Indonesia Geography Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S, 120 00 E Map references: Southeast Asia Area: total: 1,919,440 sq km land: 1,826,440 sq km water: 93,000 sq km AreaÑcomparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas Land boundaries: total: 2,602 km border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km Coastline: 54,716 km Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver Land use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 7% permanent pastures: 7% forests and woodland: 62% other: 14% (1993 est.) Irrigated land: 45,970 sq km (1993 est.) Natural hazards: occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes EnvironmentÑcurrent issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas EnvironmentÑinternational agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Marine Life Conservation GeographyÑnote: archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean People Population: 212,941,810 (July 1998 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 31% (male 33,311,867; female 32,361,468) 15-64 years: 65% (male 69,215,722; female 69,578,527) 65 years and over: 4% (male 3,744,314; female 4,729,912) (July 1998 est.) Population growth rate: 1.49% (1998 est.) Birth rate: 23.1 births/1,000 population (1998 est.) Death rate: 8.22 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female (1998 est.) Infant mortality rate: 59.23 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.49 years male: 60.28 years female: 64.81 years (1998 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.61 children born/woman (1998 est.) Nationality: noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian Ethnic groups: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26% Religions: Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985) Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.8% male: 89.6% female: 78% (1995 est.) Government Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies Data code: ID Government type: republic National capital: Jakarta Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singularÑpropinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singularÑdaerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta* Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands) National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945) Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age Executive branch: note: on 21 May 1998Ñless than three months after being reelected to a seventh five-year termÑPresident Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO resigned from office; immediately following his resignation he announced that Vice President HABIBIE would assume the presidency for the remainder of the term which expires in 2003; on 28 May 1998, HABIBIE and legislative leaders announced an agreement to hold a new presidential election in 1999 chief of state: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 March 1998); noteÑthe president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 March 1998); noteÑthe president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet elections: president and vice president elected by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 10 March 1998 (next to be held NA 1999) election results: Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO elected president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly; Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE elected vice president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly; noteÑVice President HABIBIE assumed the presidency after SOEHARTO's resignation Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 425 elected by popular vote, 75 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 29 May 1997 (next to be held NA 2002) election results: percent of vote by partyÑGolkar 74.5%, PPP 22.43%, PDI 3.07%; seats by partyÑGolkar 325, PPP 89, PDI 11 note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president Political parties and leaders: Golkar (de facto ruling political party based on functional groups), HARMOKO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI, federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERJADI, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman International organization participation: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador DORODJATUN Kuntoro-Jakti chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta mailing address: Box 1, APO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 344-2211 FAX: [62] (21) 386-2259 consulate(s) general: Surabaya Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red Economy EconomyÑoverview: While Indonesia was long touted for its sound macroeconomic management and spectacular growth, the Asian financial crisis in 1997/98 revealed the weak underpinnings of the economy: an unhealthy banking sector, untenable levels of private foreign debt, and uncompetitive practices that favored the financial interests of former President SOEHARTO's family and friends. Indonesia sought IMF assistance early in the crisis and eventually brokered a $42 billion bailout package; but Jakarta jeopardized the program by resisting strict IMF reforms, partly in response to the rupiah's collapse, which lost as much as 80% of its value at one point. Economic prospects look bleak for 1998: the economy probably will shrink between 4% to 10%, unemployment top historic highsÑin excess of 15%Ñand inflation move toward hyper levels. GDP: purchasing power parityÑ$960 billion (1997 est.) GDPÑreal growth rate: 4% (1997 est.) GDPÑper capita: purchasing power parityÑ$4,600 (1997 est.) GDPÑcomposition by sector: agriculture: 16% industry: 43% services: 41% (1996) Inflation rateÑconsumer price index: 50% (1998 est.) Labor force: total: 67 million by occupation: agriculture 44%, manufacturing 13%, construction 5%, transport and communications 4%, other 34% (1995 est.) Unemployment rate: 15%; underemployment 50% (1998 est.) Budget: revenues: $42.8 billion expenditures: $42.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $14.4 billion (FY97/98 est.) Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber; tourism Industrial production growth rate: 10.5% (1996 est.) ElectricityÑcapacity: 16.265 million kW (1995) ElectricityÑproduction: 60.4 billion kWh (1995) ElectricityÑconsumption per capita: 297 kWh (1995) AgricultureÑproducts: rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products; poultry, beef, pork, eggs Exports: total value: $53.4 billion (f.o.b., 1997) commodities: textiles/garments 20.6%, wood products 15.7%, electronics 9.9%, footwear 6.1% partners: Japan 27.1%, US 13.9%, Singapore 8.3%, South Korea 6.4%, Taiwan 3.9%, China 3.8%, Hong Kong 3.6% (1995) Imports: total value: $41.6 billion (f.o.b., 1997) commodities: manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%, foodstuffs 7.8%, fuels 7.7% partners: Japan 22.7%, US 11.7%, Germany 6.9%, South Korea 6.0%, Singapore 5.8%, Australia 5.0%, Taiwan 4.5% (1995) DebtÑexternal: $136 billion (yearend 1997 est.) Economic aid: recipient: IMF program, $42 billion (1998 est.) Currency: Indonesian rupiah (Rp) Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1Ñ8,000 (April 1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993) Fiscal year: 1 AprilÑ31 March Communications Telephones: 1,276,600 (1993 est.) Telephone system: domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system international: satellite earth stationsÑ2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) Radio broadcast stations: AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0 Radios: 28.1 million (1992 est.) Television broadcast stations: 9 Televisions: 11.5 million (1992 est.) Transportation Railways: total: 6,458 km narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995) Highways: total: 393,000 km paved: 178,815 km unpaved: 214,185 km (1996 est.) Waterways: 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km Pipelines: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989) Ports and harbors: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Ujungpandang Merchant marine: total: 503 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,433,857 GRT/3,510,818 DWT ships by type: bulk 35, cargo 291, chemical tanker 8, container 11, liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 105, passenger 8, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 10, short-sea passenger 6, specialized tanker 6, vehicle carrier 5 (1997 est.) Airports: 442 (1997 est.) AirportsÑwith paved runways: total: 124 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 40 914 to 1,523 m: 41 under 914 m: 28 (1997 est.) AirportsÑwith unpaved runways: total: 318 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 32 under 914 m: 281 (1997 est.) Heliports: 4 (1997 est.) Military Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Military manpowerÑmilitary age: 18 years of age Military manpowerÑavailability: males age 15-49: 59,862,854 (1998 est.) Military manpowerÑfit for military service: males: 35,148,486 (1998 est.) Military manpowerÑreaching military age annually: males: 2,286,098 (1998 est.) Military expendituresÑdollar figure: $3.3 billion (FY97/98) Military expendituresÑpercent of GDP: 1.3% (FY97/98) Transnational Issues DisputesÑinternational: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin