BIG-LAN Frequently Asked Questions Last Updated: July 24, 1995 Acknowledgements: A lot of people provided information for me and I freely admit that I have not recorded the list of names. Thanks to all. Contents -------- I. About BIG-LAN II. Explanation of this Memo III. Sources of Information on Campus Networks 1. Must-Read Sources 2. A Few General Sources 3. LISTSERV Mailing Lists 4. Internet Mailing Lists 5. Internet Mailing Lists with automatic subscription 6. USENET/Netnews Groups 7. Anonymous FTP-based Archive Sites 8. LISTSERV-based Archive Sites 9. RFCs (Internet "Request For Comments") 10. Other Useful Online Papers 11. Sources of Protocol Documents 12. Useful Free Software 13. Books 14. Periodicals 15. Training Courses 16. Conferences IV. Basic Glossary on Campus Networks V. Frequently Asked Questions on Campus Networks 1. What is the difference between Ethernet and IEEE 802.3? 2. What is encapsulation? What do I have to know about it? 3. How do I know whether to use a router or a bridge? 4. How do I know whether to use a bridge or a repeater? How many repeaters may I put on an Ethernet? 5. Should I use "manageable" hubs, concentrators, etc on my LAN? 6. Which LAN technology should I use? Arcnet? FDDI? Token Ring? 10BASE-T? 7. What is the ideal cable to install in a new building? 8. What is the ideal cable to install between buildings on a campus? 9. Whose routers are recommended? 10. Whose bridges are recommended? 11. Whose Ethernet equipment are recommended? 12. Whose Token Ring equipment are recommended? 13. Whose FDDI equipment are recommended? 14. What PC network software is recommended? 15. What protocols should run on a campus-wide LAN? 16. What software is recommended for managing a campus-wide LAN? 17. What terminal server is recommended? 18. Whose troubleshooting equipment are recommended? 19. What security products should I buy? 20. Should the names of devices on my campus LAN have subdomains? 21. Should client stations use POP? Should they use just SMTP? Should I use some non-TCP/IP protocol for mail to/from client stations? 22. Should I enable SQE/heartbeat? 23. If I have a thinwire network interface card, how do I connect it to a 10BASE-T concentrator? 24. How much does a collision slow down an Ethernet packet? 25. Should I worry about Ethernet tailgating? I. About BIG-LAN BIG-LAN is a mailing list for discussion of issues in designing and operating Campus-Size Local Area Networks, especially complex nes utilizing multiple technologies and supporting multiple protocols. Topics include repeaters, bridges, routers and gateways; how to incorporate smaller Personal-Computer type LANs into the campus-wide LAN; how to unify the mail systems, etc. This is an ideal list in which to debate the relative merits of bridges vs routers. All requests to be added to or deleted from this list, problems, questions, etc., should be sent to big-lan-request@listserv.syr.edu. Those familiar with LISTSERV can subscribe with listserv@listserv.syr.edu. Archives are available through listserv@listserv.syr.edu and ftp://syr.edu/information/archives/big-lan/ Coordinator: John Wobus II. Explanation of this Memo Since BIG-LAN is not specific to any protocol family, it will not cover any particular protocol family in detail, e.g. this is not a TCP/IP/Internet FAQ Memo. Fortunately, there are some good TCP/IP FAQ Memos which are listed in the sources of information below. Suggestions, corrections, and contributions welcome. Please send them to: jmwobus@syr.edu An up-to-date copy of this memo may be retrieved via URL: http://web.syr.edu/~jmwobus/comfaqs/big-lan.faq III. Sources of Information on Campus Networks This list favors "network" sources of information: available on the Internet and/or BITNET and other similar networks; if you have access to BIG-LAN then you have access to one of these networks; and these sources are not the kind which you can discover through vendors, books, bookstores, or libraries. 1. Must-Read Sources These are documents that you definitely should get and read if you have questions about Campus Networks. a. Charles Spurgeon's reading list (see below under "Other Useful Online Papers"). b. RFCs 1175, 1594, 1207, and 1392 (see below under "RFCs"). 2. A Few General Sources These are network resources & mechanisms for getting all kinds of information--not just on Networking; thus we can't cover them very thoroughly in this memo. a. LISTSERV - mailing list servers & file servers on BITNET, accessible via e-mail. Can be reached and used from a lot of networks. Mail the command INFO to any LISTSERV for help. Also have database commands (i.e. search commands) for archives they store. b. Usenet News/Netnews: distributed bulletin board with discussions on lots of topics. Distributed through the Internet and through UUCP. c. Anonymous ftp: the main way to make files available on the Internet. ftp to a site using username "anonymous". A password is always demanded--sometimes a banner tells you what to use--otherwise "guest" almost always works. d. Archie servers - network-accessible databases of where to get files via anonymous ftp. Access is through telnet, rlogin, mail, or a special "archie" protocol. To use via telnet, enter username archie. Some servers: archie.ans.net, archie.sura.net, archie.mcgill.edu, archie.unl.edu. e. WAIS - Internet-accessible databases on different topics. Available via WAIS protocol (basically Z39.50). Client (and server) software is collected on quake.think.com as well as a WAIS database of WAIS servers. f. ftplist.txt - collected list of anonymous ftp sites. Stored lots of places in anonymous ftp including syr.edu. g. Internet gopher - something like anonymous ftp only more advanced: to get started, I suggest ftping boombox.micro.umn.edu and getting information on gopher. A number of sites have servers. h. Internet List of lists: available by anonymous ftp from ftp.nisc.sri.com, or through a mail-based file server at mailserver@nisc.sri.com. i. LISTSERV internal list of lists. Available by mailing the command LIST GLOBAL to any LISTSERV. j. news.answers - newsgroup that distributes Frequently Asked Questions memos for lots of Netnews groups. k. FAQ archive available via anonymous ftp on rtfm.mit.edu From the archives of news.answers, Frequently Asked Question memos for lots of Netnews groups. l. news.announce.newusers - has periodic postings about how to use Usenet/Netnews and also a lot about mailing lists. m. BITFTP. A BITNET server that allows BITNET sites to use the Internet's File Transfer Protocol to send/receive files to ftpable Internet sites. For more information, send mail to BITFTP@PUCC with HELP as the message body. n. Database of lists managed by LISTSERV@VM1.NODAK.EDU. Use through LISTSERV's database interface. o. Maas files--Indexes & abstracts about various services available via Internet & BITNET including some related to campus networks. Available via anonymous ftp from ftp.unt.edu. p. NETSCOUT@VMTECMEX.BITNET mailing list. A list to exchange information on the location of network resources. LISTSERV-based so use instructions below to subscribe, etc. q. World Wide Web servers. You need WWW or Mosaic software to access them. A good server to start with is www.ncsa.uiuc.edu. Mosaic is available from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu. 3. LISTSERV Mailing Lists Send a "SUBSCRIBE" command to LISTSERV@foo, e.g. SUBSCRIBE BIG-LAN John Doe a. BIG-LAN@LISTSERV.SYR.EDU b. NOVELL@LISTSERV.SYR.EDU c. CDROMLAN@IDBSU.BITNET/IDBSU.IDBSU.EDU d. BANYAN-L@AKRONVM.BITNET e. CW-EMAIL@TECMTYVM.BITNET (Campus Wide E-mail) f. CWIS-L@WUVMD.BITNET (Campus Wide Information Systems) g. IBM-NETS@BITNIC.BITNET h. LWUSERS@NDSUVM1.BITNET (LANWatch User List) i. TN3270-L@RUTVM1.BITNET j. 3COM-L@NUSVM.BITNET h. HELP-NET@TEMPLEVM.BITNET (Help re networking software) i. LANWORKS@MIAMIU.BITNET (LanWorks PCSA stuff) j. LANMAN-L@NIHLIST.BITNET (MS LAN MAN stuff) 4. Internet Mailing Lists Send a subscription request for list foo to foo-request@blah a. big-lan@listserv.syr.edu (gives you 2 ways) b. cisco@spot.colorado.edu c. p4200@comet.cit.cornell.edu (Proteon routers) d. tcp-ip@nic.ddn.mil e. netblazer-users@telebit.com f. info-appletalk@andrew.cmu.edu g. net-ops@nsl.dec.com h. nfs@tmc.edu i. wellfleet-l@nstn.ns.ca j. ospf@trantor.umd.edu (OSPF IP routing protocol) k. pop@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu l. bind@ucbarpa.berkeley.edu m. pc-ip@udel.edu n. drivers@sun.soe.clarkson.edu (Packet Drivers) o. cell-relay@indiana.edu gatewayed to comp.dcom.cell-relay) 5. Internet Mailing Lists with automatic subscription Send a "SUBSCRIBE" command to the listed server. a. firewalls@greatcircle.com majordomo@greatcircle.com (about firewall routers) b. firewalls-digest@greatcircle.com majordomo@greatcircle.com (same list in digested form) 6. USENET/Netnews Groups a. comp.dcom.