Ozymandias' Sabotage Skills Handbook Volume II - Technical sabotage 1st Edition, 1996 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. BASIC MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 6 2.1 The basic elements of mechanical systems 6 2.2 Power sources 8 2.3 Power conduits 10 2.4 Power sinks 11 2.5 Regulation 12 2.6 Lubrication 12 3. ENGINE BASED SYSTEMS 12 3.1 The internal combustion engine 12 3.2 Petrol engines 13 3.3 Diesel engines 14 3.4 Gas engines 15 3.5 Basic sabotage of engine systems 15 4. MOTOR BASED SYSTEMS 17 4.1 Types of electric motor 17 4.2 DC, AC and 3-phase motors 17 4.3 Generators 18 4.4 Basic sabotage of electric motors 19 5. PNEUMATICS 21 5.1 Pneumatic systems 21 5.2 Compressors 21 5.3 Air lines 22 5.4 Cylinders and motors 22 5.5 Tyres and balloons 23 5.6 Basic sabotage of pneumatic systems 23 6. HYDRAULICS 24 6.1 Hydraulic systems 24 6.2 Hydraulic pumps 24 6.3 Valves and switches 25 6.4 Pipes 27 6.5 Rams 27 6.6 Sump and fluid 28 6.7 Basic sabotage of hydraulic systems 28 7. SWITCHGEAR AND INSTRUMENTATION 29 7.1 Controls/switchgear 29 7.2 Mechanical controls 29 7.3 Electronic controls/instrumentation 31 7.4 Computer systems 33 7.5 Basic sabotage of instrumentation and switchgear 33 8. VEHICLES 34 8.1 Cars, lorries and construction plant 34 8.2 General sabotage options 35 8.3 Engine and fuel systems 37 8.4 Brakes and hydraulic systems 37 8.5 Electrical systems 38 9. SPECIALIST HITS 38 9.1 Construction equipment 39 9.2 Quarry equipment 40 9.3 Farm machinery 40 9.4 Pipelines and transmission lines 42 9.5 Commercial premises 44 9.6 High security compounds 47 9.7 Marine targets 47 10. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES 49 10.1 Introduction 49 10.2 Concrete 49 10.3 Soldering/braising and welding 50 10.4 Combustion 53 10.5 Delayed sabotage 57 11. HEALTH AND SAFETY 58 12. CONCLUSION 59 List of figures and tables: Figure-00: Cover illustration (Bedford van cut away) 1 & 34 Figure-01: Osimanidias illustration 6 Figure-02: Cutting mains cables illustration 8 Figure-03: Typical engine system 14 Figure-04: Internal view of engine 14 Figure-05: External view of engine 14 Figure-06: AC/DC electric motors 18 Figure-07: Electric motor mounting configuration 18 Figure-08: Internal diagram of electric motors 18 Figure-09: Motor power control 19 Figure-10: Pneumatic systems 21 Figure-11: Typical pneumatic cylinder 23 Figure-12: Illustration of hydraulic system 24 Figure-13: Hydraulic pump (small type) 25 Figure-14: Hydraulic pump (larger type) 25 Figure-15: Manual hydraulic valve and manifold 25 Figure-16: Electrical hydraulic valve and manifold 25 Figure-17: Hydraulic hose 26 Figure-18: Example of hydraulic hoses 26 Figure-19: Hose screw fittings 26 Figure-20: Examples of hose fittings 26 Figure-21: Hydraulic ram 27 Figure-22: Examples of electrical control panel components 30 Figure-23: HGV side view 35 Figure-24: HGV top view 35 Figure-25: Earth mover side view 36 Figure-26: Earth mover top/cutaway view 36 Figure-27: Construction hoists 38 Figure-28: Tower cranes 39 Figure-29: Materials/power hoppers 41 Figure-30: Mains electrical controls 42 Figure-31: Diaphragm pump 43 Figure-32: Rotary (impeller) pump 43 Figure-33: Coaxial cables 44 Figure-34: Fork lifts 45 Figure-35: Refrigeration systems 46 Figure-36: Gearing/drive systems 47 Figure-37: Bearing & roller systems 47 Figure-38: Mixing concrete 49 Figure-39: Soft and hard soldering 51 Figure-40: Soldering tools 52 Figure-41: Fluid incendiaries 53 Figure-42: Chemical incendiaries 53 Figure-43: Delay fuse 54 Figure-44: Electric fuses 54 Figure-45: Delay timers 56 Figure-46: Hole burning and strip soldering 57 Table--00: Calculated sink times 48 1. INTRODUCTION Volume I of this series introduced basic information on tools, what they are, how to use them, and methods to organise your work to prevent you collar being felt by the authorities. Volume I was written in simple terms to allow anyone to 'log on' to the issues involve - a similar approach has been taken with this volume, but there is one additional problem. To really understand you are going to have to get out there and do some of this work. Let's now recap where we are in association with Volume I... This guide is not really about 'noble' sabotage - for example people clamping themselves to diggers on road projects. It's about taking action against the everyday destruction of the environment - it's about afforestation, polluting industries, and the ceaseless growth of urban areas while inner cities are left derelict. Specifically, it's about sabotaging machinery, and getting away with it. In short - 'economic sabotage'. One important point - whatever you do you should always ensure that you never cause harm to other people, or to the Earth that you are trying to protect. Eco-sabotage should never be conducted in a rage or anger - that way lies plain destruction and vandalism. Eco-sabotage should be planned, calmly executed, and the extent should reflect the damage that the evil-doer is inflicting on the Earth. Terrorism is only a valid concept when it seeks to alarm or coerce the public into following someone's political viewpoint. I do not see that as an issue here since we should always strive to hit specific targets, affecting only that target and causing no 'collateral damage', and never, ever, harming human life or the environment. Unfortunately, as many people in organisations such as the Animal Liberation Front have found out, the tag of terrorist is easy abused by the authorities and the judicial system, with the consequence that offenders are given exceptionally harsh treatment. Anyhow - back to this Volume. In the first Volume the idea of developing toolkits was developed, and in particular the idea that the activist should set up a 'stash' of equipment so that incriminating evidence was never kept at their home or workplace. Also, the idea of what tools are, and how to use them, was introduced. Finally, there was general background on how to manage your 'hobby' in such a way as to avoid detection. This volume now develops these themes further - primarily there is more detail on the types of equipment you may be confronted with and how to 'handle' the situation in a way which creates the highest level of economic damage. This is, of course, if that is what your tactic is. Remember from Volume I that the level of response must be proportionate to the level of 'insult'. You do not demolish someone's home for pouring oil down a drain, and conversely supergluing the locks at the offices of a multi-national company has little effect. It is really up to you set the level of response, but at the same time you must be prepared to accept the consequence of that action. Also, it is always important to run a series of hits, where there is scope for a 'repeat visit' to the site, in such a way that you can escalate the impact each time if your warnings are not taken notice of. Unlike Volume I, which was fairly mild in its advocacy of economic sabotage, this guide introduces the use of highly controversial agents - incendiary devices. My recommendation is, if you immediately turn straight to this section and start planning your hit, see a psychiatrist, or turn yourself in at the nearest police station, or both. Any device that causes the level of damage that incendiaries cause is an absolute last resort tactic - it should not be something that is considered in the ordinary course of proceedings. However, there are other options. Incendiary devices can cause indiscriminate damage, but by designing and placing your device carefully you can hit the target and cause minimal 'collateral damage'. Even so, if you go around burning holes in people's earth movers, you will attract a high level of interest from the authorities. In terms of 'escalation', there is a great deal of difference between just disabling equipment, and simultaneously taking out everything on a site in one go. Finally - "Let's be careful out there". Volume I introduced fairly low-key methods of sabotage. If you start messing around with high voltage cables, or pipelines, or just pneumatic/hydraulic pipes that are under pressure, you are going to hurt yourself if you do not take the appropriate steps to mitigate the risk. Read the health and safety sections of both Volume I and this volume - and use them. Dead eco saboteurs do not help the cause as good as live ones. Ozymandias July 1996 2. BASIC MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 2.1 The basic elements of mechanical systems The front cover of this volume shows a Bedford van, not as a simple metal box, but as a collection of complex interconnected parts. To do real damage to any system this is how you must look at the target of the hit - a collection of vulnerable parts. An earth mover, for example, is not a simple machine. It is a complex system comprising... Mechanical systems with moving parts, hinges, cables and bearings; ù Engines, using petrol or diesel as a fuel, which provide power to the whole system; ù Electric motors which convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, or turn compressors or pumps to move fluids; ù Hydraulic and pneumatic systems which develop the large forces necessary to drive the machines excavators; ù Electric systems which run lights, valves and the control instrumentation; ù 'Static' devices, not directly involved in the main system, such as locks, radios/communications equipment, and security systems. All these elements come together to 'create' that which we call an 'earth mover'. Therefore, to effectively disable, or preferable write off the subject of the hit, you need to have a working knowledge of each of the individual systems. The alternative would be to learn about the system itself - a standard JCB for example, But learning about the principles of how these machines work in general is preferable because the knowledge is more easily applied to any situation you may encounter. In terms on machines in general, when you conduct your scoping exercise while planning the hit, or while you assess the 'problem' when you are first presented with the system you wish to disable, you should ask yourself a simple series of questions... 1. Where does the power come from [the source]? (e.g., electrical, engines, electric motors, etc.); 2. How is the power moved around [the conduit]? (e.g., electrical cables, mechanical rods/shafts, hydraulic or pneumatic systems); 3. Where is power expended [the sink]? (e.g., hydraulic rams, electric motors, mechanical arms or electrical components); 4. How is the movement or conversion of power regulated [control systems]? (e.g., valves, control panels, switches or automated computer controllers) 5. Does the operation of these parts involve lubricating or cooling of devices? (e.g., engine oil sump, pipes delivering lubricating fluid, chillers/refrigerators, air cooling or water cooling) By systematically taking these five criteria, and applying them to your system (with practice it will become second nature) you will be able to identify the key parts of the system, and hence the key weaknesses. You can then plan the appropriate steps and requisition the appropriate tools with which to carry out the hit. For example, in an earth mover, the major mechanical parts are built of extremely tough materials because they must survive in a harsh environment, under extreme load conditions. For this reason taking on the arms of the machine, or cutting its hydraulic system, causes little real damage. On the other hand, the fact that the entire system relies on the provision of power from one diesel engine means that by taking out that engine, using grinding powder in the sump or ball bearings in the cylinders, you deny power to the system. On the other hand a complex manufacturing plan may rely on computerised control systems, in which case damaging these is more effective than removing the power supply, or damaging individual parts of the machines. 2.2 Power sources All mechanisms need energy to function. This energy can be derived from a number of sources... ù Electrical energy: Electricity supplied in cables, or in more complex systems, which may be generated from other energy sources within the system; ù Electrical potential energy: This is really a category used to differentiate supplied electrical energy from electrical energy stored electrical energy. There are many systems, from computers to industrial plants and road vehicles, that rely on the storage of energy within some form of battery to help them operate. Batteries contain 'potential' energy because it does not actually exist as electrical current, but rather as charges on the atoms of chemical compound which are release as part of chemical reactions; ù Chemical energy: Fuels which contain energy, such as petrol, diesel, and methane or propane gas, can be utilised within machines as a heat source, or within engines as a source of kinetic energy; ù Kinetic energy: Kinetic basically means movement - that is the turning of drive shafts or the push/pull of connecting roads. Many pulled units, farm machinery is the main example, are powered by kinetic energy supplied by a drive shaft which plugs into the tractor's engine (this is called a Power Take-Off [PTO]). Denying the source of energy to any system is the most effective way of shutting it down - but sometimes this is only a temporary setback for the operator... ù Destroying or removing the battery from a system is only temporary because batteries are easily replaced; ù Removing the electrical supply by cutting cables is very temporary as cables can be replaced in a day. Even a mains trunk cable can be repaired in just one or two days; ù Removing fuel from the system is very temporary - you only have to fill up the machine again, or new supplied can be ordered or bought the same day. It is therefore obvious that cutting energy sources is only effective when it includes other forms of damage. For example, rather then just spiking or removing the fuel from a generator, it is always advisable to do serious damage to the generator itself. However, removing power supplies really comes into its own when speed of action is necessary. For example, all petrol stations Safety when cutting power cables (figure 2) have a little box on the wall marked, "petrol pumps switch off here". This enables the fire brigade to turn off power to the pumps in the event of a fire or spillage. It also means that smashing this box, or cutting the cables, disables all equipment on the station forecourt - this is much faster and easier than trying to damage each pump or cut every pipe. The only precaution must be to ensure your safety. Any source of energy is capable of imparting energy to you when you damage it - that can be fatal. To solve this problem there are simple steps you can take. Electrical supplies: Electrical cables should be isolated at the fuse box before cutting. If this is not possible, use tools with a long insulated handle - such as an axe. If in doubt you need to connect a thick copper wire - preferable coated in plastic - to the tool you are using, and then connect the other end to a large metal object embedded in the ground (such as a fence post) or the 'earth' plug of a wall socket (see diagram above). This will make the electricity earth to ground via the wire rather than you. As a precaution, you should also wear thick rubber gloves - for example the type you use for washing up. Where voltages higher than 415 volts are involved, no amount of earthing will ensure your safety - splashes of molten metal from the arc generated when the cables are cut can also injure you. For this reason you should consider other measure such as burning through the cable with an incendiary compound (see 'combustion' section). Batteries: The batteries on conventional cars or lorries are relatively safe. The main danger comes from the acid they contain. The risk with these batteries is when they are on charge because they give off highly explosive hydrogen gas. Cutting one cable at a time, and then removing the battery is quite a straightforward process, but a spark near an open cell could initiate a fire. Large battery arrays, such as those found on electric milk-floats and other electric vehicles, present a danger because of the sheer amount of electrical current they are able to generate. If you short the cables you will get a small explosion as the current melts and fuses the metal in the cables. In extreme circumstances, it may also cause other parts of the electrical installation to short out - perhaps explosively if electrical 'capacitors' are involved - and catch fire. Again, the basic instruction is disconnect one terminal or cut only one stand of the cable at a time. If the cable is 'multi-core' - that is there is more than one stand of wire within it, strip off some of the electrical insulation with a Stanley knife and cut one strand of wire at a time. Again, where large battery arrays are involved with voltages greater than 24 volts, it is a good idea to earth the tool you are using if the only option is to cut rather than disconnect cables. Fuels: Most fuels are volatile - that is they burn readily with only minor ignition sources such as bright lights, heat or sparks. Petrol, gases and some solvents (such as acetone) fall in this category. Other fuels such as paraffin or diesel are more difficult to ignite. There are three tactics with fuels - spiking, disconnection or removal: ù Spiking