Pub. L. 96-242, set out as a note under section 68 of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 68c of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68c 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68c. Stamp, tag, label, or other identification -STATUTE- (a) Affixing; retention until sale Any person manufacturing for introduction, or first introducing into commerce a wool product shall affix thereto the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification required by this subchapter, and the same, or substitutes therefor containing identical information with respect to content of the wool product or any other products contained therein in an amount of 5 per centum or more by weight and other information required under section 68b of this title, shall be and remain affixed to such wool product, whether it remains in its original state or is contained in garments or other articles made in whole or in part therefrom, until sold to the consumer: Provided, That the name of the manufacturer of the wool product need not appear on the substitute stamp, tag, or label if the name of the person who affixes the substitute appears thereon. (b) Removal or mutilation Any person who shall cause or participate in the removal or mutilation of any stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification affixed to a wood (FOOTNOTE 1) product with intent to violate the provisions of this subchapter, is guilty of an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act or practice, in commerce within the meaning of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. Probably should be ''wool''. (c) Packages of wool products For the purposes of subsections (a) and (b) of this section, any package of wool products intended for sale to the ultimate consumer shall also be considered a wool product and shall have affixed to it a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification bearing the information required by section 68b of this title, with respect to the wool products contained therein, unless such package of wool products is transparent to the extent that it allows for the clear reading of the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification affixed to the wool product, or in the case of hosiery items this section shall not be construed as requiring the affixing of a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification to each hosiery product contained in a package if (1) such hosiery products are intended for sale to the ultimate consumer in such package, (2) such package has affixed to it a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification bearing, with respect to the hosiery products contained therein, the information required by section 68b of this title, (FOOTNOTE 2) and (3) the information on the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification affixed to such package is equally applicable with respect to each hosiery product contained therein. (FOOTNOTE 2) See Codification note. -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 5, 54 Stat. 1130; Pub. L. 98-417, title III, Sec. 306, Sept. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 1605.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in text, is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION Section 68b of this title, the second time it appears in subsec. (c), was in the original ''subsection (4)'' and was translated as reading ''section 4'' as the probable intent of Congress. -MISC3- AMENDMENTS 1984 - Pub. L. 98-417 designated existing first and second pars. as subsecs. (a) and (b), respectively, and added subsec. (c). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98-417 effective 90 days after Sept. 24, 1984, see section 307 of Pub. L. 98-417, set out as a note under section 68b of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 68b, 68e, 68h of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68d 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68d. Enforcement of subchapter -STATUTE- (a) Authority of Commission Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, this subchapter shall be enforced by the Federal Trade Commission under rules, regulations, and procedure provided for in the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). The Commission is authorized and directed to prevent any person from violating the provisions of this subchapter in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though all applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated into and made a part of this subchapter; and any such person violating the provisions of this subchapter shall be subject to the penalties and entitled to the privileges and immunities provided in said Federal Trade Commission Act in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though the applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act were incorporated into and made a part of this subchapter. The Commission is authorized and directed to make rules and regulations for the manner and form of disclosing information required by this subchapter, and for segregation of such information for different portions of a wool product as may be necessary to avoid deception or confusion, and to make such further rules and regulations under and in pursuance of the terms of this subchapter as may be necessary and proper for administration and enforcement. The Commission is also authorized to cause inspections, analyses, tests, and examinations to be made of any wool products subject to this subchapter; and to cooperate with any department or agency of the Government, with any State, Territory, or possession, or with the District of Columbia; or with any department, agency, or political subdivision thereof; or with any person. (b) Maintenance of records by wool manufacturers Every manufacturer of wool products shall maintain proper records showing the fiber content as required by this subchapter of all wool products made by him, and shall preserve such records for at least three years. The neglect or refusal to maintain and so preserve such records is unlawful, and any such manufacturer who neglects or refuses to maintain and so preserve such records shall forfeit to the United States the sum of $100 for each day of such failure, which shall accrue to the United States and be recoverable in a civil action. -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 6, 54 Stat. 1131.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68e 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68e. Condemnation and injunction proceedings -STATUTE- (a) Grounds for condemnation; disposition of merchandise Any wool products shall be liable to be proceeded against in the district court of the United States for the district in which found, and to be seized for confiscation by process of libel for condemnation, if the Commission has reasonable cause to believe such wool products are being manufactured or held for shipment, or shipped, or held for sale or exchange after shipment, in commerce in violation of the provisions of this subchapter, and if after notice from the Commission the provisions of this subchapter with respect to said products are not shown to be complied with. Proceedings in such libel cases shall conform as nearly as may be to suits in rem in admiralty, and may be brought by the Commission. If such wool products are condemned by the court, they shall be disposed of, in the discretion of the court, by destruction; by sale; by delivery to the owner or claimant thereof upon payment of legal costs and charges and upon execution of good and sufficient bond to the effect that such wool products will not be disposed of until properly stamped, tagged, labeled, or otherwise identified under the provisions of this subchapter; or by such charitable disposition as the court may deem proper. If such wool products are disposed of by sale, the proceeds, less legal costs and charges, shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States. (b) Grounds for temporary injunction or restraining order; issuance without bond Whenever the Commission has reason to believe that - (1) Any person is violating, or is about to violate, sections 68a, 68c, 68f, or 68g of this title, and that (2) It would be to the public interest to enjoin such violation until complaint is issued by the Commission under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) and such complaint dismissed by the Commission or set aside by the court on review, or until order to cease and desist made thereon by the Commission has become final within the meaning of the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Commission may bring suit in the district court of the United States or in the United States court of any Territory, for the district or Territory in which such person resides or transacts business, to enjoin such violation, and upon proper showing a temporary injunction or restraining order shall be granted without bond. -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 7, 54 Stat. 1131.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68f 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68f. Exclusion of misbranded wool products -STATUTE- All wool products imported into the United States, except those made more than twenty years prior to such importation, shall be stamped, tagged, labeled, or otherwise identified in accordance with the provisions of this subchapter and all invoices of such wool products required under the Act of June 17, 1930 (c. 497, title IV, 46 Stat. 719), shall set forth, in addition to the matter therein specified, the information with respect to said wool products required under the provisions of this subchapter, which information shall be in the invoices prior to their certification under said Act of June 17, 1930. The falsification of, or failure to set forth, said information in said invoices, or the falsification or perjury of the consignee's declaration provided for in said Act of June 17, 1930, insofar as it relates to said information, shall be an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act, or practice, in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.); and any person who falsifies, or fails to set forth, said information in said invoices, or who falsifies or perjures said consignee's declaration insofar as it relates to said information, may thenceforth be prohibited by the Commission from importing, or participating in the importation of, any wool products into the United States except upon filing bond with the Secretary of the Treasury in a sum double the value of said wool products and any duty thereon, conditioned upon compliance with the provisions of this subchapter. A verified statement from the manufacturer or producer of such wool products showing their fiber content as required under the provisions of this subchapter may be required under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 8, 54 Stat. 1132.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Provisions covering invoices of wool products required under the Act of June 17, 1930 (c. 497, title IV, 46 Stat. 719), referred to in text, are set out as section 1481 et seq. of Title 19, Customs Duties. Provisions covering certification of invoices under the Act of June 17, 1930, referred to in text, are set out as section 1482 of Title 19. Provisions covering the consignee's declaration under the Act of June 17, 1930, referred to in text, are set out in section 1485 of Title 19. The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in text, is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 68e, 68h of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68g 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68g. Guaranty -STATUTE- (a) Avoidance of liability; requirements No person shall be guilty under section 68a of this title if he establishes a guaranty received in good faith signed by and containing the name and address of the person residing in the United States by whom the wool product guaranteed was manufactured and/or from whom it was received, that said wool product is not misbranded under the provisions of this subchapter. Said guaranty shall be either (1) a separate guaranty specifically designating the wool product guaranteed, in which case it may be on the invoice or other paper relating to said wool product; or (2) a continuing guaranty filed with the Commission applicable to all wool products handled by a guarantor in such form as the Commission by rules and regulations may prescribe. (b) Furnishing false guaranty Any person who furnishes a false guaranty, except a person relying upon a guaranty to the same effect received in good faith signed by and containing the name and address of the person residing in the United States by whom the wool product guaranteed was manufactured and/or from whom it was received, with reason to believe the wool product falsely guaranteed may be introduced, sold, transported, or distributed in commerce, is guilty of an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act or practice, in commerce within the meaning of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 9, 54 Stat. 1132.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 68e, 68h of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68h 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68h. Criminal penalty -STATUTE- Any person who willfully violates sections 68a, 68c, 68f, or 68g(b) of this title shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not more than $5,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both, in the discretion of the court: Provided, That nothing herein shall limit other provisions of this subchapter. Whenever the Commission has reason to believe any person is guilty of a misdemeanor under this section, it shall certify all pertinent facts to the Attorney General, whose duty it shall be to cause appropriate proceedings to be brought for the enforcement of the provisions of this section against such person. -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 10, 54 Stat. 1133.) -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68i 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68i. Application of other laws -STATUTE- The provision of this subchapter shall be held to be in addition to, and not in substitution for or limitation of, the provisions of any other Act of the United States. -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 11, 54 Stat. 1133.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 68j 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER III - LABELING OF WOOL PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 68j. Exceptions from subchapter -STATUTE- None of the provisions of this subchapter shall be construed to apply to the manufacture, delivery for shipment, shipment, sale, or offering for sale any carpets, rugs, mats, or upholsteries, nor to any person manufacturing, delivering for shipment, shipping, selling, or offering for sale any carpets, rugs, mats, or upholsteries. -SOURCE- (Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, Sec. 14, 54 Stat. 1133.) -CITE- 15 USC SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS . -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in section 70b of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69. Definitions -STATUTE- As used in this subchapter - (a) The term ''person'' means an individual, partnership, corporation, association, business trust, or any organized group of any of the foregoing. (b) The term ''fur'' means any animal skin or part thereof with hair, fleece, or fur fibers attached thereto, either in its raw or processed state, but shall not include such skins as are to be converted into leather or which in processing shall have the hair, fleece, or fur fiber completely removed. (c) The term ''used fur'' means fur in any form which has been worn or used by an ultimate consumer. (d) The term ''fur product'' means any article of wearing apparel made in whole or in part of fur or used fur; except that such term shall not include such articles (other than any dog or cat fur product to which section 1308 of title 19 applies) as the Commission shall exempt by reason of the relatively small quantity or value of the fur or used fur contained therein. (e) The term ''waste fur'' means the ears, throats, or scrap pieces which have been severed from the animal pelt, and shall include mats or plates made therefrom. (f) The term ''invoice'' means a written account, memorandum, list, or catalog, which is issued in connection with any commercial dealing in fur products or furs, and describes the particulars of any fur products or furs, transported or delivered to a purchaser, consignee, factor, bailee, correspondent, or agent, or any other person who is engaged in dealing commercially in fur products or furs. (g) The term ''Commission'' means the Federal Trade Commission. (h) The term ''Federal Trade Commission Act'' means the Act entitled ''An Act to create a Federal Trade Commission, to define its powers and duties, and for other purposes'', approved September 26, 1914, as amended (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (i) The term ''Fur Products Name Guide'' means the register issued by the Commission pursuant to section 69e of this title. (j) The term ''commerce'' means commerce between any State, Territory, or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia, and any place outside thereof; or between points within the same State, Territory, or possession, or the District of Columbia, but through any place outside thereof; or within any Territory or possession or the District of Columbia. (k) The term ''United States'' means the several States, the District of Columbia, and the Territories and possessions of the United States. -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 2, 65 Stat. 175; Pub. L. 106-476, title I, Sec. 1443(b), Nov. 9, 2000, 114 Stat. 2167.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in text, is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 2000 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106-476 inserted ''(other than any dog or cat fur product to which section 1308 of title 19 applies)'' after ''shall not include such articles''. EFFECTIVE DATE Section 14 of act Aug. 8, 1951, provided that: ''This Act (this subchapter), except section 7 (section 69e of this title), shall take effect one year after the date of its enactment (Aug. 8, 1951).'' SHORT TITLE Section 1 of act Aug. 8, 1951, provided: ''That this Act (this subchapter) may be cited as the 'Fur Products Labeling Act' ''. SEPARABILITY Section 13 of act Aug. 8, 1951, provided that: ''If any provision of this Act (this subchapter) or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the Act (this subchapter) and the application of such provision to any other person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.'' -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69a. Violations of Federal Trade Commission Act -STATUTE- (a) Introduction or manufacture for introduction into commerce, sale, advertising or offering for sale in commerce The introduction, or manufacture for introduction, into commerce, or the sale, advertising or offering for sale in commerce, or the transportation or distribution in commerce, of any fur product which is misbranded or falsely or deceptively advertised or invoiced, within the meaning of this subchapter or the rules and regulations prescribed under section 69f(b) of this title, is unlawful and shall be an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act or practice, in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (b) Manufacture for sale, sale, advertising, offering for sale, transportation or distribution The manufacture for sale, sale, advertising, offering for sale, transportation or distribution, of any fur product which is made in whole or in part of fur which has been shipped and received in commerce, and which is misbranded or falsely or deceptively advertised or invoiced, within the meaning of this subchapter or the rules and regulations prescribed under section 69f(b) of this title, is unlawful and shall be an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act or practice, in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (c) Introduction into commerce, sale, advertising or offering for sale in commerce or transportation or distribution The introduction into commerce, or the sale, advertising or offering for sale in commerce, or the transportation or distribution in commerce, of any fur which is falsely or deceptively advertised or falsely or deceptively invoiced, within the meaning of this subchapter or the rules and regulations prescribed under section 69f(b) of this title, is unlawful and shall be an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act or practice, in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (d) Removal or mutilation of label Except as provided in subsection (e) of this section, it shall be unlawful to remove or mutilate, or cause or participate in the removal or mutilation of, prior to the time any fur product is sold and delivered to the ultimate consumer, any label required by this subchapter to be affixed to such fur product, and any person violating this subsection is guilty of an unfair method of competition, and an unfair or deceptive act or practice, in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (e) Substitution of labels; records Any person introducing, selling, advertising, or offering for sale, in commerce, or processing for commerce, a fur product, or any person selling, advertising, offering for sale or processing a fur product which has been shipped and received in commerce, may substitute for the label affixed to such product pursuant to section 69b of this title, a label conforming to the requirements of such section, and such label may show in lieu of the name or other identification shown pursuant to section 69b(2)(E) of this title on the label so removed, the name or other identification of the person making the substitution. Any person substituting a label shall keep such records as will show the information set forth on the label that he removed and the name or names of the person or persons from whom such fur product was received, and shall preserve such records for at least three years. Neglect or refusal to maintain and preserve such records is unlawful, and any person who shall fail to maintain and preserve such records shall forfeit to the United States the sum of $100 for each day of such failure which shall accrue to the United States and be recoverable by a civil action. Any person substituting a label who shall fail to keep and preserve such records, or who shall by such substitution misbrand a fur product, shall be guilty of an unfair method of competition, and an unfair or deceptive act or practice, in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (f) Application of section to common carrier or freight forwarder Subsections (a), (b), and (c) of this section shall not apply to any common carrier, contract carrier or freight forwarder in respect of a fur product or fur shipped, transported, or delivered for shipment in commerce in the ordinary course of business. -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 3, 65 Stat. 176.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in section catchline and subsecs. (a) to (e), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 69f, 69g, 69h, 69i of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69b 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69b. Misbranded fur products -STATUTE- For the purposes of this subchapter, a fur product shall be considered to be misbranded - (1) if it is falsely or deceptively labeled or otherwise falsely or deceptively identified, or if the label contains any form of misrepresentation or deception, directly or by implication, with respect to such fur product; (2) if there is not affixed to the fur product a label showing in words and figures plainly legible - (A) the name or names (as set forth in the Fur Products Name Guide) of the animal or animals that produced the fur, and such qualifying statement as may be required pursuant to section 69e(c) of this title; (B) that the fur product contains or is composed of used fur, when such is the fact; (C) that the fur product contains or is composed of bleached, dyed, or otherwise artificially colored fur, when such is the fact; (D) that the fur product is composed in whole or in substantial part of paws, tails, bellies, or waste fur, when such is the fact; (E) the name, or other identification issued and registered by the Commission, of one or more of the persons who manufacture such fur product for introduction into commerce, introduce it into commerce, sell it in commerce, advertise or offer it for sale in commerce, or transport or distribute it in commerce; (F) the name of the country of origin of any imported furs used in the fur product; (3) if the label required by paragraph (2)(A) of this section sets forth the name or names of any animal or animals other than the name or names provided for in such paragraph. -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 4, 65 Stat. 177.) -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 69a, 69d of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69c 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69c. False advertising and invoicing -STATUTE- (a) For the purposes of this subchapter, a fur product or fur shall be considered to be falsely or deceptively advertised if any advertisement, representation, public announcement, or notice which is intended to aid, promote, or assist directly or indirectly in the sale or offering for sale of such fur product or fur - (1) does not show the name or names (as set forth in the Fur Products Name Guide) of the animal or animals that produced the fur, and such qualifying statement as may be required pursuant to section 69e(c) of this title; (2) does not show that the fur is used fur or that the fur product contains used fur, when such is the fact; (3) does not show that the fur product or fur is bleached, dyed, or otherwise artificially colored fur when such is the fact; (4) does not show that the fur product is composed in whole or in substantial part of paws, tails, bellies, or waste fur, when such is the fact; (5) contains the name or names of any animal or animals other than the name or names specified in paragraph (1) of this subsection, or contains any form of misrepresentation or deception, directly or by implication, with respect to such fur product or fur; (6) does not show the name of the country of origin of any imported furs or those contained in a fur product. (b) For the purposes of this subchapter, a fur product or fur shall be considered to be falsely or deceptively invoiced - (1) if such fur product or fur is not invoiced to show - (A) the name or names (as set forth in the Fur Products Name Guide) of the animal or animals that produced the fur, and such qualifying statement as may be required pursuant to section 69e(c) of this title; (B) that the fur product contains or is composed of used fur, when such is the fact; (C) that the fur product contains or is composed of bleached, dyed, or otherwise artificially colored fur, when such is the fact; (D) that the fur product is composed in whole or in substantial part of paws, tails, bellies, or waste fur, when such is the fact; (E) the name and address of the person issuing such invoice; (F) the name of the country of origin of any imported furs or those contained in a fur product; (2) if such invoice contains the name or names of any animal or animals other than the name or names specified in paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection, or contains any form of misrepresentation or deception, directly or by implication, with respect to such fur product or fur. -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 5, 65 Stat. 178.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 69d of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69d 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69d. Fur products imported into United States -STATUTE- (a) Necessity of proper labelling; additional information Fur products imported into the United States shall be labeled so as not to be misbranded within the meaning of section 69b of this title; and all invoices of fur products and furs required under title IV of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.), shall set forth, in addition to the matters therein specified, information conforming with the requirements of section 69c(b) of this title, which information shall be included in the invoices prior to their certification under the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1202 et seq.). (b) Violations of Federal Trade Commission Act The falsification of, or failure to set forth, said information in said invoices, or the falsification or perjury of the consignee's declaration provided for in the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1202 et seq.), insofar as it relates to said information, shall be an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act or practice, in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.); and any person who falsifies, or fails to set forth, said information in said invoices, or who falsifies or perjures said consignee's declaration insofar as it relates to said information, may thenceforth be prohibited by the Commission from importing, or participating in the importation of, any fur products or furs into the United States except upon filing bond with the Secretary of the Treasury in a sum double the value of said fur products and furs, and any duty thereon, conditioned upon compliance with the provisions of this section. (c) Verified statement of compliance A verified statement from the manufacturer, producer of, or dealer in, imported fur products and furs showing information required under the provisions of this subchapter may be required under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 6, 65 Stat. 178.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is act June 17, 1930, ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 4 (Sec. 1202 et seq.) of Title 19, Customs Duties. Title IV of the Tariff Act of 1930 is classified generally to subtitle III (Sec. 1401 et seq.) of chapter 4 of Title 19. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1654 of Title 19 and Tables. The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 69f, 69g, 69i of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69e 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69e. Name guide for fur products -STATUTE- (a) Fur Products Name Guide The Commission shall, with the assistance and cooperation of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Interior, within six months after August 8, 1951, issue, after holding public hearings, a register setting forth the names of hair, fleece, and fur-bearing animals, which shall be known as the Fur Products Name Guide. The names used shall be the true English names for the animals in question, or in the absence of a true English name for an animal, the name by which such animal can be properly identified in the United States. (b) Additions and deletions; public hearing The Commission may, from time to time, with the assistance and cooperation of the Department of Agriculture and Department of the Interior, after holding public hearings, add to or delete from such register the name of any hair, fleece, or fur-bearing animal. (c) Prevention of confusion or deception If the name of an animal (as set forth in the Fur Products Name Guide) connotes a geographical origin or significance other than the true country or place of origin of such animal, the Commission may require whenever such name is used in setting forth the information required by this subchapter, such qualifying statements as it may deem necessary to prevent confusion or deception. -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 7, 65 Stat. 179.) -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 69b, 69c of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69f 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69f. Enforcement of subchapter -STATUTE- (a) Enforcement by Federal Trade Commission (1) Except as otherwise specifically provided in this subchapter, sections 69a, 69d, and 69h(b) of this title shall be enforced by the Federal Trade Commission under rules, regulations, and procedure provided for in the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (2) The Commission is authorized and directed to prevent any person from violating the provisions of sections 69a, 69d, and 69h(b) of this title in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though all applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated into and made a part of this subchapter; and any such person violating any provision of section 69a, 69d, or 69h(b) of this title shall be subject to the penalties and entitled to the privileges and immunities provided in said Federal Trade Commission Act as though the applicable terms and provisions of the said Act were incorporated into and made a part of this subchapter. (b) Rules and regulations for disclosure of information The Commission is authorized and directed to prescribe rules and regulations governing the manner and form of disclosing information required by this subchapter, and such further rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper for purposes of administration and enforcement of this subchapter. (c) Inspection, analysis, tests for fur products; cooperation with other governmental agencies The Commission is authorized (1) to cause inspections, analyses, tests, and examinations to be made of any fur product or fur subject to this subchapter; and (2) to cooperate, on matters related to the purposes of this subchapter, with any department or agency of the Government; with any State, Territory, or possession, or with the District of Columbia; or with any department, agency, or political subdivision thereof; or with any person. (d) Maintenance of records by manufacturer or dealer (1) Every manufacturer or dealer in fur products or furs shall maintain proper records showing the information required by this subchapter with respect to all fur products or furs handled by him, and shall preserve such records for at least three years. (2) The neglect or refusal to maintain and preserve such records is unlawful, and any such manufacturer or dealer who neglects or refuses to maintain and preserve such records shall forfeit to the United States the sum of $100 for each day of such failure which shall accrue to the United States and be recoverable by a civil action. -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 8, 65 Stat. 179.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 69a of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69g 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69g. Condemnation and injunction proceedings -STATUTE- (a) Grounds for condemnation; disposition of merchandise (1) Any fur product or fur shall be liable to be proceeded against in the district court of the United States for the district in which found, and to be seized for confiscation by process of libel for condemnation, if the Commission has reasonable cause to believe such fur product or fur is being manufactured or held for shipment, or shipped, or held for sale or exchange after shipment, in commerce, in violation of the provisions of this subchapter, and if after notice from the Commission the provisions of this subchapter with respect to such fur product or fur are not shown to be complied with. Proceedings in such libel cases shall conform as nearly as may be to suits in rem in admiralty, and may be brought by the Commission. (2) If such fur products or furs are condemned by the court, they shall be disposed of, in the discretion of the court, by destruction, by sale, by delivery to the owner or claimant thereof upon payment of legal costs and charges and upon execution of good and sufficient bond to the effect that such fur or fur products will not be disposed of until properly marked, advertised, and invoiced as required under the provisions of this subchapter; or by such charitable disposition as the court may deem proper. If such furs or fur products are disposed of by sale, the proceeds, less legal costs and charges, shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts. (b) Grounds for temporary injunction or restraining order; issuance without bond Whenever the Commission has reason to believe that - (1) any person is volating, (FOOTNOTE 1) or is about to violate, section 69a, 69d, or 69h(b) of this title; and (FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. Probably should be ''violating,''. (2) it would be to the public interest to enjoin such violation until complaint is issued by the Commission under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) and such complaint dismissed by the Commission or set aside by the court on review, or until order to cease and desist made thereon by the Commission has become final within the meaning of said Act, the Commission may bring suit in the district court of the United States or in the United States court of any Territory, for the district or Territory in which such person resides or transacts business, to enjoin such violation, and upon proper showing a temporary injunction or restraining order shall be granted without bond. -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 9, 65 Stat. 180.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69h 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69h. Guaranty -STATUTE- (a) Avoidance of liability; requirements No person shall be guilty under section 69a of this title if he establishes a guaranty received in good faith signed by and containing the name and address of the person residing in the United States by whom the fur product or fur guaranteed was manufactured or from whom it was received, that said fur product is not misbranded or that said fur product or fur is not falsely advertised or invoiced under the provisions of this subchapter. Such guaranty shall be either (1) a separate guaranty specifically designating the fur product or fur guaranteed, in which case it may be on the invoice or other paper relating to such fur product or fur; or (2) a continuing guaranty filed with the Commission applicable to any fur product or fur handled by a guarantor, in such form as the Commission by rules and regulations may prescribe. (b) Furnishing false guaranty It shall be unlawful for any person to furnish, with respect to any fur product or fur, a false guaranty (except a person relying upon a guaranty to the same effect received in good faith signed by and containing the name and address of the person residing in the United States by whom the fur product or fur guaranteed was manufactured or from whom it was received) with reason to believe the fur product or fur falsely guaranteed may be introduced, sold, transported, or distributed in commerce, and any person who violates the provisions of this subsection is guilty of an unfair method of competition, and an unfair or deceptive act or practice, in commerce within the meaning of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 10, 65 Stat. 181.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 69f, 69g, 69i of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69i 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69i. Criminal penalty -STATUTE- (a) Any person who willfully violates section 69a, 69d, or 69h(b) of this title shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not more than $5,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both, in the discretion of the court. (b) Whenever the Commission has reason to believe any person is guilty of a misdemeanor under this section, it shall certify all pertinent facts to the Attorney General, whose duty it shall be to cause appropriate proceedings to be brought for the enforcement of the provisions of this section against such person. -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 11, 65 Stat. 181.) -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Federal Trade Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 8 of 1950, Sec. 1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1264, set out under section 41 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 69j 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER IV - LABELING OF FUR PRODUCTS -HEAD- Sec. 69j. Application of other laws -STATUTE- The provisions of this subchapter shall be held to be in addition to, and not in substitution for or limitation of, the provisions of any other Act of Congress. -SOURCE- (Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, Sec. 12, 65 Stat. 181.) -CITE- 15 USC SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION . -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70. Definitions -STATUTE- As used in this subchapter - (a) The term ''person'' means an individual, partnership, corporation, association or any other form of business enterprise. (b) The term ''fiber'' or ''textile fiber'' means a unit of matter which is capable of being spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by bonding or by interlacing in a variety of methods including weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, twisting, or webbing, and which is the basic structural element of textile products. (c) The term ''natural fiber'' means any fiber that exists as such in the natural state. (d) The term ''manufactured fiber'' means any fiber derived by a process of manufacture from any substance which, at any point in the manufacturing process, is not a fiber. (e) The term ''yarn'' means a strand of textile fiber in a form suitable for weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, webbing, or otherwise fabricating into a fabric. (f) The term ''fabric'' means any material woven, knitted, felted, or otherwise produced from, or in combination with, any natural or manufactured fiber, yarn, or substitute therefor. (g) The term ''household textile articles'' means articles of wearing apparel, costumes and accessories, draperies, floor coverings, furnishings, beddings, and other textile goods of a type customarily used in a household regardless of where used in fact. (h) The term ''textile fiber product'' means - (1) any fiber, whether in the finished or unfinished state, used or intended for use in household textile articles; (2) any yarn or fabric, whether in the finished or unfinished state, used or intended for use in household textile articles; and (3) any household textile article made in whole or in part of yarn or fabric; except that such term does not include a product required to be labeled under the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 (15 U.S.C. 68 et seq.). (i) The term ''affixed'' means attached to the textile fiber product in any manner. (j) The term ''Commission'' means the Federal Trade Commission. (k) The term ''commerce'' means commerce among the several States or with foreign nations, or in any Territory of the United States or in the District of Columbia, or between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory and any State or foreign nation or between the District of Columbia and any State or Territory or foreign nation. (l) The term ''Territory'' includes the insular possessions of the United States, and also any Territory of the United States. (m) The term ''ultimate consumer'' means a person who obtains a textile fiber product by purchase or exchange with no intent to sell or exchange such textile fiber product in any form. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 2, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1717.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939, referred to in subsec. (h)(3), is act Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 871, 54 Stat. 1128, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter III (Sec. 68 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 68 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- EFFECTIVE DATE Section 15 of Pub. L. 85-897 provided that: ''This Act (this subchapter) shall take effect eighteen months after enactment (Sept. 2, 1958), except for the promulgation of rules and regulations by the Commission, which shall be promulgated within nine months after the enactment of this Act. The Commission shall provide for the exception of any textile fiber product acquired prior to the effective date of this Act.'' SHORT TITLE Section 1 of Pub. L. 85-897 provided: ''That this Act (this subchapter) may be cited as the 'Textile Fiber Products Identification Act'.'' SEPARABILITY Section 13 of Pub. L. 85-897 provided that: ''If any provision of this Act (this subchapter), or the application thereof to any person, as that term is herein defined, is held invalid, the remainder of the Act and the application of the remaining provisions to any person shall not be affected thereby.'' -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70a. Violations of Federal Trade Commission Act -STATUTE- (a) Introduction or manufacture for introduction into commerce, sale, advertising or offering for sale in commerce The introduction, delivery for introduction, manufacture for introduction, sale, advertising, or offering for sale, in commerce, or the transportation or causing to be transported in commerce, or the importation into the United States, of any textile fiber product which is misbranded or falsely or deceptively advertised within the meaning of this subchapter or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, is unlawful, and shall be an unfair method of competition and an unfair and deceptive act or practice in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (b) Sale, offering for sale, advertising, delivery, transportation of products advertised for sale in commerce The sale, offering for sale, advertising, delivery, transportation, or causing to be transported, of any textile fiber product which has been advertised or offered for sale in commerce, and which is misbranded or falsely or deceptively advertised, within the meaning of this subchapter or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, is unlawful, and shall be an unfair method of competition and an unfair and deceptive act or practice in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (c) Sale, offering for sale, advertising, delivery, transportation of products after shipment in commerce The sale, offering for sale, advertising, delivery, transportation, or causing to be transported, after shipment in commerce, of any textile fiber product, whether in its original state or contained in other textile fiber products, which is misbranded or falsely or deceptively advertised, within the meaning of this subchapter or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, is unlawful, and shall be an unfair method of competition and an unfair and deceptive act or practice in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (d) Application of section to common carrier, freight forwarder, etc. This section shall not apply - (1) to any common carrier or contract carrier or freight forwarder with respect to a textile fiber product received, shipped, delivered, or handled by it for shipment in the ordinary course of its business; (2) to any processor or finisher in performing a contract for the account of a person subject to the provisions of this subchapter if the processor or finisher does not change the textile fiber content of the textile fiber product contrary to the terms of such contract; (3) with respect to the manufacture, delivery for transportation, transportation, sale, or offering for sale of a textile fiber product for exportation from the United States to any foreign country; (4) to any publisher or other advertising agency or medium for the dissemination of advertising or promotional material, except the manufacturer, distributor, or seller of the textile fiber product to which the false or deceptive advertisement relates, if such publisher or other advertising agency or medium furnishes to the Commission, upon request, the name and post office address of the manufacturer, distributor, seller, or other person residing in the United States, who caused the dissemination of the advertising material; or (5) to any textile fiber product until such product has been produced by the manufacturer or processor in the form intended for sale or delivery to, or for use by, the ultimate consumer: Provided, That this exemption shall apply only if such textile fiber product is covered by an invoice or other paper relating to the marketing or handling of the textile fiber product and such invoice or paper correctly discloses the information with respect to the textile fiber product which would otherwise be required under section 70b of this title to be on the stamp, tag, label, or other identification and the name and address of the person issuing the invoice or paper. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 3, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1718.