* lans.*, modems, sys.cisco, telecom, ... b. comp.protocols.* appletalk, tcp-ip.*, ibm, ppp, ... c. comp.sys.proteon d. comp.sys.novell e. comp.sys.mac.comm f. bit.listserv.big-lan (Note: these groups give Netnews g. bit.listserv.novell readers a way to read the corresponding h. bit.listserv.cwis-l LISTSERV lists) i. bit.listserv.cw-mail j. bit.listserv.3com-l k. alt.dcom.* catv, telecom, ... 7. Anonymous FTP-based Archive Sites a. syr.edu: BIG-LAN mailing list; NOVELL mailing list; a collection of network-oriented papers & faq memos. b. spot.colorado.edu: cisco mailing list & some other network stuff c. hsdndev.harvard.edu: (in ndtl/results) Results of Scott Bradner's router benchmarks. d. ftp.uu.net: a treasure trove of software. e. wuarchive.wustl.edu: a treasure trove of software. f. ftp.ftp.com: packet drivers, some Unix software, other stuff. g. ftp.utexas.edu: collection of networking info & software-- a lot of good information about Ethernet. h. ftp.novell.com: files Novell makes available. Mirrored at netlab2.usu.edu, bnug.proteon.com, ftp.rg.nl, tui.lincoln.ac.nz. i. ftp.cisco.com: files Cisco makes available & some interesting applications. j. gatekeeper.dec.com: a treasure trove of software & stuff (the stuff that was on decwrl.dec.com). k. lux.levels.unisa.edu.au: files that 3Com distributes via Compuserve. l. ftp.unt.edu: Maas files and other goodies. m. oak.oakland.edu: "the simtel collection, formerly at simtel20.army.mil"; a treasure trove of software, including packet drivers (pd1:). Mirrored on ftp.uu.net and wuarchive.wustl.edu. n. osi.ncsl.nist.gov: online copies of GOSIP & related documents. 8. LISTSERV-based Archive Sites The brave can mail the command "INFO FILES" and/or the command "INFO DATABASE" to the LISTSERV for instructions. a. LISTSERV@LISTSERV.SYR.EDU: BIG-LAN & NOVELL mailing list archives. 9. RFCs (Internet "Request For Comments") Some anonymous ftp sites for RFCs: nic.ddn.mil, ftp.nisc.sri.com, nis.nsf.net, nisc.jvnc.net, venera.isi.edu, wuarchive.wustl.edu, ftp.salford.ac.uk. There are also some mail-based file servers: mailserver@nisc.sri.com, info-server@nnsc.nsf.net, and sendrfc@jvnc.net. a. RFC1470: FYI on a network management tool catalog: Tools for monitoring and debugging TCP/IP internets and interconnected devices b. RFC1175: FYI on where to start: A bibliography of internetworking information c. RFC1594: FYI on Questions and Answers: Answers to Commonly asked "New Internet User" Questions d. RFC1178: Choosing a name for your computer e. RFC1207: FYI on Questions and Answers: Answers to commonly asked "experienced Internet user" questions f. RFC1244: Site Security Handbook g. RFC1118: Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet h. RFC1122 & RFC1123: Requirements for Internet Hosts i. RFC1208: A Glossary of Networking Terms j. RFC1180: A TCP/IP Tutorial k. RFC1173: Responsibilities of Host and Network Managers: A Summary of the Oral Tradition of the Internet l. IAB Official Protocol Standards (Currently RFC1540 but it is periodically updated & given a new RFC number) m. Assigned Numbers (Currently RFC1340 but it is periodically updated & given a new RFC number; Includes field-values for protocols in the TCP/IP family as well as some others) n. RFC1392: Internet User's Glossary 10. Other Useful Online Papers a. Charles Spurgeon. "Network Reading List: TCP/IP, UNIX, and Ethernet". Available via anonymous ftp from ftp.utexas.edu in directory pub/netinfo/docs as net-read.txt and netread-ps. Also available via electronic-mail-based archive server. Send the word "help" in the subject header or body of a message to archive-server@ftp.utexas.edu for more information. Also available via www. b. Charles Hedrick. "Introduction to the Administration of an Internet-based Local Network". Available via anonymous ftp from cs.rutgers.edu as runet/tcp-ip-admin.doc (also .ps). c. Charles Hedrick. "Introduction to Internet Protocols." Available via anonymous ftp from cs.rutgers.edu as runet/tcp-ip-intro.doc (also .ps). d. Unofficial lists of codes used on 802.3 & Ethernet networks. Portions of the official list are not released, so various people compile unofficial lists. One that is available via anonymous ftp is Michael Patton's pub/map/EtherNet-Codes on ftp.lcs.mit.edu. See also RFC: "Assigned Numbers". e. Arthur Green: "Frequently Asked Questions for NOVELL@LISTSERV.SYR.EDU Mailing List." Available via anonymous ftp from midir.ucd.ie. f. Brendan Kehoe: "Zen and the Art of the Internet: A Beginner's Guide to the Internet." Available via anonymous ftp from ftp.cs.widener.edu in the pub/zen directory. g. ATM Bibliography. Available via anonymous ftp from mythos.ucs.indiana.edu. h. John Wobus. "Lan Mail Protocols". Available via anonymous ftp from syr.edu under information/faqs/lan-mail-protocols i. John Wobus. "Lan Technology". Available via anonymous ftp from syr.edu under information/faqs/lan-technology j. Charles Spurgeon. "Guide to Ethernet". Available via anonymous ftp from ftp.utexas.edu in pub/netinfo/ethernet as ethernet-guide.ps. See a above. k. Charles Spurgeon. "Guide to Ethernet Configuration". Available via anonymous ftp from ftp.utexas.edu in pub/netinfo/ethernet as ethernet-config.ps. 11. Sources of Protocol Documents a. Ethernet V2 DEC-Direct; 1-800-344-4825; DEC Part Number AA-K759B-TK. b. IEEE 802 (802.3, Token Ring, 10BASE-T, etc) IEEE; 1-800-678-IEEE. c. TCP/IP RFCs. See RFCs (above). d. AppleTalk APDA; 1-800-282-APDA. Now a book in the "Inside" series. e. OSI Omnicom Inc.; 1-800-666-4266. f. DECNet DEC. g. SNA IBM. h. Novell(IPX) Built on XNS; rest is designed by Novell. i. FDDI ANSI; 1-212-642-4900. Also Global Engineering Documents; 1-800-854-7179. 2805 McGaw Avenue; PO Box 19539; Irvine, CA 92714; 1-714-261-1455. j. CCITT United Nations book shop in New York Some of the documents are available via ftp from world.std.com & ftp.uu.net & other sites. k. GOSIP NTIS Sales Dept; (703)487-4650; Document FIPS 146-1; See also Anonymous FTP-based Archive Sites l. XNS Xerox. 12. Useful Free Software (see also RFC1470; listed above) a. CUTCP (TCP/IP client for PCs) sun.soe.clarkson.edu, omnigate.clarkson.edu b. NCSA Telnet (Telnet clients for PCs & Macs) ftp.nsca.uiuc.edu c. Eudora (POP3 Client for Macs) ux1.cso.uiuc.edu d. POPmail (POP3 Client for PCs & Macs) boombox.micro.umn.edu e. PCROUTE (Makes IP router out of PC) accuvax.nwu.edu f. PCBRIDGE (Makes bridge out of PC) accuvax.nwu.edu g. Packet Drivers (Drivers for various PC LAN cards) oak.oakland.edu h. WinQVT (IP clients for Windows) ftp.cica.indiana.edu i. ka9q (TCP/IP for PCs and Macs) ucsd.edu j. PC/IP (TCP/IP client for MS-DOS) husc6.harvard.edu k. charon (Pegasus/smtp gateway) omnigate.clarkson.edu l. CAP (AppleTalk for Unix systems) rutgers.edu, munnari.oz.au, gatekeeper.dec.com m. Popper (POP3 server for Unix systems) ftp.cc.berkeley.edu n. Trumpet (PC Newsreader) oak.oakland.edu o. bootpd (Bootp Daemon for Unix) lancaster.andrew.cmu.edu p. NUPOP (POP3 daemon for MS-DOS) ftp.acns.nwu.edu q. NETWATCH (PC Network watching program) netlab1.usu..edu r. iupop3 (POP3 server for VMS) mythos.ucs.indiana.edu s. Beholder (PC Network watching program) ? t. KarlBridge (PC-based filter bridge) nisca.acs.ohio-state.edu u. Mosaic (multifacited information/news client) ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu v. Gopher (client/server information system) boombox? w. Pegasus (Mail client for PCs & Macs) risc.ua.edu x. Kermit (terminal emulator) Columbia U y. netatalk (AppleTalk for UNIX Systems) terminator.rs.itd.umich.ed u z. etherman (X-based Ethenet monitoring) ftp.cs.curtin.edu.au aa. interman (X-based IP monitoring) ftp.cs.curtin.edu.au bb. packetman (Ethernet packet analyzer) ftp.cs.curtin.edu.au 13. Books The following books were mentioned by responders to the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey as good books for administrators of Campus-sized LANs: a. Douglas Comer. Internetworking with TCP/IP. b. Albitz & Liu. DNS and BIND. c. Mark Miller. Troubleshooting Internetworks. d. Ed Kroll. The whole Internet. e. Marshall Rose. The Simple Book. f. Craig Hunt. TCP/IP Network Administration. g. Andrew Tanenbaum. Computer Networks. h. Nemeth, Snyder & Seebass. Unix System Administration Handbook. i. Stevens. Unix Network Programming j. Martin A. W. Nemzow. Keeping The Link (McGraw-Hill). k. Interconnections. Radia Perlman l. Inside AppleTalk. m. Caroline Arms. Campus Networking Strategies. Digital Press. Out of print. Also mentioned were books published by O'Reilly in general. 