involves the addition of substances to make the fuel burn under extreme conditions. Adding sugar or syrup to fuel produced large amounts of carbon which block the cylinders and valves of engines. On the other hand adding a litre or two of acetone to the fuel tank of a car, if it doesn't dissolve the pipes or the carburettor float first, causes the cylinder temperatures to rise to the point where pistons or cylinder vales melt and fuse; ù Disconnection - basically means that you cut the fuel line. This in itself can cause great problems because by cutting the line the fuel escapes to cause pollution, or it covers you. There are a number of alternatives. You could close off valves in the fuel lines and then superglue them shut (it's generally not a good idea to solder or weld a fuel line!). The other option, which applies to metal fuel lines, is to crimp them shut using pliers. It is possible to use a hammer (sometimes the blunt end of a chisel or screwdriver proves an effective tool to use) to flatten the fuel line at two points, but this may cause the contents to ignite. If you crimp the fuel line in two places, and then cut the line in between the two, the fuel should not escape. ù Removal - quite simply, just take the stuff away. Drive shafts/PTOs: By the very fact that they carry large amounts of energy (the technical term is 'torque'), drive shafts and PTOs are constructed of very hard and tough materials. This makes them very difficult things to cut, bend, or generally damage. However, almost all drive shafts rely on bearings and rotating joints to keep them turning efficiently. You should therefore attack the joints and bearings rather than the shaft itself. The simplest way to damage a baring is to inject grinding powder, suspended in lubricating oil or grease, into the bearing. Over the course of a few hours this reworks the running surfaces and makes everything a little more 'loose'. With universal joints, if you can bang out one of the spindles on which the joint pivots then you can disconnect the drive shaft. The other option is to unbalance the drive shaft. As the shaft rotates very quickly, and the shaft is very heavy, it must be in perfect balance along the axis of rotation. Any deviation causes the drive shaft to vibrate. If you add weight to just one side of the drive shaft - by strapping a weight around one side of it - the vibration could damage the bearings and joints before the operator notices. On larger shafts there are actually small weights which screw in and out of the shaft to vary the balance. Screwing the weights fully in on one side, and fully out on the other, will perform the same function as strapping a weight to the shaft. It also helps if you superglue the bolts too. Alternatively - and this works very well with the propeller shafts of boats - just connect a length of steel cable to the shaft, and wrap it around the shaft. With luck, especially in enclosed spaces, the cable will snarl up and unbalance the shaft. However, you should always make sure that the rotating cable will not injure someone - a cable rotating at speed can be lethal. Finally, with the PTOs of tractors or construction plant, if the drive shaft is not connected, just try and jam up the connection socket. The best way to do this is to melt solder onto the surfaces of the socket using a blowtorch - but don't forget to clean the metal surfaces of grease and rust using petrol or solvent, and then burning the residue off with the blowtorch, before you start, or the solder won't stick. 2.3 Power conduits After power has been produced from the source, it must be moved around to where the work needs doing. There are a number of ways this can happen... ù Electrical power is moved along cables, through a series of switches, fuses and control instrumentation; ù Where pressurised fluids or gases are used, pipes and vales regulate the flow of fluid to its destination; ù Where kinetic energy is involved, gear, shafts and tension cables (steel cables, rubber/canvas drive belts or rope) transmit the energy; ù Especially where telecommunications equipment is concerned, the 'information ' can be carries as light within fibre optic cables, or as a radio wave within coaxial cables. Essentially, what we are trying to do here is severe the flow of energy along the conduit. With electrical, communications or fluid cables this is simple - just cut it. But you should beware when cutting fluid cables in case the fluid or gas in the pipe is still under pressure. Again with electrical cables, as outlined above in relation to electrical sources, you should make sure that the cable is not live before you cut it, or take appropriate steps to protect yourself when cutting. Thew problem here is that cables and pipe are relatively easy things to replace, relatively quickly. They are also relatively cheap. What we must do, in order to create the greatest expense and delay, is to damage or remove those parts of the system which control the flow of energy through the conduit: ù With electrical cables, switches, fuses, instrumentation and electromechanic al relays all act to channel the flow of energy. By damaging these items you can disable a piece of equipment while repairs are made. With very specialised equipment, spares will not be readily available either. The key items to hit are relays, switches, and most importantly gauges, computers or programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and instrument panels; ù With hydraulic systems, the pipes are nearly always reinforced with hardened steel, making them very difficult to cut without very large and expensive bolt-cutters. The simple method is to drill the pipe, or even better, smash the valves which control the flow of the fluid. On basic mechanically controlled systems the valves are controlled by levers, so you should just rip off the levers, and perhaps smash the valve housing. On electromechanical systems electrically powered relays operate the vales. These are quite easy to disable because you can rip out the electrical cables, but more importantly, you should try and remove the 'solenoid' (the electrical coil and magnet) mounted on the top of the valve (easily identified as the electrical cable is plugged/connected into it); ù With pneumatic systems, the pipes are not normally reinforced, but the system is controlled by the same type of valves as hydraulic systems, so the same rules apply; ù With telecommunications systems, just cut the coaxial or fibre-optic cables, but you should try to access the transmitter units and smash them, or rip off any visible transmitter antennae. Alternatively, with coaxial cables, just fire a few dozen staples into the cable. The short circuit may damage the output transistors of the transmitter; ù Kinetic/mechanical systems are more difficult. Drive shafts, as explained above, are difficult to damage, but they are susceptible if they have exposed bearings or rotating joints. The best place to damage any mechanical system is at the gearbox - just fill it with sand, or better still, grinding powder. If the gearbox does not contain an kind of lubricating fluid, fill it with epoxy 'potting compound', effectively sealing the moving the parts in a block of hard plastic. Drive belts can be a problem. Smaller ones are easily cut as they are generally rubber with a canvas reinforcement. Larger ones, and things like conveyor belts, have steel reinforcement and so tin snips, side cutters or bolt-cutters will be required. Hacksaws will work, but it can be slow going. With drive cables, such as those on cranes, the cable is normally made of tensile steel which is difficult to cut without heavy duty side cutters or bolt cutters. Hacksawing can take a long time. It must be stressed that the simplest and most direct method is to damage the control systems. Even on hydraulic systems, where the system relies on a pump, it is still more effective to take out the control systems because the pumps are so solidly made. 2.4 Power sinks When the power has been moved to where the work takes place, it can be used. Energy can be expended in many ways - from the hook at the end of the winch cable that lifts the load, to the computer at the end of the mains cable. For this reason, there is no general approach to damaging the appliance to which power is supplied. In general it is possible to say this... ù All electrical equipment should be damaged by hammering chisels/ screwdrivers into it, or if this is difficult pour acid or salted water inside it; ù All mechanical equipment should be 'fouled up' using wire, dismantled using tools, filled with sand or grinding powder, or just filled up with quick setting epoxy 'potting compound'; ù All hydraulic/pneumatic appliances should have holes drilled in the cylinders. But when considering the above options, you should consider the time factors involved. Sometimes effectively taking out the power conduit or source will be as effective, but more importantly quicker, than trying to damage every part of the system that utilises the energy supplied to the system. 2.5 Regulation The regulation of energy was noted above in relation to energy conduits. Without control systems, machines will not function. For example, why spend half an hour trying to get into the locked engine compartment of a earth mover when you can just smash through or remove the window of the cab, and smash, damage or remove all of the controls levers, switches and instrumentation? When taking on control and instrumentation panels there are a few general tips: ù Any accessible electrical cables should be cut or ripped out. If you have a number of cables bound together or fixed in a 'loom', the simplest thing is to loop the mass of cables around a screwdriver or crowbar, and then twist around and around. As the cables twist and tighten on the bar, the tension will snap or rip them from their fixings; ù Any gauges, displays or meters should be smashed. The best way to do this is to take a long, thin (about 3-4mm diameter), blunt screwdriver, and hammer it through the face of the dial. If it goes through easily, try again - unless you encounter resistance as you hammer it through you are not doing any damage; ù Computers and PLCs should, if possible, be removed and disposed of in the nearest canal or ditch. If this is not possible you should take the same approach as that outlined for gauges and meters. If the construction does not allow you to hammer in the screwdriver, then use the wedge end of a crowbar and hammer it through using a lump hammer (if available); ù Any key locks or key switches should be superglued; ù Conventional switches or levers should have the arms broken off. You can do this with a hammer. Sometimes the levers and knobs are fixed in place by small screws in the handle - if this is the case just loosen the screw, pull of the handle, and get rid of it off the site. This then leaves the spindle which the knob or lever was fixed too - this is best broken off using a hammer and chisel. For push buttons there is only one simple solution - either hammer then button through the face of the control panel, or superglue it in place. However, sometimes there is just not time to do all of the above. In these cases the only (and ultimate) solution is to douse the control panel in petrol or diesel and torch it. This unfortunately attracts a lot of attention, and so you may with to use some sort of time-delay incendiary device to do this. 2.6 Lubrication Finally, many mechanical systems require careful lubrication to keep friction and wear to a minimum. Many gearboxes, engines and drive shafts contain spindles, cogs and bearings which must be lubricated to keep friction to a minimum, and remove excess heat. There are two basic methods for working on lubricating systems: ù Drain it: Drain the lubricating oil into a container (unless you are certain the oil will not cause pollution). Of course the operator will notice this, or the machine will indicate a low oil pressure, so this can only really work on a machine which is already running (in which case beware because the oil will be hot and under pressure), or a machine which you are sure you will be able to start up. If you cannot find or are unable to remove the plug in the oil sump, the simplest alternative is to drill a small hole through the sump using a hand or power drill. ù Spike it: If you have access to the sump filler on the engine, gearbox, or the lubricating nipple on the baring, you can inject a mixture of oil and grinding powder into the machine. Grinding powder expensive, but especially on bearings, it is the only option because only a very fine power can be injected into the necessary space. However, on engines and gearboxes a cheaper option is sand. 3. ENGINE BASED SYSTEMS 3.1 The internal combustion engine The internal combustion engine is the main source of electrical and mechanical power for most mobile equipment, and for a large proportion of all construction plant. An understanding of how engines work, and how to disable them, is therefore a key part of good sabbing technique. By and large engines are either run on diesel or petrol - other fuels such as gas or methanol are available, but these tend to be used rarely, and so you are unlikely to come across them in great numbers. 3.2 Petrol engines The engines shown on the following page are rather old (modern car engines have rather moved on) but they more easily indicate different functions in the auto engine. Today, many cars have separate electrically powered fans. Also the distributor and coil system, which controls the firing of the engine, is being slowly replaced by computer controlled units. At its simplest the engine works as follows: ù To start the engine, power from the battery turns over the starter motor - this automatically engages with the flywheel. When the engine starts, the motor disengages; ù Fuel from the fuel tank is pumped to the carburettor. Here a nozzle produces a fine mist of petrol to allow it to mix thoroughly with air drawn in through the air filter; ù Taking just one cylinder - as the cylinder moves down a valve in the cylinder head opens and the air/fuel mixture is drawn in. At the bottom of the stroke the valve closes; ù As the piston returns back up the cylinder the air/fuel mixture is compressed. At the point of maximum compression when the piston is at the top of its stroke the spark plug sparks and the air/fuel mixture explodes. The pressure increase caused by the hot gases forces the piston back down the cylinder; ù When the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder, another valve opens and the exhaust gases are forced out of the cylinder when the piston travels back up the cylinder again - the cycle is then repeated all over again; ù The four cylinders (or more - large earth movers can have 16-24 cylinders) and pistons are arrange so that they all fire at regular intervals. The power produced is then transferred by the camshaft to rotate the flywheel and drive the clutch/gearbox and drive shaft; ù Electrical power is generated by the alternator, which is turned by the rotation of the engine (it is directly coupled by a drive belt to the crankshaft); ù The valves are controlled by a camshaft which activates the valves at specific moments. The camshaft is kept in synchronisation by 'timing chains' or teethed belts which are connected to the camshaft; ù The engine is kept cool by water which is circulated around channels within the engine/cylinder block. The water is forced around the system by a pump connected directly to the crankshaft; ù The moving parts of the crankshaft/piston system are kept cooled and lubricated by oil which is stored in the sump. The oil is also pumped around the engine/cylinder block by a pump. Typical auto-engine system (figure 3) Internal view of the engine (fig. 4) and External view of the engine (fig. 5) 3.3 Diesel engines The main difference with diesel engine is that they have no sparking system on diesel engines. Injectors force the fuel/air mixture into the cylinder. The higher levels of compression used in cylinder then force the mixture to explode - it is the use of higher compression which makes the combustion process more efficient in diesel engines. Apart from this there is little difference between the two engine types. Another key difference is the use of fuel pumps on petrol engines, and the suction of fuel by the injectors in diesels. This means that if a diesel engine runs out of fuel, the fuel system must be 'bled' to remove the air before it will properly function again (this is not necessary on a petrol engine). 