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) to (c), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 70b, 70f, 70h, 70i of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70b 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70b. Misbranded and falsely advertised textile fiber products -STATUTE- (a) False or deceptive identification Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, a textile fiber product shall be misbranded if it is falsely or deceptively stamped, tagged, labeled, invoiced, advertised, or otherwise identified as to the name or amount of constituent fibers contained therein. (b) Stamp, tag, label or other means of identification; contents Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, a textile fiber product shall be misbranded if a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification, or substitute therefor authorized by section 70c of this title, is not on or affixed to the product showing in words and figures plainly legible, the following: (1) The constituent fiber or combination of fibers in the textile fiber product, designating with equal prominence each natural or manufactured fiber in the textile fiber product by its generic name in the order of predominance by the weight thereof if the weight of such fiber is 5 per centum or more of the total fiber weight of the product, but nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the use of a nondeceptive trademark in conjunction with a designated generic name: Provided, That exclusive of permissible ornamentation, any fiber or group of fibers present in an amount of 5 per centum or less by weight of the total fiber content shall not be designated by the generic name or the trademark of such fiber or fibers, but shall be designated only as ''other fiber'' or ''other fibers'' as the case may be, but nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the disclosure of any fiber present in a textile fiber product which has a clearly established and definite functional significance where present in the amount contained in such product. (2) The percentage of each fiber present, by weight, in the total fiber content of the textile fiber product, exclusive of ornamentation not exceeding 5 per centum by weight of the total fiber content: Provided, That, exclusive of permissible ornamentation, any fiber or group of fibers present in an amount of 5 per centum or less by weight of the total fiber content shall not be designated by the generic name or trademark of such fiber or fibers, but shall be designated only as ''other fiber'' or ''other fibers'' as the case may be but nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the disclosure of any fiber present in a textile fiber product which has a clearly established and definite functional significance where present in the amount stated: Provided further, That in the case of a textile fiber product which contains more than one kind of fiber, deviation in the fiber content of any fiber in such product, from the amount stated on the stamp, tag, label, or other identification shall not be a misbranding under this section unless such deviation is in excess of reasonable tolerances which shall be established by the Commission: And provided further, That any such deviation which exceeds said tolerances shall not be a misbranding if the person charged proves that the deviation resulted from unavoidable variations in manufacture and despite due care to make accurate the statements on the tag, stamp, label, or other identification. (3) The name, or other identification issued and registered by the Commission, of the manufacturer of the product or one or more persons subject to section 70a of this title with respect to such product. (4) If it is an imported textile fiber product the name of the country where processed or manufactured. (5) If it is a textile fiber product processed or manufactured in the United States, it be so identified. (c) False or deceptive advertisement For the purposes of this subchapter, a textile fiber product shall be considered to be falsely or deceptively advertised if any disclosure or implication of fiber content is made in any written advertisement which is used to aid, promote, or assist directly or indirectly in the sale or offering for sale of such textile fiber product, unless the same information as that required to be shown on the stamp, tag, label, or other identification under subsection (b)(1) and (2) of this section is contained in the heading, body, or other part of such written advertisement, except that the percentages of the fiber present in the textile fiber product need not be stated. (d) Additional information allowed In addition to the information required in this section, the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification, or advertisement may contain other information not violating the provisions of this subchapter. (e) Labelling of packages For purposes of this subchapter, in addition to the textile fiber products contained therein, a package of textile fiber products intended for sale to the ultimate consumer shall be misbranded unless such package has affixed to it a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification bearing the information required by subsection (b) of this section, with respect to such contained textile fiber products, or is transparent to the extent it allows for the clear reading of the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification on the textile fiber product, or in the case of hosiery items, this section shall not be construed as requiring the affixing of a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification to each hosiery product contained in a package if (1) such hosiery products are intended for sale to the ultimate consumer in such package, (2) such package has affixed to it a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification bearing, with respect to the hosiery products contained therein, the information required by subsection (b) of this section, and (3) the information on the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification affixed to such package is equally applicable with respect to each textile fiber product contained therein. (f) Fabric severed from bolts, pieces or rolls of fabric This section shall not be construed as requiring designation of the fiber content of any portion of fabric, when sold at retail, which is severed from bolts, pieces, or rolls of fabric labeled in accordance with the provisions of this section at the time of such sale: Provided, That if any portion of fabric severed from a bolt, piece, or roll of fabric is in any manner represented as containing percentages of natural or manufactured fibers, other than that which is set forth on the labeled bolt, piece, or roll, this section shall be applicable thereto, and the information required shall be separately set forth and segregated as required by this section. (g) Advertisement of textile product by use of name or symbol of fur-bearing animal For the purposes of this subchapter, a textile fiber product shall be considered to be falsely or deceptively advertised if the name or symbol of any fur-bearing animal is used in the advertisement of such product unless such product, or the part thereof in connection with which the name or symbol of a fur-bearing animal is used, is a fur or fur product within the meaning of the Fur Products Labeling Act (15 U.S.C. 69 et seq.): Provided, however, That where a textile fiber product contains the hair or fiber of a fur-bearing animal, the name of such animal, in conjunction with the word ''fiber'', ''hair'', or ''blend'', may be used. (h) Reused stuffing For the purposes of this subchapter, a textile fiber product shall be misbranded if it is used as stuffing in any upholstered product, mattress, or cushion after having been previously used as stuffing in any other upholstered product, mattress, or cushion, unless the upholstered product, mattress, or cushion containing such textile fiber product bears a stamp, tag, or label approved by the Commission indicating in words plainly legible that it contains reused stuffing. (i) Mail order catalog or promotional material For the purposes of this subchapter, a textile fiber product shall be considered to be falsely or deceptively advertised in any mail order catalog or mail order promotional material which is used in the direct sale or direct offering for sale of such textile fiber product, unless such textile fiber product description states in a clear and conspicuous manner that such textile fiber product is processed or manufactured in the United States of America, or imported, or both. (j) Location of stamp, tag, label, or other identification For purposes of this subchapter, any textile fiber product shall be misbranded if a stamp, tag, label, or other identification conforming to the requirements of this section is not on or affixed to the inside center of the neck midway between the shoulder seams or, if such product does not contain a neck, in the most conspicuous place on the inner side of such product, unless it is on or affixed on the outer side of such product, or in the case of hosiery items on the outer side of such product or package. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 4, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1719; Pub. L. 89-35, Sec. 1, 2, June 5, 1965, 79 Stat. 124; Pub. L. 98-417, title III, Sec. 301-303, Sept. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 1603, 1604.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Fur Products Labeling Act, referred to in subsec. (g), is act Aug. 8, 1951, ch. 298, 65 Stat. 175, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (Sec. 69 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 69 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1984 - Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 98-417, Sec. 301, added par. (5). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98-417, Sec. 302, amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) read as follows: ''This section shall not be construed as requiring the affixing of a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification to each textile fiber product contained in a package if (1) such textile fiber products are intended for sale to the ultimate consumer in such package, (2) such package has affixed to it a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification bearing, with respect to the textile fiber products contained therein, the information required by subsection (b) of this section, and (3) the information on the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification affixed to such package is equally applicable with respect to each textile fiber product contained therein.'' Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 98-417, Sec. 303, added subsecs. (i) and (j). 1965 - Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 89-35, Sec. 1, inserted '', but nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the disclosure of any fiber present in a textile fiber product which has a clearly established and definite functional significance where present in the amount contained in such product''. Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 89-35, Sec. 2, inserted '', but nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the disclosure of any fiber present in a textile fiber product which has a clearly established and definite functional significance where present in the amount stated''. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98-417 effective 90 days after Sept. 24, 1984, see section 307 of Pub. L. 98-417, set out as a note under section 68b of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 70a, 70c, 70g, 70j of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70c 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70c. Removal of stamp, tag, label, or other identification -STATUTE- (a) Removal or mutilation after shipment in commerce After shipment of a textile fiber product in commerce it shall be unlawful, except as provided in this subchapter, to remove or mutilate, or cause or participate in the removal or mutilation of, prior to the time any textile fiber product is sold and delivered to the ultimate consumer, any stamp, tag, label, or other identification required by this subchapter to be affixed to such textile fiber product, and any person violating this section shall be guilty of an unfair method of competition, and an unfair or deceptive act or practice, under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (b) Substitution of stamp, tag, etc. Any person - (1) introducing, selling, advertising, or offering for sale, in commerce, or importing into the United States, a textile fiber product subject to the provisions of this subchapter, or (2) selling, advertising, or offering for sale a textile fiber product whether in its original state or contained in other textile fiber products, which has been shipped, advertised, or offered for sale, in commerce, may substitute for the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification required to be affixed to such textile product pursuant to section 70b(b) of this title, a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification conforming to the requirements of section 70b(b) of this title, and such substituted stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification shall show the name or other identification issued and registered by the Commission of the person making the substitution. (c) Affixing of stamp, tag, etc. to individual unit of broken package If any person other than the ultimate consumer breaks a package which bears a stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification conforming to the requirements of section 70b of this title, and if such package contains one or more units of a textile fiber product to which a stamp, tag, label, or other identification conforming to the requirements of section 70b of this title is not affixed, such person shall affix a stamp, tag, label, or other identification bearing the information on the stamp, tag, label, or other means of identification attached to such broken package to each unit of textile fiber product taken from such broken package. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 5, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1720.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 70b, 70d, 70f, 70i of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70d 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70d. Records -STATUTE- (a) Maintenance and preservation by manufacturer Every manufacturer of textile fiber products subject to this subchapter shall maintain proper records showing the fiber content as required by this subchapter of all such products made by him, and shall preserve such records for at least three years. (b) Maintenance and preservation by person substituting stamp, tag, etc. Any person substituting a stamp, tag, label, or other identification pursuant to section 70c(b) of this title shall keep such records as will show the information set forth on the stamp, tag, label, or other identification that he removed and the name or names of the person or persons from whom such textile fiber product was received, and shall preserve such records for at least three years. (c) Neglect or refusal to maintain or preserve records The neglect or refusal to maintain or preserve the records required by this section is unlawful, and any person neglecting or refusing to maintain such records shall be guilty of an unfair method of competition, and an unfair or deceptive act or practice, in commerce, under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 6, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1721.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 70f, 70i of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70e 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70e. Enforcement -STATUTE- (a) Enforcement by Federal Trade Commission Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, this subchapter shall be enforced by the Federal Trade Commission under rules, regulations, and procedure provided for in the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). (b) Terms of Federal Trade Commission Act incorporated into this subchapter The Commission is authorized and directed to prevent any person from violating the provisions of this subchapter in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though all applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated into and made a part of this subchapter; and any such person violating the provisions of this subchapter shall be subject to the penalties and entitled to the privileges and immunities provided in said Federal Trade Commission Act, in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though the applicable terms and provisions of the said Federal Trade Commission Act were incorporated into and made a part of this subchapter. (c) Rules and regulations by Federal Trade Commission The Commission is authorized and directed to make such rules and regulations, including the establishment of generic names of manufactured fibers, under and in pursuance of the terms of this subchapter as may be necessary and proper for administration and enforcement. (d) Inspection, analyses, tests, etc. The Commission is authorized to cause inspections, analyses, tests, and examinations to be made of any product subject to this subchapter. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 7, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1721.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70f 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70f. Injunction proceedings -STATUTE- Whenever the Commission has reason to believe - (a) that any person is doing, or is about to do, an act which by section 70a, 70c, 70d, 70g, or 70h(b) of this title is declared to be unlawful; and (b) that it would be to the public interest to enjoin the doing of such act until complaint is issued by the Commission under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) and such complaint is dismissed by the Commission or set aside by the court on review or until an order to cease and desist made thereon by the Commission has become final within the meaning of the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Commission may bring suit in the district court of the United States or in the United States court of any Territory, for the district or Territory in which such person resides or transacts business, to enjoin the doing of such act and upon proper showing a temporary injunction or restraining order shall be granted without bond. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 8, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1721.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in text, is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70g 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70g. Exclusion of misbranded textile fiber products -STATUTE- All textile fiber products imported into the United States shall be stamped, tagged, labeled, or otherwise identified in accordance with the provisions of section 70b of this title, and all invoices of such products required pursuant to section 1484 of title 19, shall set forth, in addition to the matter therein specified, the information with respect to said products required under the provisions of section 70b(b) of this title, which information shall be in the invoices prior to their certification, if such certification is required pursuant to section 1484 of title 19. The falsification of, or failure to set forth the required information in such invoices, or the falsification or perjury of the consignee's declaration provided for in section 1485 of title 19, insofar as it relates to such information, is unlawful, and shall be an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act or practice, in commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.); and any person who falsifies, or perjures the consignee's declaration insofar as it relates to such information, may thenceforth be prohibited by the Commission from importing, or participating in the importation of, any textile fiber product into the United States except upon filing bond with the Secretary of the Treasury in a sum double the value of said products and any duty thereon, conditioned upon compliance with the provisions of this subchapter. A verified statement from the manufacturer or producer of such products showing their fiber content as required under the provisions of this subchapter may be required under regulation prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 9, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1722.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in text, is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 70f, 70i of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70h 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70h. Guaranty -STATUTE- (a) Avoidance of liability; requirements No person shall be guilty of an unlawful act under section 70a of this title if he establishes a guaranty received in good faith, signed by and containing the name and address of the person residing in the United States by whom the textile fiber product guaranteed was manufactured or from whom it was received, that said product is not misbranded or falsely invoiced under the provisions of this subchapter. Said guaranty shall be (1) a separate guaranty specifically designating the textile fiber product guaranteed, in which case it may be on the invoice or other paper relating to said product; or (2) a continuing guaranty given by seller to the buyer applicable to all textile fiber products sold to or to be sold to buyer by seller in a form as the Commission, by rules and regulations, may prescribe; or (3) a continuing guaranty filed with the Commission applicable to all textile fiber products handled by a guarantor in such form as the Commission by rules and regulations may prescribe. (b) Furnishing false guaranty The furnishing of a false guaranty, except where the person furnishing such false guaranty relies on a guaranty to the same effect received in good faith signed by and containing the name and address of the person residing in the United States by whom the product guaranteed was manufactured or from whom it was received, is unlawful, and shall be an unfair method of competition, and an unfair and deceptive act or practice, in commerce, within the meaning of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 10, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1722.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 41 et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title and Tables. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 70f, 70i of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70i 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70i. Criminal penalty -STATUTE- (a) Any person who willfully does an act which by section 70a, 70c, 70d, 70g, or 70h(b) of this title is declared to be unlawful shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not more than $5,000 or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both, in the discretion of the court: Provided, That nothing in this section shall limit any other provision of this subchapter. (b) Whenever the Commission has reason to believe that any person is guilty of a misdemeanor under this section, it may certify all pertinent facts to the Attorney General. If, on the basis of the facts certified, the Attorney General concurs in such belief, it shall be his duty to cause appropriate proceedings to be brought for the enforcement of the provisions of this section against such person. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 11, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1723.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70j 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70j. Exemptions -STATUTE- (a) None of the provisions of this subchapter shall be construed to apply to - (1) upholstery stuffing, except as provided in section 70b(h) of this title; (2) outer coverings of furniture, mattresses, and box springs; (3) linings or interlinings incorporated primarily for structural purposes and not for warmth; (4) filling or padding incorporated primarily for structural purposes and not for warmth; (5) stiffenings, trimmings, facings, or interfacings; (6) backings of, and paddings or cushions to be used under, floor coverings; (7) sewing and handicraft threads; (8) bandages, surgical dressings, and other textile fiber products, the labeling of which is subject to the requirements of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938, as amended (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.); (9) waste materials not intended for use in a textile fiber product; (10) textile fiber products incorporated in shoes or overshoes or similar outer footwear; (11) textile fiber products incorporated in headwear, handbags, luggage, brushes, lampshades, or toys, catamenial devices, adhesive tapes and adhesive sheets, cleaning cloths impregnated with chemicals, or diapers. The exemption provided for any article by paragraph (3) or (4) of this subsection shall not be applicable if any representation as to fiber content of such article is made in any advertisement, label, or other means of identification covered by section 70b of this title. (b) The Commission may exclude from the provisions of this subchapter other textile fiber products (1) which have an insignificant or inconsequential textile fiber content, or (2) with respect to which the disclosure of textile fiber content is not necessary for the protection of the ultimate consumer. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 12, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1723.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938, referred to in subsec. (a)(8), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 9 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of Title 21, Food and Drugs. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 301 of Title 21 and Tables. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 70k 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER V - TEXTILE FIBER PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION -HEAD- Sec. 70k. Application of other laws -STATUTE- The provisions of this subchapter shall be held to be in addition to, and not in substitution for or limitation of, the provisions of any other Act of the United States. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-897, Sec. 14, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1724.) -CITE- 15 USC SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION . -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 71 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION -HEAD- Sec. 71. ''Person'' defined -STATUTE- When used in this subchapter the term ''person'' includes partnerships, corporations, and associations. -SOURCE- (Sept. 8, 1916, ch. 463, title VIII, Sec. 800, 39 Stat. 798.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 72 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION -HEAD- Sec. 72. Importation or sale of articles at less than market value or wholesale price -STATUTE- It shall be unlawful for any person importing or assisting in importing any articles from any foreign country into the United States, commonly and systematically to import, sell or cause to be imported or sold such articles within the United States at a price substantially less than the actual market value or wholesale price of such articles, at the time of exportation to the United States, in the principal markets of the country of their production, or of other foreign countries to which they are commonly exported after adding to such market value or wholesale price, freight, duty, and other charges and expenses necessarily incident to the importation and sale thereof in the United States: Provided, That such act or acts be done with the intent of destroying or injuring an industry in the United States, or of preventing the establishment of an industry in the United States, or of restraining or monopolizing any part of trade and commerce in such articles in the United States. Any person who violates or combines or conspires with any other person to violate this section is guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $5,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court. Any person injured in his business or property by reason of any violation of, or combination or conspiracy to violate, this section, may sue therefor in the district court of the United States for the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages sustained, and the cost of the suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee. The foregoing provisions shall not be construed to deprive the proper State courts of jurisdiction in actions for damages thereunder. -SOURCE- (Sept. 8, 1916, ch. 463, title VIII, Sec. 801, 39 Stat. 798.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 73 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION -HEAD- Sec. 73. Agreements involving restrictions in favor of imported goods -STATUTE- If any article produced in a foreign country is imported into the United States under any agreement, understanding, or condition that the importer thereof or any other person in the United States shall not use, purchase, or deal in, or shall be restricted in his using, purchasing, or dealing in, the articles of any other person, there shall be levied, collected, and paid thereon, in addition to the duty otherwise imposed by law, a special duty equal to double the amount of such duty: Provided, That the above shall not be interpreted to prevent the establishing in this country on the part of a foreign producer of an exclusive agency for the sale in the United States of the products of said foreign producer or merchant, nor to prevent such exclusive agent from agreeing not to use, purchase, or deal in the article of any other person, but this proviso shall not be construed to exempt from the provisions of this section any article imported by such exclusive agent if such agent is required by the foreign producer or if it is agreed between such agent and such foreign producer that any agreement, understanding or condition set out in this section shall be imposed by such agent upon the sale or other disposition of such article to any person in the United States. -SOURCE- (Sept. 8, 1916, ch. 463, title VIII, Sec. 802, 39 Stat. 799.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 74 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 74 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION -HEAD- Sec. 74. Rules and regulations -STATUTE- The Secretary of the Treasury shall make such rules and regulations as are necessary for the carrying out of the provisions of section 73 of this title. -SOURCE- (Sept. 8, 1916, ch. 463, title VIII, Sec. 803, 39 Stat. 799.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 75 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION -HEAD- Sec. 75. Retaliation against country prohibiting importations -STATUTE- Whenever any country, dependency, or colony shall prohibit the importation of any article the product of the soil or industry of the United States and not injurious to health or morals, the President shall have power to prohibit, during the period such prohibition is in force, the importation into the United States of similar articles, or in case the United States does not import similar articles from that country, then other articles, the products of such country, dependency, or colony. And the Secretary of the Treasury, with the approval of the President, shall make such rules and regulations as are necessary for the execution of the provisions of this section. -SOURCE- (Sept. 8, 1916, ch. 463, title VIII, Sec. 804, 39 Stat. 799.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 76 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION -HEAD- Sec. 76. Retaliation against restriction of importations in time of war -STATUTE- Whenever, during the existence of a war in which the United States is not engaged, the President shall be satisfied that there is reasonable ground to believe that under the laws, regulations, or practices of any country, colony, or dependency contrary to the law and practice of nations, the importation into their own or any other country, dependency, or colony of any article the product of the soil or industry of the United States and not injurious to health or morals is prevented or restricted the President is authorized and empowered to prohibit or restrict during the period such prohibition or restriction is in force, the importation into the United States of similar or other articles, products of such country, dependency, or colony as in his opinion the public interest may require; and in such case he shall make proclamation stating the article or articles which are prohibited from importation into the United States; and any person or persons who shall import, or attempt or conspire to import, or be concerned in importing, such article or articles, into the United States contrary to the prohibition in such proclamation, shall be liable to a fine of not less than $2,000 nor more than $50,000, or to imprisonment not to exceed two years, or both, in the discretion of the court. The President may change, modify, revoke, or renew such proclamation in his discretion. -SOURCE- (Sept. 8, 1916, ch. 463, title VIII, Sec. 805, 39 Stat. 799.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2 - FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION; PROMOTION OF EXPORT TRADE AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION SUBCHAPTER VI - PREVENTION OF UNFAIR METHODS OF COMPETITION -HEAD- Sec. 77. Discrimination against neutral Americans in time of war -STATUTE- Whenever, during the existence of a war in which the United States is not engaged, the President shall be satisfied that there is reasonable ground to believe that any vessel, American or foreign, is, on account of the laws, regulations, or practices of a belligerent Government, making or giving any undue or unreasonable preference or advantage in any respect whatsoever to any particular person, company, firm, or corporation, or any particular description of traffic in the United States or its possessions or to any citizens of the United States residing in neutral countries abroad, or is subjecting any particular person, company, firm, or corporation or any particular description of traffic in the United States or its possessions, or any citizens of the United States residing in neutral countries abroad to any undue or unreasonable prejudice, disadvantage, injury, or discrimination in regard to accepting, receiving, transporting, or delivering, or refusing to accept, receive, transfer, or deliver any cargo, freight, or passengers, or in any other respect whatsoever, he is authorized and empowered to direct the detention of such vessels by withholding clearance or by formal notice forbidding departure, and to revoke, modify, or renew any such direction. Whenever, during the existence of a war in which the United States is not engaged, the President shall be satisfied that there is reasonable ground to believe that under the laws, regulations, or practices of any belligerent country or Government, American ships or American citizens are not accorded any of the facilities of commerce which the vessels or citizens of that belligerent country enjoy in the United States or its possessions, or are not accorded by such belligerent equal privileges or facilities of trade with vessels or citizens of any nationality other than that of such belligerent, the President is authorized and empowered to withhold clearance from one or more vessels of such belligerent country until such belligerent shall restore to such American vessels and American citizens reciprocal liberty of commerce and equal facilities of trade; or the President may direct that similar privileges and facilities, if any, enjoyed by vessels or citizens of such belligerent in the United States or its possessions be refused to vessels or citizens of such belligerent; and in such case he shall make proclamation of his direction, stating the facilities and privileges which shall be refused, and the belligerent to whose vessels or citizens they are to be refused, and thereafter the furnishing of such prohibited privileges and facilities to any vessel or citizen of the belligerent named in such proclamation shall be unlawful; and he may change, modify, revoke, or renew such proclamation; and any person or persons who shall furnish or attempt or conspire to furnish or be concerned in furnishing or in the concealment of furnishing facilities or privileges to ships or persons contrary to the prohibition in such proclamation shall be liable to a fine of not less than $2,000 nor more than $50,000 or to imprisonment not to exceed two years, or both, in the discretion of the court. In case any vessel which is detained by virtue of this subchapter shall depart or attempt to depart from the jurisdiction of the United States without clearance or other lawful authority, the owner or master or person or persons having charge or command of such vessel shall be severally liable to a fine of not less than $2,000 nor more than $10,000, or to imprisonment not to exceed two years, or both, and in addition such vessel shall be forfeited to the United States. The President of the United States is authorized and empowered to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States as shall be necessary to carry out the purposes of this subchapter. -SOURCE- (Sept. 8, 1916, ch. 463, title VIII, Sec. 806, 39 Stat. 799.) -TRANS- DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS For delegation to Secretary of the Treasury of authority vested in President by this section, see section 1(j), (k) of Ex. Ord. No. 10637, Sept. 16, 1955, 20 F.R. 7025, set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3, The President. -CITE- 15 USC CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES . -HEAD- CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES -MISC1- SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES Sec. 77a. Short title. 77b. Definitions; promotion of efficiency, competition, and capital formation. (a) Definitions. (b) Consideration of promotion of efficiency, competition, and capital formation. 77b-1. Swap agreements. (a) Non-security-based swap agreements. (b) Security-based swap agreements. 77c. Classes of securities under this subchapter. (a) Exempted securities. (b) Additional exemptions. (c) Securities issued by small investment company. 77d. Exempted transactions. 77e. Prohibitions relating to interstate commerce and the mails. (a) Sale or delivery after sale of unregistered securities. (b) Necessity of prospectus meeting requirements of section 77j of this title. (c) Necessity of filing registration statement. 77f. Registration of securities. (a) Method of registration. (b) Registration fee. (c) Time registration effective. (d) Information available to public. 77g. Information required in registration statement. 77h. Taking effect of registration statements and amendments thereto. (a) Effective date of registration statement. (b) Incomplete or inaccurate registration statement. (c) Effective date of amendment to registration statement. (d) Untrue statements or omissions in registration statement. (e) Examination for issuance of stop order. (f) Notice requirements. 77h-1. Cease-and-desist proceedings. (a) Authority of Commission. (b) Hearing. (c) Temporary order. (d) Review of temporary orders. (e) Authority to enter order requiring accounting and disgorgement. 77i. Court review of orders. 77j. Information required in prospectus. (a) Information in registration statement; documents not required. (b) Summarizations and omissions allowed by rules and regulations. (c) Additional information required by rules and regulations. (d) Classification of prospectuses. (e) Information in conspicuous part of prospectus. (f) Prospectus consisting of radio or television broadcast. 77k. Civil liabilities on account of false registration statement. (a) Persons possessing cause of action; persons liable. (b) Persons exempt from liability upon proof of issues. (c) Standard of reasonableness. (d) Effective date of registration statement with regard to underwriters. (e) Measure of damages; undertaking for payment of costs. (f) Joint and several liability; liability of outside director. (g) Offering price to public as maximum amount recoverable. 77l. Civil liabilities arising in connection with prospectuses and communications. (a) In general. (b) Loss causation. 77m. Limitation of actions. 77n. Contrary stipulations void. 77o. Liability of controlling persons. 77p. Additional remedies; limitation on remedies. (a) Remedies additional. (b) Class action limitations. (c) Removal of covered class actions. (d) Preservation of certain actions. (e) Preservation of State jurisdiction. (f) Definitions. 77q. Fraudulent interstate transactions. (a) Use of interstate commerce for purpose of fraud or deceit. (b) Use of interstate commerce for purpose of offering for sale. (c) Exemptions of section 77c not applicable to this section. (d) Authority with respect to security-based swap agreements. 77r. Exemption from State regulation of securities offerings. (a) Scope of exemption. (b) Covered securities. (c) Preservation of authority. (d) Definitions. 77r-1. Preemption of State law. (a) Authority to purchase, hold, and invest in securities; securities considered as obligations of United States. (b) Exception; validity of contracts under prior law. (c) Registration and qualification requirements; exemption; subsequent enactment by State. (d) Implementation. 77s. Special powers of Commission. 77t. Injunctions and prosecution of offenses. (a) Investigation of violations. (b) Action for injunction or criminal prosecution in district court. (c) Writ of mandamus. (d) Money penalties in civil actions. (e) Authority of court to prohibit persons from serving as officers and directors. (f) Prohibition of attorneys' fees paid from Commission disgorgement funds. 77u. Hearings by Commission. 77v. Jurisdiction of offenses and suits. (a) Federal and State courts; venue; service of process; review; removal; costs. (b) Contumacy or refusal to obey subpena; contempt. 77w. Unlawful representations. 77x. Penalties. 77y. Jurisdiction of other Government agencies over securities. 77z. Separability. 77z-1. Private securities litigation. (a) Private class actions. (b) Stay of discovery; preservation of evidence. (c) Sanctions for abusive litigation. (d) Defendant's right to written interrogatories. 77z-2. Application of safe harbor for forward-looking statements. (a) Applicability. (b) Exclusions. (c) Safe harbor. (d) Duty to update. (e) Dispositive motion. (f) Stay pending decision on motion. (g) Exemption authority. (h) Effect on other authority of Commission. (i) Definitions. 77z-3. General exemptive authority. 77aa. Schedule of information required in registration statement. SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES 77bb. ''Corporation of Foreign Security Holders''; creation; principal office; branch offices. 77cc. Directors of Corporation; appointment, term of office, and removal. 77dd. Powers and duties of Corporation, generally. 77ee. Directors of Corporation, powers and duties generally. 77ff. Accounts and annual balance sheet of Corporation; audits. 77gg. Annual report by Corporation; printing and distribution. 77hh. Assessments by Corporation on holders of foreign securities. 77ii. Subscriptions accepted by Corporation as loans; repayment. 77jj. Loans to Corporation from Reconstruction Finance Corporation authorized. 77kk. Representations by Corporation as acting for Department of State or United States forbidden; interference with foreign negotiations forbidden. 77ll. Effective date of subchapter. 77mm. Short title. SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES 77aaa. Short title. 77bbb. Necessity for regulation. (a) Practices adversely affecting public. (b) Declaration of policy. 77ccc. Definitions. 77ddd. Exempted securities and transactions. (a) Specific securities exempted. (b) Application of sections 77eee and 77fff. (c) Securities issued or proposed to be issued under indenture. (d) Exemptions in public interest. (e) Securities issued by small investment company. 77eee. Securities required to be registered under Securities Act. (a) Information required. (b) Refusal of registration statement. (c) Information required in prospectus. (d) Applicability of other statutory provisions. 77fff. Securities not registered under Securities Act. (a) Prohibitions affecting unregistered securities not issued under indenture. (b) Prohibitions affecting unregistered securities issued under indenture. (c) Necessity of issuance under indenture; application for qualification. 77ggg. Qualification of indentures covering securities not required to be registered. (a) Application; information required; availability of information to public. (b) Filing of application. (c) Applicability of other statutory provisions. 77hhh. Integration of procedure with Securities Act and other Acts. (a) Incorporation by reference. (b) Consolidation of applications, reports, etc. 77iii. Effective time of qualification. (a) Effective time of registration or application for qualification of indenture. (b) Stop orders after effective time of qualification. (c) Effect of subsequent rule or regulation on qualification. (d) Liability of trustee under qualified indenture. (e) Power of Commission to conduct investigation. 77jjj. Eligibility and disqualification of trustee. (a) Persons eligible for appointment as trustee. (b) Disqualification of trustee. (c) Applicability of section. 77kkk. Preferential collection of claims against obligor. (a) Trustee as creditor of obligor. (b) Exclusion of creditor relationship arising from specified classes. (c) Issue or sale of securities by registered holding company. 77lll. Bondholders' lists. (a) Periodic filing of information by obligor with trustee. (b) Access of information to security holders. (c) Disclosure of information deemed not violative of any law. 77mmm. Reports by indenture trustee. (a) Report to security holders; time; contents. (b) Additional reports to security holders. (c) Additional parties to whom reports to be transmitted. (d) Filing of report with stock exchanges. 77nnn. Reports by obligor; evidence of compliance with indenture provisions. (a) Periodic reports. (b) Evidence of recording of indenture. (c) Evidence of compliance with conditions precedent. (d) Certificates of fair value. (e) Recitals as to basis of certificate or opinion. (f) Parties may provide for additional evidence. 77ooo. Duties and responsibility of the trustee. (a) Duties prior to default. (b) Notice of defaults. (c) Duties of the trustee in case of default. (d) Responsibility of the trustee. (e) Undertaking for costs. 77ppp. Directions and waivers by bondholders; prohibition of impairment of holder's right to payment; record date. (a) Directions and waivers by bondholders. (b) Prohibition of impairment of holder's right to payment. (c) Record date. 77qqq. Special powers of trustee; duties of paying agents. 77rrr. Effect of prescribed indenture provisions. (a) Imposed duties to control. (b) Additional provisions. (c) Provisions governing qualified indentures. 77sss. Rules, regulations, and orders. (a) Authority of Commission; subject matter of rules, etc. (b) Rules and regulations effective upon publication. (c) Exemption from liability for any acts taken in good faith in conformity with rules, etc. 77ttt. Hearings by Commission. 77uuu. Special powers of the Commission. (a) Investigatory powers. (b) Availability of reports from other offices; restrictions. (c) Investigation of prospective trustees. (d) Appointment and compensation of employees; lease and allocation of real property. 77vvv. Judicial review. (a) Review of orders. (b) Jurisdiction of offenses and suits. 77www. Liability for misleading statements. 77xxx. Unlawful representations. 77yyy. Penalties. 77zzz. Effect on existing law. 77aaaa. Contrary stipulations void. 77bbbb. Separability. -SECREF- CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This chapter is referred to in section 80a-29 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES . -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in sections 77ccc, 77ddd, 77eee, 77fff, 77ggg, 77hhh, 77vvv, 77www, 77zzz, 78c, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o, 78o-3, 78s, 78u-2, 78bb, 78lll, 79p, 79t, 79u, 80a-2, 80a-8, 80a-9, 80a-14, 80a-24, 80a-34, 80a-37, 80a-49, 80a-54, 80a-56, 80b-2, 80b-3, 631b of this title; title 7 sections 1a, 6m, 12a; title 11 section 101; title 12 sections 635i-6, 1441a, 1441b, 1812, 3012; title 23 section 181; title 25 section 646; title 42 sections 2297h-2, 2297h-7; title 43 section 1625; title 45 section 1342; title 49 section 41762. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77a 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77a. Short title -STATUTE- This subchapter may be cited as the ''Securities Act of 1933''. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 1, 48 Stat. 74.) -MISC1- SHORT TITLE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 96-477, title VI, Sec. 601, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2294, provided that: ''This title (amending sections 77b and 77d of this title) may be cited as the 'Small Business Issuers' Simplification Act of 1980'.'' -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77b 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77b. Definitions; promotion of efficiency, competition, and capital formation -STATUTE- (a) Definitions When used in this subchapter, unless the context otherwise requires - (1) The term ''security'' means any note, stock, treasury stock, security future, bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate, certificate of deposit for a security, fractional undivided interest in oil, gas, or other mineral rights, any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities (including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency, or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a ''security'', or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, receipt for, guarantee of, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing. (2) The term ''person'' means an individual, a corporation, a partnership, an association, a joint-stock company, a trust, any unincorporated organization, or a government or political subdivision thereof. As used in this paragraph the term ''trust'' shall include only a trust where the interest or interests of the beneficiary or beneficiaries are evidenced by a security. (3) The term ''sale'' or ''sell'' shall include every contract of sale or disposition of a security or interest in a security, for value. The term ''offer to sell'', ''offer for sale'', or ''offer'' shall include every attempt or offer to dispose of, or solicitation of an offer to buy, a security or interest in a security, for value. The terms defined in this paragraph and the term ''offer to buy'' as used in subsection (c) of section 77e of this title shall not include preliminary negotiations or agreements between an issuer (or any person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by an issuer, or under direct or indirect common control with an issuer) and any underwriter or among underwriters who are or are to be in privity of contract with an issuer (or any person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by an issuer, or under direct or indirect common control with an issuer). Any security given or delivered with, or as a bonus on account of, any purchase of securities or any other thing, shall be conclusively presumed to constitute a part of the subject of such purchase and to have been offered and sold for value. The issue or transfer of a right or privilege, when originally issued or transferred with a security, giving the holder of such security the right to convert such security into another security of the same issuer or of another person, or giving a right to subscribe to another security of the same issuer or of another person, which right cannot be exercised until some future date, shall not be deemed to be an offer or sale of such other security; but the issue or transfer of such other security upon the exercise of such right of conversion or subscription shall be deemed a sale of such other security. Any offer or sale of a security futures product by or on behalf of the issuer of the securities underlying the security futures product, an affiliate of the issuer, or an underwriter, shall constitute a contract for sale of, sale of, offer for sale, or offer to sell the underlying securities. (4) The term ''issuer'' means every person who issues or proposes to issue any security; except that with respect to certificates of deposit, voting-trust certificates, or collateral-trust certificates, or with respect to certificates of interest or shares in an unincorporated investment trust not having a board of directors (or persons performing similar functions) or of the fixed, restricted management, or unit type, the term ''issuer'' means the person or persons performing the acts and assuming the duties of depositor or manager pursuant to the provisions of the trust or other agreement or instrument under which such securities are issued; except that in the case of an unincorporated association which provides by its articles for limited liability of any or all of its members, or in the case of a trust, committee, or other legal entity, the trustees or members thereof shall not be individually liable as issuers of any security issued by the association, trust, committee, or other legal entity; except that with respect to equipment-trust certificates or like securities, the term ''issuer'' means the person by whom the equipment or property is or is to be used; and except that with respect to fractional undivided interests in oil, gas, or other mineral rights, the term ''issuer'' means the owner of any such right or of any interest in such right (whether whole or fractional) who creates fractional interests therein for the purpose of public offering. (5) The term ''Commission'' means the Securities and Exchange Commission. (6) The term ''Territory'' means Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the insular possessions of the United States. (7) The term ''interstate commerce'' means trade or commerce in securities or any transportation or communication relating thereto among the several States or between the District of Columbia or any Territory of the United States and any State or other Territory, or between any foreign country and any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, or within the District of Columbia. (8) The term ''registration statement'' means the statement provided for in section 77f of this title, and includes any amendment thereto and any report, document, or memorandum filed as part of such statement or incorporated therein by reference. (9) The term ''write'' or ''written'' shall include printed, lithographed, or any means of graphic communication. (10) The term ''prospectus'' means any prospectus, notice, circular, advertisement, letter, or communication, written or by radio or television, which offers any security for sale or confirms the sale of any security; except that (a) a communication sent or given after the effective date of the registration statement (other than a prospectus permitted under subsection (b) of section 77j of this title) shall not be deemed a prospectus if it is proved that prior to or at the same time with such communication a written prospectus meeting the requirements of subsection (a) of section 77j of this title at the time of (FOOTNOTE 1) such communication was sent or given to the person to whom the communication was made, and (b) a notice, circular, advertisement, letter, or communication in respect of a security shall not be deemed to be a prospectus if it states from whom a written prospectus meeting the requirements of section 77j of this title may be obtained and, in addition, does no more than identify the security, state the price thereof, state by whom orders will be executed, and contain such other information as the Commission, by rules or regulations deemed necessary or appropriate in the public interest and for the protection of investors, and subject to such terms and conditions as may be prescribed therein, may permit. (FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. (11) The term ''underwriter'' means any person who has purchased from an issuer with a view to, or offers or sells for an issuer in connection with, the distribution of any security, or participates or has a direct or indirect participation in any such undertaking, or participates or has a participation in the direct or indirect underwriting of any such undertaking; but such term shall not include a person whose interest is limited to a commission from an underwriter or dealer not in excess of the usual and customary distributors' or sellers' commission. As used in this paragraph the term ''issuer'' shall include, in addition to an issuer, any person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by the issuer, or any person under direct or indirect common control with the issuer. (12) The term ''dealer'' means any person who engages either for all or part of his time, directly or indirectly, as agent, broker, or principal, in the business of offering, buying, selling, or otherwise dealing or trading in securities issued by another person. (13) The term ''insurance company'' means a company which is organized as an insurance company, whose primary and predominant business activity is the writing of insurance or the reinsuring of risks underwritten by insurance companies, and which is subject to supervision by the insurance commissioner, or a similar official or agency, of a State or territory or the District of Columbia; or any receiver or similar official or any liquidating agent for such company, in his capacity as such. (14) The term ''separate account'' means an account established and maintained by an insurance company pursuant to the laws of any State or territory of the United States, the District of Columbia, or of Canada or any province thereof, under which income, gains and losses, whether or not realized, from assets allocated to such account, are, in accordance with the applicable contract, credited to or charged against such account without regard to other income, gains, or losses of the insurance company. (15) The term ''accredited investor'' shall mean - (i) a bank as defined in section 77c(a)(2) of this title whether acting in its individual or fiduciary capacity; an insurance company as defined in paragraph (13) of this subsection; an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq.) or a business development company as defined in section 2(a)(48) of that Act (15 U.S.C. 80a-2(a)(48)); a Small Business Investment Company licensed by the Small Business Administration; or an employee benefit plan, including an individual retirement account, which is subject to the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.), if the investment decision is made by a plan fiduciary, as defined in section 3(21) of such Act (29 U.S.C. 1002(21)), which is either a bank, insurance company, or registered investment adviser; or (ii) any person who, on the basis of such factors as financial sophistication, net worth, knowledge, and experience in financial matters, or amount of assets under management qualifies as an accredited investor under rules and regulations which the Commission shall prescribe. (16) The terms ''security future'', ''narrow-based security index'', and ''security futures product'' have the same meanings as provided in section 78c(a)(55) of this title. (b) Consideration of promotion of efficiency, competition, and capital formation Whenever pursuant to this subchapter the Commission is engaged in rulemaking and is required to consider or determine whether an action is necessary or appropriate in the public interest, the Commission shall also consider, in addition to the protection of investors, whether the action will promote efficiency, competition, and capital formation. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 2, 48 Stat. 74; June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title II, Sec. 201, 48 Stat. 905; Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title I, Sec. 1-4, 68 Stat. 683, 684; Pub. L. 86-70, Sec. 12(a), June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 143; Pub. L. 86-624, Sec. 7(a), July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 412; Pub. L. 91-547, Sec. 27(a), Dec. 14, 1970, 84 Stat. 1433; Pub. L. 96-477, title VI, Sec. 603, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2294; Pub. L. 97-303, Sec. 1, Oct. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1409; Pub. L. 100-181, title II, Sec. 201, 202, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1252; Pub. L. 104-290, title I, Sec. 106(a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3424; Pub. L. 105-353, title III, Sec. 301(a)(1), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3235; Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(5) (title II, Sec. 208(a)(1)), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-434.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Investment Company Act of 1940, referred to in subsec. (a)(15)(i), is title I of act Aug. 22, 1940, ch. 686, 54 Stat. 789, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 80a-1 et seq.) of chapter 2D of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 80a-51 of this title and Tables. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (a)(15)(i), is Pub. L. 93-406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 18 (Sec. 1001 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 29 and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION Words ''Philippine Islands'' deleted from definition of term ''Territory'' under authority of Proc. No. 2695, eff. July 4, 1946, 11 F.R. 7517, 60 Stat. 1352, which granted independence to the Philippine Islands. Proc. No. 2695 was issued pursuant to section 1394 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and is set out as a note under that section. -MISC3- AMENDMENTS 2000 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(5) (title II, Sec. 208(a)(1)(A)), inserted ''security future,'' after ''treasury stock,''. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(5) (title II, Sec. 208(a)(1)(B)), inserted at end ''Any offer or sale of a security futures product by or on behalf of the issuer of the securities underlying the security futures product, an affiliate of the issuer, or an underwriter, shall constitute a contract for sale of, sale of, offer for sale, or offer to sell the underlying securities.'' Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(5) (title II, Sec. 208(a)(1)(C)), added par. (16). 1998 - Subsec. (a)(15)(i). Pub. L. 105-353 made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 77c(a)(2) of this title and inserted ''of this subsection'' after ''paragraph (13)''. 1996 - Pub. L. 104-290 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b). 1987 - Par. (5). Pub. L. 100-181, Sec. 201, substituted ''Securities and Exchange Commission'' for ''Federal Trade Commission''. Par. (6). Pub. L. 100-181, Sec. 202, struck out reference to Canal Zone. 1982 - Par. (1). Pub. L. 97-303 inserted ''any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities (including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency,'' after ''mineral rights,''. 1980 - Par. (15). Pub. L. 96-477 added par. (15). 1970 - Pars. (13), (14). Pub. L. 91-547 added pars. (13) and (14). 1960 - Par. (6). Pub. L. 86-624 struck out reference to Hawaii. 1959 - Par. (6). Pub. L. 86-70 struck out reference to Alaska. 1954 - Act Aug. 10, 1954, in pars. (3), (8), (10), and (11), redefined term ''sale'' so as to distinguish between ''offers'' and ''sales'', clarified definition of ''registration statement'', and conformed definition of ''prospectus'' to changes made by act Aug. 10, 1954, to sections 77e and 77j of this title. 1934 - Act June 6, 1934, amended pars. (1), (4), and (10). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91-547 effective Dec. 14, 1970, see section 30 of Pub. L. 91-547, set out as a note under section 80a-52 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Section 501 of act Aug. 10, 1954, provided that: ''This Act (amending this section and sections 77c to 77e, 77j, 77l, 77q, 77v, 77ccc to 77fff, 77xxx, 78k, 78l, 80a-2 and 80a-24 of this title) shall take effect sixty days after the date of its enactment (Aug. 10, 1954).'' -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77b-1, 77r, 77ccc, 77ddd, 78c, 80a-6, 7004 of this title; title 7 sections 1a, 2; title 11 section 1145; title 12 section 1451; title 29 section 1002; title 42 section 12704. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77b-1 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77b-1. Swap agreements -STATUTE- (a) Non-security-based swap agreements The definition of ''security'' in section 77b(a)(1) of this title does not include any non-security-based swap agreement (as defined in section 206C of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act). (b) Security-based swap agreements (1) The definition of ''security'' in section 77b(a)(1) of this title does not include any security-based swap agreement (as defined in section 206B of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act). (2) The Commission is prohibited from registering, or requiring, recommending, or suggesting, the registration under this subchapter of any security-based swap agreement (as defined in section 206B of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act). If the Commission becomes aware that a registrant has filed a registration statement with respect to such a swap agreement, the Commission shall promptly so notify the registrant. Any such registration statement with respect to such a swap agreement shall be void and of no force or effect. (3) The Commission is prohibited from - (A) promulgating, interpreting, or enforcing rules; or (B) issuing orders of general applicability; under this subchapter in a manner that imposes or specifies reporting or recordkeeping requirements, procedures, or standards as prophylactic measures against fraud, manipulation, or insider trading with respect to any security-based swap agreement (as defined in section 206B of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act). (4) References in this subchapter to the ''purchase'' or ''sale'' of a security-based swap agreement shall be deemed to mean the execution, termination (prior to its scheduled maturity date), assignment, exchange, or similar transfer or conveyance of, or extinguishing of rights or obligations under, a security-based swap agreement (as defined in section 206B of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act), as the context may require. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 2A, as added Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(5) (title III, Sec. 302(a)), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-451.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Sections 206B and 206C of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, referred to in text, are sections 206B and 206C of Pub. L. 106-102 which are set out in a note under section 78c of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 77q of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77c 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77c. Classes of securities under this subchapter -STATUTE- (a) Exempted securities Except as hereinafter expressly provided, the provisions of this subchapter shall not apply to any of the following classes of securities: (1) Reserved. (2) Any security issued or guaranteed by the United States or any territory thereof, or by the District of Columbia, or by any State of the United States, or by any political subdivision of a State or territory, or by any public instrumentality of one or more States or territories, or by any person controlled or supervised by and acting as an instrumentality of the Government of the United States pursuant to authority granted by the Congress of the United States; or any certificate of deposit for any of the foregoing; or any security issued or guaranteed by any bank; or any security issued by or representing an interest in or a direct obligation of a Federal Reserve bank; or any interest or participation in any common trust fund or similar fund that is excluded from the definition of the term ''investment company'' under section 3(c)(3) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(c)(3)); or any security which is an industrial development bond (as defined in section 103(c)(2) (FOOTNOTE 1) of title 26) the interest on which is excludable from gross income under section 103(a)(1) (FOOTNOTE 1) of title 26 if, by reason of the application of paragraph (4) or (6) of section 103(c) (FOOTNOTE 1) of title 26 (determined as if paragraphs (4)(A), (5), and (7) were not included in such section 103(c)), (FOOTNOTE 1) paragraph (1) of such section 103(c) (FOOTNOTE 1) does not apply to such security; or any interest or participation in a single trust fund, or in a collective trust fund maintained by a bank, or any security arising out of a contract issued by an insurance company, which interest, participation, or security is issued in connection with (A) a stock bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan which meets the requirements for qualification under section 401 of title 26, (B) an annuity plan which meets the requirements for the deduction of the employer's contributions under section 404(a)(2) of title 26, or (C) a governmental plan as defined in section 414(d) of title 26 which has been established by an employer for the exclusive benefit of its employees or their beneficiaries for the purpose of distributing to such employees or their beneficiaries the corpus and income of the funds accumulated under such plan, if under such plan it is impossible, prior to the satisfaction of all liabilities with respect to such employees and their beneficiaries, for any part of the corpus or income to be used for, or diverted to, purposes other than the exclusive benefit of such employees or their beneficiaries, other than any plan described in clause (A), (B), or (C) of this paragraph (i) the contributions under which are held in a single trust fund or in a separate account maintained by an insurance company for a single employer and under which an amount in excess of the employer's contribution is allocated to the purchase of securities (other than interests or participations in the trust or separate account itself) issued by the employer or any company directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the employer, (ii) which covers employees some or all of whom are employees within the meaning of section 401(c)(1) of title 26, or (iii) which is a plan funded by an annuity contract described in section 403(b) of title 26. The Commission, by rules and regulations or order, shall exempt from the provisions of section 77e of this title any interest or participation issued in connection with a stock bonus, pension, profit-sharing, or annuity plan which covers employees some or all of whom are employees within the meaning of section 401(c)(1) of title 26, if and to the extent that the Commission determines this to be necessary or appropriate in the public interest and consistent with the protection of investors and the purposes fairly intended by the policy and provisions of this subchapter. For purposes of this paragraph, a security issued or guaranteed by a bank shall not include any interest or participation in any collective trust fund maintained by a bank; and the term ''bank'' means any national bank, or banking institution organized under the laws of any State, territory, or the District of Columbia, the business of which is substantially confined to banking and is supervised by the State or territorial banking commission or similar official; except that in the case of a common trust fund or similar fund, or a collective trust fund, the term ''bank'' has the same meaning as in the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq.); (FOOTNOTE 1) See References in Text note below. (3) Any note, draft, bill of exchange, or banker's acceptance which arises out of a current transaction or the proceeds of which have been or are to be used for current transactions, and which has a maturity at the time of issuance of not exceeding nine months, exclusive of days of grace, or any renewal thereof the maturity of which is likewise limited; (4) Any security issued by a person organized and operated exclusively for religious, educational, benevolent, fraternal, charitable, or reformatory purposes and not for pecuniary profit, and no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any person, private stockholder, or individual; or any security of a fund that is excluded from the definition of an investment company under section 3(c)(10)(B) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(c)(10)(B)); (5) Any security issued (A) by a savings and loan association, building and loan association, cooperative bank, homestead association, or similar institution, which is supervised and examined by State or Federal authority having supervision over any such institution; or (B) by (i) a farmer's cooperative organization exempt from tax under section 521 of title 26, (ii) a corporation described in section 501(c)(16) of title 26 and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of title 26, or (iii) a corporation described in section 501(c)(2) of title 26 which is exempt from tax under section 501(a) of title 26 and is organized for the exclusive purpose of holding title to property, collecting income therefrom, and turning over the entire amount thereof, less expenses, to an organization or corporation described in clause (i) or (ii); (6) Any interest in a railroad equipment trust. For purposes of this paragraph ''interest in a railroad equipment trust'' means any interest in an equipment trust, lease, conditional sales contract, or other similar arrangement entered into, issued, assumed, guaranteed by, or for the benefit of, a common carrier to finance the acquisition of rolling stock, including motive power; (7) Certificates issued by a receiver or by a trustee or debtor in possession in a case under title 11, with the approval of the court; (8) Any insurance or endowment policy or annuity contract or optional annuity contract, issued by a corporation subject to the supervision of the insurance commissioner, bank commissioner, or any agency or officer performing like functions, of any State or Territory of the United States or the District of Columbia; (9) Except with respect to a security exchanged in a case under title 11, any security exchanged by the issuer with its existing security holders exclusively where no commission or other remuneration is paid or given directly or indirectly for soliciting such exchange; (10) Except with respect to a security exchanged in a case under title 11, any security which is issued in exchange for one or more bona fide outstanding securities, claims or property interests, or partly in such exchange and partly for cash, where the terms and conditions of such issuance and exchange are approved, after a hearing upon the fairness of such terms and conditions at which all persons to whom it is proposed to issue securities in such exchange shall have the right to appear, by any court, or by any official or agency of the United States, or by any State or Territorial banking or insurance commission or other governmental authority expressly authorized by law to grant such approval; (11) Any security which is a part of an issue offered and sold only to persons resident within a single State or Territory, where the issuer of such security is a person resident and doing business within or, if a corporation, incorporated by and doing business within, such State or Territory. (12) Any equity security issued in connection with the acquisition by a holding company of a bank under section 1842(a) of title 12 or a savings association under section 1467a(e) of title 12, if - (A) the acquisition occurs solely as part of a reorganization in which security holders exchange their shares of a bank or savings association for shares of a newly formed holding company with no significant assets other than securities of the bank or savings association and the existing subsidiaries of the bank or savings association; (B) the security holders receive, after that reorganization, substantially the same proportional share interests in the holding company as they held in the bank or savings association, except for nominal changes in shareholders' interests resulting from lawful elimination of fractional interests and the exercise of dissenting shareholders' rights under State or Federal law; (C) the rights and interests of security holders in the holding company are substantially the same as those in the bank or savings association prior to the transaction, other than as may be required by law; and (D) the holding company has substantially the same assets and liabilities, on a consolidated basis, as the bank or savings association had prior to the transaction. For purposes of this paragraph, the term ''savings association'' means a savings association (as defined in section 1813(b) of title 12) the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. (13) Any security issued by or any interest or participation in any church plan, company or account that is excluded from the definition of an investment company under section 3(c)(14) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(c)(14)). (14) Any security futures product that is - (A) cleared by a clearing agency registered under section 78q-1 of this title or exempt from registration under subsection (b)(7) of such section 78q-1; and (B) traded on a national securities exchange or a national securities association registered pursuant to section 78o-3(a) of this title. (b) Additional exemptions The Commission may from time to time by its rules and regulations, and subject to such terms and conditions as may be prescribed therein, add any class of securities to the securities exempted as provided in this section, if it finds that the enforcement of this subchapter with respect to such securities is not necessary in the public interest and for the protection of investors by reason of the small amount involved or the limited character of the public offering; but no issue of securities shall be exempted under this subsection where the aggregate amount at which such issue is offered to the public exceeds $5,000,000. (c) Securities issued by small investment company The Commission may from time to time by its rules and regulations and subject to such terms and conditions as may be prescribed therein, add to the securities exempted as provided in this section any class of securities issued by a small business investment company under the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 (15 U.S.C. 661 et seq.) if it finds, having regard to the purposes of that Act, that the enforcement of this subchapter with respect to such securities is not necessary in the public interest and for the protection of investors. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 3, 48 Stat. 75; June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title II, Sec. 202, 48 Stat. 906; Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, title II, Sec. 214, as added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 557; amended June 29, 1938, ch. 811, Sec. 15, 52 Stat. 1240; May 15, 1945, ch. 122, 59 Stat. 167; Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title I, Sec. 5, 68 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 85-699, title III, Sec. 307(a), Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 694; Pub. L. 91-373, title IV, Sec. 401(a), Aug. 10, 1970, 84 Stat. 718; Pub. L. 91-547, Sec. 27(b), (c), Dec. 14, 1970, 84 Stat. 1434; Pub. L. 91-565, Dec. 19, 1970, 84 Stat. 1480; Pub. L. 91-567, Sec. 6(a), Dec. 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 1498; Pub. L. 94-210, title III, Sec. 308(a)(1), (3), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 56, 57; Pub. L. 95-283, Sec. 18, May 21, 1978, 92 Stat. 275; Pub. L. 95-425, Sec. 2, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 962; Pub. L. 95-598, title III, Sec. 306, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2674; Pub. L. 96-477, title III, Sec. 301, title VII, Sec. 701, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2291, 2294; Pub. L. 97-261, Sec. 19(d), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1121; Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 100-181, title II, Sec. 203, 204, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1252; Pub. L. 103-325, title III, Sec. 320, Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2225; Pub. L. 104-62, Sec. 3, Dec. 8, 1995, 109 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 104-290, title V, Sec. 508(b), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3447; Pub. L. 106-102, title II, Sec. 221(a), Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1401; Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(5) (title II, Sec. 208(a)(2)), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-435.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 103 of title 26, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), which related to interest on certain governmental obligations was amended generally by Pub. L. 99-514, title XIII, Sec. 1301(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2602, and as so amended relates to interest on State and local bonds. Section 103(b)(2) (formerly section 103(c)(2)), which prior to the general amendment defined industrial development bond, relates to the applicability of the interest exclusion to arbitrage bonds. The Investment Company Act of 1940, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is title I of act Aug. 22, 1940, ch. 686, 54 Stat. 789, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 80a-1 et seq.) of chapter 2D of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 80a-51 of this title and Tables. The Small Business Investment Act of 1958, referred to in subsec. (c), is Pub. L. 85-699, Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 689, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 14B (Sec. 661 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 661 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 2000 - Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 106-554 added par. (14). 1999 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106-102 substituted ''or any interest or participation in any common trust fund or similar fund that is excluded from the definition of the term 'investment company' under section 3(c)(3) of the Investment Company Act of 1940'' for ''or any interest or participation in any common trust fund or similar fund maintained by a bank exclusively for the collective investment and reinvestment of assets contributed thereto by such bank in its capacity as trustee, executor, administrator, or guardian''. 1996 - Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 104-290 added par. (13). 1995 - Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 104-62 inserted at end ''or any security of a fund that is excluded from the definition of an investment company under section 3(c)(10)(B) of the Investment Company Act of 1940;''. 1994 - Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 103-325 added par. (12). 1987 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100-181, Sec. 203, substituted ''Reserved.'' for ''Any security which, prior to or within sixty days after May 27, 1933, has been sold or disposed of by the issuer or bona fide offered to the public, but this exemption shall not apply to any new offering of any such security by an issuer or underwriter subsequent to such sixty days;''. Subsec. (a)(5)(A). Pub. L. 100-181, Sec. 204, struck out '', except that the foregoing exemption shall not apply with respect to any such security where the issuer takes from the total amount paid or deposited by the purchaser, by way of any fee, cash value or other device whatsoever, either upon termination of the investment at maturity or before maturity, an aggregate amount in excess of 3 per centum of the face value of such security'' after ''any such institution''. 1986 - Subsec. (a)(2), (5). Pub. L. 99-514 substituted ''Internal Revenue Code of 1986'' for ''Internal Revenue Code of 1954'' wherever appearing, which for purposes of codification was translated as ''title 26'' thus requiring no change in text. 1982 - Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 97-261 struck out provisions relating to any security issued by a motor carrier subject to provisions of section 314 (11302) of title 49. 1980 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 96-477, Sec. 701, provided that single trust funds did not have to be maintained by banks in order to qualify for exemption from the provisions of this subchapter, substituted provisions relating to securities arising out of contracts issued by insurance companies for provisions relating to separate accounts maintained by insurance companies, provided that an interest, participation, or security could be issued in connection with certain governmental plans as defined in section 414(d) of title 26 and qualify for exemption from the provisions of this subchapter, and excluded from exemption plans described in cls. (A), (B), or (C) of par. (2) which were funded by annuity contracts described in section 403(b) of title 26. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96-477, Sec. 301, substituted ''$5,000,000'' for ''$2,000,000''. 1978 - Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 95-598, Sec. 306(a), substituted ''or debtor in possession in a case under title 11'' for ''in bankruptcy''. Subsec. (a)(9), (10). Pub. L. 95-598, Sec. 306(b), substituted ''Except with respect to a security exchanged in a case under title 11, any'' for ''Any''. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95-425 substituted ''$2,000,000'' for ''$1,500,000''. Pub. L. 95-283 substituted ''$1,500,000'' for ''$500,000''. 1976 - Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 94-210 substituted provisions relating to any security issued by a motor carrier subject to the provisions of section 314 of title 49 or any interest in a railroad equipment trust, and provisions defining ''interest in a railroad equipment trust'', for provisions relating to any security issued by a common or contract carrier, subject to the provisions of section 20a of title 49. 1970 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 91-567 exempted any interest or participation in any common trust fund or similar fund maintained by a bank exclusively for the collective investment and reinvestment of assets contributed thereto by such bank in its capacity as trustee, executor, administrator, or guardian, any security which is an industrial development bond the interest on which is excludable from gross income under section 103(a)(1) of title 26, any interest or participation in a single or collective trust fund maintained by a bank or in a separate account maintained by an insurance company which interest or participation is issued in connection with a stock bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan which meets the requirements for qualification under section 401 of title 26, or an annuity plan which meets the requirements for the deduction of the employer's contribution under section 404(a)(2) of title 26, directed the Commission to exempt from the provisions of section 77e of this title any interest or participation issued in connection with a stock bonus, pension, profit-sharing, or annuity plan which covers employees some or all of whom are employees within the meaning of section 401(c)(1) of title 26 if and to the extent that the Commission determines this to be necessary or appropriate in the public interest and consistent with the protection of investors, and provided that for the purposes of this paragraph a security issued or guaranteed by a bank shall not include any interest or participation in any collective trust fund maintained by a bank, and that in the case of a common trust fund or similar fund, or a collective trust fund, the term ''bank'' has the same meaning as in the Investment Company Act of 1940. Pub. L. 91-547, Sec. 27(b), struck out reference to industrial development bonds the interest on which is excludable from gross income under section 103(a)(1) of title 26; and exempted from registration provisions interests or participations in common trust funds maintained by a bank for collective investment of assets held by it in a fiduciary capacity interests or participations in bank collective trust funds maintained for funding of employees' stock bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plans; interests or participations in separate accounts maintained by insurance companies for funding certain stock-bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plans which meet the requirements for qualification under section 401 of title 26; and interests or participations issued by bank collective trust funds or insurance company separate accounts for funding certain stock-bonus, pension, profit-sharing, or annuity plans when the Commission by rule, regulation, or order determines this to be necessary in the public interest; provided that a security issued or guaranteed by a bank shall not include any interest or participation in any collective trust fund maintained by a bank; substituted where first appearing ''security issued or guaranteed by any bank'' for ''security issued or guaranteed by any national bank, or by any banking institution organized under the laws of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, the business of which is substantially confined to banking and is supervised by the State or Territorial banking commission or similar official'', the latter provision now incorporated in a separate definition of term ''bank''; and made the Investment Company Act definition of bank applicable as in the case of a common trust fund or similar fund, or a collective trust fund. Pub. L. 91-373 inserted reference to industrial development bonds the interest on which is excludable from gross income under section 103(a)(1) of title 26. Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 91-547, Sec. 27(c), designated existing provisions as cl. (A), included cooperative bank issues, required the issuer to be an institution which is supervised and examined by State or Federal authority having supervision over such institution, struck out ''substantially all the business of which is confined to the making of loans to members'' after ''similar institution'' and substituted provisions designated as cl. (B) for prior provision relating to a security issued by a farmers' cooperative association as defined in paragraphs (12), (13), and (14) of section 103 of the Revenue Act of 1932. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91-565 substituted ''$500,000'' for ''$300,000''. 1958 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 85-699 added subsec. (c). 1954 - Subsec. (a)(11). Act Aug. 10, 1954, inserted ''offered and'' before ''sold''. 1945 - Subsec. (b). Act May 15, 1945, substituted ''$300,000'' for ''$100,000''. 1938 - Subsec. (a)(6). Act June 29, 1938, reenacted par. (6) without change. 1935 - Subsec. (a)(6). Act Feb. 4, 1887, as added by act Aug. 9, 1935, included a security issued by a contract carrier. 1934 - Subsec. (a). Act June 6, 1934, amended pars. (2), (4), and (8) and added pars. (9) to (11). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1999 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 106-102, title II, Sec. 225, Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1402, provided that: ''This subtitle (subtitle B (Sec. 211-225) of title II of Pub. L. 106-102, enacting section 80b-10a of this title and amending this section and sections 78c, 80a-2, 80a-3, 80a-9, 80a-10, 80a-17, 80a-26, 80a-34, and 80b-2 of this title) shall take effect 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act (Nov. 12, 1999).'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Section 7 of Pub. L. 104-62 provided that: ''This Act (enacting section 80a-3a of this title, amending this section and sections 78c, 78l, 80a-3, 80a-7, and 80b-3 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 80a-51 of this title) and the amendments made by this Act shall apply in all administrative and judicial actions pending on or commenced after the date of enactment of this Act (Dec. 8, 1995), as a defense to any claim that any person, security, interest, or participation of the type described in this Act and the amendments made by this Act is subject to the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq.), or the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80b-1 et seq.), or any State statute or regulation preempted as provided in section 6 of this Act (enacting section 80a-3a of this title), except as otherwise specifically provided in such Acts or State law.'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Section 31 of Pub. L. 97-261 provided that: ''(a) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, this Act (see Tables for classification) shall take effect on the 60th day after the date of enactment of this Act (Sept. 20, 1982). ''(b) The amendment made by section 10(e)(4) of this Act (amending provisions set out as a note under former section 10706 of Title 49, Transportation) shall take effect on October 1, 1982. ''(c) The provisions of sections 6(g) and 30 of this Act (amending former sections 10922 and 10525 of Title 49, respectively) shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act (Sept. 20, 1982).'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 95-598 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 402(a) of Pub. L. 95-598 set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Section 308(d)(1) of Pub. L. 94-210 provided that: ''The amendments made by subsection (a) of this section (amending this section, section 77s of this title, and section 314 of former Title 49, Transportation) shall take effect on the 60th day after the date of enactment of this Act (Feb. 5, 1976), but shall not apply to any bona fide offering of a security made by the issuer, or by or through an underwriter, before such 60th day.'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENTS Section 6(d) of Pub. L. 91-567 provided that: ''The amendments made by this section (amending this section and sections 77ddd and 78c of this title) shall apply with respect to securities sold after January 1, 1970.'' Amendment by Pub. L. 91-547 effective Dec. 14, 1970, see section 30 of Pub. L. 91-547, set out as a note under section 80a-52 of this title. Section 401(c) of Pub. L. 91-373 provided that: ''The amendments made by this section (amending this section and section 78c of this title) shall apply with respect to securities sold after January 1, 1970.'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. REPEALS Section 214 of act Feb. 4, 1887 (the Interstate Commerce Act), as added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 557, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed by Pub. L. 97-449, Sec. 7(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443, 2444. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -MISC5- SECURITIES AND INVESTMENT COMPANY PROVISIONS INAPPLICABLE TO CERTAIN LIFE INSURANCE BENEFITS ISSUED PRIOR TO MARCH 23, 1959 Section 29 of Pub. L. 91-547 provided that: ''The provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 (this subchapter) and the Investment Company Act of 1940 (section 80a-1 et seq. of this title) shall not apply, except for purposes of definition of terms used in this section, to any interest or participation (including any separate account or other fund providing for the sharing of income or gains and losses, and any interest or participation in such account or fund) in any contract, certificate, or policy providing for life insurance benefits which was issued prior to March 23, 1959, by an insurance company, if (1) the form of such contract, certificate, or policy was approved by the insurance commissioner, or similar official or agency, of a State, territory or the District of Columbia, and (2) under such contract, certificate, or policy not to exceed 49 per centum of the gross premiums or other consideration paid was to be allocated to a separate account or other fund providing for the sharing of income or gains and losses. Nothing herein contained shall be taken to imply that any such interest or participation constitutes a 'security' under any other laws of the United States.'' -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77b, 77d, 77l, 77q, 77r, 77ddd, 78c, 78o-3, 80a-3, 80a-24 of this title; title 7 section 2; title 11 section 101; title 12 sections 1813, 2279aa-12, 2290; title 22 sections 282k, 283h, 283ii, 285h, 286k-1, 290i-9, 290l-7, 290m, 290o-7; title 25 section 646. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77d 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77d. Exempted transactions -STATUTE- The provisions of section 77e of this title shall not apply to - (1) transactions by any person other than an issuer, underwriter, or dealer. (2) transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering. (3) transactions by a dealer (including an underwriter no longer acting as an underwriter in respect of the security involved in such transaction), except - (A) transactions taking place prior to the expiration of forty days after the first date upon which the security was bona fide offered to the public by the issuer or by or through an underwriter, (B) transactions in a security as to which a registration statement has been filed taking place prior to the expiration of forty days after the effective date of such registration statement or prior to the expiration of forty days after the first date upon which the security was bona fide offered to the public by the issuer or by or through an underwriter after such effective date, whichever is later (excluding in the computation of such forty days any time during which a stop order issued under section 77h of this title is in effect as to the security), or such shorter period as the Commission may specify by rules and regulations or order, and (C) transactions as to securities constituting the whole or a part of an unsold allotment to or subscription by such dealer as a participant in the distribution of such securities by the issuer or by or through an underwriter. With respect to transactions referred to in clause (B), if securities of the issuer have not previously been sold pursuant to an earlier effective registration statement the applicable period, instead of forty days, shall be ninety days, or such shorter period as the Commission may specify by rules and regulations or order. (4) brokers' transactions executed upon customers' orders on any exchange or in the over-the-counter market but not the solicitation of such orders. (5)(A) Transactions (FOOTNOTE 1) involving offers or sales of one or more promissory notes directly secured by a first lien on a single parcel of real estate upon which is located a dwelling or other residential or commercial structure, and participation interests in such notes - (FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. Probably should not be capitalized. (i) where such securities are originated by a savings and loan association, savings bank, commercial bank, or similar banking institution which is supervised and examined by a Federal or State authority, and are offered and sold subject to the following conditions: (a) the minimum aggregate sales price per purchaser shall not be less than $250,000; (b) the purchaser shall pay cash either at the time of the sale or within sixty days thereof; and (c) each purchaser shall buy for his own account only; or (ii) where such securities are originated by a mortgagee approved by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development pursuant to sections 1709 and 1715b of title 12 and are offered or sold subject to the three conditions specified in subparagraph (A)(i) to any institution described in such subparagraph or to any insurance company subject to the supervision of the insurance commissioner, or any agency or officer performing like function, of any State or territory of the United States or the District of Columbia, or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, the Federal National Mortgage Association, or the Government National Mortgage Association. (B) Transactions (FOOTNOTE 1) between any of the entities described in subparagraph (A)(i) or (A)(ii) involving non-assignable contracts to buy or sell the foregoing securities which are to be completed within two years, where the seller of the foregoing securities pursuant to any such contract is one of the parties described in subparagraph (A)(i) or (A)(ii) who may originate such securities and the purchaser of such securities pursuant to any such contract is any institution described in subparagraph (A)(i) or any insurance company described in subparagraph (A)(ii), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Federal National Mortgage Association, or the Government National Mortgage Association and where the foregoing securities are subject to the three conditions for sale set forth in subparagraphs (A)(i)(a) through (c). (C) The (FOOTNOTE 1) exemption provided by subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall not apply to resales of the securities acquired pursuant thereto, unless each of the conditions for sale contained in subparagraphs (A)(i)(a) through (c) are satisfied. (6) transactions involving offers or sales by an issuer solely to one or more accredited investors, if the aggregate offering price of an issue of securities offered in reliance on this paragraph does not exceed the amount allowed under section 77c(b) of this title, if there is no advertising or public solicitation in connection with the transaction by the issuer or anyone acting on the issuer's behalf, and if the issuer files such notice with the Commission as the Commission shall prescribe. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 4, 48 Stat. 77; June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title II, Sec. 203, 48 Stat. 906; Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title I, Sec. 6, 68 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 88-467, Sec. 12, Aug. 20, 1964, 78 Stat. 580; Pub. L. 94-29, Sec. 30, June 4, 1975, 89 Stat. 169; Pub. L. 96-477, title VI, Sec. 602, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2294.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1980 - Par. (6). Pub. L. 96-477 added par. (6). 1975 - Par. (5). Pub. L. 94-29 added par. (5). 1964 - Pub. L. 88-467 substituted ''shall not apply to - '' for ''shall not apply to any of the following transactions:'' in introductory text. Par. (1). Pub. L. 88-467 reenacted existing first provision of par. (1) and struck out second and third provisions, which are incorporated in pars. (2) and (3)(A) to (C). Par. (2). Pub. L. 88-467 redesignated existing second provision of par. (1) as (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (4). Par. (3). Pub. L. 88-467 redesignated existing third provision of par. (1) as (3), designated the excepted transactions as cls. (A) to (C), inserted in cl. (B) ''or such shorter period as the Commission may specify by rules and regulations or order'' and inserted sentence relating to the applicable period to transactions referred to in clause (B). Par. (4). Pub. L. 88-467 redesignated former par. (2) as (4) and substituted ''over-the-counter market'' for ''open or counter market''. 1954 - Act Aug. 10, 1954, reduced from 1 year to 40 days the period during which the delivery of a prospectus is required in trading transactions as distinguished from initial distribution of the new securities. 1934 - Act June 6, 1934, among other changes, repealed par. (3), provisions of which were replaced by section 77c(9), (10) of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 94-29 effective June 4, 1975, see section 31(a) of Pub. L. 94-29, set out as a note under section 78b of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1964 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 88-467 effective Aug. 20, 1964, see section 13 of Pub. L. 88-467, set out as a note under section 78c of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77p, 77r, 77r-1, 78c, 78o-3, 78bb, 80a-24 of this title; title 12 sections 24, 1464, 1757; title 26 section 67. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77e 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77e. Prohibitions relating to interstate commerce and the mails -STATUTE- (a) Sale or delivery after sale of unregistered securities Unless a registration statement is in effect as to a security, it shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly - (1) to make use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or of the mails to sell such security through the use or medium of any prospectus or otherwise; or (2) to carry or cause to be carried through the mails or in interstate commerce, by any means or instruments of transportation, any such security for the purpose of sale or for delivery after sale. (b) Necessity of prospectus meeting requirements of section 77j of this title It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly - (1) to make use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or of the mails to carry or transmit any prospectus relating to any security with respect to which a registration statement has been filed under this subchapter, unless such prospectus meets the requirements of section 77j of this title; or (2) to carry or cause to be carried through the mails or in interstate commerce any such security for the purpose of sale or for delivery after sale, unless accompanied or preceded by a prospectus that meets the requirements of subsection (a) of section 77j of this title. (c) Necessity of filing registration statement It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, to make use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or of the mails to offer to sell or offer to buy through the use or medium of any prospectus or otherwise any security, unless a registration statement has been filed as to such security, or while the registration statement is the subject of a refusal order or stop order or (prior to the effective date of the registration statement) any public proceeding or examination under section 77h of this title. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 5, 48 Stat. 77; June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title II, Sec. 204, 48 Stat. 906; Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title I, Sec. 7, 68 Stat. 684.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1954 - Subsec. (a)(1). Act Aug. 10, 1954, struck out ''or offer to buy'' after ''to sell''. Subsec. (b). Act Aug. 10, 1954, in par. (1) substituted ''with respect to which a registration statement has been filed'' for ''registered'' and in par. (2) omitted ''to'' after ''to carry or'' and inserted ''subsection (a) of'' before ''section 77j of this title''. Subsec. (c). Act Aug. 10, 1954, added subsec. (c). 1934 - Act June 6, 1934, repealed subsec. (c), the provisions of which were replaced by section 77c(a)(11) of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. INCREASED ACCESS TO FOREIGN BUSINESS INFORMATION Pub. L. 104-290, title I, Sec. 109, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3426, provided that: ''Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 11, 1996), the Commission shall adopt rules under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) concerning the status under the registration provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 of foreign press conferences and foreign press releases by persons engaged in the offer and sale of securities.'' -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77b, 77c, 77d, 77j, 77l, 77ddd, 80a-3, 80a-24, 3904 of this title; title 11 sections 364, 1129, 1145; title 42 section 9675; title 45 section 791. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77f 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77f. Registration of securities -STATUTE- (a) Method of registration Any security may be registered with the Commission under the terms and conditions hereinafter provided, by filing a registration statement in triplicate, at least one of which shall be signed by each issuer, its principal executive officer or officers, its principal financial officer, its comptroller or principal accounting officer, and the majority of its board of directors or persons performing similar functions (or, if there is no board of directors or persons performing similar functions, by the majority of the persons or board having the power of management of the issuer), and in case the issuer is a foreign or Territorial person by its duly authorized representative in the United States; except that when such registration statement relates to a security issued by a foreign government, or political subdivision thereof, it need be signed only by the underwriter of such security. Signatures of all such persons when written on the said registration statements shall be presumed to have been so written by authority of the person whose signature is so affixed and the burden of proof, in the event such authority shall be denied, shall be upon the party denying the same. The affixing of any signature without the authority of the purported signer shall constitute a violation of this subchapter. A registration statement shall be deemed effective only as to the securities specified therein as proposed to be offered. (b) Registration fee (1) Recovery of cost of services The Commission shall, in accordance with this subsection, collect registration fees that are designed to recover the costs to the government of the securities registration process, and costs related to such process, including enforcement activities, policy and rulemaking activities, administration, legal services, and international regulatory activities. (2) Fee payment required At the time of filing a registration statement, the applicant shall pay to the Commission a fee at a rate that shall be equal to $92 per $1,000,000 of the maximum aggregate price at which such securities are proposed to be offered, except that during fiscal year 2003 and any succeeding fiscal year such fee shall be adjusted pursuant to paragraph (5) or (6). (3) Offsetting collections Fees collected pursuant to this subsection for any fiscal year - (A) shall be deposited and credited as offsetting collections to the account providing appropriations to the Commission; and (B) except as provided in paragraph (9), shall not be collected for any fiscal year except to the extent provided in advance in appropriation Acts. (4) General revenues prohibited No fees collected pursuant to this subsection for fiscal year 2002 or any succeeding fiscal year shall be deposited and credited as general revenue of the Treasury. (5) Annual adjustment For each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2011, the Commission shall by order adjust the rate required by paragraph (2) for such fiscal year to a rate that, when applied to the baseline estimate of the aggregate maximum offering prices for such fiscal year, is reasonably likely to produce aggregate fee collections under this subsection that are equal to the target offsetting collection amount for such fiscal year. (6) Final rate adjustment For fiscal year 2012 and all of the succeeding fiscal years, the Commission shall by order adjust the rate required by paragraph (2) for all of such fiscal years to a rate that, when applied to the baseline estimate of the aggregate maximum offering prices for fiscal year 2012, is reasonably likely to produce aggregate fee collections under this subsection in fiscal year 2012 equal to the target offsetting collection amount for fiscal year 2011. (7) Pro rata application The rates per $1,000,000 required by this subsection shall be applied pro rata to amounts and balances of less than $1,000,000. (8) Review and effective date In exercising its authority under this subsection, the Commission shall not be required to comply with the provisions of section 553 of title 5. An adjusted rate prescribed under paragraph (5) or (6) and published under paragraph (10) shall not be subject to judicial review. Subject to paragraphs (3)(B) and (9) - (A) an adjusted rate prescribed under paragraph (5) shall take effect on the later of - (i) the first day of the fiscal year to which such rate applies; or (ii) five days after the date on which a regular appropriation to the Commission for such fiscal year is enacted; and (B) an adjusted rate prescribed under paragraph (6) shall take effect on the later of - (i) the first day of fiscal year 2012; or (ii) five days after the date on which a regular appropriation to the Commission for fiscal year 2012 is enacted. (9) Lapse of appropriation If on the first day of a fiscal year a regular appropriation to the Commission has not been enacted, the Commission shall continue to collect fees (as offsetting collections) under this subsection at the rate in effect during the preceding fiscal year, until 5 days after the date such a regular appropriation is enacted. (10) Publication The Commission shall publish in the Federal Register notices of the rate applicable under this subsection and under sections 78m(e) and 78n(g) (FOOTNOTE 1) of this title for each fiscal year not later than April 30 of the fiscal year preceding the fiscal year to which such rate applies, together with any estimates or projections on which such rate is based. (FOOTNOTE 1) See References in Text note below. (11) Definitions For purposes of this subsection: (A) Target offsetting collection amount The target offsetting collection amount for each of the fiscal years 2002 through 2011 is determined according to the following table: Target offsetting Fiscal year: collection amount 2002 $377,000,000 2003 $435,000,000 2004 $467,000,000 2005 $570,000,000 2006 $689,000,000 2007 $214,000,000 2008 $234,000,000 2009 $284,000,000 2010 $334,000,000 2011 $394,000,000 (B) Baseline estimate of the aggregate maximum offering prices The baseline estimate of the aggregate maximum offering prices for any fiscal year is the baseline estimate of the aggregate maximum offering price at which securities are proposed to be offered pursuant to registration statements filed with the Commission during such fiscal year as determined by the Commission, after consultation with the Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Management and Budget, using the methodology required for projections pursuant to section 907 of title 2. (c) Time registration effective The filing with the Commission of a registration statement, or of an amendment to a registration statement, shall be deemed to have taken place upon the receipt thereof, but the filing of a registration statement shall not be deemed to have taken place unless it is accompanied by a United States postal money order or a certified bank check or cash for the amount of the fee required under subsection (b) of this section. (d) Information available to public The information contained in or filed with any registration statement shall be made available to the public under such regulations as the Commission may prescribe, and copies thereof, photostatic or otherwise, shall be furnished to every applicant at such reasonable charge as the Commission may prescribe. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 6, 48 Stat. 78; Pub. L. 89-289, Sec. 1, Oct. 22, 1965, 79 Stat. 1051; Pub. L. 100-181, title II, Sec. 205, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1252; Pub. L. 104-290, title IV, Sec. 404, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3441; Pub. L. 107-123, Sec. 4, Jan. 16, 2002, 115 Stat. 2393.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Sections 78m(e) and 78n(g) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(10), were in the original, ''sections 13(e) and 14(g)'' and were translated as meaning sections 13(e) and 14(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to reflect the probable intent of Congress. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 2002 - Subsec. (b)(2) to (11). Pub. L. 107-123 added pars. (2) to (11) and struck out former pars. (2) to (5), which required fee payment, set out rates for general revenue and offsetting collection fees, and required pro rata rates for amounts and balances equal to less than $1,000,000. 1996 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104-290 inserted heading and amended text of subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ''At the time of filing a registration statement the applicant shall pay to the Commission a fee of one-fiftieth of 1 per centum of the maximum aggregate price at which such securities are proposed to be offered, but in no case shall such fee be less than $100.'' 1987 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100-181 struck out subsec. (e) which provided that no registration statement should be filed within the first 40 days following May 27, 1933. 1965 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89-289 substituted ''one-fiftieth'' for ''one one-hundredth'' and ''$100'' for ''$25''. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 107-123 effective Oct. 1, 2001, except that authorities provided by subsec. (b)(9) of this section to not apply until Oct. 1, 2002, see section 11 of Pub. L. 107-123, set out as a note under section 78ee of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1965 AMENDMENT Section 2 of Pub. L. 89-289 provided that: ''The amendment made by the first section of this Act (amending this section) shall take effect January 1, 1966.'' -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -MISC5- INCREASE IN REGISTRATION FEES AND DEPOSIT INTO TREASURY Pub. L. 105-46, Sec. 113, Sept. 30, 1997, 111 Stat. 1156, provided that the amount made available to the Securities and Exchange Commission, under the heading Salaries and Expenses, was to include, in addition to direct appropriations, the amount collected under the fee rate and offsetting collection authority contained in Public Law 104-208, which fee rate and offsetting collection authority was to remain in effect during the period of Pub. L. 105-46 which provided continuing appropriations for fiscal year 1998. Pub. L. 104-208, div. A, title I, Sec. 101(a) (title V), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009, 3009-61, which provided in part that on Sept. 30, 1996, the rate of fees under subsec. (b) of this section were increased from one-fiftieth of one percentum to one-thirty-third of one percentum, and such increase was to be deposited as an offsetting collection to this appropriation, to remain available until expended, to recover costs of services of the securities registration process, was from the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1997, and was not repeated in subsequent appropriations acts. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts: Pub. L. 104-134, title I, Sec. 101((a)) (title V), Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321, 1321-60; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 104-140, Sec. 1(a), May 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1327. Pub. L. 104-99, title II, Sec. 209, Jan. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 37. Pub. L. 104-56, Sec. 119, Nov. 20, 1995, 109 Stat. 552. Pub. L. 104-54, Sec. 119, Nov. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 544. Pub. L. 104-31, Sec. 120, Sept. 30, 1995, 109 Stat. 282. Pub. L. 103-352, Oct. 10, 1994, 108 Stat. 3148. Pub. L. 103-121, title I, Oct. 27, 1993, 107 Stat. 1168. Pub. L. 102-395, title I, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1848. Pub. L. 102-140, title I, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 798. Pub. L. 101-515, title V, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2139. Pub. L. 101-162, title V, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1022. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77b, 78m, 78n, 80a-24 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77g 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77g. Information required in registration statement -STATUTE- (a) The registration statement, when relating to a security other than a security issued by a foreign government, or political subdivision thereof, shall contain the information, and be accompanied by the documents, specified in Schedule A of section 77aa of this title, and when relating to a security issued by a foreign government, or political subdivision thereof, shall contain the information, and be accompanied by the documents, specified in Schedule B of section 77aa of this title; except that the Commission may by rules or regulations provide that any such information or document need not be included in respect of any class of issuers or securities if it finds that the requirement of such information or document is inapplicable to such class and that disclosure fully adequate for the protection of investors is otherwise required to be included within the registration statement. If any accountant, engineer, or appraiser, or any person whose profession gives authority to a statement made by him, is named as having prepared or certified any part of the registration statement, or is named as having prepared or certified a report or valuation for use in connection with the registration statement, the written consent of such person shall be filed with the registration statement. If any such person is named as having prepared or certified a report or valuation (other than a public official document or statement) which is used in connection with the registration statement, but is not named as having prepared or certified such report or valuation for use in connection with the registration statement, the written consent of such person shall be filed with the registration statement unless the Commission dispenses with such filing as impracticable or as involving undue hardship on the person filing the registration statement. Any such registration statement shall contain such other information, and be accompanied by such other documents, as the Commission may by rules or regulations require as being necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. (b)(1) The Commission shall prescribe special rules with respect to registration statements filed by any issuer that is a blank check company. Such rules may, as the Commission determines necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors - (A) require such issuers to provide timely disclosure, prior to or after such statement becomes effective under section 77h of this title, of (i) information regarding the company to be acquired and the specific application of the proceeds of the offering, or (ii) additional information necessary to prevent such statement from being misleading; (B) place limitations on the use of such proceeds and the distribution of securities by such issuer until the disclosures required under subparagraph (A) have been made; and (C) provide a right of rescission to shareholders of such securities. (2) The Commission may, as it determines consistent with the public interest and the protection of investors, by rule or order exempt any issuer or class of issuers from the rules prescribed under paragraph (1). (3) For purposes of paragraph (1) of this subsection, the term ''blank check company'' means any development stage company that is issuing a penny stock (within the meaning of section 78c(a)(51) of this title) and that - (A) has no specific business plan or purpose; or (B) has indicated that its business plan is to merge with an unidentified company or companies. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 7, 48 Stat. 78; Pub. L. 101-429, title V, Sec. 508, Oct. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 956.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1990 - Pub. L. 101-429 designated existing provision as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Section 1(c) of Pub. L. 101-429 provided that: ''(1) In general. - Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), the amendments made by this Act (enacting sections 77h-1, 78q-2, 78u-2, and 78u-3 of this title, amending this section and sections 77t, 78c, 78o, 78o-3, 78o-4, 78q-1, 78u, 78u-1, 78w, 78cc, 80a-9, 80a-41, 80b-3, 80b-9, and 80b-14 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 78a, 78o, and 78s of this title) shall be effective upon enactment (Oct. 15, 1990). ''(2) Civil penalties. - ''(A) In general. - No civil penalty may be imposed pursuant to the amendments made by this Act on the basis of conduct occurring before the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 15, 1990). ''(B) Accounting and disgorgement. - Subparagraph (A) shall not operate to preclude the Securities and Exchange Commission from ordering an accounting or disgorgement pursuant to the amendments made by this Act. ''(3) Special rules for title v. - ''(A) Sections 503 and 504. - Except as provided in subparagraph (C), sections 503 (amending section 78c of this title) and 504 (amending section 78o of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 78o of this title) shall be effective 12 months after the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 15, 1990) or upon the issuance of final regulations initially implementing such section, whichever is earlier. ''(B) Sections 505 and 508. - Except as provided in subparagraph (C), sections 505 (amending section 78o of this title) and 508 (amending this section) shall be effective 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act or upon the issuance of final regulations initially implementing such sections, whichever is earlier. ''(C) Commencement of rulemaking. - Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shall commence rulemaking proceedings to implement sections 503, 505, and 508.'' -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77eee, 79g of this title; title 16 section 824c. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77h 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77h. Taking effect of registration statements and amendments thereto -STATUTE- (a) Effective date of registration statement Except as hereinafter provided, the effective date of a registration statement shall be the twentieth day after the filing thereof or such earlier date as the Commission may determine, having due regard to the adequacy of the information respecting the issuer theretofore available to the public, to the facility with which the nature of the securities to be registered, their relationship to the capital structure of the issuer and the rights of holders thereof can be understood, and to the public interest and the protection of investors. If any amendment to any such statement is filed prior to the effective date of such statement, the registration statement shall be deemed to have been filed when such amendment was filed; except that an amendment filed with the consent of the Commission, prior to the effective date of the registration statement, or filed pursuant to an order of the Commission, shall be treated as a part of the registration statement. (b) Incomplete or inaccurate registration statement If it appears to the Commission that a registration statement is on its face incomplete or inaccurate in any material respect, the Commission may, after notice by personal service or the sending of confirmed telegraphic notice not later than ten days after the filing of the registration statement, and opportunity for hearing (at a time fixed by the Commission) within ten days after such notice by personal service or the sending of such telegraphic notice, issue an order prior to the effective date of registration refusing to permit such statement to become effective until it has been amended in accordance with such order. When such statement has been amended in accordance with such order the Commission shall so declare and the registration shall become effective at the time provided in subsection (a) of this section or upon the date of such declaration, whichever date is the later. (c) Effective date of amendment to registration statement An amendment filed after the effective date of the registration statement, if such amendment, upon its face, appears to the Commission not to be incomplete or inaccurate in any material respect, shall become effective on such date as the Commission may determine, having due regard to the public interest and the protection of investors. (d) Untrue statements or omissions in registration statement If it appears to the Commission at any time that the registration statement includes any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, the Commission may, after notice by personal service or the sending of confirmed telegraphic notice, and after opportunity for hearing (at a time fixed by the Commission) within fifteen days after such notice by personal service or the sending of such telegraphic notice, issue a stop order suspending the effectiveness of the registration statement. When such statement has been amended in accordance with such stop order, the Commission shall so declare and thereupon the stop order shall cease to be effective. (e) Examination for issuance of stop order The Commission is empowered to make an examination in any case in order to determine whether a stop order should issue under subsection (d) of this section. In making such examination the Commission or any officer or officers designated by it shall have access to and may demand the production of any books and papers of, and may administer oaths and affirmations to and examine, the issuer, underwriter, or any other person, in respect of any matter relevant to the examination, and may, in its discretion, require the production of a balance sheet exhibiting the assets and liabilities of the issuer, or its income statement, or both, to be certified to by a public or certified accountant approved by the Commission. If the issuer or underwriter shall fail to cooperate, or shall obstruct or refuse to permit the making of an examination, such conduct shall be proper ground for the issuance of a stop order. (f) Notice requirements Any notice required under this section shall be sent to or served on the issuer, or, in case of a foreign government or political subdivision thereof, to or on the underwriter, or, in the case of a foreign or Territorial person, to or on its duly authorized representative in the United States named in the registration statement, properly directed in each case of telegraphic notice to the address given in such statement. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 8, 48 Stat. 79; Aug. 22, 1940, ch. 686, title III, Sec. 301, 54 Stat. 857.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1940 - Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 22, 1940, amended subsec. (a) generally. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77d, 77e, 77g, 77eee, 77ggg, 77iii, 78d-1, 80a-24 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77h-1 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77h-1. Cease-and-desist proceedings -STATUTE- (a) Authority of Commission If the Commission finds, after notice and opportunity for hearing, that any person is violating, has violated, or is about to violate any provision of this subchapter, or any rule or regulation thereunder, the Commission may publish its findings and enter an order requiring such person, and any other person that is, was, or would be a cause of the violation, due to an act or omission the person knew or should have known would contribute to such violation, to cease and desist from committing or causing such violation and any future violation of the same provision, rule, or regulation. Such order may, in addition to requiring a person to cease and desist from committing or causing a violation, require such person to comply, or to take steps to effect compliance, with such provision, rule, or regulation, upon such terms and conditions and within such time as the Commission may specify in such order. Any such order may, as the Commission deems appropriate, require future compliance or steps to effect future compliance, either permanently or for such period of time as the Commission may specify, with such provision, rule, or regulation with respect to any security, any issuer, or any other person. (b) Hearing The notice instituting proceedings pursuant to subsection (a) of this section shall fix a hearing date not earlier than 30 days nor later than 60 days after service of the notice unless an earlier or a later date is set by the Commission with the consent of any respondent so served. (c) Temporary order (1) In general Whenever the Commission determines that the alleged violation or threatened violation specified in the notice instituting proceedings pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, or the continuation thereof, is likely to result in significant dissipation or conversion of assets, significant harm to investors, or substantial harm to the public interest, including, but not limited to, losses to the Securities Investor Protection Corporation, prior to the completion of the proceedings, the Commission may enter a temporary order requiring the respondent to cease and desist from the violation or threatened violation and to take such action to prevent the violation or threatened violation and to prevent dissipation or conversion of assets, significant harm to investors, or substantial harm to the public interest as the Commission deems appropriate pending completion of such proceeding. Such an order shall be entered only after notice and opportunity for a hearing, unless the Commission determines that notice and hearing prior to entry would be impracticable or contrary to the public interest. A temporary order shall become effective upon service upon the respondent and, unless set aside, limited, or suspended by the Commission or a court of competent jurisdiction, shall remain effective and enforceable pending the completion of the proceedings. (2) Applicability This subsection shall apply only to a respondent that acts, or, at the time of the alleged misconduct acted, as a broker, dealer, investment adviser, investment company, municipal securities dealer, government securities broker, government securities dealer, or transfer agent, or is, or was at the time of the alleged misconduct, an associated person of, or a person seeking to become associated with, any of the foregoing. (d) Review of temporary orders (1) Commission review At any time after the respondent has been served with a temporary cease-and-desist order pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, the respondent may apply to the Commission to have the order set aside, limited, or suspended. If the respondent has been served with a temporary cease-and-desist order entered without a prior Commission hearing, the respondent may, within 10 days after the date on which the order was served, request a hearing on such application and the Commission shall hold a hearing and render a decision on such application at the earliest possible time. (2) Judicial review Within - (A) 10 days after the date the respondent was served with a temporary cease-and-desist order entered with a prior Commission hearing, or (B) 10 days after the Commission renders a decision on an application and hearing under paragraph (1), with respect to any temporary cease-and-desist order entered without a prior Commission hearing, the respondent may apply to the United States district court for the district in which the respondent resides or has its principal place of business, or for the District of Columbia, for an order setting aside, limiting, or suspending the effectiveness or enforcement of the order, and the court shall have jurisdiction to enter such an order. A respondent served with a temporary cease-and-desist order entered without a prior Commission hearing may not apply to the court except after hearing and decision by the Commission on the respondent's application under paragraph (1) of this subsection. (3) No automatic stay of temporary order The commencement of proceedings under paragraph (2) of this subsection shall not, unless specifically ordered by the court, operate as a stay of the Commission's order. (4) Exclusive review Section 77i(a) of this title shall not apply to a temporary order entered pursuant to this section. (e) Authority to enter order requiring accounting and disgorgement In any cease-and-desist proceeding under subsection (a) of this section, the Commission may enter an order requiring accounting and disgorgement, including reasonable interest. The Commission is authorized to adopt rules, regulations, and orders concerning payments to investors, rates of interest, periods of accrual, and such other matters as it deems appropriate to implement this subsection. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 8A, as added Pub. L. 101-429, title I, Sec. 102, Oct. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 933.) -MISC1- EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective Oct. 15, 1990, with provisions relating to civil penalties and accounting and disgorgement, see section 1(c)(1) and (2) of Pub. L. 101-429, set out in an Effective Date of 1990 Amendment note under section 77g of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77t, 78w of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77i 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77i. Court review of orders -STATUTE- (a) Any person aggrieved by an order of the Commission may obtain a review of such order in the court of appeals of the United States, within any circuit wherein such person resides or has his principal place of business, or in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, by filing in such Court, within sixty days after the entry of such order, a written petition praying that the order of the Commission be modified or be set aside in whole or in part. A copy of such petition shall be forthwith transmitted by the clerk of the court to the Commission, and thereupon the Commission shall file in the court the record upon which the order complained of was entered, as provided in section 2112 of title 28. No objection to the order of the Commission shall be considered by the court unless such objection shall have been urged before the Commission. The finding of the Commission as to the facts, if supported by evidence, shall be conclusive. If either party shall apply to the court for leave to adduce additional evidence, and shall show to the satisfaction of the court that such additional evidence is material and that there were reasonable grounds for failure to adduce such evidence in the hearing before the Commission, the court may order such additional evidence to be taken before the Commission and to be adduced upon the hearing in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as to the court may seem proper. The Commission may modify its findings as to the facts, by reason of the additional evidence so taken, and it shall file such modified or new findings, which, if supported by evidence, shall be conclusive, and its recommendation, if any, for the modification or setting aside of the original order. The jurisdiction of the court shall be exclusive and its judgment and decree, affirming, modifying, or setting aside, in whole or in part, any order of the Commission, shall be final, subject to review by the Supreme Court of the United States upon certiorari or certification as provided in section 1254 of title 28. (b) The commencement of proceedings under subsection (a) of this section shall not, unless specifically ordered by the court, operate as a stay of the Commission's order. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 9, 48 Stat. 80; Pub. L. 85-791, Sec. 9, Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 945; Pub. L. 100-181, title II, Sec. 206, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1252.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1987 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100-181 substituted ''court of appeals'' for ''Circuit Court of Appeals'', ''United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, by filing in such Court'' for ''Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, by filing in such court'', and ''section 1254 of title 28'' for ''sections 239 and 240 of the Judicial Code, as amended (U.S.C., title 28, secs. 346 and 347)''. 1958 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85-791, in second sentence, substituted ''transmitted by the clerk of the court to'' for ''served upon'', struck out ''certify and'' before ''file in the court'', struck out ''a transcript of'' after ''file in the court'', and inserted ''as provided in section 2112 of title 28''. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77h-1, 77vvv of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77j 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77j. Information required in prospectus -STATUTE- (a) Information in registration statement; documents not required Except to the extent otherwise permitted or required pursuant to this subsection or subsections (c), (d), or (e) of this section - (1) a prospectus relating to a security other than a security issued by a foreign government or political subdivision thereof, shall contain the information contained in the registration statement, but it need not include the documents referred to in paragraphs (28) to (32), inclusive, of schedule A of section 77aa of this title; (2) a prospectus relating to a security issued by a foreign government or political subdivision thereof shall contain the information contained in the registration statement, but it need not include the documents referred to in paragraphs (13) and (14) of schedule B of section 77aa of this title; (3) notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection when a prospectus is used more than nine months after the effective date of the registration statement, the information contained therein shall be as of a date not more than sixteen months prior to such use, so far as such information is known to the user of such prospectus or can be furnished by such user without unreasonable effort or expense; (4) there may be omitted from any prospectus any of the information required under this subsection which the Commission may by rules or regulations designate as not being necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. (b) Summarizations and omissions allowed by rules and regulations In addition to the prospectus permitted or required in subsection (a) of this section, the Commission shall by rules or regulations deemed necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors permit the use of a prospectus for the purposes of subsection (b)(1) of section 77e of this title which omits in part or summarizes information in the prospectus specified in subsection (a) of this section. A prospectus permitted under this subsection shall, except to the extent the Commission by rules or regulations deemed necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors otherwise provides, be filed as part of the registration statement but shall not be deemed a part of such registration statement for the purposes of section 77k of this title. The Commission may at any time issue an order preventing or suspending the use of a prospectus permitted under this subsection, if it has reason to believe that such prospectus has not been filed (if required to be filed as part of the registration statement) or includes any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which such prospectus is or is to be used, not misleading. Upon issuance of an order under this subsection, the Commission shall give notice of the issuance of such order and opportunity for hearing by personal service or the sending of confirmed telegraphic notice. The Commission shall vacate or modify the order at any time for good cause or if such prospectus has been filed or amended in accordance with such order. (c) Additional information required by rules and regulations Any prospectus shall contain such other information as the Commission may by rules or regulations require as being necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. (d) Classification of prospectuses In the exercise of its powers under subsections (a), (b), or (c) of this section, the Commission shall have authority to classify prospectuses according to the nature and circumstances of their use or the nature of the security, issue, issuer, or otherwise, and, by rules and regulations and subject to such terms and conditions as it shall specify therein, to prescribe as to each class the form and contents which it may find appropriate and consistent with the public interest and the protection of investors. (e) Information in conspicuous part of prospectus The statements or information required to be included in a prospectus by or under authority of subsections (a), (b), (c), or (d) of this section, when written, shall be placed in a conspicuous part of the prospectus and, except as otherwise permitted by rules or regulations, in type as large as that used generally in the body of the prospectus. (f) Prospectus consisting of radio or television broadcast In any case where a prospectus consists of a radio or television broadcast, copies thereof shall be filed with the Commission under such rules and regulations as it shall prescribe. The Commission may by rules and regulations require the filing with it of forms and prospectuses used in connection with the offer or sale of securities registered under this subchapter. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 10, 48 Stat. 81; June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title II, Sec. 205, 48 Stat. 906; Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title I, Sec. 8, 68 Stat. 685.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1954 - Act Aug. 10, 1954, complemented changes in section 77e of this title by act Aug. 10, 1954, permitted offering activities in the waiting period and in so doing rearranged the sequence of the subsections, added new text contained in subsec. (b), and renumbered subsecs. (c) and (d) as (e) and (f), respectively. 1934 - Subsec. (b)(1). Act June 6, 1934, amended par. (1). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77b, 77e, 77eee, 80a-2, 80a-24 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77k 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77k. Civil liabilities on account of false registration statement -STATUTE- (a) Persons possessing cause of action; persons liable In case any part of the registration statement, when such part became effective, contained an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, any person acquiring such security (unless it is proved that at the time of such acquisition he knew of such untruth or omission) may, either at law or in equity, in any court of competent jurisdiction, sue - (1) every person who signed the registration statement; (2) every person who was a director of (or person performing similar functions) or partner in the issuer at the time of the filing of the part of the registration statement with respect to which his liability is asserted; (3) every person who, with his consent, is named in the registration statement as being or about to become a director, person performing similar functions, or partner; (4) every accountant, engineer, or appraiser, or any person whose profession gives authority to a statement made by him, who has with his consent been named as having prepared or certified any part of the registration statement, or as having prepared or certified any report or valuation which is used in connection with the registration statement, with respect to the statement in such registration statement, report, or valuation, which purports to have been prepared or certified by him; (5) every underwriter with respect to such security. If such person acquired the security after the issuer has made generally available to its security holders an earning statement covering a period of at least twelve months beginning after the effective date of the registration statement, then the right of recovery under this subsection shall be conditioned on proof that such person acquired the security relying upon such untrue statement in the registration statement or relying upon the registration statement and not knowing of such omission, but such reliance may be established without proof of the reading of the registration statement by such person. (b) Persons exempt from liability upon proof of issues Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section no person, other than the issuer, shall be liable as provided therein who shall sustain the burden of proof - (1) that before the effective date of the part of the registration statement with respect to which his liability is asserted (A) he had resigned from or had taken such steps as are permitted by law to resign from, or ceased or refused to act in, every office, capacity, or relationship in which he was described in the registration statement as acting or agreeing to act, and (B) he had advised the Commission and the issuer in writing that he had taken such action and that he would not be responsible for such part of the registration statement; or (2) that if such part of the registration statement became effective without his knowledge, upon becoming aware of such fact he forthwith acted and advised the Commission, in accordance with paragraph (1) of this subsection, and, in addition, gave reasonable public notice that such part of the registration statement had become effective without his knowledge; or (3) that (A) as regards any part of the registration statement not purporting to be made on the authority of an expert, and not purporting to be a copy of or extract from a report or valuation of an expert, and not purporting to be made on the authority of a public official document or statement, he had, after reasonable investigation, reasonable ground to believe and did believe, at the time such part of the registration statement became effective, that the statements therein were true and that there was no omission to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; and (B) as regards any part of the registration statement purporting to be made upon his authority as an expert or purporting to be a copy of or extract from a report or valuation of himself as an expert, (i) he had, after reasonable investigation, reasonable ground to believe and did believe, at the time such part of the registration statement became effective, that the statements therein were true and that there was no omission to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or (ii) such part of the registration statement did not fairly represent his statement as an expert or was not a fair copy of or extract from his report or valuation as an expert; and (C) as regards any part of the registration statement purporting to be made on the authority of an expert (other than himself) or purporting to be a copy of or extract from a report or valuation of an expert (other than himself), he had no reasonable ground to believe and did not believe, at the time such part of the registration statement became effective, that the statements therein were untrue or that there was an omission to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or that such part of the registration statement did not fairly represent the statement of the expert or was not a fair copy of or extract from the report or valuation of the expert; and (D) as regards any part of the registration statement purporting to be a statement made by an official person or purporting to be a copy of or extract from a public official document, he had no reasonable ground to believe and did not believe, at the time such part of the registration statement became effective, that the statements therein were untrue, or that there was an omission to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or that such part of the registration statement did not fairly represent the statement made by the official person or was not a fair copy of or extract from the public official document. (c) Standard of reasonableness In determining, for the purpose of paragraph (3) of subsection (b) of this section, what constitutes reasonable investigation and reasonable ground for belief, the standard of reasonableness shall be that required of a prudent man in the management of his own property. (d) Effective date of registration statement with regard to underwriters If any person becomes an underwriter with respect to the security after the part of the registration statement with respect to which his liability is asserted has become effective, then for the purposes of paragraph (3) of subsection (b) of this section such part of the registration statement shall be considered as having become effective with respect to such person as of the time when he became an underwriter. (e) Measure of damages; undertaking for payment of costs The suit authorized under subsection (a) of this section may be to recover such damages as shall represent the difference between the amount paid for the security (not exceeding the price at which the security was offered to the public) and (1) the value thereof as of the time such suit was brought, or (2) the price at which such security shall have been disposed of in the market before suit, or (3) the price at which such security shall have been disposed of after suit but before judgment if such damages shall be less than the damages representing the difference between the amount paid for the security (not exceeding the price at which the security was offered to the public) and the value thereof as of the time such suit was brought: Provided, That if the defendant proves that any portion or all of such damages represents other than the depreciation in value of such security resulting from such part of the registration statement, with respect to which his liability is asserted, not being true or omitting to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, such portion of or all such damages shall not be recoverable. In no event shall any underwriter (unless such underwriter shall have knowingly received from the issuer for acting as an underwriter some benefit, directly or indirectly, in which all other underwriters similarly situated did not share in proportion to their respective interests in the underwriting) be liable in any suit or as a consequence of suits authorized under subsection (a) of this section for damages in excess of the total price at which the securities underwritten by him and distributed to the public were offered to the public. In any suit under this or any other section of this subchapter the court may, in its discretion, require an undertaking for the payment of the costs of such suit, including reasonable attorney's fees, and if judgment shall be rendered against a party litigant, upon the motion of the other party litigant, such costs may be assessed in favor of such party litigant (whether or not such undertaking has been required) if the court believes the suit or the defense to have been without merit, in an amount sufficient to reimburse him for the reasonable expenses incurred by him, in connection with such suit, such costs to be taxed in the manner usually provided for taxing of costs in the court in which the suit was heard. (f) Joint and several liability; liability of outside director (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), all or any one or more of the persons specified in subsection (a) of this section shall be jointly and severally liable, and every person who becomes liable to make any payment under this section may recover contribution as in cases of contract from any person who, if sued separately, would have been liable to make the same payment, unless the person who has become liable was, and the other was not, guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation. (2)(A) The liability of an outside director under subsection (e) of this section shall be determined in accordance with section 78u-4(f) of this title. (B) For purposes of this paragraph, the term ''outside director'' shall have the meaning given such term by rule or regulation of the Commission. (g) Offering price to public as maximum amount recoverable In no case shall the amount recoverable under this section exceed the price at which the security was offered to the public. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 11, 48 Stat. 82; June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title II, Sec. 206, 48 Stat. 907; Pub. L. 104-67, title II, Sec. 201(b), Dec. 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 762; Pub. L. 105-353, title III, Sec. 301(a)(2), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3235.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105-353 made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 78u-4(f) of this title. 1995 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104-67 designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted ''Except as provided in paragraph (2), all'' for ''All'', and added par. (2). 1934 - Subsec. (a). Act June 6, 1934, inserted last par. Subsecs. (b)(3), (c) to (e). Act June 6, 1934, amended subsecs. (b)(3) and (c) to (e). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Section 202 of title II of Pub. L. 104-67 provided that: ''The amendments made by this title (amending this section and section 78u-4 of this title) shall not affect or apply to any private action arising under the securities laws commenced before and pending on the date of enactment of this Act (Dec. 22, 1995).'' CONSTRUCTION OF 1995 AMENDMENT Nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 104-67 to be deemed to create or ratify any implied right of action, or to prevent Commission, by rule or regulation, from restricting or otherwise regulating private actions under Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), see section 203 of Pub. L. 104-67, set out as a Construction note under section 78j-1 of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77j, 77m, 77o, 77eee, 78u-4, 80a-24 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77l 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77l. Civil liabilities arising in connection with prospectuses and communications -STATUTE- (a) In general Any person who - (1) offers or sells a security in violation of section 77e of this title, or (2) offers or sells a security (whether or not exempted by the provisions of section 77c of this title, other than paragraphs (2) and (14) of subsection (a) of said section), by the use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or of the mails, by means of a prospectus or oral communication, which includes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading (the purchaser not knowing of such untruth or omission), and who shall not sustain the burden of proof that he did not know, and in the exercise of reasonable care could not have known, of such untruth or omission, shall be liable, subject to subsection (b) of this section, to the person purchasing such security from him, who may sue either at law or in equity in any court of competent jurisdiction, to recover the consideration paid for such security with interest thereon, less the amount of any income received thereon, upon the tender of such security, or for damages if he no longer owns the security. (b) Loss causation In an action described in subsection (a)(2) of this section, if the person who offered or sold such security proves that any portion or all of the amount recoverable under subsection (a)(2) of this section represents other than the depreciation in value of the subject security resulting from such part of the prospectus or oral communication, with respect to which the liability of that person is asserted, not being true or omitting to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statement not misleading, then such portion or amount, as the case may be, shall not be recoverable. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 12, 48 Stat. 84; Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title I, Sec. 9, 68 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 104-67, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 757; Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(5) (title II, Sec. 208(a)(3)), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-435.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2000 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106-554 substituted ''paragraphs (2) and (14)'' for ''paragraph (2)''. 1995 - Pub. L. 104-67 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, inserted '', subject to subsection (b) of this section,'' after ''shall be liable'' in concluding provisions, and added subsec. (b). 1954 - Act Aug. 10, 1954, inserted ''offers or'' before ''sells'' in pars. (1) and (2). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Section 108 of title I of Pub. L. 104-67 provided that: ''The amendments made by this title (enacting sections 77z-1, 77z-2, 78u-4, and 78u-5 of this title and amending this section and sections 77t, 78o, 78t, and 78u of this title and section 1964 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure) shall not affect or apply to any private action arising under title I of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.) or title I of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), commenced before and pending on the date of enactment of this Act (Dec. 22, 1995).'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. CONSTRUCTION OF 1995 AMENDMENT Nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 104-67 to be deemed to create or ratify any implied right of action, or to prevent Commission, by rule or regulation, from restricting or otherwise regulating private actions under Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), see section 203 of Pub. L. 104-67, set out as a Construction note under section 78j-1 of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77m, 77o, 77eee of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77m 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77m. Limitation of actions -STATUTE- No action shall be maintained to enforce any liability created under section 77k or 77l(a)(2) of this title unless brought within one year after the discovery of the untrue statement or the omission, or after such discovery should have been made by the exercise of reasonable diligence, or, if the action is to enforce a liability created under section 77l(a)(1) of this title, unless brought within one year after the violation upon which it is based. In no event shall any such action be brought to enforce a liability created under section 77k or 77l(a)(1) of this title more than three years after the security was bona fide offered to the public, or under section 77l(a)(2) of this title more than three years after the sale. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 13, 48 Stat. 84; June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title II, Sec. 207, 48 Stat. 908; Pub. L. 105-353, title III, Sec. 301(a)(3), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3235.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Pub. L. 105-353 substituted ''77l(a)(2)'' for ''77l(2)'' in two places and ''77l(a)(1)'' for ''77l(1)'' in two places. 1934 - Act June 6, 1934, substituted ''one year'' for ''two years'', ''three years'' for ''ten years'', and inserted ''or under section 77l(2) of this title more than three years after the sale''. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 80a-24 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77n 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77n. Contrary stipulations void -STATUTE- Any condition, stipulation, or provision binding any person acquiring any security to waive compliance with any provision of this subchapter or of the rules and regulations of the Commission shall be void. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 14, 48 Stat. 84.) -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77o 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77o. Liability of controlling persons -STATUTE- Every person who, by or through stock ownership, agency, or otherwise, or who, pursuant to or in connection with an agreement or understanding with one or more other persons by or through stock ownership, agency, or otherwise, controls any person liable under sections 77k or 77l of this title, shall also be liable jointly and severally with and to the same extent as such controlled person to any person to whom such controlled person is liable, unless the controlling person had no knowledge of or reasonable ground to believe in the existence of the facts by reason of which the liability of the controlled person is alleged to exist. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 15, 48 Stat. 84; June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title II, Sec. 208, 48 Stat. 908.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1934 - Act June 6, 1934, exempted from liability controlling persons having no knowledge or reasonable grounds for belief. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77p 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77p. Additional remedies; limitation on remedies -STATUTE- (a) Remedies additional Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the rights and remedies provided by this subchapter shall be in addition to any and all other rights and remedies that may exist at law or in equity. (b) Class action limitations No covered class action based upon the statutory or common law of any State or subdivision thereof may be maintained in any State or Federal court by any private party alleging - (1) an untrue statement or omission of a material fact in connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security; or (2) that the defendant used or employed any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security. (c) Removal of covered class actions Any covered class action brought in any State court involving a covered security, as set forth in subsection (b) of this section, shall be removable to the Federal district court for the district in which the action is pending, and shall be subject to subsection (b) of this section. (d) Preservation of certain actions (1) Actions under State law of State of incorporation (A) Actions preserved Notwithstanding subsection (b) or (c) of this section, a covered class action described in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph that is based upon the statutory or common law of the State in which the issuer is incorporated (in the case of a corporation) or organized (in the case of any other entity) may be maintained in a State or Federal court by a private party. (B) Permissible actions A covered class action is described in this subparagraph if it involves - (i) the purchase or sale of securities by the issuer or an affiliate of the issuer exclusively from or to holders of equity securities of the issuer; or (ii) any recommendation, position, or other communication with respect to the sale of securities of the issuer that - (I) is made by or on behalf of the issuer or an affiliate of the issuer to holders of equity securities of the issuer; and (II) concerns decisions of those equity holders with respect to voting their securities, acting in response to a tender or exchange offer, or exercising dissenters' or appraisal rights. (2) State actions (A) In general Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, nothing in this section may be construed to preclude a State or political subdivision thereof or a State pension plan from bringing an action involving a covered security on its own behalf, or as a member of a class comprised solely of other States, political subdivisions, or State pension plans that are named plaintiffs, and that have authorized participation, in such action. (B) ''State pension plan'' defined For purposes of this paragraph, the term ''State pension plan'' means a pension plan established and maintained for its employees by the government of the State or political subdivision thereof, or by any agency or instrumentality thereof. (3) Actions under contractual agreements between issuers and indenture trustees Notwithstanding subsection (b) or (c) of this section, a covered class action that seeks to enforce a contractual agreement between an issuer and an indenture trustee may be maintained in a State or Federal court by a party to the agreement or a successor to such party. (4) Remand of removed actions In an action that has been removed from a State court pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, if the Federal court determines that the action may be maintained in State court pursuant to this subsection, the Federal court shall remand such action to such State court. (e) Preservation of State jurisdiction The securities commission (or any agency or office performing like functions) of any State shall retain jurisdiction under the laws of such State to investigate and bring enforcement actions. (f) Definitions For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply: (1) Affiliate of the issuer The term ''affiliate of the issuer'' means a person that directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with, the issuer. (2) Covered class action (A) In general The term ''covered class action'' means - (i) any single lawsuit in which - (I) damages are sought on behalf of more than 50 persons or prospective class members, and questions of law or fact common to those persons or members of the prospective class, without reference to issues of individualized reliance on an alleged misstatement or omission, predominate over any questions affecting only individual persons or members; or (II) one or more named parties seek to recover damages on a representative basis on behalf of themselves and other unnamed parties similarly situated, and questions of law or fact common to those persons or members of the prospective class predominate over any questions affecting only individual persons or members; or (ii) any group of lawsuits filed in or pending in the same court and involving common questions of law or fact, in which - (I) damages are sought on behalf of more than 50 persons; and (II) the lawsuits are joined, consolidated, or otherwise proceed as a single action for any purpose. (B) Exception for derivative actions Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), the term ''covered class action'' does not include an exclusively derivative action brought by one or more shareholders on behalf of a corporation. (C) Counting of certain class members For purposes of this paragraph, a corporation, investment company, pension plan, partnership, or other entity, shall be treated as one person or prospective class member, but only if the entity is not established for the purpose of participating in the action. (D) Rule of construction Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to affect the discretion of a State court in determining whether actions filed in such court should be joined, consolidated, or otherwise allowed to proceed as a single action. (3) Covered security The term ''covered security'' means a security that satisfies the standards for a covered security specified in paragraph (1) or (2) of section 77r(b) of this title at the time during which it is alleged that the misrepresentation, omission, or manipulative or deceptive conduct occurred, except that such term shall not include any debt security that is exempt from registration under this subchapter pursuant to rules issued by the Commission under section 77d(2) of this title. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 16, 48 Stat. 84; Pub. L. 105-353, title I, Sec. 101(a)(1), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3227.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Pub. L. 105-353 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ''The rights and remedies provided by this subchapter shall be in addition to any and all other rights and remedies that may exist at law or in equity.'' EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 105-353, title I, Sec. 101(c), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3233, provided that: ''The amendments made by this section (amending this section and sections 77v, 77z-1, 78u-4, and 78bb of this title) shall not affect or apply to any action commenced before and pending on the date of enactment of this Act (Nov. 3, 1998).'' -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 77v of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77q 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77q. Fraudulent interstate transactions -STATUTE- (a) Use of interstate commerce for purpose of fraud or deceit It shall be unlawful for any person in the offer or sale of any securities or any security-based swap agreement (as defined in section 206B of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act) by the use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or by use of the mails, directly or indirectly - (1) to employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud, or (2) to obtain money or property by means of any untrue statement of a material fact or any omission to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; or (3) to engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the purchaser. (b) Use of interstate commerce for purpose of offering for sale It shall be unlawful for any person, by the use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or by the use of the mails, to publish, give publicity to, or circulate any notice, circular, advertisement, newspaper, article, letter, investment service, or communication which, though not purporting to offer a security for sale, describes such security for a consideration received or to be received, directly or indirectly, from an issuer, underwriter, or dealer, without fully disclosing the receipt, whether past or prospective, of such consideration and the amount thereof. (c) Exemptions of section 77c not applicable to this section The exemptions provided in section 77c of this title shall not apply to the provisions of this section. (d) Authority with respect to security-based swap agreements The authority of the Commission under this section with respect to security-based swap agreements (as defined in section 206B of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act) shall be subject to the restrictions and limitations of section 77b-1(b) of this title. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 17, 48 Stat. 84; Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title I, Sec. 10, 68 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(5) (title III, Sec. 302(b), (c)), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-452.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 206B of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d), is section 206B of Pub. L. 106-102 which is set out in a note under section 78c of this title. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 2000 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(5) (title III, Sec. 302(b)), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: ''It shall be unlawful for any person in the offer or sale of any securities by the use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or by the use of the mails, directly or indirectly - ''(1) to employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud, or ''(2) to obtain money or property by means of any untrue statement of a material fact or any omission to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or ''(3) to engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the purchaser.'' Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(5) (title III, Sec. 302(c)), added subsec. (d). 1954 - Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 10, 1954, inserted ''offer or'' before ''sale'' in introductory text. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77t, 77eee, 78j, 3904 of this title; title 7 section 1932; title 42 section 9675. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77r 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77r. Exemption from State regulation of securities offerings -STATUTE- (a) Scope of exemption Except as otherwise provided in this section, no law, rule, regulation, or order, or other administrative action of any State or any political subdivision thereof - (1) requiring, or with respect to, registration or qualification of securities, or registration or qualification of securities transactions, shall directly or indirectly apply to a security that - (A) is a covered security; or (B) will be a covered security upon completion of the transaction; (2) shall directly or indirectly prohibit, limit, or impose any conditions upon the use of - (A) with respect to a covered security described in subsection (b) of this section, any offering document that is prepared by or on behalf of the issuer; or (B) any proxy statement, report to shareholders, or other disclosure document relating to a covered security or the issuer thereof that is required to be and is filed with the Commission or any national securities organization registered under section 78o-3 of this title, except that this subparagraph does not apply to the laws, rules, regulations, or orders, or other administrative actions of the State of incorporation of the issuer; or (3) shall directly or indirectly prohibit, limit, or impose conditions, based on the merits of such offering or issuer, upon the offer or sale of any security described in paragraph (1). (b) Covered securities For purposes of this section, the following are covered securities: (1) Exclusive Federal registration of nationally traded securities A security is a covered security if such security is - (A) listed, or authorized for listing, on the New York Stock Exchange or the American Stock Exchange, or listed, or authorized for listing, on the National Market System of the Nasdaq Stock Market (or any successor to such entities); (B) listed, or authorized for listing, on a national securities exchange (or tier or segment thereof) that has listing standards that the Commission determines by rule (on its own initiative or on the basis of a petition) are substantially similar to the listing standards applicable to securities described in subparagraph (A); or (C) is a security of the same issuer that is equal in seniority or that is a senior security to a security described in subparagraph (A) or (B). (2) Exclusive Federal registration of investment companies A security is a covered security if such security is a security issued by an investment company that is registered, or that has filed a registration statement, under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq.). (3) Sales to qualified purchasers A security is a covered security with respect to the offer or sale of the security to qualified purchasers, as defined by the Commission by rule. In prescribing such rule, the Commission may define the term ''qualified purchaser'' differently with respect to different categories of securities, consistent with the public interest and the protection of investors. (4) Exemption in connection with certain exempt offerings A security is a covered security with respect to a transaction that is exempt from registration under this subchapter pursuant to - (A) paragraph (1) or (3) of section 77d of this title, and the issuer of such security files reports with the Commission pursuant to section 78m or 78o(d) of this title; (B) section 77d(4) of this title; (C) section 77c(a) of this title, other than the offer or sale of a security that is exempt from such registration pursuant to paragraph (4), (10), or (11) of such section, except that a municipal security that is exempt from such registration pursuant to paragraph (2) of such section is not a covered security with respect to the offer or sale of such security in the State in which the issuer of such security is located; or (D) Commission rules or regulations issued under section 77d(2) of this title, except that this subparagraph does not prohibit a State from imposing notice filing requirements that are substantially similar to those required by rule or regulation under section 77d(2) of this title that are in effect on September 1, 1996. (c) Preservation of authority (1) Fraud authority Consistent with this section, the securities commission (or any agency or office performing like functions) of any State shall retain jurisdiction under the laws of such State to investigate and bring enforcement actions with respect to fraud or deceit, or unlawful conduct by a broker or dealer, in connection with securities or securities transactions. (2) Preservation of filing requirements (A) Notice filings permitted Nothing in this section prohibits the securities commission (or any agency or office performing like functions) of any State from requiring the filing of any document filed with the Commission pursuant to this subchapter, together with annual or periodic reports of the value of securities sold or offered to be sold to persons located in the State (if such sales data is not included in documents filed with the Commission), solely for notice purposes and the assessment of any fee, together with a consent to service of process and any required fee. (B) Preservation of fees (i) In general Until otherwise provided by law, rule, regulation, or order, or other administrative action of any State, or any political subdivision thereof, adopted after October 11, 1996, filing or registration fees with respect to securities or securities transactions shall continue to be collected in amounts determined pursuant to State law as in effect on the day before October 11, 1996. (ii) Schedule The fees required by this subparagraph shall be paid, and all necessary supporting data on sales or offers for sales required under subparagraph (A), shall be reported on the same schedule as would have been applicable had the issuer not relied on the exemption provided in subsection (a) of this section. (C) Availability of preemption contingent on payment of fees (i) In general During the period beginning on October 11, 1996, and ending 3 years after October 11, 1996, the securities commission (or any agency or office performing like functions) of any State may require the registration of securities issued by any issuer who refuses to pay the fees required by subparagraph (B). (ii) Delays For purposes of this subparagraph, delays in payment of fees or underpayments of fees that are promptly remedied shall not constitute a refusal to pay fees. (D) Fees not permitted on listed securities Notwithstanding subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C), no filing or fee may be required with respect to any security that is a covered security pursuant to subsection (b)(1) of this section, or will be such a covered security upon completion of the transaction, or is a security of the same issuer that is equal in seniority or that is a senior security to a security that is a covered security pursuant to subsection (b)(1) of this section. (3) Enforcement of requirements Nothing in this section shall prohibit the securities commission (or any agency or office performing like functions) of any State from suspending the offer or sale of securities within such State as a result of the failure to submit any filing or fee required under law and permitted under this section. (d) Definitions For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply: (1) Offering document The term ''offering document'' - (A) has the meaning given the term ''prospectus'' in section 77b(a)(10) of this title, but without regard to the provisions of subparagraphs (a) and (b) of that section; and (B) includes a communication that is not deemed to offer a security pursuant to a rule of the Commission. (2) Prepared by or on behalf of the issuer Not later than 6 months after October 11, 1996, the Commission shall, by rule, define the term ''prepared by or on behalf of the issuer'' for purposes of this section. (3) State The term ''State'' has the same meaning as in section 78c of this title. (4) Senior security The term ''senior security'' means any bond, debenture, note, or similar obligation or instrument constituting a security and evidencing indebtedness, and any stock of a class having priority over any other class as to distribution of assets or payment of dividends. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 18, 48 Stat. 85; Pub. L. 104-290, title I, Sec. 102(a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3417; Pub. L. 105-353, title III, Sec. 301(a)(4), 302, Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3235, 3237.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Investment Company Act of 1940, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is title I of act Aug. 22, 1940, ch. 686, 54 Stat. 789, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 80a-1 et seq.) of chapter 2D of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 80a-51 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 105-353, Sec. 301(a)(4)(A), inserted '', or authorized for listing,'' after ''Exchange, or listed''. Subsec. (b)(4)(C). Pub. L. 105-353, Sec. 302, substituted ''paragraph (4), (10), or (11)'' for ''paragraph (4) or (11)''. Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(i), (C)(i). Pub. L. 105-353, Sec. 301(a)(4)(B), (C), made technical amendments to references in original act which appear in text as references to October 11, 1996. Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 105-353, Sec. 301(a)(4)(D), substituted ''section 77b(a)(10)'' for ''section 77b(10)'' and ''subparagraphs (a) and (b)'' for ''subparagraphs (A) and (B)''. Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 105-353, Sec. 301(a)(4)(E), made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to October 11, 1996. Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 105-353, Sec. 301(a)(4)(F), substituted ''The term'' for ''For purposes of this paragraph, the term''. 1996 - Pub. L. 104-290 substituted ''Exemption from State regulation of securities offerings'' for ''State control of securities'' as section catchline and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ''Nothing in this subchapter shall affect the jurisdiction of the securities commission (or any agency or office performing like functions) of any State or Territory of the United States, or the District of Columbia, over any security or any person.'' -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -MISC5- STUDY AND REPORT ON UNIFORMITY OF STATE REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS Section 102(b) of Pub. L. 104-290 provided that: ''The Commission shall conduct a study, after consultation with States, issuers, brokers, and dealers, on the extent to which uniformity of State regulatory requirements for securities or securities transactions has been achieved for securities that are not covered securities (within the meaning of section 18 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77r), as amended by paragraph (1) of this subsection). Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 11, 1996), the Commission shall submit a report to the Congress on the results of such study.'' -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77p, 78bb, 6701 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77r-1 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77r-1. Preemption of State law -STATUTE- (a) Authority to purchase, hold, and invest in securities; securities considered as obligations of United States (1) Any person, trust, corporation, partnership, association, business trust, or business entity created pursuant to or existing under the laws of the United States or any State shall be authorized to purchase, hold, and invest in securities that are - (A) offered and sold pursuant to section 77d(5) of this title, (B) mortgage related securities (as that term is defined in section 78c(a)(41) of this title), (C) small business related securities (as defined in section 78c(a)(53) of this title), or (D) securities issued or guaranteed by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation or the Federal National Mortgage Association, to the same extent that such person, trust, corporation, partnership, association, business trust, or business entity is authorized under any applicable law to purchase, hold or invest in obligations issued by or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof. (2) Where State law limits the purchase, holding, or investment in obligations issued by the United States by such a person, trust, corporation, partnership, association, business trust, or business entity, such securities that are - (A) offered and sold pursuant to section 77d(5) of this title, (B) mortgage related securities (as that term is defined in section 78c(a)(41) of this title), (C) small business related securities (as defined in section 78c(a)(53) of this title), or (D) securities issued or guaranteed by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation or the Federal National Mortgage Association, shall be considered to be obligations issued by the United States for purposes of the limitation. (b) Exception; validity of contracts under prior law The provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall not apply with respect to a particular person, trust, corporation, partnership, association, business trust, or business entity or class thereof in any State that, prior to the expiration of seven years after October 3, 1984, enacts a statute that specifically refers to this section and either prohibits or provides for a more limited authority to purchase, hold, or invest in such securities by any person, trust, corporation, partnership, association, business trust, or business entity or class thereof than is provided in subsection (a) of this section. The enactment by any State of any statute of the type described in the preceding sentence shall not affect the validity of any contractual commitment to purchase, hold, or invest that was made prior thereto and shall not require the sale or other disposition of any securities acquired prior thereto. (c) Registration and qualification requirements; exemption; subsequent enactment by State Any securities that are offered and sold pursuant to section 77d(5) of this title, that are mortgage related securities (as that term is defined in section 78c(a)(41) of this title), or that are small business related securities (as defined in section 78c(a)(53) of this title) shall be exempt from any law of any State with respect to or requiring registration or qualification of securities or real estate to the same extent as any obligation issued by or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof. Any State may, prior to the expiration of seven years after October 3, 1984, enact a statute that specifically refers to this section and requires registration or qualification of any such security on terms that differ from those applicable to any obligation issued by the United States. (d) Implementation (1) Limitation The provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section concerning small business related securities shall not apply with respect to a particular person, trust, corporation, partnership, association, business trust, or business entity or class thereof in any State that, prior to the expiration of 7 years after September 23, 1994, enacts a statute that specifically refers to this section and either prohibits or provides for a more limited authority to purchase, hold, or invest in such small business related securities by any person, trust, corporation, partnership, association, business trust, or business entity or class thereof than is provided in this section. The enactment by any State of any statute of the type described in the preceding sentence shall not affect the validity of any contractual commitment to purchase, hold, or invest that was made prior to such enactment, and shall not require the sale or other disposition of any small business related securities acquired prior to the date of such enactment. (2) State registration or qualification requirements Any State may, not later than 7 years after September 23, 1994, enact a statute that specifically refers to this section and requires registration or qualification of any small business related securities on terms that differ from those applicable to any obligation issued by the United States. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 98-440, title I, Sec. 106, Oct. 3, 1984, 98 Stat. 1691; Pub. L. 103-325, title II, Sec. 207, Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2199.) -COD- CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act of 1984, and not as part of the Securities Act of 1933, which comprises this subchapter. -MISC3- AMENDMENTS 1994 - Subsec. (a)(1)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 103-325, Sec. 207(a), struck out ''or'' at end of subpar. (B), added subpar. (C), and redesignated former subpar. (C) as (D). Subsec. (a)(2)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 103-325, Sec. 207(b), struck out ''or'' at end of subpar. (B), added subpar. (C), and redesignated former subpar. (C) as (D). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103-325, Sec. 207(c), in first sentence substituted '', that'' for ''or that'' before ''are mortgage related securities'' and inserted '', or that are small business related securities (as defined in section 78c(a)(53) of this title)'' before ''shall be exempt''. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103-325, Sec. 207(d), added subsec. (d). -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77s 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77s. Special powers of Commission -STATUTE- (a) The Commission shall have authority from time to time to make, amend, and rescind such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this subchapter, including rules and regulations governing registration statements and prospectuses for various classes of securities and issuers, and defining accounting, technical, and trade terms used in this subchapter. Among other things, the Commission shall have authority, for the purposes of this subchapter, to prescribe the form or forms in which required information shall be set forth, the items or details to be shown in the balance sheet and earning statement, and the methods to be followed in the preparation of accounts, in the appraisal or valuation of assets and liabilities, in the determination of depreciation and depletion, in the differentiation of recurring and nonrecurring income, in the differentiation of investment and operating income, and in the preparation, where the Commission deems it necessary or desirable, of consolidated balance sheets or income accounts of any person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by the issuer, or any person under direct or indirect common control with the issuer. The rules and regulations of the Commission shall be effective upon publication in the manner which the Commission shall prescribe. No provision of this subchapter imposing any liability shall apply to any act done or omitted in good faith in conformity with any rule or regulation of the Commission, notwithstanding that such rule or regulation may, after such act or omission, be amended or rescinded or be determined by judicial or other authority to be invalid for any reason. (b) For the purpose of all investigations which, in the opinion of the Commission, are necessary and proper for the enforcement of this subchapter, any member of the Commission or any officer or officers designated by it are empowered to administer oaths and affirmations, subpena witnesses, take evidence, and require the production of any books, papers, or other documents which the Commission deems relevant or material to the inquiry. Such attendance of witnesses and the production of such documentary evidence may be required from any place in the United States or any Territory at any designated place of hearing. (c)(1) The Commission is authorized to cooperate with any association composed of duly constituted representatives of State governments whose primary assignment is the regulation of the securities business within those States, and which, in the judgment of the Commission, could assist in effectuating greater uniformity in Federal-State securities matters. The Commission shall, at its discretion, cooperate, coordinate, and share information with such an association for the purposes of carrying out the policies and projects set forth in paragraphs (2) and (3). (2) It is the declared policy of this subsection that there should be greater Federal and State cooperation in securities matters, including - (A) maximum effectiveness of regulation, (B) maximum uniformity in Federal and State regulatory standards, (C) minimum interference with the business of capital formation, and (D) a substantial reduction in costs and paperwork to diminish the burdens of raising investment capital (particularly by small business) and to diminish the costs of the administration of the Government programs involved. (3) The purpose of this subsection is to engender cooperation between the Commission, any such association of State securities officials, and other duly constituted securities associations in the following areas: (A) the sharing of information regarding the registration or exemption of securities issues applied for in the various States; (B) the development and maintenance of uniform securities forms and procedures; and (C) the development of a uniform exemption from registration for small issuers which can be agreed upon among several States or between the States and the Federal Government. The Commission shall have the authority to adopt such an exemption as agreed upon for Federal purposes. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as authorizing preemption of State law. (4) In order to carry out these policies and purposes, the Commission shall conduct an annual conference as well as such other meetings as are deemed necessary, to which representatives from such securities associations, securities self-regulatory organizations, agencies, and private organizations involved in capital formation shall be invited to participate. (5) For fiscal year 1982, and for each of the three succeeding fiscal years, there are authorized to be appropriated such amounts as may be necessary and appropriate to carry out the policies, provisions, and purposes of this subsection. Any sums so appropriated shall remain available until expended. (6) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, neither the Commission nor any other person shall be required to establish any procedures not specifically required by the securities laws, as that term is defined in section 78c(a)(47) of this title, or by chapter 5 of title 5, in connection with cooperation, coordination, or consultation with - (A) any association referred to in paragraph (1) or (3) or any conference or meeting referred to in paragraph (4), while such association, conference, or meeting is carrying out activities in furtherance of the provisions of this subsection; or (B) any forum, agency, or organization, or group referred to in section 80c-1 of this title, while such forum, agency, organization, or group is carrying out activities in furtherance of the provisions of such section 80c-1. As used in this paragraph, the terms ''association'', ''conference'', ''meeting'', ''forum'', ''agency'', ''organization'', and ''group'' include any committee, subgroup, or representative of such entities. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 19, 48 Stat. 85; June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title II, Sec. 209, 48 Stat. 908; Pub. L. 94-210, title III, Sec. 308(a)(2), Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 57; Pub. L. 96-477, title V, Sec. 505, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2292; Pub. L. 100-181, title II, Sec. 207, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1252.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1987 - Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 100-181 added par. (6). 1980 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96-477 added subsec. (c). 1976 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94-210 struck out provisions relating to rules and regulations applicable to any common carrier subject to the provisions of section 20 of title 49. 1934 - Subsec. (a). Act June 6, 1934, inserted ''technical'' in first sentence and inserted last sentence. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-477 effective Jan. 1, 1981, see section 507 of Pub. L. 96-477, set out as an Effective Date note under section 80c of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 94-210 effective on 60th day after Feb. 5, 1976, but not applicable to any bona fide offering of a security made by the issuer, or by or through an underwriter, before such 60th day, see section 308(d)(1) of Pub. L. 94-210, set out as a note under section 77c of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 78u of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77t 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77t. Injunctions and prosecution of offenses -STATUTE- (a) Investigation of violations Whenever it shall appear to the Commission, either upon complaint or otherwise, that the provisions of this subchapter, or of any rule or regulation prescribed under authority thereof, have been or are about to be violated, it may, in its discretion, either require or permit such person to file with it a statement in writing, under oath, or otherwise, as to all the facts and circumstances concerning the subject matter which it believes to be in the public interest to investigate, and may investigate such facts. (b) Action for injunction or criminal prosecution in district court Whenever it shall appear to the Commission that any person is engaged or about to engage in any acts or practices which constitute or will constitute a violation of the provisions of this subchapter, or of any rule or regulation prescribed under authority thereof, the Commission may, in its discretion, bring an action in any district court of the United States, or United States court of any Territory, to enjoin such acts or practices, and upon a proper showing, a permanent or temporary injunction or restraining order shall be granted without bond. The Commission may transmit such evidence as may be available concerning such acts or practices to the Attorney General who may, in his discretion, institute the necessary criminal proceedings under this subchapter. Any such criminal proceeding may be brought either in the district wherein the transmittal of the prospectus or security complained of begins, or in the district wherein such prospectus or security is received. (c) Writ of mandamus Upon application of the Commission, the district courts of the United States and the United States courts of any Territory shall have jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus commanding any person to comply with the provisions of this subchapter or any order of the Commission made in pursuance thereof. (d) Money penalties in civil actions (1) Authority of Commission Whenever it shall appear to the Commission that any person has violated any provision of this subchapter, the rules or regulations thereunder, or a cease-and-desist order entered by the Commission pursuant to section 77h-1 of this title, other than by committing a violation subject to a penalty pursuant to section 78u-1 of this title, the Commission may bring an action in a United States district court to seek, and the court shall have jurisdiction to impose, upon a proper showing, a civil penalty to be paid by the person who committed such violation. (2) Amount of penalty (A) First tier The amount of the penalty shall be determined by the court in light of the facts and circumstances. For each violation, the amount of the penalty shall not exceed the greater of (i) $5,000 for a natural person or $50,000 for any other person, or (ii) the gross amount of pecuniary gain to such defendant as a result of the violation. (B) Second tier Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), the amount of penalty for each such violation shall not exceed the greater of (i) $50,000 for a natural person or $250,000 for any other person, or (ii) the gross amount of pecuniary gain to such defendant as a result of the violation, if the violation described in paragraph (1) involved fraud, deceit, manipulation, or deliberate or reckless disregard of a regulatory requirement. (C) Third tier Notwithstanding subparagraphs (A) and (B), the amount of penalty for each such violation shall not exceed the greater of (i) $100,000 for a natural person or $500,000 for any other person, or (ii) the gross amount of pecuniary gain to such defendant as a result of the violation, if - (I) the violation described in paragraph (1) involved fraud, deceit, manipulation, or deliberate or reckless disregard of a regulatory requirement; and (II) such violation directly or indirectly resulted in substantial losses or created a significant risk of substantial losses to other persons. (3) Procedures for collection (A) Payment of penalty to Treasury A penalty imposed under this section shall be payable into the Treasury of the United States. (B) Collection of penalties If a person upon whom such a penalty is imposed shall fail to pay such penalty within the time prescribed in the court's order, the Commission may refer the matter to the Attorney General who shall recover such penalty by action in the appropriate United States district court. (C) Remedy not exclusive The actions authorized by this subsection may be brought in addition to any other action that the Commission or the Attorney General is entitled to bring. (D) Jurisdiction and venue For purposes of section 77v of this title, actions under this section shall be actions to enforce a liability or a duty created by this subchapter. (4) Special provisions relating to a violation of a cease-and-desist order In an action to enforce a cease-and-desist order entered by the Commission pursuant to section 77h-1 of this title, each separate violation of such order shall be a separate offense, except that in the case of a violation through a continuing failure to comply with such an order, each day of the failure to comply with the order shall be deemed a separate offense. (e) Authority of court to prohibit persons from serving as officers and directors In any proceeding under subsection (b) of this section, the court may prohibit, conditionally or unconditionally, and permanently or for such period of time as it shall determine, any person who violated section 77q(a)(1) of this title from acting as an officer or director of any issuer that has a class of securities registered pursuant to section 78l of this title or that is required to file reports pursuant to section 78o(d) of this title if the person's conduct demonstrates substantial unfitness to serve as an officer or director of any such issuer. (f) Prohibition of attorneys' fees paid from Commission disgorgement funds Except as otherwise ordered by the court upon motion by the Commission, or, in the case of an administrative action, as otherwise ordered by the Commission, funds disgorged as the result of an action brought by the Commission in Federal court, or as a result of any Commission administrative action, shall not be distributed as payment for attorneys' fees or expenses incurred by private parties seeking distribution of the disgorged funds. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 20, 48 Stat. 86; Pub. L. 100-181, title II, Sec. 208, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1253; Pub. L. 101-429, title I, Sec. 101, Oct. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 932; Pub. L. 104-67, title I, Sec. 103(b)(1), Dec. 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 756.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1995 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104-67 added subsec. (f). 1990 - Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 101-429 added subsecs. (d) and (e). 1987 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100-181, Sec. 208(a), inserted first sentence and struck out former first sentence containing similar provisions. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100-181, Sec. 208(b), amended subsec. (c) generally. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104-67 not to affect or apply to any private action arising under this subchapter or title I of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), commenced before and pending on Dec. 22, 1995, see section 108 of Pub. L. 104-67, set out as a note under section 77l of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 101-429 effective Oct. 15, 1990, with provisions relating to civil penalties and accounting and disgorgement, see section 1(c)(1) and (2) of Pub. L. 101-429, set out in a note under section 77g of this title. CONSTRUCTION OF 1995 AMENDMENT Nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 104-67 to be deemed to create or ratify any implied right of action, or to prevent Commission, by rule or regulation, from restricting or otherwise regulating private actions under Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), see section 203 of Pub. L. 104-67, set out as a Construction note under section 78j-1 of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 77uuu of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77u 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77u. Hearings by Commission -STATUTE- All hearings shall be public and may be held before the Commission or an officer or officers of the Commission designated by it, and appropriate records thereof shall be kept. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 21, 48 Stat. 86.) -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77v 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77v. Jurisdiction of offenses and suits -STATUTE- (a) Federal and State courts; venue; service of process; review; removal; costs The district courts of the United States and the United States courts of any Territory shall have jurisdiction of offenses and violations under this subchapter and under the rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission in respect thereto, and, concurrent with State and Territorial courts, except as provided in section 77p of this title with respect to covered class actions, of all suits in equity and actions at law brought to enforce any liability or duty created by this subchapter. Any such suit or action may be brought in the district wherein the defendant is found or is an inhabitant or transacts business, or in the district where the offer or sale took place, if the defendant participated therein, and process in such cases may be served in any other district of which the defendant is an inhabitant or wherever the defendant may be found. Judgments and decrees so rendered shall be subject to review as provided in sections 1254, 1291, 1292, and 1294 of title 28. Except as provided in section 77p(c) of this title, no case arising under this subchapter and brought in any State court of competent jurisdiction shall be removed to any court of the United States. No costs shall be assessed for or against the Commission in any proceeding under this subchapter brought by or against it in the Supreme Court or such other courts. (b) Contumacy or refusal to obey subpena; contempt In case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena issued to any person, any of the said United States courts, within the jurisdiction of which said person guilty of contumacy or refusal to obey is found or resides, upon application by the Commission may issue to such person an order requiring such person to appear before the Commission, or one of its examiners designated by it, there to produce documentary evidence if so ordered, or there to give evidence touching the matter in question; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by said court as a contempt thereof. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 22, 48 Stat. 86; June 25, 1936, ch. 804, 49 Stat. 1921; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 32(b), 62 Stat. 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, Sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107; Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title I, Sec. 11, 68 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 91-452, title II, Sec. 213, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 929; Pub. L. 100-181, title II, Sec. 209, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1253; Pub. L. 105-353, title I, Sec. 101(a)(3), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3230.) -COD- CODIFICATION As originally enacted subsec. (a) contained references to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Act June 25, 1936, substituted ''the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia'' for ''the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia'', and act June 25, 1948, as amended by act May 24, 1949, substituted ''United States District Court for the District of Columbia'' for ''district court of the United States for the District of Columbia''. Pub. L. 100-181 struck out reference to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Previously, such reference had been editorially eliminated as superfluous in view of section 132(a) of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, which provides that ''There shall be in each judicial district a district court which shall be a court of record known as the United States District Court for the district'', and section 88 of Title 28 which provides that ''the District of Columbia constitutes one judicial district''. -MISC3- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105-353 inserted ''except as provided in section 77p of this title with respect to covered class actions,'' after ''Territorial courts,'' in first sentence and substituted ''Except as provided in section 77p(c) of this title, no case'' for ''No case'' in penultimate sentence. 1987 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100-181 substituted ''United States and'' for ''United States, the'', struck out '', and the United States District Court for the District of Columbia'' after ''Territory'', and substituted ''sections 1254, 1291, 1292, and 1294 of title 28'' for ''sections 128 and 240 of the Judicial Code, as amended (U.S.C., title 28, secs. 225 and 347)''. See Codification note above. 1970 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91-452 struck out subsec. (c) which related to immunity from prosecution of any individual compelled to testify or produce evidence, documentary or otherwise, after claiming his privilege against self-incrimination. 1954 - Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 10, 1954, inserted ''offer or'' before ''sale'' in second sentence. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 105-353 not to affect or apply to any action commenced before and pending on Nov. 3, 1998, see section 101(c) of Pub. L. 105-353, set out as a note under section 77p of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91-452 effective on sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91-452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provision note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. SAVINGS PROVISION Amendment by Pub. L. 91-452 not to affect any immunity to which any individual is entitled under this section by reason of any testimony given before the sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91-452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provision note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77t, 77uuu, 77vvv of this title; title 7 section 1932. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77w 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77w. Unlawful representations -STATUTE- Neither the fact that the registration statement for a security has been filed or is in effect nor the fact that a stop order is not in effect with respect thereto shall be deemed a finding by the Commission that the registration statement is true and accurate on its face or that it does not contain an untrue statement of fact or omit to state a material fact, or be held to mean that the Commission has in any way passed upon the merits of, or given approval to, such security. It shall be unlawful to make, or cause to be made to any prospective purchaser any representation contrary to the foregoing provisions of this section. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 23, 48 Stat. 87.) -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77x 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77x. Penalties -STATUTE- Any person who willfully violates any of the provisions of this subchapter, or the rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission under authority thereof, or any person who willfully, in a registration statement filed under this subchapter, makes any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, shall upon conviction be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 24, 48 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 94-29, Sec. 27(a), June 4, 1975, 89 Stat. 163.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1975 - Pub. L. 94-29 substituted ''$10,000'' for ''$5,000''. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 94-29 effective June 4, 1975, see section 31(a) of Pub. L. 94-29, set out as a note under section 78b of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 77eee of this title; title 7 section 1932. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77y 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77y. Jurisdiction of other Government agencies over securities -STATUTE- Nothing in this subchapter shall relieve any person from submitting to the respective supervisory units of the Government of the United States information, reports, or other documents that may be required by any provision of law. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 25, 48 Stat. 87.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77z 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77z. Separability -STATUTE- If any provision of this chapter, or the application of such provision to any person or circumstance, shall be held invalid, the remainder of this chapter, or the application of such provision to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it is held invalid, shall not be affected thereby. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 26, 48 Stat. 88.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77z-1 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77z-1. Private securities litigation -STATUTE- (a) Private class actions (1) In general The provisions of this subsection shall apply to each private action arising under this subchapter that is brought as a plaintiff class action pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (2) Certification filed with complaint (A) In general Each plaintiff seeking to serve as a representative party on behalf of a class shall provide a sworn certification, which shall be personally signed by such plaintiff and filed with the complaint, that - (i) states that the plaintiff has reviewed the complaint and authorized its filing; (ii) states that the plaintiff did not purchase the security that is the subject of the complaint at the direction of plaintiff's counsel or in order to participate in any private action arising under this subchapter; (iii) states that the plaintiff is willing to serve as a representative party on behalf of a class, including providing testimony at deposition and trial, if necessary; (iv) sets forth all of the transactions of the plaintiff in the security that is the subject of the complaint during the class period specified in the complaint; (v) identifies any other action under this subchapter, filed during the 3-year period preceding the date on which the certification is signed by the plaintiff, in which the plaintiff has sought to serve, or served, as a representative party on behalf of a class; and (vi) states that the plaintiff will not accept any payment for serving as a representative party on behalf of a class beyond the plaintiff's pro rata share of any recovery, except as ordered or approved by the court in accordance with paragraph (4). (B) Nonwaiver of attorney-client privilege The certification filed pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall not be construed to be a waiver of the attorney-client privilege. (3) Appointment of lead plaintiff (A) Early notice to class members (i) In general Not later than 20 days after the date on which the complaint is filed, the plaintiff or plaintiffs shall cause to be published, in a widely circulated national business-oriented publication or wire service, a notice advising members of the purported plaintiff class - (I) of the pendency of the action, the claims asserted therein, and the purported class period; and (II) that, not later than 60 days after the date on which the notice is published, any member of the purported class may move the court to serve as lead plaintiff of the purported class. (ii) Multiple actions If more than one action on behalf of a class asserting substantially the same claim or claims arising under this subchapter is filed, only the plaintiff or plaintiffs in the first filed action shall be required to cause notice to be published in accordance with clause (i). (iii) Additional notices may be required under Federal rules Notice required under clause (i) shall be in addition to any notice required pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (B) Appointment of lead plaintiff (i) In general Not later than 90 days after the date on which a notice is published under subparagraph (A)(i), the court shall consider any motion made by a purported class member in response to the notice, including any motion by a class member who is not individually named as a plaintiff in the complaint or complaints, and shall appoint as lead plaintiff the member or members of the purported plaintiff class that the court determines to be most capable of adequately representing the interests of class members (hereafter in this paragraph referred to as the ''most adequate plaintiff'') in accordance with this subparagraph. (ii) Consolidated actions If more than one action on behalf of a class asserting substantially the same claim or claims arising under this subchapter has been filed, and any party has sought to consolidate those actions for pretrial purposes or for trial, the court shall not make the determination required by clause (i) until after the decision on the motion to consolidate is rendered. As soon as practicable after such decision is rendered, the court shall appoint the most adequate plaintiff as lead plaintiff for the consolidated actions in accordance with this subparagraph. (iii) Rebuttable presumption (I) In general Subject to subclause (II), for purposes of clause (i), the court shall adopt a presumption that the most adequate plaintiff in any private action arising under this subchapter is the person or group of persons that - (aa) has either filed the complaint or made a motion in response to a notice under subparagraph (A)(i); (bb) in the determination of the court, has the largest financial interest in the relief sought by the class; and (cc) otherwise satisfies the requirements of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (II) Rebuttal evidence The presumption described in subclause (I) may be rebutted only upon proof by a member of the purported plaintiff class that the presumptively most adequate plaintiff - (aa) will not fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class; or (bb) is subject to unique defenses that render such plaintiff incapable of adequately representing the class. (iv) Discovery For purposes of this subparagraph, discovery relating to whether a member or members of the purported plaintiff class is the most adequate plaintiff may be conducted by a plaintiff only if the plaintiff first demonstrates a reasonable basis for a finding that the presumptively most adequate plaintiff is incapable of adequately representing the class. (v) Selection of lead counsel The most adequate plaintiff shall, subject to the approval of the court, select and retain counsel to represent the class. (vi) Restrictions on professional plaintiffs Except as the court may otherwise permit, consistent with the purposes of this section, a person may be a lead plaintiff, or an officer, director, or fiduciary of a lead plaintiff, in no more than 5 securities class actions brought as plaintiff class actions pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure during any 3-year period. (4) Recovery by plaintiffs The share of any final judgment or of any settlement that is awarded to a representative party serving on behalf of a class shall be equal, on a per share basis, to the portion of the final judgment or settlement awarded to all other members of the class. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to limit the award of reasonable costs and expenses (including lost wages) directly relating to the representation of the class to any representative party serving on behalf of the class. (5) Restrictions on settlements under seal The terms and provisions of any settlement agreement of a class action shall not be filed under seal, except that on motion of any party to the settlement, the court may order filing under seal for those portions of a settlement agreement as to which good cause is shown for such filing under seal. For purposes of this paragraph, good cause shall exist only if publication of a term or provision of a settlement agreement would cause direct and substantial harm to any party. (6) Restrictions on payment of attorneys' fees and expenses Total attorneys' fees and expenses awarded by the court to counsel for the plaintiff class shall not exceed a reasonable percentage of the amount of any damages and prejudgment interest actually paid to the class. (7) Disclosure of settlement terms to class members Any proposed or final settlement agreement that is published or otherwise disseminated to the class shall include each of the following statements, along with a cover page summarizing the information contained in such statements: (A) Statement of plaintiff recovery The amount of the settlement proposed to be distributed to the parties to the action, determined in the aggregate and on an average per share basis. (B) Statement of potential outcome of case (i) Agreement on amount of damages If the settling parties agree on the average amount of damages per share that would be recoverable if the plaintiff prevailed on each claim alleged under this subchapter, a statement concerning the average amount of such potential damages per share. (ii) Disagreement on amount of damages If the parties do not agree on the average amount of damages per share that would be recoverable if the plaintiff prevailed on each claim alleged under this subchapter, a statement from each settling party concerning the issue or issues on which the parties disagree. (iii) Inadmissibility for certain purposes A statement made in accordance with clause (i) or (ii) concerning the amount of damages shall not be admissible in any Federal or State judicial action or administrative proceeding, other than an action or proceeding arising out of such statement. (C) Statement of attorneys' fees or costs sought If any of the settling parties or their counsel intend to apply to the court for an award of attorneys' fees or costs from any fund established as part of the settlement, a statement indicating which parties or counsel intend to make such an application, the amount of fees and costs that will be sought (including the amount of such fees and costs determined on an average per share basis), and a brief explanation supporting the fees and costs sought. (D) Identification of lawyers' representatives The name, telephone number, and address of one or more representatives of counsel for the plaintiff class who will be reasonably available to answer questions from class members concerning any matter contained in any notice of settlement published or otherwise disseminated to the class. (E) Reasons for settlement A brief statement explaining the reasons why the parties are proposing the settlement. (F) Other information Such other information as may be required by the court. (8) Attorney conflict of interest If a plaintiff class is represented by an attorney who directly owns or otherwise has a beneficial interest in the securities that are the subject of the litigation, the court shall make a determination of whether such ownership or other interest constitutes a conflict of interest sufficient to disqualify the attorney from representing the plaintiff class. (b) Stay of discovery; preservation of evidence (1) In general In any private action arising under this subchapter, all discovery and other proceedings shall be stayed during the pendency of any motion to dismiss, unless the court finds, upon the motion of any party, that particularized discovery is necessary to preserve evidence or to prevent undue prejudice to that party. (2) Preservation of evidence During the pendency of any stay of discovery pursuant to this subsection, unless otherwise ordered by the court, any party to the action with actual notice of the allegations contained in the complaint shall treat all documents, data compilations (including electronically recorded or stored data), and tangible objects that are in the custody or control of such person and that are relevant to the allegations, as if they were the subject of a continuing request for production of documents from an opposing party under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (3) Sanction for willful violation A party aggrieved by the willful failure of an opposing party to comply with paragraph (2) may apply to the court for an order awarding appropriate sanctions. (4) Circumvention of stay of discovery Upon a proper showing, a court may stay discovery proceedings in any private action in a State court as necessary in aid of its jurisdiction, or to protect or effectuate its judgments, in an action subject to a stay of discovery pursuant to this subsection. (c) Sanctions for abusive litigation (1) Mandatory review by court In any private action arising under this subchapter, upon final adjudication of the action, the court shall include in the record specific findings regarding compliance by each party and each attorney representing any party with each requirement of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as to any complaint, responsive pleading, or dispositive motion. (2) Mandatory sanctions If the court makes a finding under paragraph (1) that a party or attorney violated any requirement of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as to any complaint, responsive pleading, or dispositive motion, the court shall impose sanctions on such party or attorney in accordance with Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Prior to making a finding that any party or attorney has violated Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the court shall give such party or attorney notice and an opportunity to respond. (3) Presumption in favor of attorneys' fees and costs (A) In general Subject to subparagraphs (B) and (C), for purposes of paragraph (2), the court shall adopt a presumption that the appropriate sanction - (i) for failure of any responsive pleading or dispositive motion to comply with any requirement of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is an award to the opposing party of the reasonable attorneys' fees and other expenses incurred as a direct result of the violation; and (ii) for substantial failure of any complaint to comply with any requirement of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is an award to the opposing party of the reasonable attorneys' fees and other expenses incurred in the action. (B) Rebuttal evidence The presumption described in subparagraph (A) may be rebutted only upon proof by the party or attorney against whom sanctions are to be imposed that - (i) the award of attorneys' fees and other expenses will impose an unreasonable burden on that party or attorney and would be unjust, and the failure to make such an award would not impose a greater burden on the party in whose favor sanctions are to be imposed; or (ii) the violation of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure was de minimis. (C) Sanctions If the party or attorney against whom sanctions are to be imposed meets its burden under subparagraph (B), the court shall award the sanctions that the court deems appropriate pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (d) Defendant's right to written interrogatories In any private action arising under this subchapter in which the plaintiff may recover money damages only on proof that a defendant acted with a particular state of mind, the court shall, when requested by a defendant, submit to the jury a written interrogatory on the issue of each such defendant's state of mind at the time the alleged violation occurred. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 27, as added Pub. L. 104-67, title I, Sec. 101(a), Dec. 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 737; amended Pub. L. 105-353, title I, Sec. 101(a)(2), title III, Sec. 301(a)(5), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3230, 3235.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (3)(A)(iii), (B)(iii)(I)(cc), (vi), (b)(2), and (c), are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Pub. L. 105-353, Sec. 301(a)(5), made technical correction relating to placement of section in subchapter. Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 105-353, Sec. 101(a)(2), added par. (4). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 101(a)(2) of Pub. L. 105-353 not to affect or apply to any action commenced before and pending on Nov. 3, 1998, see section 101(c) of Pub. L. 105-353, set out as a note under section 77p of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Section not to affect or apply to any private action arising under this subchapter or title I of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), commenced before and pending on Dec. 22, 1995, see section 108 of Pub. L. 104-67, set out as an Effective Date of 1995 Amendment note under section 77l of this title. CONSTRUCTION Nothing in section to be deemed to create or ratify any implied right of action, or to prevent Commission, by rule or regulation, from restricting or otherwise regulating private actions under Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), see section 203 of Pub. L. 104-67, set out as a note under section 78j-1 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77z-2 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77z-2. Application of safe harbor for forward-looking statements -STATUTE- (a) Applicability This section shall apply only to a forward-looking statement made by - (1) an issuer that, at the time that the statement is made, is subject to the reporting requirements of section 78m(a) or section 78o(d) of this title; (2) a person acting on behalf of such issuer; (3) an outside reviewer retained by such issuer making a statement on behalf of such issuer; or (4) an underwriter, with respect to information provided by such issuer or information derived from information provided by the issuer. (b) Exclusions Except to the extent otherwise specifically provided by rule, regulation, or order of the Commission, this section shall not apply to a forward-looking statement - (1) that is made with respect to the business or operations of the issuer, if the issuer - (A) during the 3-year period preceding the date on which the statement was first made - (i) was convicted of any felony or misdemeanor described in clauses (i) through (iv) of section 78o(b)(4)(B) of this title; or (ii) has been made the subject of a judicial or administrative decree or order arising out of a governmental action that - (I) prohibits future violations of the antifraud provisions of the securities laws; (II) requires that the issuer cease and desist from violating the antifraud provisions of the securities laws; or (III) determines that the issuer violated the antifraud provisions of the securities laws; (B) makes the forward-looking statement in connection with an offering of securities by a blank check company; (C) issues penny stock; (D) makes the forward-looking statement in connection with a rollup transaction; or (E) makes the forward-looking statement in connection with a going private transaction; or (2) that is - (A) included in a financial statement prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (B) contained in a registration statement of, or otherwise issued by, an investment company; (C) made in connection with a tender offer; (D) made in connection with an initial public offering; (E) made in connection with an offering by, or relating to the operations of, a partnership, limited liability company, or a direct participation investment program; or (F) made in a disclosure of beneficial ownership in a report required to be filed with the Commission pursuant to section 78m(d) of this title. (c) Safe harbor (1) In general Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, in any private action arising under this subchapter that is based on an untrue statement of a material fact or omission of a material fact necessary to make the statement not misleading, a person referred to in subsection (a) of this section shall not be liable with respect to any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, if and to the extent that - (A) the forward-looking statement is - (i) identified as a forward-looking statement, and is accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statement; or (ii) immaterial; or (B) the plaintiff fails to prove that the forward-looking statement - (i) if made by a natural person, was made with actual knowledge by that person that the statement was false or misleading; or (ii) if made by a business entity; (FOOTNOTE 1) was - (FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. The semicolon probably should be a comma. (I) made by or with the approval of an executive officer of that entity, and (II) made or approved by such officer with actual knowledge by that officer that the statement was false or misleading. (2) Oral forward-looking statements In the case of an oral forward-looking statement made by an issuer that is subject to the reporting requirements of section 78m(a) or section 78o(d) of this title, or by a person acting on behalf of such issuer, the requirement set forth in paragraph (1)(A) shall be deemed to be satisfied - (A) if the oral forward-looking statement is accompanied by a cautionary statement - (i) that the particular oral statement is a forward-looking statement; and (ii) that the actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statement; and (B) if - (i) the oral forward-looking statement is accompanied by an oral statement that additional information concerning factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statement is contained in a readily available written document, or portion thereof; (ii) the accompanying oral statement referred to in clause (i) identifies the document, or portion thereof, that contains the additional information about those factors relating to the forward-looking statement; and (iii) the information contained in that written document is a cautionary statement that satisfies the standard established in paragraph (1)(A). (3) Availability Any document filed with the Commission or generally disseminated shall be deemed to be readily available for purposes of paragraph (2). (4) Effect on other safe harbors The exemption provided for in paragraph (1) shall be in addition to any exemption that the Commission may establish by rule or regulation under subsection (g) of this section. (d) Duty to update Nothing in this section shall impose upon any person a duty to update a forward-looking statement. (e) Dispositive motion On any motion to dismiss based upon subsection (c)(1) of this section, the court shall consider any statement cited in the complaint and cautionary statement accompanying the forward-looking statement, which are not subject to material dispute, cited by the defendant. (f) Stay pending decision on motion In any private action arising under this subchapter, the court shall stay discovery (other than discovery that is specifically directed to the applicability of the exemption provided for in this section) during the pendency of any motion by a defendant for summary judgment that is based on the grounds that - (1) the statement or omission upon which the complaint is based is a forward-looking statement within the meaning of this section; and (2) the exemption provided for in this section precludes a claim for relief. (g) Exemption authority In addition to the exemptions provided for in this section, the Commission may, by rule or regulation, provide exemptions from or under any provision of this subchapter, including with respect to liability that is based on a statement or that is based on projections or other forward-looking information, if and to the extent that any such exemption is consistent with the public interest and the protection of investors, as determined by the Commission. (h) Effect on other authority of Commission Nothing in this section limits, either expressly or by implication, the authority of the Commission to exercise similar authority or to adopt similar rules and regulations with respect to forward-looking statements under any other statute under which the Commission exercises rulemaking authority. (i) Definitions For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply: (1) Forward-looking statement The term ''forward-looking statement'' means - (A) a statement containing a projection of revenues, income (including income loss), earnings (including earnings loss) per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure, or other financial items; (B) a statement of the plans and objectives of management for future operations, including plans or objectives relating to the products or services of the issuer; (C) a statement of future economic performance, including any such statement contained in a discussion and analysis of financial condition by the management or in the results of operations included pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Commission; (D) any statement of the assumptions underlying or relating to any statement described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C); (E) any report issued by an outside reviewer retained by an issuer, to the extent that the report assesses a forward-looking statement made by the issuer; or (F) a statement containing a projection or estimate of such other items as may be specified by rule or regulation of the Commission. (2) Investment company The term ''investment company'' has the same meaning as in section 80a-3(a) of this title. (3) Penny stock The term ''penny stock'' has the same meaning as in section 78c(a)(51) of this title, and the rules and regulations, or orders issued pursuant to that section. (4) Going private transaction The term ''going private transaction'' has the meaning given that term under the rules or regulations of the Commission issued pursuant to section 78m(e) of this title. (5) Securities laws The term ''securities laws'' has the same meaning as in section 78c of this title. (6) Person acting on behalf of an issuer The term ''person acting on behalf of an issuer'' means an officer, director, or employee of the issuer. (7) Other terms The terms ''blank check company'', ''rollup transaction'', ''partnership'', ''limited liability company'', ''executive officer of an entity'' and ''direct participation investment program'', have the meanings given those terms by rule or regulation of the Commission. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 27A, as added Pub. L. 104-67, title I, Sec. 102(a), Dec. 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 749; amended Pub. L. 105-353, title III, Sec. 301(a)(5), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3235.