14. Periodicals The following periodicals were mentioned by responders to the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey as good periodicals for administrators of Campus-sized LANs: a. Network World b. Data Communications c. LAN Magazine d. LAN Times e. Communications Week f. PC Week g. Network Computing h. InfoWorld i. ConneXions j. Byte k. Unix World l. Macworld m. MacWEEK n. PC Magazine o. Open Systems Today p. Network Management q. Lightwave 15. Training Courses The following providers of tutorials were mentioned by responders to the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: a. Interop Tutorials b. Cisco training c. Westnet training d. Network World: Understanding SNMP e. Trellis training f. TC3 Land/Wan Video g. TC3 NetWare 3.11 h. PDA Data Communications i. Hewlett-Packard free seminars j. Fred Prior Project Management Seminars k. CRAY Research training program l. Banyan training 16. Conferences The following conferences were mentioned by responders to the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey as good conferences for administrators of Campus-sized LANs: a. Interop b. EDUCOM c. Networld d. Comnet e. Association of Banyan Users International f. ACUTA IV. Basic Glossary on Campus Networks Another glossary is RFC1208. See "Online Papers" above. 100BASE-T - A set of proposals to the IEEE 802.3 for 100Mbps Ethernet, called 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-TF, and 100BASE-T4. A medium-independent interface and an adaptor is planned (to be used like the AUI and MAU of 10Mbps 802.3). This is being developed & promoted by the Fast Ethernet Alliance. 100BASE-T4 - Proposed IEEE 802.3 standard for a 100Mbps Ethernet-like network. One of the flavors of "100BASE-T" proposed by the Fast Ethernet Alliance. Uses 8B6T encoding and 25MHZ clocking, and in addition to the two pairs traditionally used in the manner of 10BASE-T, also has two pair used in bidirectional half-duplex fashion. Among other things, this means that this particular kind of Ethernet cannot be made full duplex without the use of more pair. Formerly called 4T+. 100BASE-TF - A proposal to IEEE 802.3 for a 100Mbps Ethernet-like network. Borrows the physical characteristics of FDDI's multimode fiber PMD, but uses Ethernet framing & CSMA/CD. One of three flavors of "100BASE-T" proposed by the Fast Ethernet Alliance. Formerly part of 100BASE-X proposal. 100BASE-TX - A proposal to IEEE 802.3 for a 100Mbps Ethernet-like network. Borrows the physical characteristics of FDDI's TP-PMD, TP-PMD, but uses Ethernet framing & CSMA/CD. One of three flavors of "100BASE-T" proposed by the Fast Ethernet Alliance. Formerly part of 100BASE-X proposal. 100BASE-X - Old name for 100BASE-TF and 100BASE-TX. 100Mbps Copper UNI - ATM Forum UNI specification for 100Mbps over some sort of copper cable. I believe it is just 100MbpsUNI making use of FDDI's TP-PMD rather than the older fiber PMD. 100Mbps UNI - ATM Forum 100Mbps multimode fiber private UNI. Same as Fore's TAXI. Borrows optical characteristics & basic encoding of FDDI. 100VG-AnyLAN - "100VG-AnyLAN": Originally a proposal to IEEE 802.3 for a 100Mbps Ethernet-like network, later relegated to IEEE 802.12. Formerly known as 100BASE-VG. Uses Demand Priority media access method and Quartet Signaling. I've also seen reference to its ability to use Category 4 UTP, Category 5 UTP, and STP, but I don't know how many pairs. 100VG-AnyLAN Forum - Group of vendors trying to accelerate 100VG-AnyLAN acceptance & interoperability. 10BASE-F - Three variants of IEEE 802.3 which runs over multimode fiber. See 10BASE-FB, 10BASE-FP, and 10BASE-FL. 10BASE-FB - IEEE 802.3 10BASE-FB: "Synchronous Ethernet" which is a special-purpose multimode fiber link for linking repeaters that allows the repeaters to communicate more efficiently, thus enlarging the count of repeaters that can be placed in series above the traditional 4. Described in IEEE 802.3 Section 17. 10BASE-FL - IEEE 802.3 10BASE-FL: multimode fiber Ethernet used to attach a pair of devices (each being either a host or a repeater) as a "Link Segment"--a lot like 10BASE-T except that it uses fiber. It makes FOIRL obsolete. 10BASE-FL transceivers can interoperate with FOIRL transceivers. It is described in IEEE 802.3 Section 18. 10BASE-FP - IEEE 802.3 10BASE-FP: passive star fiber Ethernet. Attaches a number of Ethernet devices together with a passive star hub (i.e., the hub is not electronic--it just splits the light travelling through each incoming fiber to go out all the outgoing fibers). It is described in IEEE 802.3 Section 16. 10BASE-T - A variant of IEEE 802.3 which allows stations to be attached via twisted-pair cable. 155Mbps UNI - ATM Forum 155Mbps private UNI. In two flavors: multimode and shielded twisted-pair. The multimode version is incompatible with STS3cUNI. This version is for private networks only and presumably will be less expensive. I heard that a C5 version has been proposed. 25Mbps UNI - IBM proposed copper interface for ATM that so far as been rejected by the ATM Forum. IBM's proposal that borrows some of Token Ring's signaling characteristics. I've read the statement that the ATM Forum doesn't support this proposal. 4T+ - Old name for 100BASE-T4. 51Mbps UNI - I don't know the actual name. ATM Forum 51Mbps UNI for Category 3 UTP. Uses AT&T's 16-CAP (a 16 constellation modem-type modulation scheme) line coding to transmit the signal. The transmission convergence layer (framing) conforms to the STS-1 SONET standard. 802, 802.x - see IEEE 802, IEEE 802.x. ANSI "American National Standards Institute" - A definer of standards of all kinds, including FDDI. ANSI X3 - ANSI group developing standards for information processing. ANSI X3T9 - ANSI group within X3 developing standards for I/O interfaces. ANSI X3T9.3 Committee - ANSI group within X3T9 standardizing HiPPI. ANSI X3T9.5 Committee - ANSI group within X3T9 that standardized FDDI, PMD, SMF-PMD, and is standardizing TP-PMD and LCF-PMD. AppleTalk - A protocol family developed by Apple Computer to implement LANs serving Macintoshes. ATM "Asynchronous Transfer Mode" - a method for switching little fixed-size packets (cells) around. Like T1 and DS3, digitized voice was a major consideration in its design, but it can be used for data. It can be run at different speeds over different media including T1 and DS3 as well as 51Mbps, 100Mbps, 155Mbps and 622Mbps standards (see SONET & TAXI). The fixed cell size is 53 bytes. Though ATM is really designed for voice and WANs, there are schemes to use it in LANs. ATM is a big buzzword these days but it is still very new. ATM Forum - Non-profit international industry consortium chartered to accelerate ATM acceptance & interoperability. AUI "Attachment Unit Interface" - the Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 term for the interface between a MAU and a station. A special kind of cable known as an "AUI Cable" can attach a MAU to a station at a distance (up to 50 meters). Backbone - a fairly nebulous term for a part of the network that interconnects other parts of the network. For example, a campus might have an FDDI ring that interconnects a number of Ethernets. The FDDI ring could be called the network's backbone. BNC Connector "Bayonet Neill-Concelman connector" - a type of connector used for attaching coax cable to electronic equipment which can be attached or detached quicker than connectors that screw. ThinWire Ethernet (IEEE 802.3 10BASE2) uses BNC connectors. Bridge - A network "relay" which reads, buffers, and sends data to relay it from one data link to another, but makes the two data links appear as one to levels higher than the data link layer. Category 3 Unshielded Twisted Pair - standardization of unshielded twisted pair cable for voice use. Some data communications standards such as 10BASE-T can utilize it. Category 4 Unshielded Twisted Pair - standardization of unshielded twisted pair cable. Category 5 Unshielded Twisted Pair - standardization of unshielded twisted pair cable for data use. TP-PMD requires Category 5 cable rather than Category 3. CDDI "Copper Data Distribution Interface" - Commonly used term for TP-PMD, but actually a trade name of Crescendo. Cell - An ATM 53-byte cell. Note: there are various proposals for how typical packets will be broken into cells and restored. Cell Switching - a term for ATM-style networks. See "ATM". CMIP "Common Management Information Protocol" - An OSI protocol for management of network equipment. Not widely implemented. See SNMP. CMOT "CMIP over TCP/IP" - A protocol consisting of CMIP running under TCP/IP. An alternative to SNMP. Coaxial Cable - any of a number of kinds of electrical communications cable designed so one conductor is in the center and the second conductor forms a ring around it. Depending upon who you talk to, someone might have a specific kind of coaxial cable in mind. Some well known kinds are various Cable TV cables, cables used by IBM 327x terminals and ARCNet, and cables used by Ethernet & IEEE 802.3. Collapsed Backbone - a network backbone that is located in a single room. It might be a single router or multiport bridge, or a small LAN of some sort. A typical collapsed-backbone- style campus LAN might consist of Ethernets in a number of buildings, each with a repeated fiber link into a single room at a central point where a router interconnects them. An example of the opposite would be putting a router in each building and interconnecting them all with a big FDDI ring. Concentrator - a device which allows a number of stations to be connected to a LAN. In the case of Ethernet, it is simply a multi-port repeater. In the case of ring networks like Token Ring and FDDI, it acts as a switch which keeps the ring intact even if individual devices are unplugged. Counterrotating Ring - (see Ring, FDDI, Token Ring) a method of using two ring networks going in opposite directions to provide redundancy. The network interfaces can change the path of the ring that the data flows around, thereby preserving the ring (thus the operation of the LAN) even if some of the cable is uplugged or cut, or if a device on the ring fails in such a way that it can't transmit data around the ring. DECNet - Trade name of Digital Equipment Corporation for some of their networking products. It is a kind of network built out of Digital Equipment Corporations own networking protocols (with some standard protocols also used). Dialup Modem - Modem used over ordinary dial-up telephone lines as opposed to private or leased lines. DS3 UNI - ATM Forum DS3 UNI, 44.236Mbps. Also called HSSI? DXI - ATM Forum "Data Exchange Interface". Ethernet - LAN data-link protocol developed by a consortium of vendors; later standardized as IEEE 802.3 with a few modifications. For many applications, users have not adopted all the IEEE 802.3 differences. Ethernet/802.3 now can be run on two types of coaxial cable as well as multi-mode fiber and unshielded twisted-pair. "Raw" rate of data transmission is 10 megabits/second. Fast Ethernet Alliance - Group of vendors working on a 100Mbps version of IEEE 802.3. They intend to submit their proposals for approval by the IEEE for a new set of 802.3 standards called 100BASE-T. FDDI "Fiber Data Distribution Interface" - LAN data-link protocol. Designed to run on multi-mode fiber. "Raw" rate of data transmission is 100 megabits/second. Developed by the American National Standards Institute. FDDI-2 - Same speed, same fiber, same basic protocol as FDDI. FDDI-2 adds a layer which allows you to allocate fixed bandwidth to applications of your choice, making it more like broadband. FDDI-2 is still rather new. FDSE - Full Duplex Ethernet: a variant of Switched Ethernet which does not use CSMA/CD, but uses slightly-modified network interface cards to send & receive packets simultaneously. Presumably based on 10BASE-T for most clients, and cannot be based on ThinWire or ThickWire Ethernet. Fiber - optical fiber: a very long, narrow, flexible piece of glass. Used for high-speed communications. Fibre Channel - an ANSI standard to replace HiPPI. It uses optical fiber instead of copper cables. Speeds are up to roughly 1Gbps. Fibre Channel Systems Initiative - Group of vendors trying to accelerate Fiber Channel acceptance & interoperability. Members include: HP, IBM, Sun. Firewall Router - a router which blocks traffic according to various criteria for security--for example a router which allows no telnet to any host through one of its interfaces but allows ftp to a list of authorized hosts through the same interface. FOIRL "Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link" - a standard for running IEEE 802.3 over fiber, linking two devices (each either a host or a repeater) as a "Link Segment". It has been replaced by 10BASE-FL. FTP - Protocol in the "TCP/IP" family for copying files from one computer to another. Stands for "File Transfer Protocol". Full Duplex Switched Ethernet Consortium - Group of vendors that are working out the details of FDSE. Cabletron is a member. Full Duplex Token Ring - IBM scheme to add switching to token-ring hubs that would allow full-duplex linking to individual computers using modified token-ring adaptors. Has the same wiring characteristics as token ring. Gateway - A type of "network relay" that attaches two networks to build a larger network. Modern "narrow" usage is that it is one that translates an entire stack of protocols, e.g., translates TCP/IP-style mail to ISO-style mail. Older usage used it for other types of relays--in particular, in the "TCP/IP" world, it has been used to refer to what many now insist is a "router". GOSIP "Government Open Systems Interconnect Profile" - A subset of OSI standards specific to US Government procurements, designed to maximize interoperability in areas where plain OSI standards are ambiguous or allow options. Theoretically, required of all US Government networking procurements since mid-1990. Heartbeat - In Ethernet (Version 2), a test of the collision functionality of the transciever. The term "Heartbeat" is often (wrongly) used interchangeably with "SQE" which is a similar function of IEEE 802.3. See Question on SQE/Heartbeat below. HiPPI - "High Performance Parallel Interface", ANSI draft standard X3T9.3. HSSI "High Speed Serial Interface" - Hub - a nebulous term, typically applied to a multiport repeater or concentrator consisting of a chassis with slots to be populated by cards, allowing it to be configured with various numbers and combinations of LAN ports. Vendors of networking equipment often also have other types of devices that can be inserted in the slots such as terminal servers, bridges, routers, gateways, etc. IEEE - Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers IEEE 802 - The set of IEEE standards for the definition of LAN protocols. A story goes that a long time ago, IEEE and ANSI decided that IEEE would get the slow protocols and ANSI would get the fast ones, thus IEEE defined the 802 protocols and ANSI defined FDDI. Presumably IEEE saw limited application for FDDI at the time. Also, the IEEE standards-making committees associated with these standards. IEEE 802 Group within IEEE that standardizes LAN technologies. IEEE 802.1 - The IEEE 802 standard for Network Management and Network Bridging of IEEE 802 networks. IEEE 802.11 - Proposed IEEE 802 group for wireless Ethernet. IEEE 802.12 - Group within IEEE 802 working on 100VG-AnyLAN. IEEE 802.2 - An IEEE standard for the portion of LAN data-link protocols that is the same for all flavors of IEEE LAN protocols, e.g. 802.3 and 802.5. Sometimes not used. IEEE 802.3 - An IEEE standard for LANs--their "improved" version of Ethernet. See Ethernet. IEEE 802.3 - Group within IEEE 802 that standardizes CSMA/CD LANs. IEEE 802.4 - An IEEE standard for LANs: Token Bus networks. Basically, standardizes MAP, a protocol that operates a Token Bus protocol on broadband. IEEE 802.5 - An IEEE standard for Token-Ring-based LANs. There are two types: 4Mbps and 16Mbps. See also "Token Ring". IEEE 802.6 - An IEEE standard for Metropolitan Area Networks. Also known as DQDB. IEEE 802.7 - IEEE 802 technical advisory group on Broadband. IEEE 802.8 - IEEE 802 technical advisory group on FDDI & fiber optics. IEEE 802.9 - IEEE 802 group on integrated data & voice networks. IMAP "Internet Mail Access Protocol" - TCP/IP-based protocol similar to POP, but with additional function designed to handle storage of mail on the server rather than the client. There are two versions in common use: IMAP2 and IMAP4. IPX - Novell's protocol used by Netware. Utilizes part of XNS. A router with "IPX routing" purports to interconnect LANs so that Novell Netware clients & servers can talk through the router. LCF-PMD - FDDI "Low-Cost Fiber" PMD. Less expensive than PMD. I don't believe it is common nor is it finished as a standard. MAU "Media Adaptor Unit" - an IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet device which attaches a station to the cable. Popularly called a "transceiver". Can be attached by cable to the station or built into the station. MIB "Management Information Base" - the set of parameters an SNMP