3.4 Gas engines Gas engines are becoming increasingly popular as a more efficient and less polluting alternative to the use of petrol and diesel. They run on either butane/propane, or liquified petroleum gas (LPG). Gas engines are broadly similar to diesels in that they directly inject fuel and air rather than mixing them in a carburettor - but unlike diesel they still use spark ignition. Gas engines are present the same general problems in terms of sabbing, but the main thing to be aware of is that the fuel system uses highly flammable gases under pressure - therefore it is not a good idea to cut any fuel lines or damage the injection system - unless you want to do this deliberately in order to torch the machine. Any spark following a release of gas, especially if you are still near the machine, could be fatal. Likewise, trying to make holes in a gas or LPG tank can have fatal consequences too. 3.5 Basic sabotage of engine systems When considering how best to damage an engine, most public libraries provide you with ample help. The numerous range of DIY car maintenance manuals, on everything from scooters to small vans, give you graphic descriptions of what certain parts look like, and how to conduct 'maintenance' on them. I advice you to study this resource closely. You might also find it useful to enrol on a car maintenance workshop/evening class at your local technical college. Coming back to our earlier principles, there are four basic features of the engine to consider when deciding how best to disable it.... ù Energy source --> Fuel system; ù Energy conduit/regulator --> Fuel injection/ignition system; ù Energy conduit/lubrication --> Clutch/gear system; ù Energy source/sink --> Electrical system; Fuel system: As noted earlier, cutting the fuel lines to a engine is quick and easy, but can also be easily repaired. It is also a potential source of pollution of the environment if the fuel contaminates soil, or enters storm drains. It can also spill all over you. There are a few simple ways to disable the fuel system of an engine... ù Cut the fuel line at the tank (but this is easily fixed); ù Fill the tank with an foreign material to block the system - soil or sand are the most usual substances to hand. Basically you keep loading the stuff into the tank until it's full. This is actually quite problematic because the tank must be removed and cleaned; ù Put substances into the tank to affect the performance of the fuel - basically sugar or syrup cause an overload of carbon which clogs the motor, and high energy hydrocarbon based liquids such as acetone or hydrazine make the fuel burn so hot it damages the engine. Both these options can be expensive to fix; ù Smash the fuel pump (petrol engines, and diesels with pumps only) - relatively simple to fix in a day or too, and cost a little more than just cutting the fuel line. Injection/ignition system: This option is less messy in terms of fuel spilling everywhere, but holds the risk of starting a fires, especially if the engine is hot. On a petrol engine, remove the air filter (if there is one) to gain access to the carburettor. Then, using a cold chisel, hammer the carburettor. Carburettors are normally made of cast aluminium, and so it won't stand up to this treatment. To be on the safe side, it is better if you cut the fuel line first, and douse the whole engine/carburettor with water the prevent any sparks igniting the fuel. On diesels, again take your hammer and chisel, and break off the injector, then stove in the ends of the injectors where they enter the cylinder block. Injectors are expensive to replace, but stoving in the thread makes things even harder. The other option for petrol systems is to rip out the distributor cap and leads. Also, after removing the cap, hammer the rotor arm and contacts to create the maximum possible damage. On newer petrol engines, where ignition and fuel injection is computer controlled, trace the wires from the spark plugs back to the box or unit containing the timing system. Then use the standard approach for electrical appliances - hammer a blunt screwdriver through the unit once or twice. This is an expensive thing to repair. Finally, on petrol systems and diesel systems (although its harder on diesels because the injectors have to be replaced with a torque wrench to the right tension), take out the spark plug or injector, and drop one or two ball bearings into one cylinder only - the engine won't fire properly if you put it in more than one cylinder. Replace the plug/injector, and make everything as if no one had ever been there. Then, when the engine is switched on, in just a few minutes the piston and cylinder head are ruined - this is expensive to cure. Clutch/gear/differential: The power train - that is the crankshaft, clutch, gear and differential system which transfers power from the pistons to the wheels - is vulnerable only in two respects. Firstly, the engine sump, the gearbox and the differential (if the vehicle has one) are all vulnerable to abrasives in their lubricating oil. Further details on how abrasives can be used are given in Volume I. There is little problem getting abrasives into the sump - the oil filler provides a direct route. Getting abrasives into the gearbox is tricky because of getting access to the filler nozzle. You also have the same problem with the differential (the differential is the bevel on the back axle of most heavy lorries/construction plant which transfers the motion of the drive shaft through 90o to turn the wheels). The clutch has exactly the opposite problem - it should be kept dry. If you can release the clutch housing, and spray in a mixture of grease and sand, it does immense damage to the clutch plates. The electrical system: The electrical system essentially consists of the battery, the alternator, the starter motor, the injector heaters (diesel only), the distributor cap and sparking coil (petrol only). Some petrol engines, especially older stationary engines, do not have alternators - instead they have magnetos (like the dynamos on bicycles) which are directly connected to the crankshaft. When considering the electrical system you have three prime targets... ù The battery; ù The alternator; ù The starter motor; ù Cables and fuses. The battery can be easily removed - that is a straightforward task of removing each terminal connector and then loosening the retaining straps/bolts. The alternator and the starter motor present different problems - mainly how to damage a well constructed and enclosed electrical device. If possible try and find an opening in the alternator/starter motor housing. What you are looking for are bundles of copper wire wound on metal formers. The simplest way to damage the wires is to use a sharp chisel or screwdriver to hammer and cut/split individual wires. If this is difficult, just try and drill your way through the casing into the coils. Another other option is to open up a hole in the casing, perhaps with a drill, insert some sort of small funnel, and then pour acid in to fill up the casing - the battery is a good source of concentrated sulphuric acid, but ferric chloride will do just as well. Finally, for good measure, always cut or rip out any electrical cables. This can be easily fixed, at much less cost than replacing the alternator and starter motor, but it's good for annoyance value. Also, if there is not time to sort out the electrics properly, ripping out the wiring is very quick. Also keep an eye out for any fuse boxes - a quick swipe with a hammer or the round end of a crowbar will smash the fuses and more importantly the fuse holders. 4. MOTOR BASED SYSTEMS 4.1 Types of electric motor Most electrically powered mechanical equipment contains some sort of electric motor. By damaging the electric motor, you disable the whole machine. In practice this can be easy to do since electric motors (with the exception of those designed to be used in extreme conditions) are delicate objects which must be kept cool, dry, lubricated, and free from dust. There are a wide range of electric motors, in different shapes, sizes and constructions. You should also be aware that most generator systems use devices almost identical to electric motors 'in reverse' - by turning the motor manually you create electricity. Therefore this section could be equally applied to generator systems. 4.2 DC, AC and 3-phase motors Motors come in different physical sizes, but they also run on different electrical supplies. Some run on single phase alternating current (AC) supplies like you have in your home. Others have 'three phase' supplies, equivalent to three domestic supplies with the alternating currents out of phase, to give the motor more power (these are generally used in industrial plants). Finally, some motors use direct current supplies - this is mainly when the motor draws its power from batteries, solar cells, or generators which power 'through' a bank of batteries (most vehicles use this system). All motors work on electromagnetism, that is, the action of the electricity creates a magnetic force within the motor which turns the shaft. AC and DC systems operate this system rather differently, but the principle is essentially the same. The diagrams on the previous page show the essential parts of electric motors. Note also that although the workings are similar, they come in different constructions - some are flange mounted (a good example of flange mounted motors are pumps, such as hydraulic pumps), and some are foot mounted (most mechanical systems use foot mounted motors). The design of electric motors (figures 6-8) 4.3 Generators As noted above, a similar device to a motor used in reverse can create electricity. The energy expended by turning the shaft creates electrical energy which flows out of the device. When sabotaging generators the considerations are essentially the same, but you must always consider the practicality of your actions (as noted earlier in this volume). By sabotaging a generator you deny equipment electrical power - but a generator is easily replaced. On a work/cost/benefit analysis it may be a better option to actually sabotage the equipment that the generator powers rather then just doing the generator itself. However, in certain situations (such as building sites) taking out a generator can be much faster than doing every piece of machinery. 4.4 Basic sabotage of electric motors There are various options for disabling electric motors. Essentially it is a matter of cutting the supply of energy to the system, damaging the moving parts of the system, damaging the electrical circuits or attacking the bearings/workings using abrasives or glue. Electrical supply: Cutting the supply to an electric motor can be done in a few seconds - taking all the normal precautions when cutting high voltage cables. The only problem here is that the cables can be very quickly reconnected by even amateur electricians. In practice when disconnecting the supply you have to do a little more. Many electrical motors do not simply have the power cable entering the motor - often it is necessary to have additional electrical components to modify the electrical current, or proven the emission of electrical noise into the power system. On larger electrical motors the electrical components needed to do this are large, and are often mounted within a metal enclosure on the side of the motor housing. Smaller motors may actually have the components just wired onto the outside. Motor power control (figure 9) The diagram above shows a typical layout for the enclosure. The cover plate is held in place by screws or bolts - these can either be removed, or if they are fixed (or riveted) drilled out. Beneath the plate you will find a few electrical components (normally cylindrical or disc like, perhaps some fuses, and a number of terminal where the wires from the mains cable and the motor are connected. You now have three options... ù Forget removing the cover, just smash the entire enclosure off the side of the motor - effective but noisy; ù Cut the wires inside the box, and if possible remove the electrical components and dispose of elsewhere; ù More infuriating to your target, carefully remove the cover plate, remove the components/cut wires, then replace the cover plate and fix with superglue and/or threadlock on the screws. Taking this approach creates more difficulty. It is highly likely that the operator will have to employ professional motor servicing people to fix the damage - which might take a day or two. Moving parts: The power from an electric motor is used for something - the simplest option if easy access to the coupling between the shaft and the drive mechanism is exposed it to damage or disconnect it. Drive shafts are hard things to break, so this will normally entail unscrewing things or taking bolts out. Alternatively, you could weld or solder up the shaft where it leaves the motor. If there is no surge protection or fuses in the system (possible on old equipment) this will burn out the motor when it is turned on. Another option is to damage the air cooling fan. Electrical motors produce large quantities of heat as they run. On large motors this heat cannot be dissipated quickly enough through the metal body of the motor, and so air is blow through the motor housing by a fan connected to the shaft. There are two simple options to make the motor overheat: ù Remove the fan - but replace the motor housing so no one notices. Eventually the motor may overheat and burn out, but this is dependent upon the load put on it; ù The best option for a motor that is actually running is to pour fine dry sand, or some sort of powder, into the fan, or the air inlet (depending on where the air enters the housing). This will be sucked through the motor and will either gunge up, melt or abrade the internal workings of the motor until it either burns out, falls apart, or catches fire. Electrical circuits: The flaw in any motor is the integrity of the hundreds of feet of copper cable that are wound in coils within the motor. If you can break or cut some of these cables the whole motor will have to be replaced which could take some time. There are four main ways of doing this: ù If the cables are exposed enough, cut them with side cutters or a small hacksaw blade (copper is soft and cuts easily using a hacksaw blade on its own - not actually set in its frame holder); ù If it is difficult to get at the cables, or they are some distance in, use a screwdriver or chisel to part the coils; ù Pour acid over the coils or inside the motor housing - do not do this when the motor is running or you'll splash acid everywhere!; ù Tip some form of home-made incendiary compound into the motor housing and set it off (this makes the biggest mess of all). There is another option for breaking the electrical circuits. On some motors power must be transferred to the coils of wire which rotate on the shaft. To do this there are a set of electrical contacts (called brushes) and a metal contact surface called the commutator. You should be able to remove the brushes fairly easily (often they just screw in on the end of springs) and get rid of them. Better still, if you can see the commutator (perhaps after removing the brushes) pour acid over it. The corrosion this causes can only be fixed by taking the motor apart. Bearings: Small motors do not have bearings - big ones have various types depending upon the amount of energy they put out. The easiest way to damage bearings is to pour abrasives such as sand or grinding powder into them. Sometime the abrasive has to be suspended in grease to get it into the bearing. Glue: There are two options for gluing up the workings of a motor: ù On small motors, you can put epoxy on/around the shaft to stop it turning; ù Most effectively on large motors, pour epoxy potting compound into the motor housing and let it set. Glue tends to be an expensive option for damaging motors, but it can be used to best effect where you want to damage something very specifically - the motor mechanism controlling part of a larger machine for example. 5. PNEUMATICS 5.1 Pneumatic systems Pneumatic systems use pressurised air to make things move (for example, pistons), to hold things up (for example, car tyres), or to move things (for example, air lines inside hopper feeder tubes). (figure 10) Dealing with pneumatic systems poses some dangers: if you puncture the balloon tyres on an earth mover they may rip open and injure you. If you puncture a high pressure air line, small particles of flying dust or metal may damage your eyes. Pneumatic systems are used mainly in the following situations: ù Mechanical systems in industry, mainly using piston/cylinders to move rods or levers; ù On automotive equipment air brakes are widely used where large amounts of energy need to be used quickly (e.g. braking systems for lorries and trains); ù Many hoppers and material storage systems use streams of air to move dust or small particles. Again taking our earlier analysis, in pneumatic systems there are sources of energy, methods for transporting that energy, and then methods for expending that energy. Compressors take atmospheric air and squash it - creating air at high pressure. Strong pipes then carry this high pressure air to where it is needed. This air can then be used in a number of ways. 5.2 Compressors A compressor is basically a large pump, operating at high speed. It takes air of volume X, and reduces this volume by factor Y, so increasing the pressure proportionately. This process expends a lot of energy, and also creates a lot of heat (you may have found when pumping up a bike tyre that the end of the pump gets hot). In fixed locations compressors are normally electrically powered. On mobile equipment they are engine driven. This provides 'two bites of the cherry' in terms of sabotage. You either take on the energy source - be it the engine or the electric motor, or you take on the compressor itself. The first obvious flaw in the compressors design is the air intake - this is normally covered with some form of fabric filter or gauze. By removing this cover you can pour fine power or small abrasive particles into the air intake. On smaller compressors, pouring resin/glue into the intake will have a similarly damaging effect. But beware, the effect, especially on a large compressor, may be rapid and severe. If possible rig up some system to remotely pour in the material, or throw it in from a safe distance. Next, there are the control systems of the compressor itself. Compressors working from engines are normally very simple affairs, but large industrial compressors are very complicated machines, with complex control mechanisms. If time is short, damaging the control mechanisms is the easiest option. This is best done with the compressor not working - most large compressors are fitted with 'emergency stop' buttons, and simply hitting this will shut down the system. You then can work on the control boards, BUT BEWARE, stopping the compressor does not isolate power from the electrical systems! Another important part of large compressors is lubrication - in some situations this may also act as a coolant. Where there is no other option, draining the lubricant or coolant will normally cause the shutdown of the compressor - either because it seizes up or because the control systems detect the change and cause automatic shutdown. Finally, you may be tempted to damage the main airline leaving the compressor. If the compressor is operation this could be lethal. If you do this with the compressor off, it may injure someone when the system starts. The pressures involved make it too risky. The safer option is to take the air lines further down the system on the smaller bore pipes (the smaller the pipe... the less the capacity for air flow... the safer it is to cut). One last thing - do not get a compressor confused with a chiller. They can look similar, but the main way to tell them apart is that the main movement of air is into a compressor, but out of a chiller. Also, the air leaving a chiller is warm, and there is normally a lot of water swilling around. 