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Pub. L. 105-353 made technical correction relating to placement of section in subchapter. EFFECTIVE DATE Section not to affect or apply to any private action arising under this subchapter or title I of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), commenced before and pending on Dec. 22, 1995, see section 108 of Pub. L. 104-67, set out as an Effective Date of 1995 Amendment note under section 77l of this title. CONSTRUCTION Nothing in section deemed to create or ratify any implied right of action, or to prevent Commission, by rule or regulation, from restricting or otherwise regulating private actions under Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), see section 203 of Pub. L. 104-67, set out as a note under section 78j-1 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77z-3 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77z-3. General exemptive authority -STATUTE- The Commission, by rule or regulation, may conditionally or unconditionally exempt any person, security, or transaction, or any class or classes of persons, securities, or transactions, from any provision or provisions of this subchapter or of any rule or regulation issued under this subchapter, to the extent that such exemption is necessary or appropriate in the public interest, and is consistent with the protection of investors. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, Sec. 28, as added Pub. L. 104-290, title I, Sec. 105(a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3424; amended Pub. L. 105-353, title III, Sec. 301(a)(5), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3235.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Pub. L. 105-353 made technical correction relating to placement of section in subchapter. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77aa 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER I - DOMESTIC SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77aa. Schedule of information required in registration statement -STATUTE- SCHEDULE A (1) The name under which the issuer is doing or intends to do business; (2) the name of the State or other sovereign power under which the issuer is organized; (3) the location of the issuer's principal business office, and if the issuer is a foreign or territorial person, the name and address of its agent in the United States authorized to receive notice; (4) the names and addresses of the directors or persons performing similar functions, and the chief executive, financial and accounting officers, chosen or to be chosen if the issuer be a corporation, association, trust, or other entity; of all partners, if the issuer be a partnership; and of the issuer, if the issuer be an individual; and of the promoters in the case of a business to be formed, or formed within two years prior to the filing of the registration statement; (5) the names and addresses of the underwriters; (6) the names and addresses of all persons, if any, owning of record or beneficially, if known, more than 10 per centum of any class of stock of the issuer, or more than 10 per centum in the aggregate of the outstanding stock of the issuer as of a date within twenty days prior to the filing of the registration statement; (7) the amount of securities of the issuer held by any person specified in paragraphs (4), (5), and (6) of this schedule, as of a date within twenty days prior to the filing of the registration statement, and, if possible, as of one year prior thereto, and the amount of the securities, for which the registration statement is filed, to which such persons have indicated their intention to subscribe; (8) the general character of the business actually transacted or to be transacted by the issuer; (9) a statement of the capitalization of the issuer, including the authorized and outstanding amounts of its capital stock and the proportion thereof paid up, the number and classes of shares in which such capital stock is divided, par value thereof, or if it has no par value, the stated or assigned value thereof, a description of the respective voting rights, preferences, conversion and exchange rights, rights to dividends, profits, or capital of each class, with respect to each other class, including the retirement and liquidation rights or values thereof; (10) a statement of the securities, if any, covered by options outstanding or to be created in connection with the security to be offered, together with the names and addresses of all persons, if any, to be allotted more than 10 per centum in the aggregate of such options; (11) the amount of capital stock of each class issued or included in the shares of stock to be offered; (12) the amount of the funded debt outstanding and to be created by the security to be offered, with a brief description of the date, maturity, and character of such debt, rate of interest, character of amortization provisions, and the security, if any, therefor. If substitution of any security is permissible, a summarized statement of the conditions under which such substitution is permitted. If substitution is permissible without notice, a specific statement to that effect; (13) the specific purposes in detail and the approximate amounts to be devoted to such purposes, so far as determinable, for which the security to be offered is to supply funds, and if the funds are to be raised in part from other sources, the amounts thereof and the sources thereof, shall be stated; (14) the remuneration, paid or estimated to be paid, by the issuer or its predecessor, directly or indirectly, during the past year and ensuing year to (a) the directors or persons performing similar functions, and (b) its officers and other persons, naming them wherever such remuneration exceeded $25,000 during any such year; (15) the estimated net proceeds to be derived from the security to be offered; (16) the price at which it is proposed that the security shall be offered to the public or the method by which such price is computed and any variation therefrom at which any portion of such security is proposed to be offered to any persons or classes of persons, other than the underwriters, naming them or specifying the class. A variation in price may be proposed prior to the date of the public offering of the security, but the Commission shall immediately be notified of such variation; (17) all commissions or discounts paid or to be paid, directly or indirectly, by the issuer to the underwriters in respect of the sale of the security to be offered. Commissions shall include all cash, securities, contracts, or anything else of value, paid, to be set aside, disposed of, or understandings with or for the benefit of any other persons in which any underwriter is interested, made, in connection with the sale of such security. A commission paid or to be paid in connection with the sale of such security by a person in which the issuer has an interest or which is controlled or directed by, or under common control with, the issuer shall be deemed to have been paid by the issuer. Where any such commission is paid the amount of such commission paid to each underwriter shall be stated; (18) the amount or estimated amounts, itemized in reasonable detail, of expenses, other than commissions specified in paragraph (17) of this schedule, incurred or borne by or for the account of the issuer in connection with the sale of the security to be offered or properly chargeable thereto, including legal, engineering, certification, authentication, and other charges; (19) the net proceeds derived from any security sold by the issuer during the two years preceding the filing of the registration statement, the price at which such security was offered to the public, and the names of the principal underwriters of such security; (20) any amount paid within two years preceding the filing of the registration statement or intended to be paid to any promoter and the consideration for any such payment; (21) the names and addresses of the vendors and the purchase price of any property, or good will, acquired or to be acquired, not in the ordinary course of business, which is to be defrayed in whole or in part from the proceeds of the security to be offered, the amount of any commission payable to any person in connection with such acquisition, and the name or names of such person or persons, together with any expense incurred or to be incurred in connection with such acquisition, including the cost of borrowing money to finance such acquisition; (22) full particulars of the nature and extent of the interest, if any, of every director, principal executive officer, and of every stockholder holding more than 10 per centum of any class of stock or more than 10 per centum in the aggregate of the stock of the issuer, in any property acquired, not in the ordinary course of business of the issuer, within two years preceding the filing of the registration statement or proposed to be acquired at such date; (23) the names and addresses of counsel who have passed on the legality of the issue; (24) dates of and parties to, and the general effect concisely stated of every material contract made, not in the ordinary course of business, which contract is to be executed in whole or in part at or after the filing of the registration statement or which contract has been made not more than two years before such filing. Any management contract or contract providing for special bonuses or profit-sharing arrangements, and every material patent or contract for a material patent right, and every contract by or with a public utility company or an affiliate thereof, providing for the giving or receiving of technical or financial advice or service (if such contract may involve a charge to any party thereto at a rate in excess of $2,500 per year in cash or securities or anything else of value), shall be deemed a material contract; (25) a balance sheet as of a date not more than ninety days prior to the date of the filing of the registration statement showing all of the assets of the issuer, the nature and cost thereof, whenever determinable, in such detail and in such form as the Commission shall prescribe (with intangible items segregated), including any loan in excess of $20,000 to any officer, director, stockholder or person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by the issuer, or person under direct or indirect common control with the issuer. All the liabilities of the issuer in such detail and such form as the Commission shall prescribe, including surplus of the issuer showing how and from what sources such surplus was created, all as of a date not more than ninety days prior to the filing of the registration statement. If such statement be not certified by an independent public or certified accountant, in addition to the balance sheet required to be submitted under this schedule, a similar detailed balance sheet of the assets and liabilities of the issuer, certified by an independent public or certified accountant, of a date not more than one year prior to the filing of the registration statement, shall be submitted; (26) a profit and loss statement of the issuer showing earnings and income, the nature and source thereof, and the expenses and fixed charges in such detail and such form as the Commission shall prescribe for the latest fiscal year for which such statement is available and for the two preceding fiscal years, year by year, or, if such issuer has been in actual business for less than three years, then for such time as the issuer has been in actual business, year by year. If the date of the filing of the registration statement is more than six months after the close of the last fiscal year, a statement from such closing date to the latest practicable date. Such statement shall show what the practice of the issuer has been during the three years or lesser period as to the character of the charges, dividends or other distributions made against its various surplus accounts, and as to depreciation, depletion, and maintenance charges, in such detail and form as the Commission shall prescribe, and if stock dividends or avails from the sale of rights have been credited to income, they shall be shown separately with a statement of the basis upon which the credit is computed. Such statement shall also differentiate between any recurring and nonrecurring income and between any investment and operating income. Such statement shall be certified by an independent public or certified accountant; (27) if the proceeds, or any part of the proceeds, of the security to be issued is to be applied directly or indirectly to the purchase of any business, a profit and loss statement of such business certified by an independent public or certified accountant, meeting the requirements of paragraph (26) of this schedule, for the three preceding fiscal years, together with a balance sheet, similarly certified, of such business, meeting the requirements of paragraph (25) of this schedule of a date not more than ninety days prior to the filing of the registration statement or at the date such business was acquired by the issuer if the business was acquired by the issuer more than ninety days prior to the filing of the registration statement; (28) a copy of any agreement or agreements (or, if identical agreements are used, the forms thereof) made with any underwriter, including all contracts and agreements referred to in paragraph (17) of this schedule; (29) a copy of the opinion or opinions of counsel in respect to the legality of the issue, with a translation of such opinion, when necessary, into the English language; (30) a copy of all material contracts referred to in paragraph (24) of this schedule, but no disclosure shall be required of any portion of any such contract if the Commission determines that disclosure of such portion would impair the value of the contract and would not be necessary for the protection of the investors; (31) unless previously filed and registered under the provisions of this subchapter, and brought up to date, (a) a copy of its articles of incorporation, with all amendments thereof and of its existing bylaws or instruments corresponding thereto, whatever the name, if the issuer be a corporation; (b) copy of all instruments by which the trust is created or declared, if the issuer is a trust; (c) a copy of its articles of partnership or association and all other papers pertaining to its organization, if the issuer is a partnership, unincorporated association, joint-stock company, or any other form of organization; and (32) a copy of the underlying agreements or indentures affecting any stock, bonds, or debentures offered or to be offered. In case of certificates of deposit, voting trust certificates, collateral trust certificates, certificates of interest or shares in unincorporated investment trusts, equipment trust certificates, interim or other receipts for certificates, and like securities, the Commission shall establish rules and regulations requiring the submission of information of a like character applicable to such cases, together with such other information as it may deem appropriate and necessary regarding the character, financial or otherwise, of the actual issuer of the securities and/or the person performing the acts and assuming the duties of depositor or manager. SCHEDULE B (1) Name of borrowing government or subdivision thereof; (2) specific purposes in detail and the approximate amounts to be devoted to such purposes, so far as determinable, for which the security to be offered is to supply funds, and if the funds are to be raised in part from other sources, the amounts thereof and the sources thereof, shall be stated; (3) the amount of the funded debt and the estimated amount of the floating debt outstanding and to be created by the security to be offered, excluding intergovernmental debt, and a brief description of the date, maturity, character of such debt, rate of interest, character of amortization provisions, and the security, if any, therefor. If substitution of any security is permissible, a statement of the conditions under which such substitution is permitted. If substitution is permissible without notice, a specific statement to that effect; (4) whether or not the issuer or its predecessor has, within a period of twenty years prior to the filing of the registration statement, defaulted on the principal or interest of any external security, excluding intergovernmental debt, and, if so, the date, amount, and circumstances of such default, and the terms of the succeeding arrangement, if any; (5) the receipts, classified by source, and the expenditures, classified by purpose, in such detail and form as the Commission shall prescribe for the latest fiscal year for which such information is available and the two preceding fiscal years, year by year; (6) the names and addresses of the underwriters; (7) the name and address of its authorized agent, if any, in the United States; (8) the estimated net proceeds to be derived from the sale in the United States of the security to be offered; (9) the price at which it is proposed that the security shall be offered in the United States to the public or the method by which such price is computed. A variation in price may be proposed prior to the date of the public offering of the security, but the Commission shall immediately be notified of such variation; (10) all commissions paid or to be paid, directly or indirectly, by the issuer to the underwriters in respect of the sale of the security to be offered. Commissions shall include all cash, securities, contracts, or anything else of value, paid, to be set aside, disposed of, or understandings with or for the benefit of any other persons in which the underwriter is interested, made, in connection with the sale of such security. Where any such commission is paid, the amount of such commission paid to each underwriter shall be stated; (11) the amount or estimated amounts, itemized in reasonable detail, of expenses, other than the commissions specified in paragraph (10) of this schedule, incurred or borne by or for the account of the issuer in connection with the sale of the security to be offered or properly chargeable thereto, including legal, engineering, certification, and other charges; (12) the names and addresses of counsel who have passed upon the legality of the issue; (13) a copy of any agreement or agreements made with any underwriter governing the sale of the security within the United States; and (14) an agreement of the issuer to furnish a copy of the opinion or opinions of counsel in respect to the legality of the issue, with a translation, where necessary, into the English language. Such opinion shall set out in full all laws, decrees, ordinances, or other acts of Government under which the issue of such security has been authorized. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, schedules A, B, 48 Stat. 88, 91; Pub. L. 105-353, title III, Sec. 301(a)(6), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3235.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Schedule A, par. (28). Pub. L. 105-353 substituted ''identical'' for ''identic''. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77g, 77j, 80a-24 of this title. -CITE- 15 USC SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES . -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in title 25 section 646. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77bb 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77bb. ''Corporation of Foreign Security Holders''; creation; principal office; branch offices -STATUTE- For the purpose of protecting, conserving, and advancing the interests of the holders of foreign securities in default, there is hereby created a body corporate with the name ''Corporation of Foreign Security Holders'' (herein called the ''Corporation''). The principal office of the Corporation shall be located in the District of Columbia, but there may be established agencies or branch offices in any city or cities of the United States under rules and regulations prescribed by the board of directors. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 201, 48 Stat. 92.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77cc 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77cc. Directors of Corporation; appointment, term of office, and removal -STATUTE- The control and management of the Corporation shall be vested in a board of six directors, who shall be appointed and hold office in the following manner: As soon as practicable after the date this chapter takes effect the Federal Trade Commission (hereinafter in this subchapter called ''Commission'') shall appoint six directors, and shall designate a chairman and a vice chairman from among their number. After the directors designated as chairman and vice chairman cease to be directors, their successors as chairman and vice chairman shall be elected by the board of directors itself. Of the directors first appointed, two shall continue in office for a term of two years, two for a term of four years, and two for a term of six years, from the date this chapter takes effect, the term of each to be designated by the Commission at the time of appointment. Their successors shall be appointed by the Commission, each for a term of six years from the date of the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed, except that any person appointed to fill a vacancy occurring prior to the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for the unexpired term of such predecessor. No person shall be eligible to serve as a director who within the five years preceding has had any interest, direct or indirect, in any corporation, company, partnership, bank, or association which has sold or offered for sale any foreign securities. The office of a director shall be vacated if the board of directors shall, at a meeting specially convened for that purpose, by resolution passed by a majority of at least two-thirds of the board of directors, remove such member from office, provided that the member whom it is proposed to remove shall have seven days' notice sent to him of such meeting, and that he may be heard. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 202, 48 Stat. 93.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77dd 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77dd. Powers and duties of Corporation, generally -STATUTE- The Corporation shall have power to adopt, alter, and use a corporate seal; to make contracts; to lease such real estate as may be necessary for the transaction of its business; to sue and be sued, to complain and to defend, in any court of competent jurisdiction, State or Federal; to require from trustees, financial agents, or dealers in foreign securities information relative to the original or present holders of foreign securities and such other information as may be required, and to issue subpenas therefor; to take over the functions of any fiscal and paying agents of any foreign securities in default; to borrow money for the purposes of this subchapter, and to pledge as collateral for such loans any securities deposited with the Corporation pursuant to this subchapter; by and with the consent and approval of the Commission to select, employ, and fix the compensation of officers, directors, members of committees, employees, attorneys, and agents of the Corporation, without regard to the provisions of other laws applicable to the employment and compensation of officers or employees of the United States; to define their authority and duties, require bonds of them and fix the penalties thereof, and to dismiss at pleasure such officers, employees, attorneys, and agents; and to prescribe, amend, and repeal, by its board of directors, bylaws, rules, and regulations governing the manner in which its general business may be conducted and the powers granted to it by law may be exercised and enjoyed, together with provisions for such committees and the functions thereof as the board of directors may deem necessary for facilitating its business under this subchapter. The board of directors of the Corporation shall determine and prescribe the manner in which its obligations shall be incurred and its expenses allowed and paid. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 203, 48 Stat. 93.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 77hh of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77ee 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77ee. Directors of Corporation, powers and duties generally -STATUTE- The board of directors may - (1) Convene meetings of holders of foreign securities. (2) Invite the deposit and undertake the custody of foreign securities which have defaulted in the payment either of principal or interest, and issue receipts or certificates in the place of securities so deposited. (3) Appoint committees from the directors of the Corporation and/or all other persons to represent holders of any class or classes of foreign securities which have defaulted in the payment either of principal or interest and determine and regulate the functions of such committees. The chairman and vice chairman of the board of directors shall be ex officio chairman and vice chairman of each committee. (4) Negotiate and carry out, or assist in negotiating and carrying out, arrangements for the resumption of payments due or in arrears in respect of any foreign securities in default or for rearranging the terms on which such securities may in future be held or for converting and exchanging the same for new securities or for any other object in relation thereto; and under this paragraph any plan or agreement made with respect to such securities shall be binding upon depositors, providing that the consent of holders resident in the United States of 60 per centum of the securities deposited with the Corporation shall be obtained. (5) Undertake, superintend, or take part in the collection and application of funds derived from foreign securities which come into the possession of or under the control or management of the Corporation. (6) Collect, preserve, publish, circulate, and render available in readily accessible form, when deemed essential or necessary, documents, statistics, reports, and information of all kinds in respect of foreign securities, including particularly records of foreign external securities in default and records of the progress made toward the payment of past-due obligations. (7) Take such steps as it may deem expedient with the view of securing the adoption of clear and simple forms of foreign securities and just and sound principles in the conditions and terms thereof. (8) Generally, act in the name and on behalf of the holders of foreign securities the care or representation of whose interests may be entrusted to the Corporation; conserve and protect the rights and interests of holders of foreign securities issued, sold, or owned in the United States; adopt measures for the protection, vindication, and preservation or reservation of the rights and interests of holders of foreign securities either on any default in or on breach or contemplated breach of the conditions on which such foreign securities may have been issued, or otherwise; obtain for such holders such legal and other assistance and advice as the board of directors may deem expedient; and do all such other things as are incident or conducive to the attainment of the above objects. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 204, 48 Stat. 94.) -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 77hh of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77ff 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77ff. Accounts and annual balance sheet of Corporation; audits -STATUTE- The board of directors shall cause accounts to be kept of all matters relating to or connected with the transactions and business of the Corporation, and cause a general account and balance sheet of the Corporation to be made out in each year, and cause all accounts to be audited by one or more auditors who shall examine the same and report thereon to the board of directors. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 205, 48 Stat. 94.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77gg 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77gg. Annual report by Corporation; printing and distribution -STATUTE- The Corporation shall make, print, and make public an annual report of its operations during each year, send a copy thereof, together with a copy of the account and balance sheet and auditor's report, to the Commission and to both Houses of Congress, and provide one copy of such report but not more than one on the application of any person and on receipt of a sum not exceeding $1: Provided, That the board of directors in its discretion may distribute copies gratuitously. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 206, 48 Stat. 95.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77hh 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77hh. Assessments by Corporation on holders of foreign securities -STATUTE- The Corporation may in its discretion levy charges, assessed on a pro rata basis, on the holders of foreign securities deposited with it: Provided, That any charge levied at the time of depositing securities with the Corporation shall not exceed one fifth of 1 per centum of the face value of such securities: Provided further, That any additional charges shall bear a close relationship to the cost of operations and negotiations including those enumerated in sections 77dd and 77ee of this title and shall not exceed 1 per centum of the face value of such securities. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 207, 48 Stat. 95.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77ii 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77ii. Subscriptions accepted by Corporation as loans; repayment -STATUTE- The Corporation may receive subscriptions from any person, foundation with a public purpose, or agency of the United States Government, and such subscriptions may, in the discretion of the board of directors, be treated as loans repayable when and as the board of directors shall determine. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 208, 48 Stat. 95.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77jj 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77jj. Loans to Corporation from Reconstruction Finance Corporation authorized -STATUTE- The Reconstruction Finance Corporation is authorized to loan out of its funds not to exceed $75,000 for the use of the Corporation. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 209, 48 Stat. 95.) -TRANS- ABOLITION OF RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORPORATION Section 6(a) of Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1957, eff. June 30, 1957, 22 F.R. 4633, 71 Stat. 647, set out as a note under section 601 of this title, abolished the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77kk 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77kk. Representations by Corporation as acting for Department of State or United States forbidden; interference with foreign negotiations forbidden -STATUTE- Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this subchapter, it shall be unlawful for, and nothing in this subchapter shall be taken or construed as permitting or authorizing, the Corporation in this subchapter created, or any committee of said Corporation, or any person or persons acting for or representing or purporting to represent it - (a) to claim or assert or pretend to be acting for or to represent the Department of State or the United States Government; (b) to make any statements or representations of any kind to any foreign government or its officials or the officials of any political subdivision of any foreign government that said Corporation or any committee thereof or any individual or individuals connected therewith were speaking or acting for the said Department of State or the United States Government; or (c) to do any act directly or indirectly which would interfere with or obstruct or hinder or which might be calculated to obstruct, hinder, or interfere with the policy or policies of the said Department of State or the Government of the United States or any pending or contemplated diplomatic negotiations, arrangements, business or exchanges between the Government of the United States or said Department of State and any foreign government or any political subdivision thereof. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 210, 48 Stat. 95.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77ll 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77ll. Effective date of subchapter -STATUTE- This subchapter shall not take effect until the President finds that its taking effect is in the public interest and by proclamation so declares. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 211, 48 Stat. 95.) -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77mm 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER II - FOREIGN SECURITIES -HEAD- Sec. 77mm. Short title -STATUTE- This subchapter may be cited as the ''Corporation of Foreign Bondholders Act, 1933.'' -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title II, Sec. 212, 48 Stat. 95.) -CITE- 15 USC SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES . -HEAD- SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -SECREF- SUBCHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This subchapter is referred to in sections 78c, 80a-2, 80a-37, 80a-49, 80b-2 of this title; title 7 section 12a; title 11 section 364, 1145; title 25 section 646. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77aaa 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -HEAD- Sec. 77aaa. Short title -STATUTE- This subchapter may be cited as the ''Trust Indenture Act of 1939.'' -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title III, Sec. 301, as added Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 411, 53 Stat. 1149.) -MISC1- SHORT TITLE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 101-550, title IV, Sec. 401, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2721, provided that: ''This title (amending sections 77ccc to 77eee, 77iii to 77rrr, and 77vvv of this title) may be cited as the 'Trust Indenture Reform Act of 1990'.'' -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77bbb 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -HEAD- Sec. 77bbb. Necessity for regulation -STATUTE- (a) Practices adversely affecting public Upon the basis of facts disclosed by the reports of the Securities and Exchange Commission made to the Congress pursuant to section 78jj of this title and otherwise disclosed and ascertained, it is hereby declared that the national public interest and the interest of investors in notes, bonds, debentures, evidences of indebtedness, and certificates of interest or participation therein, which are offered to the public, are adversely affected - (1) when the obligor fails to provide a trustee to protect and enforce the rights and to represent the interests of such investors, notwithstanding the fact that (A) individual action by such investors for the purpose of protecting and enforcing their rights is rendered impracticable by reason of the disproportionate expense of taking such action, and (B) concerted action by such investors in their common interest through representatives of their own selection is impeded by reason of the wide dispersion of such investors through many States, and by reason of the fact that information as to the names and addresses of such investors generally is not available to such investors; (2) when the trustee does not have adequate rights and powers, or adequate duties and responsibilities, in connection with matters relating to the protection and enforcement of the rights of such investors; when, notwithstanding the obstacles to concerted action by such investors, and the general and reasonable assumption by such investors that the trustee is under an affirmative duty to take action for the protection and enforcement of their rights, trust indentures (A) generally provide that the trustee shall be under no duty to take any such action, even in the event of default, unless it receives notice of default, demand for action, and indemnity, from the holders of substantial percentages of the securities outstanding thereunder, and (B) generally relieve the trustee from liability even for its own negligent action or failure to act; (3) when the trustee does not have resources commensurate with its responsibilities, or has any relationship to or connection with the obligor or any underwriter of any securities of the obligor, or holds, beneficially or otherwise, any interest in the obligor or any such underwriter, which relationship, connection, or interest involves a material conflict with the interests of such investors; (4) when the obligor is not obligated to furnish to the trustee under the indenture and to such investors adequate current information as to its financial condition, and as to the performance of its obligations with respect to the securities outstanding under such indenture; or when the communication of such information to such investors is impeded by the fact that information as to the names and addresses of such investors generally is not available to the trustee and to such investors; (5) when the indenture contains provisions which are misleading or deceptive, or when full and fair disclosure is not made to prospective investors of the effect of important indenture provisions; or (6) when, by reason of the fact that trust indentures are commonly prepared by the obligor or underwriter in advance of the public offering of the securities to be issued thereunder, such investors are unable to participate in the preparation thereof, and, by reason of their lack of understanding of the situation, such investors would in any event be unable to procure the correction of the defects enumerated in this subsection. (b) Declaration of policy Practices of the character above enumerated have existed to such an extent that, unless regulated, the public offering of notes, bonds, debentures, evidences of indebtedness, and certificates of interest or participation therein, by the use of means and instruments of transportation and communication in interstate commerce and of the mails, is injurious to the capital markets, to investors, and to the general public; and it is hereby declared to be the policy of this subchapter, in accordance with which policy all the provisions of this subchapter shall be interpreted, to meet the problems and eliminate the practices, enumerated in this section, connected with such public offerings. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title III, Sec. 302, as added Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 411, 53 Stat. 1150.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 78jj of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was omitted from the Code. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77ccc 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -HEAD- Sec. 77ccc. Definitions -STATUTE- When used in this subchapter, unless the context otherwise requires - (1) Any term defined in section 2 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b), and not otherwise defined in this section shall have the meaning assigned to such term in such section 2 (15 U.S.C. 77b). (2) The terms ''sale'', ''sell'', ''offer to sell'', ''offer for sale'', and ''offer'' shall include all transactions included in such terms as provided in paragraph (3) of section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b(a)), except that an offer or sale of a certificate of interest or participation shall be deemed an offer or sale of the security or securities in which such certificate evidences an interest or participation if and only if such certificate gives the holder thereof the right to convert the same into such security or securities. (3) The term ''prospectus'' shall have the meaning assigned to such term in paragraph (10) of section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b(a)), except that in the case of securities which are not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), such term shall not include any communication (A) if it is proved that prior to or at the same time with such communication a written statement if any required by section 77fff of this title was sent or given to the persons to whom the communication was made, or (B) if such communication states from whom such statement may be obtained (if such statement is required by rules or regulations under paragraphs (1) or (2) of subsection (b) of section 77fff of this title) and, in addition, does no more than identify the security, state the price thereof, state by whom orders will be executed and contain such other information as the Commission, by rules or regulations deemed necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors, and subject to such terms and conditions as may be prescribed therein, may permit. (4) The term ''underwriter'' means any person who has purchased from an issuer with a view to, or offers or sells for an issuer in connection with, the distribution of any security, or participates or has a direct or indirect participation in any such undertaking, or participates or has a participation in the direct or indirect underwriting of any such undertaking; but such term shall not include a person whose interest is limited to a commission from an underwriter or dealer not in excess of the usual and customary distributors' or sellers' commission. (5) The term ''director'' means any director of a corporation, or any individual performing similar functions with respect to any organization whether incorporated or unincorporated. (6) The term ''executive officer'' means the president, every vice president, every trust officer, the cashier, the secretary, and the treasurer of a corporation, and any individual customarily performing similar functions with respect to any organization whether incorporated or unincorporated, but shall not include the chairman of the board of directors. (7) The term ''indenture'' means any mortgage, deed of trust, trust or other indenture, or similar instrument or agreement (including any supplement or amendment to any of the foregoing), under which securities are outstanding or are to be issued, whether or not any property, real or personal, is, or is to be, pledged, mortgaged, assigned, or conveyed thereunder. (8) The term ''application'' or ''application for qualification'' means the application provided for in section 77eee of this title or section 77ggg of this title, and includes any amendment thereto and any report, document, or memorandum accompanying such application or incorporated therein by reference. (9) The term ''indenture to be qualified'' means (A) the indenture under which there has been or is to be issued a security in respect of which a particular registration statement has been filed, or (B) the indenture in respect of which a particular application has been filed. (10) The term ''indenture trustee'' means each trustee under the indenture to be qualified, and each successor trustee. (11) The term ''indenture security'' means any security issued or issuable under the indenture to be qualified. (12) The term ''obligor'', when used with respect to any such indenture security, means every person (including a guarantor) who is liable thereon, and, if such security is a certificate of interest or participation, such term means also every person (including a guarantor) who is liable upon the security or securities in which such certificate evidences an interest or participation; but such term shall not include the trustee under an indenture under which certificates of interest or participation, equipment trust certificates, or like securities are outstanding. (13) The term ''paying agent'', when used with respect to any such indenture security, means any person authorized by an obligor thereon (A) to pay the principal of or interest on such security on behalf of such obligor, or (B) if such security is a certificate of interest or participation, equipment trust certificate, or like security, to make such payment on behalf of the trustee. (14) The term ''State'' means any State of the United States. (15) The term ''Commission'' means the Securities and Exchange Commission. (16) The term ''voting security'' means any security presently entitling the owner or holder thereof to vote in the direction or management of the affairs of a person, or any security issued under or pursuant to any trust, agreement, or arrangement whereby a trustee or trustees or agent or agents for the owner or holder of such security are presently entitled to vote in the direction or management of the affairs of a person; and a specified percentage of the voting securities of a person means such amount of the outstanding voting securities of such person as entitles the holder or holders thereof to cast such specified percentage of the aggregate votes which the holders of all the outstanding voting securities of such person are entitled to cast in the direction or management of the affairs of such person. (17) The terms ''Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.),'' ''Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.),'' and ''Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (15 U.S.C. 79 et seq.)'' shall be deemed to refer, respectively, to such Acts, as amended, whether amended prior to or after the enactment of this subchapter. (18) The term ''Bankruptcy Act'' means the Bankruptcy Act or title 11. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title III, Sec. 303, as added Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 411, 53 Stat. 1151; amended Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title III, Sec. 301, 68 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 95-598, title III, Sec. 307, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2674; Pub. L. 100-181, title V, Sec. 501, 502, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1260; Pub. L. 101-550, title IV, Sec. 402, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2722; Pub. L. 105-353, title III, Sec. 301(e)(1), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3237.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Securities Act of 1933, referred to in pars. (3) and (17), is act May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, 48 Stat. 74, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 77a et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 77a of this title and Tables. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, referred to in par. (17), is act June 6, 1934, ch. 404, 48 Stat. 881, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 2B (Sec. 78a et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 78a of this title and Tables. The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, referred to in par. (17), is act Aug. 26, 1935, ch. 687, title I, 49 Stat. 838, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 2C (Sec. 79 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 79 of this title and Tables. The Bankruptcy Act, referred to in par. (18), is act July 1, 1898, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544, as amended, which was classified generally to former Title 11, Bankruptcy. The Act was repealed effective Oct. 1, 1979, by Pub. L. 95-598, Sec. 401(a), 402(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2682, section 101 of which enacted revised Title 11. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Pars. (2), (3). Pub. L. 105-353 substituted ''section 2(a)'' for ''section 2''. 1990 - Par. (8). Pub. L. 101-550 inserted ''section 77eee of this title or'' after ''provided for in''. 1987 - Par. (4). Pub. L. 100-181, Sec. 501, substituted ''undertaking'' for ''undertakng''. Par. (12). Pub. L. 100-181, Sec. 502, inserted ''(including a guarantor)'' after ''person'' in two places. 1978 - Par. (18). Pub. L. 95-598 substituted ''Bankruptcy Act or title 11'' for ''Act entitled 'An Act to establish a uniform system of bankruptcy throughout the United States', approved July 1, 1898, as amended, whether amended prior to or after August 3, 1939''. 