management station can query or set in an SNMP agent (e.g. router). Standard, minimal MIBs have been defined (MIB I, MIB II), and vendors often have custom entries. In theory, any SNMP manager can talk to any SNMP agent with a properly defined MIB. Multimode fiber - A type of fiber mostly used for shorter, e.g. campus distances. It can carry 100 megabits/second for typical campus distances, the actual maximum speed (given the right electronics) depending upon the actual distance. It is easier to connect to than Single Mode Fiber, but its limit on speed x distance is lower. NFS "Network File System" - an IP-based protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems which provides file services. OCx - (e.g. OC1, OC3) variants of SONET. OSI "Open System Interconnect" - A standard put forth by the ISO for communication between computer equipment and networks. OSI Reference Model - A model put forth by the ISO for communication between computer equipment and networks, which maps out 7 protocol layers. Top layer: layer number 7: application layer layer number 6: presentation layer layer number 5: session layer layer number 4: transport layer layer number 3: network layer layer number 2: data-link layer (e.g. IEEE 802.x) Bottom layer: layer number 1: physical layer (wire & electricity) This model explains what each layer does. The model is often used to explain anyones protocols (not just OSI) to the point where many people seem to believe that true data-communications requires these 7 layers. PMD - FDDI "Physical Layer Medium Dependent" part. When "PMD" is used by itself, it may refer to the usual kind of FDDI physical layer that uses multimode fiber. Note that FDDI terminology also uses it as a more generic term, referring to different FDDI PMD's such as TP-PMD and SMF-PMD. POP "Post Office Protocol" - A TCP/IP-based protocol designed to allow client-stations (e.g. micros) to read mail from a server. There are three versions under the name "POP": POP, POP2, and POP3. Latter versions are NOT compatible with earlier versions. Protocol - The "rules" by which two network elements trade information in order to communicate. Must include rules about a lot of mundane detail as well as rules about how to recover from a lot of unusual communication problems. Thus they can be quite complicated. Relay - One terminology uses the term "relay" as a device that interconnects LANs, different kinds of relays being repeaters, bridges, routers, and gateways. Repeater - In the "Ethernet" world, a "relay" that regenerates and cleans up signals, but does no buffering of data packets. It can extend an Ethernet by strengthening signals, but timing limitations on Ethernets still limit their size. RFC "Request For Comments" - The name is a real red herring when it comes to Internet RFCs. Some really are "Requests For Comments" but all Internet protocol documents are stamped with an RFC number that they never shake, so the acronym RFC generally refers to documents that describe protocols in the TCP/IP family. RG numbers (E.g. RG62; sometimes there are qualifiers, e.g. RG 58 A/U) a shorthand designation for military cable. RG58 & RG62 designate two different types of cable used by the military. Some data-communications equipment was designed to work with a particular military standard, e.g. IBM 3270-type terminals use RG62. In other cases, people use an RG-numbered cable that is close to what they need: for example ThinWire Ethernet & IEEE 802.3 10BASE2 define the type of cable they need and people sometimes substitute flavors of RG58, which are "close". One can't recommend this practice because you can get yourself in trouble. I think "RG" originally stood for "Radio Guide", presumably reflecting the fact that the series of cables was designed to handle radio frequencies. The IEEE 802.3 10BASE2 specifications define two RG numbered cables (RG58 A/U and RG58 C/U) as meeting the cable requirements for thin Ethernet. However, cable vendors may list a range of cables under these same RG numbers, and some of the cables listed may not meet the 802.3 specs. You need to check the cable specifications closely, and beware of relying on the RG number alone when ordering network cables. Ring - A classification of network technology exemplified by Token Ring and FDDI. The interconnected devices are connected one-to-another in the shape of a ring and data flows around it in one direction. See also "Counterrotating Ring". RJ numbers ("Regestered Jack" numbers, e.g. RJ11, RJ45) - numbers applied to types of connectors often used in UTP wiring. Borrowed from voice telecommunications industry. Router - A network "relay" that uses a protocol beyond the data-link protocol to route traffic between LANs and other network links. Routing Protocol - a protocol sent between routers by which routers exchange information own how to route to various parts of the network. The TCP/IP family of protocols has a bunch, such as RIP, EGP, BGP, OSPF, and dual IS-IS. SDH "Synchronous Digital Hierarchy" - Similar to SONET, but used outside North America. Some of the SDH and SONET standards are identical. Standardized by the CCITT. Shielded Twisted Pair - a type of twisted-pair cable with a metallic shield around the twisted conductors. The shield reduces the noise from the cable and reduces the effects of noise on the communications in the cable, but changes the electrical characteristics of the cable so some equipment optimized to non-shielded cable runs worse on shielded cable. Single Mode fiber - a type of fiber optic cable used for longer distances and higher speeds, e.g. for long-distance telephone lines. See also "Multimode Fiber". SMF-PMD - FDDI "Single-Mode Fiber" PMD. Runs further than PMD. SMTP "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol" - the protocol in the TCP/IP family used to transfer electronic mail between computers. It is not oriented towards a client/server system so other protocols (see "POP") are often used in that context. However, servers will use SMTP if they need to transfer a message to another server. SNMP "Simple Network Management Protocol" - Originally developed to manage IP based network equipment like routers and bridges, now extended to wiring hubs, workstations, toasters, jukeboxes, etc. SNMP for IPX and AppleTalk under development. Widely implemented. See CMIP. SONET "Synchronous Optical Network" - A set of standard fiber-optic-based serial standards planned for use with ATM in North America. Developed by Bellcore. Different types of SONET run at different speeds (OC1 runs at 51Mbps, OC3 runs at 155Mbps, OC12 runs at about 600Mbps, OC48 runs at over 2Gbps), and use different types of fiber (OC3 has several variants for use with different fibers & different distances; there are versions for both single mode and multimode fiber). SQE Test "Signal Quality Error Test" - an IEEE 802.3 function that tests the transceiver. The term "SQE" is often (wrongly) used interchangeably with "Heartbeat" which is a similar function of Ethernet Version 2. See Question on SQE/Heartbeat below. STP - Shielded Twisted Pair STS-3c UNI - ATM Forum SONET STS-3c UNI, 155.52Mbps. Switched Ethernet - really the same as Ethernet as far as standards go: acts like a very fast multiport Ethernet bridge giving an Ethernet to each station. Presumably based on 10BASE-T for most stations. Switched FDDI - really the same as FDDI as far as standards go: acts like a very fast multiport FDDI bridge. Basically the DEC GigaSwitch. T1 - A phone-company standard for running 24 digitized voice circuits through one 1.5megabit/second digital channel. Since phone companies run lots of T1, and will run T1 between customer sites, the standard is often used for data communications, either to provide 24 low-speed circuits, or to provide 1 high-speed circuit, or to be divided other ways. TAXI - "Transparent Asynchronous Transmitter-Receiver Interface" Two ATM UNI specifications developed by Fore. The slower one ran at 100Mbps and borrowed the physical characteristics of FDDI and has been adopted by the ATM Forum as its 100Mbps UNI specification. The faster one ran at 140Mbps. TCP/IP "Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol" - literally, two protocols developed for the Defense Data Network to allow their ARPANET to attach to other networks relatively transparently. The name also designates the entire family of protocols built out of IP and TCP. The Internet is based upon TCP/IP. TELNET - a protocol in the TCP/IP family that is used for "remote login". The name is also often used as the name of the client program that utilizes the TELNET protocol. Terminal