5.3 Air lines Air lines are very simple things. They are pipes that carry air under pressure from the compressor to where it is needed. But air lines are very dangerous. If you cut a long flexible (plastic or rubber) tube, it will begin whipping around, and could injure anyone stood nearby. Likewise, any metal air line with a diameter of more than 10mm could contain a lot of energy - cutting it might cause shrapnel to hit you, and the hiss of air from the split will act like a steam whistle, which could damage your hearing. In general, if an air line is made of steel, it is because it is meant to carry a lot of pressure - so you might consider not cutting it. Flexible or plastic lines carry lower pressures, and are easier to cut. A safe way to damage larger air lines, in a way which is difficult to find, is to hand drill then with a small - 1 or 2 mm - drill. If you do this in enough places, the air leakage will not be dangerous, but the leakage will be significant enough to affect the system. 5.4 Cylinders and motors One of the main uses for compressed air in industry is to make things move - from printing machines to advanced robotic assembly systems. The main component in these systems is the pneumatic cylinder. Cylinders work 'in reverse' to an average bike pump. Air is inject at one end or the other. This moves the piston inside the cylinder, and the rod connected to it. The power with which this takes place is proportional to the diameter of the piston - the greater the more power. Unlike hydraulic systems, where fluid is conserved, in pneumatic systems the compress air is always released. Whereas a hydraulic ram needs to be pushed in both directions, the pressure in the 'live' side of the cylinder pushes against atmospheric pressure (which is much lower), and the piston moves. To make the piston go back and forth it is therefore necessary to have two-way valves which allow the air to flow out of the cylinder, but switch to allow high pressure air in when the piston needs to go back. A simple way to disable the cylinder is to damage or remove this valve. In cylinders where fast movement is needed the valve will be located on the cylinder, but otherwise you will have to trace the pipes back to where the valve is located. Sometimes the two-way valve is incorporated into the mechanical or electromechanical switch which controls the cylinder - in which case you can do even more damage. There is a very simple way to disable cylinders - cut the pipes leading to them. This of course is easily fixed. If you have more time there are three other options: Typical pneumatic cylinder (fig. 11) ù On many cylinders there is a large nut on the front of the cylinder which the rod emerges through. If you undo this nut, the seal and bush which supports the rod come apart; ù If time permits, there are four or more tie-bars which hold the two ends of the cylinder together. If you undo the nuts/screws on one end the cylinder falls apart; ù A good, quick, and fairly expensive option is to drill through the wall of the cylinder - but make sure there's no air in the cylinder first! Air motors look similar to small electric motors - except they run on compressed air. They are very well built, and so are difficult to damage. The simplest way to deal with them is to inject mastic or resin into the air input. If you really want to make a mess, inject as much glue as possible, then reconnect the air line and turn it on for a few seconds. 5.5 Tyres and balloons Another example of systems are inflated vehicle tyres. These fall into two types: ù Tyres are fitted to mainly road going vehicles, and either have inner tubes which hold the air, or are designs to hold the air in on their own (tube-less tyres). The rubber tyres is also strengthened by steel belts; ù Balloon tyres are used primarily on off-road vehicles and construction plant. They have a large surface area to spread the load across the ground - this means that heavy construction vehicles can move across soft unmade ground. Most balloon tyres do not have inner-tubes. Balloon tyres are problematic to deal with - mainly because of the thickness of the rubber/belting and the volume of air they contain. The most straightforward way to damage balloons is to use a small drill and drill through the wall (but beware because the vehicle will tip as the tyre deflates). There are two options with normal tyres. You can drill through the tyres, but it is often simpler and quicker to cut off the valve of the inner tube with side cutters - but put a rag or something soft over the top of the valve before you cut in case it flies off as the air comes out. 5.6 Basic sabotage of pneumatic systems How you tackle pneumatic systems will depend upon the accessibility of the parts of the system, and how much time you have. If you have access to the compressor, the simplest option would be to stop the system using any emergency shutdown systems, and then disable the compressor. The only thing to beware of is that on electrical powered systems the power will still be live - although this can be solved by finding the junction box/isolator for the compressor and switching it off. If the compressor is not accessible, then you have two options: ù You can damage the air distribution system. This involves either cutting the air lines (plastic lines are easily cut with side-cutters, metal ones can be sawn) or damaging the control vales. The obvious precaution here is do not cut large pipes while the system is active - drill them instead. ù You can damage the air cylinders/motors to stop the system working. Methods for doing this were given earlier. Where no part of the system is accessible except the air intake - this is normally in factories - then you will have to load oil, or some form of powder, into the air intake. This will just clog the filter - so if you can puncture any accessible filters that will help enormously. The quickest method to disable to entire system will be to take the power source away - either disable the engine driving the compressor (this is the setup of mobile systems) or isolate the electrical supply and burn the cables/control systems (this works on fixed systems). 6. HYDRAULICS 6.1 Hydraulic systems Hydraulic systems work in a similar way to pneumatic systems, but they are different in three respects: (figure 12) ù The use of an non-compressible fluid as opposed to a compressible gas means that much higher pressure can be produced within the system. The increased pressure also means that the equipment is more robust and difficult to damage; ù Instead of working against atmospheric pressure, hydraulic fluid is conserved, and so hydraulic cylinders must be pumped in both directions. This means that the control valves are more complicated; ù The use of a more viscose and more dense fluid as opposed to a gas means that hydraulic systems move slower than pneumatics. 6.2 Hydraulic pumps The source of power in a hydraulics system is the pump. This takes hydraulic fluid from the sump/tank and raises it to a higher pressure. The fluid then circulates through the system, much in the same way as pneumatic systems. Like any other pump the hydraulic pump has an inlet pipe - this sucks hydraulic fluid in. The pistons or impellers in the pump then raise the pressure of this fluid, and it emerges at the fluid outlet (this is often the smaller of the pipes connected to the pump, and it is easily identifiable as the hottest if the pump is running). Caution must be exercised if you tamper with an operational pump - as with pneumatic systems if tampered with the high-pressure output from the pump could spray hot fluid over you, or burst/fail explosively. It is often easier, if the source of fluid is not accessible, to deal with the hydraulic control systems rather than take on the pump itself. As noted above, because of the higher pressures used in hydraulic systems, the components of that system tend to be incredibly well built. This is especially so for the pump. To disable a hydraulic pump is quite difficult - you must either remove its energy source (either an electric motor, electrical connection, or an engine), or you must try and take it apart. The latter can be very difficult. A third option would be to spike the fluid with abrasive, but this might not have a very quick effect. Typical hydraulic pumps (fig. 13/14) Manual valve and manifold (figure 15) and Electrical valve and manifold (figure 16) 6.3 Valves and switches Different types of hydraulic system have different types of control mechanism. At its simplest a system might comprise a sump, a pump, a ram (piston), and a 'changeover' switch which pumps fluid alternately to each end of the ram to move it back and forth. More complex systems may have one or more pumps, serving a large number of rams or hydraulic motors (similar to air motors). How the control systems are actuated can also differ; some are mechanical - you pull a lever to activate the valve; some are electrical - you press a button to activate the valve; and some are electromechanical - that is an electrical system might activate a road or cable which then pulls a lever which activates the valve. How you tackle these different control systems will depend upon the target. Mechanical systems can be dismantled. Breaking them is very difficult because they are normally made from cast metal bolted together with high-tensile steel bolts. Electrical systems are simpler - the electrical connections are vulnerable, and the control panel itself may be easily modified. Normally the electrical part of the valve is in a separate housing on the top or side of the valve, and is often less sturdily built - in these cases more direct action against the valve is possible. Electromechanical systems are difficult to explain, because they differ so widely. Tackling them is really a combination of the two approaches outlined above - you tackle both the electrical sections of the system and the mechanical parts. Whatever the switching system, all valves will be connected to some sort of 'manifold', where oil under pressure is distributed to different parts of the hydraulic system. Often the manifold is part of/located beneath the main switches. Damaging the manifold, or removing the valves from it, is therefore a sure way of disabling the whole system. Construction and designs of hydraulic hoses and hydraulic connectors (figures 17-20) 6.4 Pipes One of the needs in the hydraulic system is to move energy - the oil under pressure - to where it is needed. This is done using two types of pipe: ù Rigid Pipes: These are generally made of metal, with a diameter and thickness representative of the quantities and pressures of oil they carry; ù Flexible pipes (hoses): These are made of rubber composite materials - and can be armoured inside to make then puncture of tear resistant. There are two basic options for sabotage - you either cut or drill. Cutting can be difficult, particularly with large heavy metal pipes. Likewise drilling can be also difficult on reinforced/armoured hoses. With hoses there is another option though - you can unscrew them. Generally hoses have metal screw connectors on each end - most of these can be easily unscrewed if you have a spanner big enough for the job. Of course just removing a hose does not cause a lot of damage, so often the most effective method is to remove the hose (carefully plugging the holes to stop too much fluid leaking out), fill the hose with an abrasive such as sand, iron filings or small steel screws, and then replace the hose. Cutting larger pipes and hoses can be time consuming - although small hoses may cut easily with bolt cutters, or good side cutters. In these instances you might consider drilling the pipe/hose with the small (2mm) drill - the end result is that the owner of the equipment will have to replace the part, which saves you the job of removing it yourself. Be aware that metal pipes can be welded up, so if you do drill metal pipes make a few holes, or better still, drill the hole right on the side of a screw fitting or joint of some kind (this makes welding more difficult as it affects the use of the screw fitting). Typical hydraulic ram (figure 21) 6.5 Rams Hydraulic rams do the actual 'work' in hydraulic systems - thus because they must withstand great stress they tend to be extremely well built, much more so than air cylinders. In general I would say that it's not worth taking on a hydraulic ram if you are short or time - it's much quicker to just go for the pump, sump or pipes. However, it you do have time you could try drilling through the ram casing/tube, or trying to damage/remove the end bush. Another option is to remove the flexible hoses and swap them around, or remove the pipe/hose, inject abrasive materials into the ram, and then replace the pipe. Don't forget also Newton's Third Law of Motion - 'for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction'. The hydraulic ram must be fixed to something in order to anchor it. If you can undo these fixings so that the ram is not anchored to anything, it doesn't do its job. 6.6 Sump and fluid Perhaps the greatest flaw of the hydraulic system is its need for oil - but unfortunately oil is relatively cheap so depriving the system of oil has no great long term effect. Also, removing oil can have serious environmental consequences. So we have to work in ways which eliminate/minimise the spill of oil, but still render the system unusable. This essentially means finding ways to contaminate the oil to make it useless. There are three straightforward methods... ù Where time is short, just fill the sump with material - nuts, bolts, sand, dirt - anything that will clog the system (this is my preference in any case). Water doesn't have any particular damaging effect on the system, but it will prevent the system working efficiently. ù If you can remove the oil filter (if there is one) to spike the filter papers, you can put abrasive substances like polishing/grinding powder, or sand, into the sump. Over time this will cause damage throughout the system. ù If you don't mind getting messy, and you can get access to the outlet from the sump, pack clay or some plastic substance into the pipe - as much as you can. If you are lucky the pump won't be able to suck oil, and if it does, it will clog the oil filter or the pump. The only thing to beware is that when fiddling with the sump, try not to splash too much fluid on your skin, or more crucially, in your eyes. Some people have a sensitivity to the substances in the hydraulic fluid which brings them out in a rash, and getting oil in your eyes can cause serious damage. 6.7 Basic sabotage of hydraulic systems How you tackle a system depends on what it is, where it is, and most importantly how much time you have... ù On all types of system go for the sump first, because spiking that will disable the whole system. Also, in terms of damage, the sump will have to be removed and cleaned, with perhaps a few other components, which will cost a lot of time and money. ù Next go for the control systems/electrics - this will equally stop the whole system, and will cost money to fix. The problem comes with mobile equipment because increasingly the cabs of vehicles are alarmed. Stationary equipment is much more easily damaged in this respect, if you can get access to the controls. ù Hoses next, if they are the sort that you can cut or drill easily. As noted earlier, don't just thing about cutting - unscrewing hoses, particularly on things like JCBs where the hoses are well made, is much quicker. ù Rigid pipes last because they can sometimes take time to drill, and you will have the least effect. Also you must think of 'quality'. Take a few minutes to study the system and work at which hoses connect to what, or which control systems actuate what ram. That way you can tackle the most crucial parts of the system. Another thing to consider is whether the system is active or not, and whether, even if the system is turned on, the pipes/hoses are under pressure due to gravity. An associate was mildly hurt when cutting the hose on a JCB - the jib of the JCB was raised, and the oil in the pipe held the jib up against gravity. When the hose was cut, the jib came down - very quickly! Likewise, cutting a pipe/hose in an active system can be very dangerous, if not because of the effect on the system, then because of the hot oil under pressure it sprays out in every direction. In volume I there is an illustration of how to drill pipes under pressure - this should only be attempted on small pipes you can be reasonable sure carry little pressure. 