1954 - Pars. (1) to (4). Act Aug. 10, 1954, made formal changes in order to conform to amendments made by act Aug. 10, 1954, to sections 77b, 77e, and 77j of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Amendment effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 402(a) of Pub. L. 95-598 set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77ddd 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -HEAD- Sec. 77ddd. Exempted securities and transactions -STATUTE- (a) Specific securities exempted The provisions of this subchapter shall not apply to any of the following securities: (1) any security other than (A) a note, bond, debenture, or evidence of indebtedness, whether or not secured, or (B) a certificate of interest or participation in any such note, bond, debenture, or evidence of indebtedness, or (C) a temporary certificate for, or guarantee of, any such note, bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, or certificate; (2) any certificate of interest or participation in two or more securities having substantially different rights and privileges, or a temporary certificate for any such certificate; (3) Repealed. Pub. L. 101-550, title IV, Sec. 403(1)(A), Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2722. (4)(A) any security exempted from the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) by paragraphs (2) to (8), (11), or (13) of section 3(a) thereof (15 U.S.C. 77c(a)); (B) any security exempted from the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), by paragraph (2) of subsection 3(a) thereof, as amended by section 401 of the Employment Security Amendments of 1970 (15 U.S.C. 77c(a)(2)); (5) any security issued under a mortgage indenture as to which a contract of insurance under the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) is in effect; and any such security shall be deemed to be exempt from the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) to the same extent as though such security were specifically enumerated in section 3(a)(2) of such Act (15 U.S.C. Sec. 77c(a)(2)); (6) any note, bond, debenture, or evidence of indebtedness issued or guaranteed by a foreign government or by a subdivision, department, municipality, agency, or instrumentality thereof; (7) any guarantee of any security which is exempted by this subsection; (8) any security which has been or is to be issued otherwise than under an indenture, but this exemption shall not be applied within a period of twelve consecutive months to an aggregate principal amount of securities of the same issuer greater than the figure stated in section 3(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77c(b)) limiting exemptions thereunder, or such lesser amount as the Commission may establish by its rules and regulations; (9) any security which has been or is to be issued under an indenture which limits the aggregate principal amount of securities at any time outstanding thereunder to $10,000,000, or such lesser amount as the Commission may establish by its rules and regulations, but this exemption shall not be applied within a period of thirty-six consecutive months to more than $10,000,000 aggregate principal amount of securities of the same issuer, or such lesser amount as the Commission may establish by its rules and regulations; or (10) any security issued under a mortgage or trust deed indenture as to which a contract of insurance under title XI of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C. 1749aaa et seq.) is in effect; and any such security shall be deemed to be exempt from the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) to the same extent as though such security were specifically enumerated in section 3(a)(2), as amended, of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77c(a)(2)). In computing the aggregate principal amount of securities to which the exemptions provided by paragraphs (8) and (9) of this subsection may be applied, securities to which the provisions of sections 77eee and 77fff of this title would not have applied, irrespective of the provisions of those paragraphs, shall be disregarded. (b) Application of sections 77eee and 77fff The provisions of sections 77eee and 77fff of this title shall not apply (1) to any of the transactions exempted from the provisions of section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77e) by section 4 thereof (15 U.S.C. 77d) or (2) to any transaction which would be so exempted but for the last sentence of paragraph (11) of section 2 of such Act (FOOTNOTE 1) (15 U.S.C. 77b). (FOOTNOTE 1) See References in Text note below. (c) Securities issued or proposed to be issued under indenture The Commission shall, on application by the issuer and after opportunity for hearing thereon, by order exempt from any one or more provisions of this subchapter any security issued or proposed to be issued under any indenture under which, at the time such application is filed, securities referred to in paragraph (3) of subsection (a) of this section are outstanding or on January 1, 1959, such securities were outstanding, if and to the extent that the Commission finds that compliance with such provision or provisions, through the execution of a supplemental indenture or otherwise - (1) would require, by reason of the provisions of such indenture, or the provisions of any other indenture or agreement made prior to August 3, 1939, or the provisions of any applicable law, the consent of the holders of securities outstanding under any such indenture or agreement; or (2) would impose an undue burden on this issuer, having due regard to the public interest and the interests of investors. (d) Exemptions in public interest The Commission may, by rules or regulations upon its own motion, or by order on application by an interested person, exempt conditionally or unconditionally any person, registration statement, indenture, security or transaction, or any class or classes of persons, registration statements, indentures, securities, or transactions, from any one or more of the provisions of this subchapter, if and to the extent that such exemption is necessary or appropriate in the public interest and consistent with the protection of investors and the purposes fairly intended by this subchapter. The Commission shall by rules and regulations determine the procedures under which an exemption under this subsection shall be granted, and may, in its sole discretion, decline to entertain any application for an order of exemption under this subsection. (e) Securities issued by small investment company The Commission may from time to time by its rules and regulations, and subject to such terms and conditions as may be prescribed herein, add to the securities exempted as provided in this section any class of securities issued by a small business investment company under the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 (15 U.S.C. 661 et seq.) if it finds, having regard to the purposes of that Act, that the enforcement of this subchapter with respect to such securities is not necessary in the public interest and for the protection of investors. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title III, Sec. 304, as added Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 411, 53 Stat. 1153; amended Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title III, Sec. 302, 68 Stat. 687; Pub. L. 85-699, title III, Sec. 307(b), Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 694; Pub. L. 86-760, Sept. 13, 1960, 74 Stat. 902; Pub. L. 89-754, title V, Sec. 504(b), Nov. 3, 1966, 80 Stat. 1278; Pub. L. 91-567, Sec. 6(c), Dec. 22, 1970, 84 Stat. 1499; Pub. L. 96-477, title III, Sec. 302, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2291; Pub. L. 101-550, title IV, Sec. 403, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2722; Pub. L. 104-290, title V, Sec. 508(e), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3448; Pub. L. 105-353, title III, Sec. 301(e)(2), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3237.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Securities Act of 1933, referred to in subsec. (a)(4), (5), and (10), is act May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, 48 Stat. 74, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 77a et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 77a of this title and Tables. The National Housing Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(5), is act June 27, 1934, ch. 847, 48 Stat. 1246, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 13 (Sec. 1701 et seq.) of Title 12, Banks and Banking. Provisions of that act relating to insurance of mortgages are contained in section 1707 et seq. of Title 12. Title XI of the National Housing Act, is classified to subchapter IX-B (Sec. 1749aaa et seq.) of chapter 13 of Title 12. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 1701 of Title 12 and Tables. Paragraph (11) of section 2 of the Securities Act of 1933, referred to in subsec. (b), was redesignated paragraph (11) of section 2(a) of the Act by Pub. L. 104-290, title I, Sec. 106(a)(1), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3424, and is classified to section 77b(a)(11) of this title. The Small Business Investment Act of 1958, referred to in subsec. (e), is Pub. L. 85-699, Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 689, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 14B (Sec. 661 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 661 of this title and Tables. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 105-353 substituted ''(13) of section'' for ''(14) of subsection''. 1996 - Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 104-290 substituted ''(11), or (14)'' for ''or (11)''. 1990 - Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 101-550, Sec. 403(1)(A), struck out par. (3) which read as follows: ''any security which, prior to or within six months after August 3, 1939, has been sold or disposed of by the issuer or bona fide offered to the public, but this exemption shall not apply to any new offering of any such security by an issuer subsequent to such six months;''. Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 101-550, Sec. 403(1)(B), struck out '', as heretofore amended,'' after ''1933''. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101-550, Sec. 403(2), added subsec. (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows: ''The Commission may, on application by the issuer and after opportunity for hearing thereon, by order exempt from any one or more of the provisions of this subchapter any security issued or proposed to be issued by a person organized and existing under the laws of a foreign government or a political subdivision thereof, if and to the extent that the Commission finds that compliance with such provision or provisions is not necessary in the public interest and for the protection of investors.'' 1980 - Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 96-477, Sec. 302(a), substituted ''an aggregate principal amount of securities of the same issuer greater than the figure stated in section 3(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 limiting exemptions thereunder, or such lesser amount as the Commission may establish by its rules and regulations'' for ''more than $250,000 aggregate principal amount of any securities of the same issuer''. Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 96-477, Sec. 302(b), substituted ''$10,000,000, or such lesser amount as the Commission may establish by its rules and regulations'' for ''$1,000,000 or less'', ''more than $10,000,000'' for ''more than $1,000,000'', and inserted '', or such lesser amount as the Commission may establish by its rules and regulations'' after ''same issuer''. 1970 - Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 91-567 designated existing provisions as cl. (A) and added cl. (B). 1966 - Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 89-754 added par. (10). 1960 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 86-760 inserted ''or on January 1, 1959, such securities were outstanding''. 1958 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 85-699 added subsec. (e). 1954 - Subsec. (b). Act Aug. 10, 1954, struck out ''as heretofore amended,''. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91-567 applicable with respect to securities sold after Jan. 1, 1970, see section 6(d) of Pub. L. 91-567, set out as a note under section 77c of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77eee, 77fff, 77ggg of this title; title 12 section 2290. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77eee 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -HEAD- Sec. 77eee. Securities required to be registered under Securities Act -STATUTE- (a) Information required Subject to the provisions of section 77ddd of this title, a registration statement relating to a security shall include the following information and documents, as though such inclusion were required by the provisions of section 7 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77g) - (1) such information and documents as the Commission may by rules and regulations prescribe in order to enable the Commission to determine whether any person designated to act as trustee under the indenture under which such security has been or is to be issued is eligible to act as such under subsection (a) of section 77jjj of this title; and (2) an analysis of any provisions of such indenture with respect to (A) the definition of what shall constitute a default under such indenture, and the withholding of notice to the indenture security holders of any such default, (B) the authentication and delivery of the indenture securities and the application of the proceeds thereof, (C) the release or the release and substitution of any property subject to the lien of the indenture, (D) the satisfaction and discharge of the indenture, and (E) the evidence required to be furnished by the obligor upon the indenture securities to the trustee as to compliance with the conditions and covenants provided for in such indenture. The information and documents required by paragraph (1) of this subsection with respect to the person designated to act as indenture trustee shall be contained in a separate part of such registration statement, which part shall be signed by such person. Such part of the registration statement shall be deemed to be a document filed pursuant to this subchapter, and the provisions of sections 11, 12, 17, and 24 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77k, 77l, 77q, 77x) shall not apply to statements therein or omissions therefrom. (b) Refusal of registration statement (1) Except as may be permitted by paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Commission shall issue an order prior to the effective date of registration refusing to permit such a registration statement to become effective, if it finds that - (A) the security to which such registration statement relates has not been or is not to be issued under an indenture; or (B) any person designated as trustee under such indenture is not eligible to act as such under subsection (a) of section 77jjj of this title; but no such order shall be issued except after notice and opportunity for hearing within the periods and in the manner required with respect to refusal orders pursuant to section 8(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77h(b)). If and when the Commission deems that the objections on which such order was based have been met, the Commission shall enter an order rescinding such refusal order, and the registration shall become effective at the time provided in section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77h(a)), or upon the date of such rescission, whichever shall be the later. (2) In the case of securities registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), which securities are eligible to be issued, offered, or sold on a delayed basis by or on behalf of the registrant, the Commission shall not be required to issue an order pursuant to paragraph (1) of subsection (b) of this section for failure to designate a trustee eligible to act under subsection (a) of section 77jjj of this title if, in accordance with such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Commission, the issuer of such securities files an application for the purpose of determining such trustee's eligibility under subsection (a) of section 77jjj of this title. The Commission shall issue an order prior to the effective date of such application refusing to permit the application to become effective, if it finds that any person designated as trustee under such indenture is not eligible to act as such under subsection (a) of section 77jjj of this title, but no order shall be issued except after notice and opportunity for hearing within the periods and in the manner required with respect to refusal orders pursuant to section 8(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77h(b)). If after notice and opportunity for hearing the Commission issues an order under this provision, the obligor shall within 5 calendar days appoint a trustee meeting the requirements of subsection (a) of section 77jjj of this title. No such appointment shall be effective and such refusal order shall not be rescinded by the Commission until a person eligible to act as trustee under subsection (a) of section 77jjj of this title has been appointed. If no order is issued, an application filed pursuant to this paragraph shall be effective the tenth day after filing thereof or such earlier date as the Commission may determine, having due regard to the adequacy of information provided therein, the public interest, and the protection of investors. (c) Information required in prospectus A prospectus relating to any such security shall include to the extent the Commission may prescribe by rules and regulations as necessary and appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors, as though such inclusion were required by section 10 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77j), a written statement containing the analysis set forth in the registration statement, of any indenture provisions with respect to the matters specified in paragraph (2) of subsection (a) of this section, together with a supplementary analysis, prepared by the Commission, of such provisions and of the effect thereof, if, in the opinion of the Commission, the inclusion of such supplementary analysis is necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors, and the Commission so declares by order after notice and, if demanded by the issuer, opportunity for hearing thereon. Such order shall be entered prior to the effective date of registration, except that if opportunity for hearing thereon is demanded by the issuer such order shall be entered within a reasonable time after such opportunity for hearing. (d) Applicability of other statutory provisions The provisions of sections 11, 12, 17, and 24 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77k, 77l, 77q, 77x), and the provisions of sections 77www and 77yyy of this title, shall not apply to statements in or omissions from any analysis required under the provisions of this section or section 77fff or 77ggg of this title. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title III, Sec. 305, as added Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 411, 53 Stat. 1154; amended Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title III, Sec. 303, 68 Stat. 687; Pub. L. 101-550, title IV, Sec. 404, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2722.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Securities Act of 1933, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is act May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, 48 Stat. 74, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 77a et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 77a of this title and Tables. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1990 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101-550, Sec. 404(1), struck out ''or has a conflicting interest as defined in subsection (b) of section 77jjj of this title'' after ''section 77jjj of this title''. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101-550, Sec. 404(2), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted ''Except as may be permitted by paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Commission shall issue'' for ''The Commission shall issue'', redesignated former par. (1) as subpar. (a) and inserted ''or'' at end, struck out former par. (2) which authorized Commission to prohibit a registration statement from taking effect if it finds that such indenture does not conform to requirements of sections 77jjj to 77rrr of this title, redesignated former par. (3) as subpar. (B) and struck out ''or has any conflicting interest as defined in subsection (b) of section 77jjj of this title'' after ''section 77jjj of this title'', and added par. (2). 1954 - Subsec. (c). Act Aug. 10, 1954, authorized the Commission to prescribe by rule and regulation the extent to which summaries of indenture provisions must be contained in prospectuses. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77ccc, 77ddd, 77fff, 77ggg, 77iii, 77jjj, 77vvv of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77fff 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -HEAD- Sec. 77fff. Securities not registered under Securities Act -STATUTE- (a) Prohibitions affecting unregistered securities not issued under indenture In the case of any security which is not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) and to which this subsection is applicable notwithstanding the provisions of section 77ddd of this title, unless such security has been or is to be issued under an indenture and an application for qualification is effective as to such indenture, it shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly - (1) to make use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or of the mails to sell such security through the use or medium of any prospectus or otherwise; or (2) to carry or cause to be carried through the mails or interstate commerce, by any means or instruments of transportation, any such security for the purpose of sale or for delivery after sale. (b) Prohibitions affecting unregistered securities issued under indenture In the case of any security which is not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), but which has been or is to be issued under an indenture as to which an application for qualification is effective, it shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly - (1) to make use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or of the mails to carry or transmit any prospectus relating to any such security, unless such prospectus, to the extent the Commission may prescribe by rules and regulations as necessary and appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors, includes or is accompanied by a written statement that contains the information specified in subsection (c) of section 77eee of this title; or (2) to carry or to cause to be carried through the mails or in interstate commerce any such security for the purpose of sale or for delivery after sale, unless, to the extent the Commission may prescribe by rules and regulations as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors, accompanied or preceded by a written statement that contains the information specified in subsection (c) of section 77eee of this title. (c) Necessity of issuance under indenture; application for qualification It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, to make use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or of the mails to offer to sell through the use or medium of any prospectus or otherwise any security which is not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) and to which this subsection is applicable notwithstanding the provisions of section 77ddd of this title, unless such security has been or is to be issued under an indenture and an application for qualification has been filed as to such indenture, or while the application is the subject of a refusal order or stop order or (prior to qualification) any public proceeding or examination under section 77ggg(c) of this title. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title III, Sec. 306, as added Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 411, 53 Stat. 1155; amended Aug. 10, 1954, ch. 667, title III, Sec. 304, 68 Stat. 687.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Securities Act of 1933, referred to in subsecs. (a) to (c), is act May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, 48 Stat. 74, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 77a et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 77a of this title and Tables. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 1954 - Subsec. (b). Act Aug. 10, 1954, authorized the Commission to prescribe the extent to which summaries of indenture provisions must be used in the sale of specified types of securities. Subsec. (c). Act Aug. 10, 1954, added subsec. (c). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1954 AMENDMENT Amendment by act Aug. 10, 1954, effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 1954, see note under section 77b of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77ccc, 77ddd, 77eee, 77ggg of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77ggg 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -HEAD- Sec. 77ggg. Qualification of indentures covering securities not required to be registered -STATUTE- (a) Application; information required; availability of information to public In the case of any security which is not required to be registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) and to which subsection (a) of section 77fff of this title is applicable notwithstanding the provisions of section 77ddd of this title, an application for qualification of the indenture under which such security has been or is to be issued shall be filed with the Commission by the issuer of such security. Each such application shall be in such form, and shall be signed in such manner, as the Commission may by rules and regulations prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. Each such application shall include the information and documents required by subsection (a) of section 77eee of this title. The information and documents required by paragraph (1) of such subsection with respect to the person designated to act as indenture trustee shall be contained in a separate part of such application, which part shall be signed by such person. Each such application shall also include such of the other information and documents which would be required to be filed in order to register such indenture security under the Securities Act of 1933 as the Commission may by rules and regulations prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. An application may be withdrawn by the applicant at any time prior to the effective date thereof. Subject to the provisions of section 77uuu of this title, the information and documents contained in or filed with any application shall be made available to the public under such regulations as the Commission may prescribe, and copies thereof, photostatic or otherwise, shall be furnished to every applicant therefor at such reasonable charge as the Commission may prescribe. (b) Filing of application The filing with the Commission of an application, or of an amendment to an application, shall be deemed to have taken place upon the receipt thereof by the Commission. (c) Applicability of other statutory provisions The provisions of section 77h of this title and the provisions of subsection (b) of section 77eee of this title shall apply with respect to every such application, as though such application were a registration statement filed pursuant to the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.). -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title III, Sec. 307, as added Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 411, 53 Stat. 1156; amended Pub. L. 107-123, Sec. 7, Jan. 16, 2002, 115 Stat. 2397.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Securities Act of 1933, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c), is act May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, 48 Stat. 74, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 77a et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 77a of this title and Tables. -MISC2- AMENDMENTS 2002 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107-123 substituted ''Commission'' for ''Commission, but, in the case of an application, only if it is accompanied or preceded by payment to the Commission of a filing fee in the amount of $100, such payment to be made in cash or by United States postal money order or certified or bank check, or in such other medium of payment as the Commission may authorize by rule and regulation''. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 107-123 effective Oct. 1, 2001, see section 11 of Pub. L. 107-123, set out as a note under section 78ee of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 77ccc, 77eee, 77fff, 77iii, 77jjj, 77vvv of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77hhh 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -HEAD- Sec. 77hhh. Integration of procedure with Securities Act and other Acts -STATUTE- (a) Incorporation by reference The Commission, by such rules and regulations or orders as it deems necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors, shall authorize the filing of any information or documents required to be filed with the Commission under this subchapter, or under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), or the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (15 U.S.C. 79 et seq.), by incorporating by reference any information or documents on file with the Commission under this subchapter or under any such Act. (b) Consolidation of applications, reports, etc. The Commission, by such rules and regulations or orders as it deems necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors, shall provide for the consolidation of applications, reports, and proceedings under this subchapter with registration statements, applications, reports, and proceedings under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), or the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (15 U.S.C. 79 et seq.). -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title III, Sec. 308, as added Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 411, 53 Stat. 1156.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Securities Act of 1933, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is act May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, 48 Stat. 74, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (Sec. 77a et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 77a of this title and Tables. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is act June 6, 1934, ch. 404, 48 Stat. 881, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 2B (Sec. 78a et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 78a of this title and Tables. The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is act Aug. 26, 1935, ch. 687, title I, 49 Stat. 838, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 2C (Sec. 79 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 79 of this title and Tables. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77iii 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -HEAD- Sec. 77iii. Effective time of qualification -STATUTE- (a) Effective time of registration or application for qualification of indenture The indenture under which a security has been or is to be issued shall be deemed to have been qualified under this subchapter - (1) when registration becomes effective as to such security; or (2) when an application for the qualification of such indenture becomes effective, pursuant to section 77ggg of this title. (b) Stop orders after effective time of qualification After qualification has become effective as to the indenture under which a security has been or is to be issued, no stop order shall be issued pursuant to section 77h(d) of this title, suspending the effectiveness of the registration statement relating to such security or of the application for qualification of such indenture, except on one or more of the grounds specified in section 77h of this title, or the failure of the issuer to file an application as provided for by section 77eee(b)(2) of this title. (c) Effect of subsequent rule or regulation on qualification The making, amendment, or rescission of a rule, regulation, or order under the provisions of this subchapter (except to the extent authorized by subsection (a) of section 77nnn of this title with respect to rules and regulations prescribed pursuant to such subsection) shall not affect the qualification, form, or interpretation of any indenture as to which qualification became effective prior to the making, amendment, or rescission of such rule, regulation, or order. (d) Liability of trustee under qualified indenture No trustee under an indenture which has been qualified under this subchapter shall be subject to any liability because of any failure of such indenture to comply with any of the provisions of this subchapter, or any rule, regulation, or order thereunder. (e) Power of Commission to conduct investigation Nothing in this subchapter shall be construed as empowering the Commission to conduct an investigation or other proceeding for the purpose of determining whether the provisions of an indenture which has been qualified under this subchapter are being complied with, or to enforce such provisions. -SOURCE- (May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title III, Sec. 309, as added Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 411, 53 Stat. 1157; amended Pub. L. 101-550, title IV, Sec. 405, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2723.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1990 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101-550 inserted before period at end '', or the failure of the issuer to file an application as provided for by section 77eee(b)(2) of this title''. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, Sec. 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title. -CITE- 15 USC Sec. 77jjj 01/22/02 -EXPCITE- TITLE 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE CHAPTER 2A - SECURITIES AND TRUST INDENTURES SUBCHAPTER III - TRUST INDENTURES -HEAD- Sec. 77jjj. Eligibility and disqualification of trustee -STATUTE- (a) Persons eligible for appointment as trustee (1) There shall at all times be one or more trustees under every indenture qualified or to be qualified pursuant to this subchapter, at least one of whom shall at all times be a corporation organized and doing business under the laws of the United States or of any State or Territory or of the District of Columbia or a corporation or other person permitted to act as trustee by the Commission (referred to in this subchapter as the institutional trustee), which (A) is authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust powers, and (B) is subject to supervision or examination by Federal, State, Territorial, or District of Columbia authority. The Commission may, pursuant to such rules and regulations as it may prescribe, or by order on application, permit a corporation or other person organized and doing business under the laws of a foreign government to act as sole trustee under an indenture qualified or to be qualified pursuant to this subchapter, if such corporation or other person (i) is authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust powers, and (ii) is subject to supervision or examination by authority of such foreign government or a political subdivision thereof substantially equivalent to supervision or examination applicable to United States institutional trustees. In prescribing such rules and regulations or making such order, the Commission shall consider whether under such laws, a United States institutional trustee is eligible to act as sole trustee under an indenture relating to securities sold within the jurisdiction of such foreign government. (2) Such institution (FOOTNOTE 1) trustee shall have at all times a combined capital and surplus of a specified minimum amount, which shall not be less than $150,000. If such institutional trustee publishes reports of condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of said supervising or examining authority, the indenture may provide that, for the purposes of this paragraph, the combined capital and surplus of such trustee shall be deemed to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. (FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. Probably should be ''institutional''. (3) If the indenture to be qualified requires or permits the appointment of one or more co-trustees in addition to such institutional trustee, the rights, powers, duties, and obligations conferred or imposed upon the trustees or any of them shall be conferred or imposed upon and exercised or performed by such institutional trustee, or such institutional trustee and such co-trustees jointly, except to the extent that under any law of any jurisdiction in which any particular act or acts are to be performed, such institutional trustee shall be incompetent or unqualified to perform such act or acts, in which event such rights, powers, duties, and obligations shall be exercised and performed by such co-trustees. (4) In the case of certificates of interest or participation, the indenture trustee or trustees shall have the legal power to exercise all of the rights, powers, and privileges of a holder of the security or securities in which such certificates evidence an interest or participation. (5) No obligor upon the indenture securities or person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with such obligor shall serve as trustee upon such indenture securities. (b) Disqualification of trustee If any indenture trustee has or shall acquire any conflicting interest as hereinafter defined - (i) then, within 90 days after ascertaining that it has such conflicting interest, and if the default (as defined in the next sentence) to which such conflicting interest relates has not been cured or duly waived or otherwise eliminated before the end of such 90-day period, such trustee shall either eliminate such conflicting interest or, except as otherwise provided below in this subsection, resign, and the obligor upon the indenture securities shall take prompt steps to have a successor appointed in the manner provided in the indenture; (ii) in the event that such trustee shall fail to comply with the provisions of clause (i) of this subsection, such trustee shall, within 10 days after the expiration of such 90-day period, transmit notice of such failure to the indenture security holders in the manner and to the extent provided in subsection (c) of section 77mmm of this title; and (iii) subject to the provisions of subsection (e) of section 77ooo of this title, unless such trustee's duty to resign is stayed as provided below in this subsection, any security holder who has been a bona fide holder of indenture securities for at least six months may, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of such trustee, and the appointment of a successor, if such trustee fails, after written request thereof by such holder to comply with the provisions of clause (i) of this subsection. For the purposes of this subsection, an indenture trustee shall be deemed to have a conflicting interest if the indenture securities are in default (as such term is defined in such indenture, but exclusive of any period of grace or requirement of notice) and - (1) such trustee is trustee under another indenture under which any other securities, or certificates of interest or participation in any other securities, of an obligor upon the indenture securities are outstanding or is trustee for more than one outstanding series of securities, as hereafter defined, under a single indenture of an obligor, unless - (A) the indenture securities are collateral trust notes under which the only collateral consists of securities issued under such other indenture, (B) such other indenture is a collateral trust indenture under which the only collateral consists of indenture securities, or (C) such obligor has no substantial unmortgaged assets and is engaged primarily in the business of owning, or of owning and developing and/or operating, real estate, and the indenture to be qualified and such other indenture are secured by wholly separate and distinct parcels of real estate: Provided, That the indenture to be qualified shall automatically be deemed (unless it is expressly provided therein that such provision is excluded) to contain a provision excluding from the operation of this paragraph other series under such indenture, and any other indenture or indentures under which other securities, or certificates of interest or participation in other securities, of such an obligor are outstanding, if - (i) the indenture to be qualified and any such other indenture or indentures (and all series of securities issuable thereunder) are wholly unsecured and rank equally, and such other indenture or indentures (and such series) are specifically described in the indenture to be qualified or are thereafter qualified under this subchapter, unless the Commission shall have found and declared by order pursuant to subsection (b) of section 77eee of this title or subsection (c) of section 77ggg of this title that differences exist between the provisions of the indenture (or such series) to be qualified and the provisions of such other indenture or indentures (or such series) which are so likely to involve a material conflict of interest as to make it necessary in the public interest or for the protection of investors to disqualify such trustee from acting as such under one of such indentures, or (ii) the issuer shall have sustained the burden of proving, on application to the Commission and after opportunity for hearing thereon, that trusteeship under the indenture to be qualified and such other indenture or under more than one outstanding series under a single indenture is not so likely to involve a material conflict of interest as to make it necessary in the public interest or for the protection of investors to disqualify such trustee from acting as such under one of such indentures or with respect to such series; (2) such trustee or any of its directors or executive officers is an underwriter for an obligor upon the indenture securities; (3) such trustee directly or indirectly controls or is directly or indirectly controlled by or is under direct or indirect common control with an underwriter for an obligor upon the indenture securities; (4) such trustee or any of its directors or executive officers is a director, officer, partner, employee, appointee, or representative of an obligor upon the indenture securities, or of an underwriter (other than the trustee itself) for such an obligor who is currently engaged in the business of underwriting, except that - (A) one individual may be a director and/or an executive officer of the trustee and a director and/or an executive officer of such obligor, but may not be at the same time an executive officer of both the trustee and of such obligor, (B) if and so long as the number of directors of the trustee in office is more than nine, one additional individual may be a director and/or an executive officer of the trustee and a director of such obligor, and (C) such trustee may be designated by any such obligor or by any underwriter for any such obligor, to act in the capacity of transfer agent, registrar, custodian, paying agent, fiscal agent, escrow agent, or depositary, or in any other similar capacity, or, subject to the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection, to act as trustee, whether under an indenture or otherwise; (5) 10 per centum or more of the voting securities of such trustee is beneficially owned either by an obligor upon the indenture securities or by any director, partner or executive officer thereof, or 20 per centum or more of such voting securities is beneficially owned, collectively by any two or more of such persons; or 10 per centum or more of the voting securities of such trustee is beneficially owned either by an underwriter for any such obligor or by any director, partner, or executive officer thereof, or is beneficially owned, collectively, by any two or more such persons; (6) such trustee is the beneficial owner of, or holds as collateral security for an obligation which is in default as hereinafter defined - (A) 5 per centum or more of the voting securities, or 10 per centum or more of any other class of security, of an obligor upon the indenture securities, not including indentures (FOOTNOTE 2) securities and securities issued under any other indenture under which such trustee is also trustee, or (FOOTNOTE 2) So in original. Probably should be ''indenture''. (B) 10 per centum or more of any class of security of an underwriter for any such obligor; (7) such trustee is the beneficial owner of, or holds as collateral security for an obligation which is in default as hereinafter defined, 5 per centum or more of the voting securities of any person who, to the knowledge of the trustee, owns 10 per centum or more of the voting securities of, or controls directly or indirectly or is under direct or indirect common control with, an obligor upon the indenture securities; (8) such trustee is the beneficial owner of, or holds as collateral security for an obligation which is in default as hereinafter defined, 10 per centum or more of any class of security of any person who, to the knowledge of the trustee, owns 50 per centum or more of the voting securities of an obligor upon the indenture securities; (9) such trustee owns, on the date of default upon the indenture securities (as such term is defined in such indenture but exclusive of any period of grace or requirement of notice) or any anniversary of such default while such default upon the indenture securities remains outstanding, in the capacity of executor, administrator, testamentary or inter vivos trustee, guardian, committee or conservator, or in any other similar capacity, an aggregate of 25 per centum or more of the voting securities, or of any class of security, of any person, the beneficial ownership of a specified percentage of which would have constituted a conflicting interest under paragraph (6), (7), or (8) of this subsection. As to any such securities of which the indenture trustee acquired ownership through becoming executor, administrator or testamentary trustee of an estate which include them, the provisions of the preceding sentence shall not apply for a period of not more than 2 years from the date of such acquisition, to the extent that such securities included in such estate do not exceed 25 per centum of such voting securities or 25 per centum of any such class of security. Promptly after the dates of any such default upon the indenture securities and annually in each succeeding year that the indenture securities remain in default the trustee shall make a check of its holding of such securities in any of the above-mentioned capacities as of such dates. If the obligor upon the indenture securities fails to make payment in full of principal or interest under such indenture when and as the same becomes due and payable, and such failure continues for 30 days thereafter, the trustee shall make a prompt check of its holdings of such securities in any of the above-mentioned capacities as of the date of the expiration of such 30-day period, and after such date, notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this paragraph, all such securities so held by the trustee, with sole or joint control over such securities vested in it, shall be considered as though beneficially owned by such trustee, for the purposes of paragraphs (6), (7), and (8) of this subsection; or (10) except under the circumstances described in paragraphs (FOOTNOTE 3) (1), (3), (4), (5) or (6) of section 77kkk(b) of this title, the trustee shall be or shall become a creditor of the obligor. (FOOTNOTE 3) So in original. Probably should be ''paragraph''. For purposes of paragraph (1) of this subsection, and of section 77ppp(a) of this title, the term ''series of securities'' or ''series'' means a series, class or group of securities issuable under an indenture pursuant to whose terms holders of one such series may vote to direct the indenture trustee, or otherwise take action pursuant to a vote of such holders, separately from holders of another such series: Provided, That ''series of securities'' or ''series'' shall not include any series of securities issuable under an indenture if all such series rank equally and are wholly unsecured. The specification of percentages in paragraphs (5) to (9), inclusive, of this subsection shall not be construed as indicating that the ownership of such percentages of the securities of a person is or is not necessary or sufficient to constitute direct or indirect control for the purposes of paragraph (3) or (7) of this subsection. For the purposes of paragraphs (6), (7), (8), and (9) of this subsection - (A) the terms ''security'' and ''securities'' shall include only such securities as are generally known as corporate securities, but shall not include any note or other evidence of indebtedness issued to evidence an obligation to repay moneys lent to a person by one or more banks, trust companies, or banking firms, or any certificate of interest or participation in any such note or evidence of indebtedness; (B) an obligation shall be deemed to be in default when a default in payment of principal shall have continued for thirty days or more, and shall not have been cured; and (C) the indenture trustee shall not be deemed the owner or