Server - a network device that allows a number of terminals to attach to a LAN, and do remote logins across the LAN. ThickWire - "ThickWire" Ethernet or IEEE 802.3 10BASE5. ThinWire - ThinWire Ethernet or IEEE 802.3 10BASE2. TN3270 - A variant of the TELNET program that allows one to attach to IBM mainframes and use the mainframe as if you had a 3270 or similar terminal. Token Ring - People often use the term "Token Ring" to designate IEEE 802.5 (see above). In the more general sense of the phrase, a token ring is a type of LAN that has stations wired in a ring, where each station constantly passes a special message (a "token") on to the next. Whoever has the token can send a message. TP - "Twisted Pair". TP-PMD - FDDI "Twisted Pair Physical Layer Medium". ANSI specification for FDDI-like service over UTP. Being standardized by ANSI X3T9.5. Was X3T9/93-130 X3T9.5/93-022 TP-PMD/306 Rev 2.0, now there is a Rev 2.1. Uses MLT-3 encoding instead of CDDI's NRZI encoding. Tunneling - An important concept in the design of many kinds of networks: taking some protocol-family's ability to move packets from user to user, or to open virtual-circuits between users, and use this as if it were a data-link protocol to run another protocol family's upper layers (or even the same protocol family's upper layers). Examples: running TCP/IP over AppleTalk instead of something like Ethernet; running AppleTalk over DECNet instead of something like Localtalk or Ethernet. Twisted Pair - The type of wire used by the phone company to wire telephones -- at least over distances like between your house and the central office. It has two conductors, which are twisted. The twists are important: they give it electrical characteristics which allow some kinds of communications otherwise not possible. Ordinary telephone cables are not shielded (see "Shielded twisted Pair"). Type1 - IBM Type 1 STP. The most usual type of Shielded Twisted Pair in LAN communications. UNI - ATM Forum "User to Network Interface". See ATM. UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair) - See "Twisted-Pair" and "Shielded Twisted-Pair". X.400, X.500 - OSI protocols for mail and directory services. V. Frequently Asked Questions on Campus Networks It is hard to answer typical BIG-LAN questions in advance for two reasons. Answers are often long and they are often controversial. To provide some sort of objective information relevant to the controversies, a survey of BIG-LAN readers was taken on answers to various questions, so this memo could offer a sampling of opinions. Note that the opinions below are extracted from the 41 responses received for the survey. We can't say these 41 responses represent a fair sampling of campus LAN administrators, but they do show some of the answers that you would get if you posed some of these questions to the BIG-LAN readership. 1. What is the difference between Ethernet and IEEE 802.3? Ethernet ran through an evolution starting with some experimenting at Xerox, and ending with a standard published by Xerox, DEC, and Intel, which they offered to the world (with minimal royalties) as a standard technology for building LANs. The Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers took this as a proposed standard, and rewrote the protocol description making some clarifications and a few changes. Some of the changes have been universally adopted, and others have not. After the first go round of IEEE standard defining, Ethernet version 2 was introduced which brought it more into line with standards. The basic differences are: - Heartbeat vs SQE (see below) - Which pin in the MAU & AUI connectors carry the ground conductor - Packet Length Field vs Type Field The latter issue is the one in which IEEE 802.3 has not displaced Ethernet. Ethernet had a 16-bit field which defined the type of packet (examples: IP, XNS, AppleTalk). The IEEE committee decided to use that field to specify the length of the packet, and have the data-portion of the packet define itself through the next higher level of protocol (e.g., IEEE 802.2). However, the sets of possible values for that field used by the two different protocols are completely separate, and both protocols are designed to deliberately ignore packets with fields outside their own sets of values. Thus Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 packets can coexist on the same cable, though a computer which expects to get packets belonging to just one of the protocols won't notice any packets sent according to the rules of the other (the expression used is "they pass by each other like ships in the night"). These days, LANs use both. There is a way to send TCP/IP packets via 802.3, but when 802.3 was introduced, there were already so many systems using the Ethernet rules that the use of Ethernet-style packets for TCP/IP has persisted now for years. 2. What is encapsulation? What do I have to know about it? One encapsulation issue on LANs is whether IEEE 802.3 packets are used or Ethernet packets are used to encapsulate your traffic on your IEEE 802.3/Ethernet LAN. See previous question for more explanation. Most TCP/IP systems use Ethernet, any that uses IEEE 802.3 by default might surprise you by not interoperating with the rest of your TCP/IP network. A second encapsulation issue on IEEE 802.3/Ethernet networks is whether your Novell (IPX) packets use Novell's default encapsulation or whether they use Ethernet-style encapsulation. Novell, at least for a long time, had the distinction of using IEEE 802.3 as if it were the only protocol on the network, not following the rules for avoiding other protocols running under IEEE 802.3 rules. They offered a utility called ECONFIG that changed Netware to use Ethernet rules, and use them properly, so Novell IPX packets could utilize the same LAN as other protocols. In no case would the Novell traffic bother Ethernet traffic-- only any other IEEE 802.3 traffic if ECONFIG wasn't used. In any case, a single Ethernet segment, or bridged segments, had to have all Novell servers and clients configured the same, in order to interoperate. A third encapsulation issue stems from Berkeley Unix 4.2, from which many versions of Unix and many TCP/IP implementations have been modeled. It used, by default, its own encapsulation rules (i.e., manner of putting IP packets within Ethernet packets) which is termed "Trailer Encapsulation". When an Ethernet had some computers using Trailer Encapsulation and some not, TCP/IP connections would often work, but hang when large data transfers were taking place. The next version of Berkeley Unix, version 4.3, remedied this by avoiding Trailer Encapsulation except when it was guaranteed to work correctly. A fourth encapsulation issue is "tunneling", which consists of one of the layers in the protocol stack mimicking another layer to provide a way of running a different set of upper layers than would otherwise be possible. This is rather widely used and seldom explained to beginners. It is perhaps best explained with an actual example: [Here put an example, perhaps AppleTalk over IP] [Include "encapsulated bridging" as a second example] 3. How do I know whether to use a router or a bridge? (Note that the answer to this question is oriented to Ethernet-based LANs). Few administrators of networks doubt that a network can be large enough to require routers nor that there are situations where a bridge is an effective solution. However, there is controversy as to where to draw the line. Campus-sized networks involving distances of up to a mile and possibly thousands of stations, can be, and have been built solely out of one or the other. The BIG-LAN Survey of 12/93 showed the following opinion among respondents: Survey question: "When you build a campus network, do you tend to use bridges as opposed to routers?" Answers: 13 said yes; 45 said no; 10 said some of each. Some clear tradeoffs: routers generally have to be set up no matter what whereas bridges can be plug-and-play on a network without too much total traffic; bridges generally have a higher speed-to-cost ratio and the low-end bridge is less expensive than the low-end router; routers handle huge networks with links of different speeds better. 