7. SWITCHGEAR AND INSTRUMENTATION Nothing works unless it is told to by its electrical or human master. In modern warfare the first thing to be attacked are the lines of communication. Likewise the most effective, quick, at expensive way to disable equipment is to disable the control systems. For example, how would you turn a computer on if someone removed its 'on/off' switch? 7.1 Controls/switchgear A good way to disable any system is to disable/damage the control systems. Especially on more modern systems, where specialist control devices are made to order, this can be very expensive to fix. Control systems essentially break down into three groups... ù Switches, levers and actuators: This is where a simple switch operates something - for example the lights on a car; ù Switching systems/switchgear: This is where the control the user operates a switch/pushes a button/pulls a lever and engages other systems, which may be fully or partially automatic, and which then switch themselves into different states according to preset 'hardwired' timing or mechanical systems; ù Programmed systems: These are the most modern and involve the use of computers or 'programmable logic controllers' to coordinate the switching of different systems - for example in modern manufacturing equipment. Note also that these switching systems need not be all electronic, or all mechanical - there are still a number of systems in operation using mechanical or electro-mechanical control systems. How you tackle a system will depend mainly on its make-up. If you have a wholly mechanical control system, for example on a aggregate grading screen, you would either go for the levers that control the system, or the linkages from these levers. But if you were dealing with a more complex system, for example an electrical generator, it would make more sense to go for the electrical output controls (the switches, power meters, fuses, etc.) than to just go for the switch that starts the engine. 7.2 Mechanical controls Mechanical controls are either very flimsy affairs, such as brake cables, or they are very tough, such as the levers on large earth movers. Sometimes brute force, or endless tooling away, is not the answer. Many hefty control systems, such as steering wheels, actually come of very easily if you take them apart rather than cut them apart. As a very simple guide... ù Levers can be bent backwards and forwards till they weaken and break. Stronger ones can be removed, or if that is not possible, immobilised using resinous glue on their mounting pivots/hinges; ù Control cables can be cut - you will need side cutters/bolt cutters (depending on size) for this as the high-tensile steel does not cut very easily; ù Some levers are held in place with pegs or 'scotch' stops. These can be removed, or glued/welded in place. An issue to think of in all this is of course safety. You should never cut the brakes of a mobile vehicle - it is extremely dangerous to the operator and other people. Likewise never start cutting a control cable or control rod unless you are pretty certain that you can finish the job. Leaving cables and rods half cut is dangerous as they can fly apart and injure those nearby when the machine is operated. If you have any doubt about the effect of what you are doing - don't do it! Examples of electrical control panel components (figure 22) 7.3 Electronic controls The illustration on the previous page shows a range of electrical control components - switches, knobs, meters, relays and fuses. How you tackle a control system is dependent upon how it is controlled, and so it is important to know how to tackle each element of the control panel. Switches: ù Slide switches can be superglued very effectively, or you can use a hammer and centre punch to push the switch slider through the bottom; ù Rocker switches can be glued, although not so well. Most rocker switch bodies are made from plastic, and are sometimes illuminated. The simplest way to deal with them is to push/hammer a large insulated electrical screwdriver through them. Unlike slide switches, rocker switches can use mains voltages, so it is essential your hands do not touch the bare metal of your tool. Rocker switches are normally fitted from the front of the panel, so if you dig a screwdriver/chisel under the edge and lever, you can pop the switch out of the panel. Then you just clip the wires using insulated side cutters and chuck the switch away (or stamp on it); ù Toggle switches can be easily damaged - you either use your side cutters to cut off the toggle arm (making the switch harder to use), superglue the pivot/ball at the base of the toggle, or just hammer the arm of the toggle to break it; ù Push button switches are harder - you either glue them or get an insulted screwdriver or punch and push the button in. Alternatively you can get some 'mole' grips, adjust the screw so that the grips tightly clamp onto the button, and then wrench it out; ù Key switches are most easily glued up; ù Micro switches are easily broken using a hammer, crowbar, or they can be easily broken/prized away using a screwdriver or chisel. But beware as they often operate at mains voltages. Knobs: ù Knobs can either be broken off using a hammer/crowbar, or if you have a small screwdriver you can just remove them. Some knobs also just pull off. Those that have no obvious screw fixing, and don't pull off are either permanently fixed on, or they have a 'screw cap' - this can be popped off to gain access to the screw fixing. Fuses: ù Most modern fuseholders are fixed into the panel, with only their heads sticking out. You then unscrew or pop out the end of the holder to remove the fuse. Another method is to pop out the fuseholder and fill the space with resin/potting compound, or to remove the fuse and just superglue the top back on again; ù Clip fuseholders can have their fuses removed, or more simply, just bash them on top to bend the terminal spades beyond repair; ù Fuses should never be 'bridged' - that is replaced with bolts or pieces of thick wire. There are there for a reason - to stop things drawing too much current, overheating, and potentially starting a fire. Just remove the fuse, or render it useless - don't replace it with something that won't fuse when it is needed!; ù Circuit breakers (not illustrated - they are usually marked 'circuit breaker' or 'earth leakage trip') detect current leaking to earth and break the circuit. They are essential to protect people from being electrocuted, and should not be tampered with. Either smash them beyond repair, remove them, or leave them alone. Meters and displays: ù Panel meters use small coils to display a current or voltage reading on a scale. The simplest way to disable them is to jam a screwdriver through the dial - use an insulated electrical screwdriver for safety!; ù Digital meters (not illustrated) use LED displays, arranged as dots, bars or numbers, to give a digital reading. Again, these are easily disabled using a screwdriver, or the spade end of a crowbar; ù Cathode ray tubes (not illustrated - basically things like TV screens, computer screens, etc.) are large glass bulbs with no air inside. This means that when they are broken they implode - and then shower the area and anyone stood nearby with shards of glass. The simplest way to break them is to throw a brick/heavy solid object at them from ten yards away, or cover the screen with some think material such as canvas or carpet, and then hit them with a hammer. ù Relays and PLCs: ù Relays are magnetic switches - an electrical current creates a magnetic force that switches the metal contacts. Many relays can be removed from the sockets they are plugged into - this means you can either remove and dispose of them, or remove them, cover them in superglue, and quickly put them back. If you don't glue them back remember to smash the socket housing. If you do glue them back smash the relay so that it won't work. Alternately you could leave the glued relay as it is and give someone a surprise at a future date when it needs replacing; ù Programmable logic controllers (PLCs - not illustrated) are becoming increasing popular means of controlling machinery - they were discussed at the end of Volume I. The 'hardwired' kind are often mass produced, and so smashing them doesn't achieve much. But if you see a programmable version - which normally has a small keyboard and LED display, smash the hell out of it with a hammer or crowbar because they are very expensive to replace. At the bottom of the electrical controls illustration is a small control panel. This is a good example of what you might see - it has controls (knobs/switches) and instruments (panel meters/LEDs) - which need to be 'improved'. With any control box there are five options... ù Glue it - just put glue over the switches - quick and easy, and it doesn't make any noise; ù Disable it - this means pushing screwdrivers through the instruments, and damaging the switches. This makes more noise, but is equally as quick; ù Dismantle it - this means taking switches and meters apart, and if possible, removing the front panel and tackling the electrical components behind the front panel; ù Smash it - the loudest but most devastating option. The control box in the illustration is made of steel, making it very tough. In these situations you really need to remove the screws holding the front panel on to have a go at what's behind. If the control box is plastic then a crowbar is the simplest option - either use the round end as a hammer to break you way in, or the spade ends to stab/lever the box apart. You can do a lot of damage very quickly - but it is very noisy; ù Acid - where you are fairly sure that there is a lot of complicated circuitry behind the front panel, you can make a small hole and pour acid inside. But be very careful not to spill it everywhere - and leave a note to tell the operators that there is acid inside. The only thing to beware is that if electricity is still flowing through the box then it may catch fire, or potentially explode. The purpose of the control panel is also important. With large earth movers it is sometimes easier to go for the controls than for the extremely well-engineered workings of the engine. You really have to apply the analysis explained at the beginning - the source, control and use of energy. Damaging the energy control systems is likely to immobilise the machinery, but is repairable. Damaging the engine or power source is often a much more serious matter to put right. You really have to make up you mind, as part of your scoping exercise (see Volume I) as to what you want to achieve from your work. 7.4 Computer systems Computer systems were dealt with in general in Volume I, and there is little to add. In general you should always try to take on the main computer unit - damaging computer screens or keyboards has little effect as they are easily and cheaply replaced. But if you damage the main unit, this gives a bigger "œ per hammer blow cost" - some of the computer chips cost œ300 to œ800, and a replacement hard disk can cost three times the cost of a keyboard. A very annoying tactic is to get a floppy disk, cover it in glue, and stick it into the disk drive. This not only means that the computer is effectively disabled in a simple, quick and quiet manner, but it is difficult to get the data stored on the hard disk out of the system without paying a lot of money to a computer engineer to remove the hard disk and read the data off it, or replace the disk drive. With larger computers, where the circuit boards inside are easily accessible, the simplest option of to just open the cabinets, pull out the boards and snap them in two - this can be difficult by hand but if you prop them on a block or against the wall and stamp in the middle this is easily achieved. 7.5 Basic sabotage of instrumentation and switchgear As noted above, you have to make a judgement before you start about what you want to achieve. Going for the control systems can be quick, simple, and more importantly quieter, but you may not have the permanent effect that damaging the sources or sinks of energy might have. The exception to this general rule is the more complicated systems controlled by PLCs - damaging the PLC effective renders the whole unit useless until it can be replaced, normally at great expense. With mechanical systems, you have a option to cut or dismantle. Dismantling is quieter, but takes longer. Also, by cutting or smashing the controls you often creates "collateral damage" which take more time and money to put right than dismantling would. With electrical systems you need to make sure that the damage you are doing will have some effect. Quite often the electrical control boxes are mass produced, and they can just bring another out and plug it in. In these cases it might be better to spend your time on other parts of the system. I generally apply the following hierarchy of options when tackling control systems... ù Go for the parts the operator actually must use as part of the basic function of the system. For example, removing the steering wheel of a car, and gluing the ignition, will be more effective than smashing the speedometer; ù If there are essential display, such as temperature, speed, or pressure, go for them next; ù Next go for the quick and easy controls - glue the switches, screwdriver the displays, etc. ù If the control box is easily opened - that is if it is made of plastic or the screws are located in easy reach, opening and proceed to work inside. If not, move on to another part of the system; ù If time permits, think of some more creative sabotage - remove and glue up the relays, or bend the levers into funny shapes; ù If time is critical, or you need to be as quiet as possible, often 25 grams of superglue strategically squeezed can be as effective as smashing the controls. In effect you defer the smashing and dismantling to those who must repair your handiwork; ù Above all, do not do anything that endangers the operator or the public - don't leave live wires dangling, don't bridge fuses or only partially damage circuit breakers, and don't make unsafe any control system that is essential for safety - for example fire extinguishers, brakes, or safety valves. 8. VEHICLES 8.1 Cars, lorries and construction plant Tackling cars, lorries and mobile construction vehicles presents its own problems, which set them as a class apart from other hits. In general the important parts of the system are concealed behind rigid steel enclosures making them difficult to access. The control systems are normally inside a cab, locked behind doors and tough glass. Finally, and most importantly, the intrinsic value of these machines means that they are more likely to be alarmed so that sabotage becomes difficult or impossible. Cars and vans are probably the most difficult to damage effectively - although it is often a simple matter to immobilise them in some way. These days not only does the vehicle have motion and vibration detectors, but even the bonnet and petrol cap are lock and alarmed. Taking on vehicles therefore requires a lot of thought - in at the beginning of any planning for the hit you may even decide to exclude cars and vans. Simplified car construction (figure 0) Heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) are a different matter. In many cases although the cab itself may be alarmed, the way the vehicle is built makes vulnerable parts easier to get hold of. In particular the fuel and electrical systems, and the engine/power train, can be easily reached by clambering underneath. Unlike cars, where cutting the brakes means the car can't stop, with many HGV the airbrake systems means that if the air isn't there you can get the brakes off - this makes them an obvious target. Basic layout of heavy goods vehicles (figures 23/24) Earth movers, JCBs and dumpers are more difficult. This is not only because they are more enclosed than HGVs, but the components are generally made to withstand greater damage. Unless you can get the body panels off you only options are to go for the accessible parts of the hydraulic system, the fuel tank filler pipe, the cab (if it is not alarmed) and the tyres/tracks. 