4. How do I know whether to use a bridge or a repeater? How many repeaters may I put on an Ethernet? [Note: with the advent of 10BASE-F, this section needs updating. -ed] You cannot keep plugging more repeaters and add more cables to an Ethernet indiscriminately and expect it to work. With too large a networks, the protocol which keeps the number of collisions down (known as CSMA/CD) fails to do that. The protocol documents supply rules-of-thumb which, if followed, prevent this from occurring. If you break them, you may be risking large performance degradations. The latest version of the rules-of-thumb (which have been updated over time as new features like 10BASE-T have been added to the protocol) are in the IEEE 802.3 document describing 10BASE-T, specifically IEEE Std 802.ei-1990 in the section called "System Considerations for Multisegment 10 Mb/s Baseband Networks". The rules refer to the piece of the LAN that is between repeaters as a segment and refer to 4 kinds: 10BASE5 (i.e. "classic" Ethernet) and 10BASE2 (i.e., ThinWire Ethernet) both classified as "Coax" segments and FOIRL (fiber inter-repeater links) and 10BASE-T, both classified as "Link" segments, and both of which have the property that you can attach things only to their ends. The basic repeater rule is that between any two stations on the LAN, there may be at most 4 repeaters and three coax segments. In addition, there are length restrictions on the segments which are designed to keep CSMA/CD working properly: 10BASE5 500 meters 10BASE2 185 meters FOIRL 500 meters (1000 meters in some cases) 10BASE-T 100 meters (or more) FOIRL links can be 1000 meters if you have at most 3 repeaters between stations instead of 4. 10BASE-T links can be longer if the cable will support it: CSMA/CD is not the limiting factor on 10BASE-T. For the purposes of this discussion, bridges, routers, and gateways are "stations" since the CSMA/CD protocol does not pass through them. Thus if you discover these rules prevent you from putting a repeater in the network where you need one, then you can put a bridge there instead, or perhaps split the LAN somewhere else using a bridge. 5. Should I use "manageable" hubs, concentrators, etc on my LAN? This is a controversial question also. Vendors have attempted to make hubs and concentrators that require little training & manpower to manage & troubleshoot, and they will attempt to convince you that they have succeeded. You pay a premium for "manageability". Those who remain skeptical wonder how much the management features are ever used: for example, management allows you to turn on & off ports from an operator's console; how often do you need to do such a thing? Also, some of the benefits attributed to management packages are simply due to good record keeping, something which the administrator must find the manpower to accomplish with a management package or without one (presumably with a simple dbms, which can often be tailored more to the administrators needs). 6. Which LAN technology should I use? Arcnet? FDDI? Token Ring? 10BASE-T? A controversial question. Some questions & answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "When you install a LAN, which "Technology" (e.g. Ethernet, Token Ring) do you prefer?" All respondents said Ethernet through three also said FDDI is good. "If you have experience with two or more LAN technologies, which have you found works better?" Answers received: Ethernet works best 18 10BASE-T is best 6 Ethernet & FDDI work best 3 Ethernet is better than Token Ring 2 Ethernet costs less than FDDI 2 Localtalk better than 10BASE-T 1 FDDI is best 1 Ethernet is better than Pronet-10 1 Ethernet is better than ARCNet 1 Ethernet is better than PhoneNet 1 Ethernet followed by FDDI 1 Ethernet & Token Ring equal 1 Depends on how they are maintained 1 7. What is the ideal cable to install in a new building? Distribution runs, i.e., phone closet to room: Best possible thing to do is to leave usable pathways for future expansion. Whatever you do, install at least 2 pair and probably 4 pair of data grade unshielded twisted pair. It will always have uses. Install something else too if you are tied to a particular vendor. Multimode fiber might become popular in the future but that is a gamble. Riser runs, i.e., phone closet to phone closet: it is imperative to leave usable pathways for future expansion. For Ethernet, ThinWire is a usable riser cable, multimode fiber is possible too. 8. What is the ideal cable to install between buildings on a campus? Trunks, i.e., cables into the building: pathways for future expansion very valuable. Multimode fiber is useful, run 24 fibers if you can. Use cable with some single mode too. Run several times what you need initially and leave a lot of the unused fiber unterminated for the time being. Cable pulling & termination are much more costly than the cable itself. 9. Whose routers are recommended? Question & answer from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name some router vendors whose routers you have used and recommend:" Cisco got 55 mentions; Wellfleet 9; Proteon 8; 3Com 3; Novell 3; Xyplex 3; Network Systems 2; DEC 2; HP 2; NAT 2; Retix 1; NAC 1; GatorBox 1; Alantec 1; Telebit 1; Fibronics 1; Shiva 1; PCRoute 1. 10. Whose bridges are recommended? Question & answer from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name some bridge vendors whose routers you have used and recommend:" DEC got 11 mentions; 3Com 8; Cabletron 5; Retix 5; Xyplex 5; HP 4; Cisco 3; Gandalf 3; Wellfleet 2; D-link 1; Asante 1; ODS 1; Synernetics 1; PlainTree 1; Alantec 1; Artel 1; Develcon 1; Gandalf 1; karl-bridge 1; Allied Telesis 1; Vitalink 1; ATT 1. 11. Whose Ethernet equipment are recommended? Question & answer from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name some Ethernet concentrator/transceiver/repeater vendors whose Ethernet equipment you have used and recommend:" Cabletron got 30 mentions; 3Com 15; Allied Telesis 15; HP 13; Synoptics 11; Asante 9; Chipcom 8; DEC 7; SMC 7; David Systems 4; Xyplex 3; Milan 2; Lantronix 2; Gandalf 2; D-Link 2; Canary 2; ATT 2; BlackBox 2; Hughes 2; Fibermux 2; St. Clair 1; Pirelli-Focom 1; Pilkington 1; ODS 1; Networth 1; LANNET 1; Kalpana 1; Isolan 1; Interphase 1; Intel 1; IMC 1; Hirschmann 1; Fibercom 1; BICC 1. 12. Whose Token Ring equipment are recommended? Query and answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name some Token Ring equipment vendors whose Token Ring equipment you have used and recommend:" IBM was mentioned by 12 responders; Proteon 3; ODS 2; UB 1; Thomas-Conrad 1; Startek 1; Madge 1; HP 1; Cabletron 1; CSP 1. 13. Whose FDDI equipment are recommended? Query and answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name some FDDI equipment vendors whose FDDI equipment you have used and recommend:" Cisco was mentioned by 8 responders; Crescendo 7; DEC 5; Synoptics 3; Interphase 3; 3Com 3; Fibronics 2; Cabletron 2; Synernetics 1; Sun 1; SGI 1; Proteon 1; PlainTree 1; ODS 1; Network Peripherals 1; IBM 1; Fibermux 1; Chipcom 1. 14. What PC network software is recommended? Query and answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name some PC network software vendors whose PC network software you have used or recommend:" Novell was mentioned by 32 responders; FTP Software 21; Apple 7; SunSelect 6; Microsoft 5; NCSA 4; IBM 4; Banyan 4; DEC 4; NetManage 3; Clarkson 3; 3Com 3; Word Perfect 2; WinQVT 2; Reflection 2; Qualcomm 2; Brightworks 2; Beame & Whiteside 2. 15. What protocols should run on a campus-wide LAN? Query and answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name some protocols that you use to interconnect your campus that you would recommend:" TCP/IP was mentioned by 63 responders; IPX 26; AppleTalk 17; DECNet 7; LAT 3; VINES 2; SNA 2; CLNS 1. 16. What software is recommended for managing a campus-wide LAN? Queries and answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name some network management system that you use for the management of a campus LAN, that you recommend:" SunNet Manager was mentioned by 13 respondents; HP OpenView 8; Cabletron Spectrum 3; Cabletron Remote LanView 3; PSI SNMP 2; Netlabs 2; CiscoWorks 2. "Name other software that you use for the management of a campus LAN that you recommend:" Ping was mentioned by 4 respondents; Traceroute 3; SunNet Manager 2; Network General Sniffer 2; Neon Software NetMinder 2; CMU SNMP 2. 17. What terminal server is recommended? Query and answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name vendors of terminal servers that you use and recommend:" Cisco was mentioned by 21 respondents; Xylogics 12; Xyplex 11; DEC 9; Emulex 4; Spider 2; Equinox 2; Netblazer 1; Livingston 1; Lantronix 1; HP 1; Datability 1; Digiboard 1; Allied Telesis 1; 3Com 1. 18. Whose troubleshooting equipment are recommended? Query and answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name some vendors of network troubleshooting equipment that you use and would recommend:" Network General was mentioned by 30 respondents; HP 11; MicroTest 4; Tektronix 3; Spider 3; Fluke 3; FOTEC 3; W&G 2; Novell 2; FTP 2; Exfo 2; Van Jacobson 1; Pentascanner 1; NCC 1; NAT 1; LM-1 1; Consultronics 1; Antel 1; AG Group 1. 