8.2 General sabotage options When first approaching a vehicle you need to consider three things... ù Is it likely to be alarmed?; ù Are there enough accessible parts to effectively achieve the objective of the hit?; ù Would my time be better spent on something nearby?. In general you should assume that any locked vehicle is alarmed - but if you have planned the hit to allow for activating the alarm without attracting attention then that's OK. HGVs present the most fruitful target when alarmed, but cars do not because the vibration sensors will detect and sharp banging. The simplest option with cars is to drill the tyres - this makes very little vibration, and they go down fairly slowly so that the rim of the wheel doesn't land with a jolt. Example of typical earth mover (figures 25/26) The issue of accessible parts is also important. If you are able to sugar the fuel, irrespective of anything else, you can consider the job done. But to be sure you really need to do some work on other parts of the vehicle. The hydraulics is the obvious choice on earth movers, and the electrical/air systems are the obvious choice on HGVs. With cars, if you are very gentle, you may be able to get underneath and crush the fuel line closed, or reach up from underneath into the engine cavity and cut some wires. Finally, if you have a choice between a car, and an HGV next to it, it is obvious which you do first - the HGV has more accessible parts. Likewise if you had a pound full of cars which were covered in alarms, but the security gate had an number of strong locks on it, you would glue up the locks on the security gate. Whatever tactic you apply, you should still use the energy flow analysis of the system to target the parts of the vehicle it would be most effective to sabotage. 8.3 Engine and fuel systems The fuel tank on most cars is located at the rear, underneath the boot. A metal pipe then runs from the tank, underneath the chassis to the fuel pump mounted on the engine block. Draining or cutting this system will deprive the engine of fuel. If you wished to take the drastic action of setting fire to the car, you could also cut/drill this system to provide the fuel to start the fire. If you ever need to syphon fuel from a vehicle, cutting the fuel pipe or making a hole in the tank is also quicker and safer than trying to chisel off a locked petrol cap. But beware - draining fuel tanks can cause a lot of pollution, unless you catch the fuel in a can or tray. These same rules apply to HGVs - the only thing is that diesel is less volatile, and consequently harder to set fire to. The easiest way is to pile some paper and wood in a heap, put diesel on the paper, and then set fire to the 'dry' pieces of paper. Engines are difficult to get at because they are locked under bonnets, or in the case of the HGV, you often have to hinge open the whole cab. The options are therefore limited. You could drain the oil by taking out the sump plug, but this will show up when the engine is started, and draining the oil, especially from HGVs, can cause a lot of pollution. If you can get the bonnet open, you should first go for the spark plugs, or on diesel engines, the injectors (see diagrams earlier). If you want to make a really good job, find the oil filler cap, or the dip stick hole, and try getting some abrasive material into the engine (see the 'abrasives' section of volume I). Grinding/polishing powder is best (because its hard) but sand will do as a substitute. 8.4 Brakes and hydraulic systems You should never cut fluid brake systems on cars or vans. This is because all power to the brakes will be lost. Air brake systems on HGVs can be cut - but carefully so that you don't injure yourself - because the brakes are held off by air pressure, and cutting the pipes means the brakes won't come off. Hydraulic systems are a problem, partly because of the dangers of the equipment moving/collapsing. There is also the matter of pollution arising from the leaking hydraulic fluid. Choosing which pipes to cut is a matter of what you tooling capability is. If you have good bolt cutters then hoses up to 1" diameter, and pipes up to 0.5" should present little problem. Where bigger pipes are involved, you should consider drilling them with a small (2mm) drill bit. If the parts are accessible, it is more effective to go for the manifolds and valves - they are more expensive and take longer to replace. To rally damage the hydraulic rams you need a power drill and a specially hardened drill bit suitable for cutting hardened steel. 8.5 Electrical systems If the vehicle is switched off, then apart from the leads coming from the battery to the solenoid, and the lighting system, the wires should have no power running through them. Even so, apart from the battery leads, cutting other cables will have little effect because any short circuit will involve low voltages, and the fuses should blow. It can be difficult to identify specific parts of the electrical system, except for the simple things like the distributor cap/plug leads, and battery leads. In general it is often easier to just cut everything quickly. Also, rather then cutting a cable once, try to cut one or two inch sections from the cable - this means they have to be replaced rather then just joined back together. 9. SPECIALIST HITS How to describe the sabotage of other 'non-standard' systems is more difficult. You should be able to figure out what to do by using the energy flow analysis of the system, and copying some of the ideas applied to the standard systems described in the sections above. In practice you may end up treating a complex machine - for example a roadstone coating plant, as a collection of discrete systems rather then as one entity. Construction hoists (figure 27) 9.1 Construction equipment Most construction equipment can be tackled with the information already given in this Volume, and Volume I. But on construction sites you often find hybrid machines - for example the hoist illustrated on the following page. A key consideration of hitting something like a construction site is not only to consider the machines as systems - with energy and material flows - but also you should look at the whole site as a functioning entity. Material stockpiles are needed to make the whole thing function. Likewise, machines such as cement mixers can be as important as earth movers. Tower cranes (figure 28) There are a number of things you can do on construction sites... ù In the initial stages, you should consider moving the survey stakes. Only move them a foot or so, and try to make the new 'positions' look convincingly real. That way, if construction goes ahead to you new 'plan', prefabricated elements of the development won't fit. If there is not a lot of time just rip up all the survey marks. ù Sand stockpiles are a good target. You could dig sugar or salt (salt is better) into the sand. This will make the cement/concrete weak. But for safety's sake, you should let the site operator know this after they have used the material. In any case, you might like to tell them even if you didn't do it. ù On many sites, pumps often operate around the clock to keep deep excavations dry. You could sabotage the pumps. But there is a more effective option where there is a large body of water nearby - either a watercourse or a settling pond. Take the outlet pipe from the pump and stick it in the hole, and the inlet from the hole and stick it in the water. It can be sometimes quicker and easier to just swap the pipes around on the pump. Either way you pump the hole full of water. ù Scaffolding is a good target. Use a rope winch or block and tackle (see Volume I) to pull it over - it you are lucky you might take some of the work with you. ù A good target is the site office. You can either glue up the locks, go inside and improve the decor, or try to demolish/turn the office block over. ù Never forget of course the wide range of machinery available to work on. This may be kept in a secure compound, and if so, you should beware of alarm/security systems. ù Tower crane are a risky target - if you're discovered there's nowhere to run. If something goes wrong then you are either stuck, dead, or badly injured. Although you could disable the controls in the cab, or try and cut the power lines, you should never attempt to topple the crane unless you are absolutely sure you can do it, and it will land where it will not cause harm to anyone. ù Whatever you do, do not leave things in a state where they will be a danger to the workers on the site, or to the occupants of the building when/if it is completed. 9.2 Quarry equipment Quarrying is probably one of the most damaging landuses in lowland meadows, and in hilly/mountainous areas. It is not only because of the effect of quarrying on habitats, but also the effect on water tables, and the land uses that follow such as waste disposal or watersports. There are four key targets in the quarry works... ù The earth moving/excavation equipment. ù The pumps that keep the quarry dry - if you are certain they the site will fill with water quickly, or you can swap the pipes on the pumps, then you can drown all the equipment in one go. ù The sorting/grading and crushing equipment - essential for the processing of stone, and potentially easily damaged. ù The site office and weighbridge. Doing the site office causes annoyance. If you can damage the controls for the weighbridge then you really make operating difficult. The only thing to beware of with quarries is making sure that you don't get trapped. Especially in deep quarries, if your exit is blocked, or if you fall into a pit with no escape, you only option is to wait for the owners to find you. 9.3 Farm machinery There are a wide variety of farms. Some have only arable planting/harvesting equipment. Some concentrate on dairy products. Some intensively farm just one type of animal. In general, it is the intensive farms which present the greatest offence to the environment. Not only is there the issue of animal welfare, but intensive farms can also present a serious pollution hazard to the soil, to nearby watercourses, and often create local noise and smell nuisances. When you take action against a farm, you must consider, first and foremost, what you attitude to the animals is. You actions may have implications for the welfare of animals - it may even cause their deaths. You must decide if you wish to uphold their right to life, or whether you believe that a short period of discomfort will effectively 'end' their misery. Hoppers and materials storage (figure 29) There are a number of targets which you should consider sabotaging... ù Farm machinery is often easy to sabotage because it is less enclosed. ù With things like livestock transport wagons, you have to decide whether you want to destroy or disable them - disabling is easy, but if you wish a permanent solution more drastic action like arson may be necessary. Causing fires on farms can be especially problematic because of the presence of large quantities of flammable materials such as straw, fuel or wooden buildings. Don't torch anything unless you are sure that the fire can be contained! ù Materials hoppers are a good target (see illustration on the previous page) - these are often essential for the storage of grain, or of food for intensive animal units. Puncturing the tubes coming from the hopper leaks pressure from the system and prevents material flow. Likewise, jamming/gluing access covers and valves prevents their use. ù On many farms and barns the electrical systems are easily sabotaged. In many cases the electrical controls resemble those in your own home (see illustration on following page). Cutting the 'meter leads' can be dangerous. You should attempt to remove the mains fuse, or isolate the fusebox, and then clip all the leads leading out of the fusebox. If you wear rubber gloves, you could also take a sledgehammer to the fuse box and meter. ù Many farms have pesticide/chemical stores - these can be glued up. Beware of any fertiliser bag that has a yellow diamond or the words 'oxidising agent' on it. If you set fire to this stuff it is difficult to stop, it burn intensely hot, and will create a serious pollution incident if any substantial quantity catches fire. A word of caution though. Many farms have 'live-in' staff, and so security can be a problem. Another recent innovation are 'trip wires' and 'pressure pads' - these are linked to flares or squibs and are meant to announce the presence of intruders. Although not all farms have them, they are becoming increasingly popular to prevent uninvited guests, thieves, or animal rights protesters. They are very difficult to spot in the dark, and if you have just spent twenty minutes quietly stalking up to a barn and you set a thunderflash off it can scare the hit out of you. Mains electrical systems (figure 30) 9.4 Pipelines and transmission lines Pipelines and electricity transmission lines are extremely easy targets to take on, but can be immensely dangerous. If you are considering such things as high-pressure gas pipelines, or any electric cable carrying more than 415 volts, my tip to you is to forget it!! There are easier ways to die. But there are some targets you can consider... Mains voltage power lines (that is, less than 500 volts) are difficult to cut - even with the standard household 240 volts you could conceivable kill yourself. In these situations you should consider 'burning' through the cable - the simplest way to do this is to place a blow lamp on the cable or pipe, and then retire to a safe distance very quickly. You might risk 'chopping' them with an axe, but if you cause a serious short the spatter of molten metal could cause burns. Low voltage power lines (less than 50 volts) can be easily cut with cutters, provided that they have insulated handles, or you wear thick rubber gloves. Again, beware things like high current induction motors or welding equipment - these carry large amounts of current which could arc and burn you. Pumps are an easy target. You can either go for the motor driving the pump, or you can go for the pipeline. There are two types of pump... ù Diaphragm pumps operate using an oscillating membrane and two one way valves. They can often be identified by the regular pulsing and gushing of water along the pipes. If you can introduce some long hard objects, such as pieces of stick or wood, these can block the valves of the pump. Otherwise you should go for the engine/motor driving the pump. ù Rotary pumps have a disk rotating at high speeds (the 'impeller') which continuously sucks/pushes water - so you don't get the same pulsing. The lack of vales makes them difficult to sabotage, so you should go for the engine/motor driving the pump. With both types of pump, they operate by generating a 'low' pressure on the sucking side, and creating a 'high' pressure on the blowing site. If you puncture the pipes on the low pressure side you let air in and the pipeline loses suction. Likewise if you puncture the high pressure side the pipeline leaks. Diaphragm and rotary pumps (figures 31/32) Coaxial cables (figure 33) Coaxial cables carry radio waves, and are used on transmitter masts, computer networks, and some radio intercom systems. They can be easily cut with side cutters, or better still stapled with a staple gun (this shorts the cable and potentially could wreck the transmitter). Beware microwave transmitters - sometime these use (waveguides) just behind the dish which can be dangerous to your health if cut. It is possible to cut high pressure pipes or high voltage cables using some sort of chemical incendiary mixture, but this is still very risky. You also have the problem that the chemical incendiaries could burn away without breaking the pipe/cable, but causing serious damage which may endanger someone. Also the chemical incendiary could start a fire in the area, ignite the contents of the pipeline, or if the pipeline holds high pressure the explosive breach could throw burning incendiary incendiary over a large area and start fires. 9.5 Commercial premises Commercial premises present a challenge to the saboteur - but many rewards. As security technology increase, even the most innocent site office can have as much anti-intruder protection as you local bank. This is because what is inside offices - computers, fax machines, and increasingly data - is becoming more valuable and needs protecting. Getting past security systems cannot be taught here - there is not enough room, and you must learn some highly technical electronic and computer skills. Sometimes it may be worth organising your hit to take place within 30 seconds to one minute, and then just smashing your way in triggering every security device on the premises. If you can guarantee that security personnel will not arrive for five or six minutes, then you can make a getaway. There are also a number of targets you must consider. As noted at the beginning of this section, you can treat something 'new' as a set of systems, using the analysis described earlier in this volume. But commercial premises present some very specific pieces of equipment which you might like to know more about. Forklifts (figure 34) In many commercial/industrial premises, you will find some sort of forklift truck for loading/unloading vehicles, or working within stores/high bay warehouses. Forklifts are either electrically powered using a battery pack, or they run on a gas engine, powered by a bottle of compressed gas mounted on the back of the machine. The illustration on the following page shows a typical forklift. The control panel is simple, and easily accessible. But getting at the electric motors and gearing mechanisms can be difficult. Although many forklifts use cable or chains for lifting, some use hydraulic system - in these cases the usual 'hydraulic' systems rules apply. Beware electric fork lifts - if you short the battery pack you might have a small explosion because of the power the pack can generate. On most battery fork lifts the pack has a connector which pulls out of a socket and plugs into a battery charger. You have the choice of either turning the charger off, disconnecting the battery and sabbing the charger box, or disconnecting the pack from the socket it plugs into on the truck, and smashing this socket. Do not smash the plug connected to the battery pack because this could cause a short. Refrigeration systems (figure 35) Another common thing to find in commercial premises is refrigeration systems - used as either actual cold stores/fridges, or used as cooling systems/air conditioning units. If you damage the refrigeration system it can be a very expensive job not only replacing the system, but also the goods which may go off when they warm up. The illustration on the previous page shows a traditional 'domestic' style fridge, but commercial units operate in roughly the same way - they just have the parts arranged differently. You must take care when taking on these systems because they contain flammable gases such as butane, highly irritating gases such as ammonia, or asphyxiating gases such as halon (CFCs). If you cut the pipes and release these gases, you will have to evacuate immediately. In practice it is safer to take on the electrical control systems and put them permanently out of action. Modern refrigeration systems use electric motors which drive specially designed pump or screw compressors. By disabling the motor, or is power source, you disable the cooling system. The problem comes where the motor and pump form one sealed unit - in these instances you can only disable the power source. Another thing to consider, especially where machinery is involved, is the effect that damaging the gearing and bearing systems will have. The illustrations on the following pages show different types of gear and bearing that you may see on industrial machinery. Gearing and bearing systems (figures 36/37) Gears are most easily damaged by breaking or denting the 'teeth' on the cogs that make up the gear. Cast gears can be broken with a lump hammer. Prising open smaller gear sets with a crowbar will have an equally deleterious effect. Some gear systems are oil lubricated, or contained within some sort of sump - in these cases just put sand in the sump to act as an abrasive. 'Worm' gears are particularly susceptible to having things jammed in them - if you use some mild steel roads (for example short nails) these work their way into the gears causing a jam. Bearings are harder to damage, mainly because they are encased inside the machine. But there they are visible you can damage them using a hammer and cold chisel/centre punch, or by jamming steel nails into the bearing. If a bearing is lubricated with grease, try mixing 2 parts (by volume) of grinding/polishing powder to 3 parts lubricating grease, and then apply this to the bearing. If this goes unnoticed the bearings will slowly wear and begin to rattle in their races. 9.6 High security compounds Entering high security compounds - such as those surrounding military bases, nuclear establishments or sensitive commercial premises - is a bit like putting you head in a lions mouth. You have to hope that is doesn't bite. As noted with commercial premises, you could just rush the place head on, do your work within a minute, and then get away quickly. Sometimes that may be your only option, but there are alternatives. A tactic within the anti-nuclear movement was to treat the high security compound itself as the target. Thus you regularly set alarms off, cut holes in fences, or throw stones at security cameras. If this gets a regular occurrence, to the point where the staff don't immediately react, this may provide a 'time window' where you can actually get in and do some real work. 9.7 Marine targets Marine target fall into roughly two types - things that float, and things that are fixed to the ground but have water around them. Floating things can be sunk - but this presents risks of pollution and danger to people on the floating object. Things that are fixed to the bottom are generally on interest because of what is on them. Never sink anything while people are aboard it. If you want to sink something what you have to consider is how long the thing will take to sink - this is important as it means that you can guarantee that the object will sink within a certain amount of time. First you estimate the internal volume the object - call this V, and measure it in cubic metres. If we assume that you are going to drill the hull of the object, then find the diameter of you drill bit - call this D and measure it in millimetres. Finally, work out how far below the waterline you are going to drill the hole(s) - call this H and measure it in metres. Finally, decide how many minutes you want the object to sink in, and call this M. The number of hole you will have to drill to sink the object in the required time is then calculated using the formula... T = V / ( 0.009426 * D2 * H * M ) To simplify matters, the table on the following page gives the time for an object to sink (right axis, in minutes) for a given volume (bottom axis) and a drill size (top line is 5mm, next 10mm, 20mm, 30mm, bottom line 50mm). These calculations assume that 10 holes are drilled. For every extra 10 holes drilled, halve the time. Taking on fixed targets depends a lot on their nature. Docks and quays present the obvious advantage that things can be easily disposed of - into the water. Also, where you have a secure compound, access from the water can get around many problems such as fences and guard. But beware - some sites, such as military installations, have nets and alarms to stop swimmers/divers, and on occasions the security troops have used special stun grenades to disable swimmers attempting to access protected docksides. Sink times (table 0) In terms of everyday hits, waterborne access can add a new dimension to the planning of hits. For example, if you ever get cornered and there is a river next to the site, you can jump in, drop you tools to the bottom, and then float away downstream. Likewise there are many sites - for example chemicals installations, that are built on waterways, and have minimal security along their water side because the water is assumed to be a barrier in itself. One obvious safety point in relation to waterborne hits - it does help if you can swim. Likewise, if you are taking a boat out on the open water, make sure that you are skilled to handle it. 10. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES 10.1 Introduction Depending upon the character of the target, it is a fairly straightforward matter to plan a schedule of work to effectively disable or destroy a site or facility. So far much of the detail in volumes I and II has considered using tools to disable or dismantle equipment. The use of other more extreme, complex or time consuming tactics has not been considered. 10.2 Concrete (figure 38) Concrete can be put to very effective use. The only problem is that it is difficult to transport, is a mess to mix and apply, and it takes time to dry. The cement used for brick laying is a mixture of sand and cement powder. Concrete has small pebbles (gravel or 'aggregate') added to increase its strength. The strength of the mixture depends upon the amount of cement powder mixed into the sand or sand/gravel mix... ù For general cement mix 4 parts sand to 1 part cement; ù For concrete mix 2 parts sand, to 1 part gravel, to 1 part cement. These gives you a very basic mixture. You could increase the amount of cement powder to increase the strength, but this will progressively 'harden' the mixture so making it more brittle. You can also buy special additives for cement which will increase the speed at which it sets - these are usually based around PVA and other similar adhesives. You could mix in a small pack of wallpaper paste to get a similar effect. With both concrete and cement, if you want to stop it being split apart, you need to add some sort of reinforcement. Where space is limited, you could try using wire mesh, or just random coils of thick wire. If you are filling a space which you are sure there is only one way it could be split with a chisel or drill, you can bury steel plates or sections of angle iron in the cement/concrete. You can also inject cement mix into things. If you want to do this it is better to mix 1 part cement powder with 1 parts 'soft' sand, and add a small amount of wallpaper paste/PVA. You then need to use something like an icing piper to inject the mixture into the space. Although you can carry this mixture mixed dry, after adding water and mixing you will have to work fast as it begins to set quickly. Examples of where you can use concrete are... ù You can block up pipes using bungs (see Volume I) and then fill the access hole with cement to prevent them being removed. ù You can create bollards or other obstructions by filling a large steel drum with concrete. This tactic is even more effective if you dig a hole, concrete a thick iron bar into the ground, and thread the drum over the bar before filling it with concrete - this makes it more difficult to push out the way. ù You can 'prefabricate' blocks or slabs of concrete to precisely fit into holes or pipes using wooden or metal moulds. ù Pouring wet concrete into air intakes, exhausts, large electric motors, gearboxes or any other mechanical systems which are enclosed, assuming that there is the time for the concrete to dry, will effectively block up the system, and it is cheaper than using epoxy adhesives or potting compound. The main thing to remember is that concrete is only effective where it can dry properly. If there is no source of heat to drive off the water, it will set very slowly. The speed at which the concrete sets is proportional to the thickness of the concrete. Concrete will form a hard skin within two or three hours of being laid, but to properly set it takes much longer. Assume that, on an average day, for each inch thickness of the concrete, it will take four hours to dry. Adding PVA and other such compounds helps the hardening process, but if you expect the concrete to take a battering when it is discovered you will need to allow the full four hours/inch thickness for it to dry. An alternative to using a cement based concrete is to buy some 'bonding' or 'undercoat' plaster. Unlike cement, this has a much more powerful crystallisation reaction so that it sets faster. The main advantage of plaster is where you are filling watertight enclosed spaces, as the crystallisation reaction will still take place, and the heat produced by this reaction will help drive off the water. The only problem is that plaster is very soft, and so can be easily removed. This can be partly solved by using reinforcing wire and metal plates. 10.3 Soldering/braising and welding Often with metal objects it can be useful to have a more effective method of gumming things up than superglue. If you have two pieces of metal sheet, these can be firmly fixed together using rivets. You drill a hole, insert the rivet and then use a rivet crimp to seal it up. The problem with rivets is that they are easily drilled out again - and you can only use then on thin metal sheets. Soldering methods (figure 39) Soldering tools (figure 40) With sold metal objects things get a little more difficult. If the objects are small, or they are thin, then soldering or braising is possible. First you clean the surfaces until they are shiny and free from grease. Then you bring the surfaces together and fuse them by melting a metal over them. 'Soft' soldering is used for small objects, and basically involves using a soldering iron to heat the parts, and then applying solder. Where the metal parts are more substantial you may have to use 'hard solder'. You apply the flux to the parts. Then heat using a large iron or blow torch. When the parts are hot and the flux molten you apply the solder. Soldering can be used to fuse metal parts up to 1cm thick, but beyond this it is extremely difficult to get the metal hot enough to take the solder. Also, solder joints are not incredibly strong as the solder does not have the same strength at the metal. The alternative is to use a gas or electric arc welder. This uses very high temperatures to melt and fuse the iron/steel. This joint, if properly made, has a strength near to that of the metal itself. Arc welding equipment is difficult to use for sabotage work. It is very heavy, because of the heavy copper coils inside, and there is the problem of providing a power supply. If these problems can be overcome, arc welders are fairly simple to use after a little practice. Gas welding equipment is easier to carry, and does not require a power supply, but it takes a little more skill and practice to use. Oxygen-propane systems are relatively simple to use to fuse metal. Oxygen-acetylene systems operate at higher temperatures making work quicker, and the higher temperature also enable you to cut metal more simply. Many local technical colleges run evening classes on welding and metal work. I would suggest that you attend one of these, or get a friend who knows to teach you welding, before you attempt to use welding equipment. The other option for welding/cutting metal is to use some sort of 'thermite' compound, but this is difficult to obtain, and risky to use. There are 'home-brew' alternatives using mixtures of solid fuel and oxidising agents (see the following section). 10.4 Combustion Combustion is the process whereby materials oxidise. I have chosen to entitle this section "combustion" as not all combustion is a simple matter of setting fire to things. Combustible materials require a good supply of air/oxygen to burn, and artificially enhancing this improves the efficiency of combustion. There has been much attention given to the use of explosive devices by environmentalists and animal rights campaigners. Although crude explosive devices can be made, we would not advocate the use of these devices because of the risk of injury and death to saboteurs and members of the public. In practice these devices are just too unreliable and unpredictable to be safely used. Fire-setting is an old method of destruction. But the use of fire to damage or destroy a target must be only considered as an extreme last resort. Fire can cause serious pollution if you burn plastics or ignite chemicals. Likewise fire can seriously injure people nearby, or those who try to extinguish it. Before you consider using fire you should ensure that there is no possibility of persons or the environment being harmed. Where possible you should ensure that the fire cannot spread or cause damage to nearby structures. For example, when burning vehicles or construction equipment you should make sure that the fire will not spread to nearby buildings or fuel storage tanks. A particular problem is the risk of setting fire to grassland or hedges in dry weather. You should never set fire to any vehicle or installation containing large quantities of fuel or chemicals. The traditional image of the incendiary device is the petrol bomb or 'Molotov cocktail'. This is a bottle full of flammable liquid. Around the lid is tied a rag damped with the same flammable liquid. This is then lit and the bottle thrown. The bottle breaks on impact, and the rag ignites the fuel. Sometime the rag is stuck in the top of the bottle, but this poses the risk of the rag falling out, or the liquid spilling out the bottle and igniting as you throw the bottle. Leaving the lid on is safer. This also means that you can carry the bottle in a bag, open it to wet the rag when you are ready, and reseal the bottle before ignition. The type of liquids you could use would be methylated spirits, petrol, or if you have access acetone. Diesel and paraffin are not very good because they are difficult to ignite, although you could mix a small quantity with the more volatile liquids to increase the energy output. An adaption of the Molotov cocktail can be used to allow more control over the placing of the device. The plastic bottle is filled with flammable liquid. Do not leave petrol in a plastic bottle for more than a day because it eats through the plastic. Never use acetone or other solvents because they each through the plastic bottle in a matter of minutes. Get the tray (not the sleeve) half of a small match box. Next get a large box of of matches and scrape off the match heads. Mix the powdered match heads with a small amount of cotton wool. This mixture is then pressed into the box half. Then you make a fuse. This is done by coating a long length of string or thick cotton in polystyrene glue, and then pulling it through a pile of ground match heads to coat it in the powder. Hang this up until it is dry, and then fix the end inside the match box under the cotton wool. Tape the box tray and its contents to the side of the plastic bottle. When you reach the target place the bottle, run out the fuse, light it and "retire". Liquid incendiary devices (figure 41) and Chemical incendiary devices (figure 42) The main problem with liquid incendiaries is that they spill and splash, making then very unspecific in their application. This can be improved upon by using materials which burn very hot, and do so without flaring uncontrollably. To do this it is necessary to use chemicals. The 'powder' that is used for this is a mixture of three parts ammonium nitrate fertiliser, one part icing sugar, and one part ground up charcoal. The fertiliser can be bought in small quantities from garden centres, or many farms have tonnes of it sitting around at the end of the Winter/start of Spring. It comes as small pellets, and these can be ground up to make the powder burn faster, but it is no absolutely necessary. The simplest way to make an incendiary is to fill a small polythene bag with powder, and pack it into the tray of a large match box, leaving about half an inch space at one end. Into this space you pack another small bag containing ground up match heads. You then fit the fuse into this small bag, and then close up the box leaving a small notch (just cut a small 'V' with scissors) for the fuse to come out. This device will burn ferociously in excess of 1000oC and burn/scorch anything within a few inches of it. The device cannot explode because the gases are not contained, and the presence of 'filler' in the fertiliser limits the speed of combustion. When installed at the target, light the fuse and retire. An adaption of this device is a 'flare'. If you get a steel tube, or a thick card roll centre of a fax roll, you direct the hot gases coming out of the device. Plug one end of the roll with clay or Plasticine. Then fill the tube with powder leaving about 1 inch of space at the top (it is a good idea to lightly pack the powder with a stick). Then get the fuse and insert into the powder. Next fill almost to the top with ground match heads. Top off the tube with a small amount of clay/Plasticine , or put tape over the end - but make sure that you leave a small opening around the fuse. You then place the device with the fuse end pointing at the thing you are targeting, about a quarter inch away. You will need to weight or tape down the device to stop it taking off like a rocket. As before, you just light the fuse and retire. With all of the match head fuse devices, there is a general problem that the fuse burns very quickly. Perhaps a few inches a second. This means you may have to have a very long fuse, perhaps ten or twenty feet long, to get even a minimal time delay. There are two alternatives: you either have to slow down the rate of burn without compromising the reliability of the fuse, or you have to have another form of initiation. One way to delay the fuse is to use something else which burns slowly. The simplest, most easily available material for this is an incense stick ('joss-stick'). As described above for the fused liquid incendiary, mix some ground match heads into some cotton wool (try to use one part match heads to two parts cotton wool by volume). You then insert three or four (for reliability) incense sticks into the cotton wool so that they burn well down into the cotton wool. You then get the fuse from the liquid/chemical incendiary and wrap it a few times around the whole bundle. Don't tilt the sticks too much or they will burn to quickly. You should also burn two or three sticks from the same batch to check how long they burn for. Having set this all up at the target site you light all the sticks, and retire at a more sedate pace. Delay fuses and electric fuses (figures 43 & 44) The other option is to electrically initiate the incendiary. This is difficult, and is not entirely reliable. To make an electrical fuse, to get a small bulb - such as those used in car headlights and such like. First, you must solder a wire to the metal pip at the base of the bulb, and then you wrap another wire around the body of the bulb, twist it to keep the coil of wire tight, and then solder the connection to keep it firm. Then, by rubbing the top of the glass bulb on emery or sand paper, you bore a 5 - 10mm hole in the bulb. Through this hole you then completely fill the bulb with very finely ground match heads. Then put tape over the top to stop the contents falling out. You can either connect 'two core' bell wire directly to the bulb, or you could manufacture a number of bulbs using short lengths of single cored insulated wire, and then connect them to a long length of twin cored wire when you use them. Another thing, to ensure reliability, is to connect two or three bulbs in parallel (that is, you connect all the pip wires to one wire, and all the body wires to the other. This gives a better chance of ignition if one or two of the bulbs fail to ignite. If you use a 12 volt bulb, you should connect the bulb to a 9 volt battery to set it off - this is because the bulb will burn out quickly using a 12 volt battery, but using 9 volts will allow it to smoulder longer to set off the matches. You have a number of options for setting the device off. You could run out a long length of wire, connect the fuse at one end, and just touch the wires to each terminal of a battery at the other (this is called a 'command wire'). If you use more than 25 metres of wire with a 12 volt bulb, you should increase the battery voltage to 12 volts (use a 12 volt battery, or connect the positive terminal of one 6 volt battery to the negative terminal of another 6 volt battery, and then touch the fuse wires on the two free terminals). When you get to 50 metres, use 18 volts (two 9 volt batteries connected together as described), and should you get to over 100 metres use 24 volts (two 12 volt batteries together). If you don't use the command wire approach you will need to have some sort of timed switch system. You could buy an electric time switch, but these are expensive. The alternative is to make you own. There are two very simple systems. A short time delay can be created by gluing a thick piece of copper wire to the dial of a egg timer, or other mechanical kitchen timer, and then gluing some solid metal contact to the body of the egg timer (see diagram on next page). You then solder/connect two short lengths of wire to these contacts. You should also check the circuit using an unmodified bulb and a battery to ensure that when the two contacts touch, that a good circuit is made. At the target, you connect one wire from the timer to the fuse, and one wire from the fuse to the battery. When you have set the timer and it is running, make the final connection between the timer and the battery. Then retire. Delay switches (figure 45) The other simple option is to use a micro-switch and a polythene bag full of water. You should use a 'single-pole double-throw' microswitch with a lever arm - these have three terminals. You should use a battery and bulb circuit to check which two terminals conduct electricity when the lever is released. At the target, you fix the micro-switch by pinning it to a wooden post, or superglue the body of the switch to a clean surface. The switch should have the lever facing upwards. tie a string to the end of the lever. Fill a polythene bag with water and tie off the top. You then tie the other end of the string around the top of the bag, and suspend the bag from the lever arm of the micro-switch. The practical limitation on this is that the bag must not be so heavy as to bend the lever of the micro-switch, and the empty bag and string must be light enough so that the spring in the switch can push up the lever and activate the fuse. When the switch and bag are set, connect one wire from the switch to the fuse, and one wire from the fuse to the battery. Then, poke a few small holes in the bag so that the water drips out. Then connect the last wire from the switch to the battery. Then retire. If you use a heavy duty switch with a strong lever, you can connect a fairly heavy bag of water - this may last a number of hours before the switch activates. The last thing to discuss is the use of powder for cutting and soldering. The diagram on the following page shows two metal blocks - for example sliding doors. First clean the metal surfaces using a wire brush. Next, twist a number of strands of plumbers solder together to make a thick bundle between half and one inch in diameter. Rub this with grease and push it into the corner between the two blocks. Then, using clay or Plasticine make a little wall in front of the solder strip to retain it when it melts. Finally, pack a thick, 3-4 inch layer of powder over the top of everything, an insert fuses at 6 inch intervals to set it off. It may improve the performance of the whole set up is you insert the fuses through short steel or card tubes, and then pack a few inches of earth over the powder to keep the heat in. Hole burning and strip soldering (figure 46) When the powder burns, the heat generated will melt the solder, and if the surfaces are clean, and the grease acts well as a flux, the solder should run into the gap between the two blocks and solidify. With things like sliding doors, even if the joint doesn't seal the doors shut, there should be sufficient melting to serious impair their use. Finally, it is possible to burn through sheets of metal. You could just pile lots of powder on the sheet, insert a fuse, and then cover in earth. This may generate enough heat to burn through steel, and should go through aluminium. To be certain, you need to initiate a very hot reaction. A good things to use for this is a aluminium-magnesium alloy car wheel (if you can't obtain an old one from a garage or scrap yard, you could always remove one from an awful sports car). You can tell these wheels because magnets won't stick to them. You should pack polythene bags full of powder to one side of the wheel, and within the 'U' shape of the rim - use wide strips of tape to fix the bags in place. At four or six inch internals tape small bags of ground match heads between the bags, insert fuses, and lead all the fuses (trying to keep them the same length) to one point and tie them together. Take the wheel to the target, place the wheel bags-side down on the steel sheet surface. When you light the fuses, and they initiate the match heads, the powder in the bags begin to burn. If it gets hot enough the magnesium/aluminium in the wheel will ignite and burn intensely. This should be enough to burn through a quarter inch steel plate. 10.5 Delayed sabotage Sometimes, overt sabotage is not always the best way to take on a target. If you can delay the effects of the sabotage for some time you can cover your tracks, or if you combine delayed with immediate sabotage, you can stagger the effects of your work. There are a number of options... ù You can add smaller quantities of sand or abrasive powder to the sump of vehicles. This will not cause immediate action, but will damage the engine over a longer period of operation. You can also put small quantities of abrasive into the sumps of hydraulic systems. ù Diesel and petrol slowly dissolve plastic. Therefore if you put sugar inside a thick plastic bag and roll the bag to make a sausage one to two inches in diameter, and then tape along the end to keep the sausage neatly together, the whole assembly can be inserted into the fuel tank of a vehicle. Over a few days the fuel will dissolve the plastic, and the sugar will begin to dissolve, carbonising up the engine. If you want to take on larger storage tanks, you will need to use bigger bags, and use three or four in order to contaminate the larger volume of fuel. ù It is possible to buy fairly cheap mains timers. These can be connected up (instead of plugging them in) so that at the appropriate time/date, the switch operates and shorts out electrical cables (this should only be done where you're fairly sure that the mains supply will have fuses built in). If, for example, you are dealing with something like external flood lighting, you could find the underground cable, and bury the time programmed for a regular time, meaning that until they found the timer and removed it it could fuse the lights at the same time every day if the lights were turned on. ù If you can find ducts or concealed voids in concrete structures, such as roads bridges on controversial completed road schemes, you could fill these voids with large quantities of salt (you could probably steal quite a few bags from the stocks at local roads depots). The salt will then seep into the concrete and attack the steel reinforcement. ù For the more technically minded, if you can rig up a pulse counter to something that regularly turns off and on, you can link this to a relay which will short out the electrical systems. The only drawback to delayed sabotage is reliability. The longer the device is in place, the greater the chance that the device will be discovered. There is also a safety issue. Delaying the effect may make equipment unsafe, with the risk that operators or the public may be harmed. You should therefore only undertake such actions if you are certain about what the eventual effect will be. 11. HEALTH AND SAFETY The health and safety section of Volume I concentrated mainly on tool related safety. With this volume the risks are more complex, and the variety of systems described makes it difficult to pinpoint particular risks. In general... ù Beware of all electrical systems. Before cutting a wire be sure you know what you are cutting. For safety's sake always wear plastic or rubber gloves and use insulated cutters. ù Do not cut fuel pipes unless absolutely necessary. ù With pneumatic systems, beware incase there is still pressure in the system. If in doubt use a bradawl or small drill to make a hole and release any pressurise before cutting. ù Beware when cutting hydraulic systems that the pipe is not under pressure - as noted above drill first if in doubt. Also, beware that the cutting of a pipe does not release the pressure that is holding the machine - the machine could move or jibs could drip on you. ù Do not wear baggy clothes or allow you hair to wave about - they may get caught in machinery and cause you injury, or trap you. ù Do not cut any 'safety' systems such as brakes, fire alarms, etc. ù Never climb any structure or equipment where you may fall, or become trapped. ù IF IN DOUBT ABOUT THE EFFECT OF ANY ACTION - DON'T DO IT!! In relation to the previous section on combustion, there are very specific safety rules... ù Do not initiate any fire where you cannot be sure of limiting the effects to a small, specific area. ù Do not start a fire where large quantities of fuel or chemicals are present. ù When cutting/grinding match heads, cut the coating from the wood with a sharp knife. To grind use the back of a wooden spoon, on a wooden surface, to press down. Move the spoon slowly - do not bang it down. Always make sure that you never grind more than one or two heaped teaspoons of heads at a time in case they catch fire. Never store more than a cup full of ground heads in the same place. Always wear gloves. ù If you need to grind ammonium fertiliser, use the same precautions as for match heads. Always wear gloves when handling the material. ù When mixing ammonium nitrate, charcoal and sugar, never mix more than a kilo at a time. Carefully stir the contents together inside a metal saucepan using a wooden spoon. When stirred, transfer directly to a plastic bag and seal it. Never store the powder in close proximity to match heads until you set up the device, and never put either match heads or powder in a bag where they will clanks and bang together with your tools. Preferably put them in a box which is impact resistant. ù Never keep petrol or solvents in a plastic bottle. ù Never connect the battery to an electrically fused system unless you have first checked that the switches are not active. The other main precaution must be to ensure that your activities do not in themselves cause environmental pollution. Opening the pipes on a large fuel storage tank could cause massive pollution. Likewise setting fire to a farmer's barn full of pesticides could create a major catastrophe. As well as the common sense things like not releasing fuel, always remember that you actions could cause problems later. If you cut power cables, and short the wires because your cutters were not sharp, when the systems is turned on you could cause a short that might start a fire. For safety's sake, it is a good idea to develop some sort of calling card to tell people you were there, or at least use a marker pen to leave a warning to the owners/operators. As noted previously, the most important thing to take with you is your common sense 12. CONCLUSION The more reactionary elements of the anti-environmental movement will, I am sure, immediately seize on section 10.4 on 'combustion'. We believe that the introduction to that section must be re-emphasised. Such extreme measure are only for use when the seriousness of the environmental destruction warrants the use of such practices, and all other options have been considered. The rest of the Volume is fairly straightforward. We hope that the concept of analysing a target in terms of the energy flows within a 'system' will enable you to objectively study your target, and then carry out the most appropriate sabotage to produce the desired result. In comparison to Volume I, this volume has been a little more technical. I must apologise in advance that Volume III (currently in preparation) will be even more technical. But we hope that you will eventually be able to progress to a point where all the Volumes in this series will be of some assistance to you. END