19. What security products should I buy? Query and answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "Name some security products that you use to maintain security on your campus LAN that you recommend:" COPS was mentioned by 5 respondents; tcpwrapper(s) 3; SecurID 3; Crack 3; Cisco access control 2; xtacacs 1; npassword 1; Tripwire 1; Socks 1; Netware 1; Native VINES security 1; McAffee Anti-Virus NLM 1; HP 1; Bridges 1; Beame and Whiteside 1. 20. Should the names of devices on my campus LAN have subdomains? Example of name without subdomain: bigvax.sequoia.edu; example with subdomain: bigvax.acs.sequoia.edu. It is possible to run networks of thousands of computers without the bother of subdomains, but they have some advantages. Queries and answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "For Internet names of nodes on a campus network that supports TCP/IP, do you prefer the use of subdomains?" 49 responders said yes, 11 said no, 3 said it depends. "If you have worked on a campus that utilizes subdomains and one that does not, which does your experience tell you is the better way to administer names in a campus network?" 13 responders said the LAN with subdomains worked better; 1 said the LAN without subdomains worked better; 2 said it doesn't matter and 3 said it depends. 21. Should client stations use POP? Should they use just SMTP? Should I use some non-TCP/IP protocol for mail to/from client stations? Query and answers from the 12/93 BIG-LAN Reader Survey: "For client station's mail, which do you prefer: SMTP; TCP/IP-based client-server protocols (e.g. POP, POP2, etc); other LAN protocols?" 22 responders preferred TCP/IP-based client-server protocols (e.g. POP, IMAP, PCMAIL); 20 preferred SMTP; 5 preferred other LAN protocols; 3 said "use all three"; 3 said "SMTP and TCP/IP-based client-server protocols"; 3 said "SMTP and other LAN protocols"; 1 said "TCP/IP-based Client-server Protocols and other LAN protocols". 22. Should I enable SQE/heartbeat? SQE Test (often labeled "SQE" by vendors) is part of IEEE 802.3 that is designed to test part of the the MAU (transceiver) hardware. It basically consists of the MAU trying out the collision signal line immediately after each packet it sends. Thus a station on the network can verify that the MAU is working by watching for this signal and can log an error for you if the signal is not present. Correct practice is to turn SQE Test off on any MAU that is attached to a repeater and turn it on on any MAU attached to a station. Not doing this can lead to incorrect repeater operation and/or a lack of logging of serious network errors when they occur. However, many vendors of networkable stations take no advantage of SQE Test (it was new to IEEE 802.3 & Ethernet Version 2, not being present in earlier Ethernet) and there have been many reports of stations that won't even work properly when it is enabled. Thus your dilemma: some of your users may have stations that won't work unless you set your MAU's wrong. Maybe some day all vendors will fall into line, or the IEEE will revise its standard to get rid of SQE Test. In the mean time you are forced to know which stations log errors without it and which ones work poorly with it on. Examples of computers/networking equipment sensitive (one way or the other) to SQE test: Definitely can't handle SQE Test: No convincing confirmations Mixed & inconclusive reports saying they can't handle SQE Test: Some Sun workstations Cisco routers Needs SQE Test or it reports errors (i.e., uses SQE Test as intended): VAX/VMS Alpha/VMS 23. If I have a thinwire network interface card, how do I connect it to a 10BASE-T concentrator? Ethernet standard provides only one way to do interconnect thinwire (10BASE2) and 10BASE-T: using a repeater (e.g. a concentrator). Since this is expensive and it increases the repeater count, thus limiting the expanse of the rest of the network, customers want, and several vendors provide adaptors that are not real repeaters. Typically, these allow a 10BASE-T segment to end in a shorter-than-usual thinwire segment. One depends upon the vendor to provide instructions as to how its use affects the limitations on segment lengths and repeater counts. 24. How much does a collision slow down an Ethernet packet? Perhaps you've noticed the phenomena that you might ask otherwise intelligent & knowledgeable network professionals how many collisions indicate too much load, and they immediately divert the conversation to the question of whether your network is broken. The implication is that they're more inclined to believe your Ethernet is performing poorly due to being broken than due to load. Here's an explanation, probably more than you ever wanted to know: Coaxial Ethernet was designed so that everyone shares the same single cable. Electrical characteristics of transmission were chosen so that when more than one station places bits on the network, the voltages in effect "add" and the transceiver can sense the "unusual" voltage as a collision. Transceivers detect the collisions, and signal the stations by raising a "collision detect" line to the station. According to the standard, transceivers signal any collision that occurs when it is sending a packet, and also any triple collision. The Network Interface hardware takes care of retransmissions and reports the collision to the driver. It might not report complete information on the number of collisions--for example, one Ethernet chip will report after each packet it sends, whether there were 0, 1, 2, <16, or >16 Collisions. The driver usually keeps a count that it updates from the information it gets from the card. Repeaters do not "recreate" electrical collisions on other networks. Any time the repeater detects a collision, it is, by definition, in the midst of transmitting a packet. It can no longer pick up valid data off the net to continue sending the packet. The Ethernet spec says it should start sending 32 bits of made-up data (called a JAM) that will make the packet terminate early, with a CRC error. None receiving stations on the other side of the repeater will see "collision" signaled by their transceiver. Instead, they will receive just the beginning of a packet. This is called a "runt". The network interface hardware could, theoretically, report a runt as a collision, which might be useful for some kinds of monitoring. Or the software, might consider a runt a collision and increment the same count. Or it can count them separately, or not count them at all. Software that reports these separately from collisions usually refers to them as runts or JAMs. Link segments like 10BASE-T, FOIRL and 10BASE-FL attach only two devices and have separate paths in each direction. Thus collisions are superfluous, but must still be detected and reported since Ethernet interfaces cannot be assumed to have the ability to send and receive packets at the same time. Thus the transceivers watch for packets flowing in both directions at the same time, and signal collision to the station as well as produce a JAM signal on the line so that the stations trying to send the packets will get the message that this was a collision and the packet needs to be resent. Ethernet interfaces retransmit packets up to 16 times with an exponential backoff for the first 10. The minimum retransmission time is relatively quick and the detection process takes a fixed amount of time, so 75% of all times that two stations are contending for a net are resolved with one station starting a successful transmission within 250 microseconds. It is important to realize that Ethernet's collisions are a normal part of scheduling the use of the LAN, that it is used only when carrier sensing doesn't do the trick, and that Ethernet uses a third-generation scheme that handles collisions very smoothly when when the hardware works & is properly assembled, even under high loads. A lot of mis-information is spread about collisions, often from people dealing with Ethernet's competitors, but also often from Ethernet users who simply haven't studied it too closely, or listened to the wrong people. A collision is always detected & taken care of (to the point of starting the backoff) within the first 50 microseconds of a packet's transmission on a correctly functioning Ethernet. Aside from helping to limit the time spent dealing with collisions, this insures that collisions of even the smallest legal packets are always detected. Some interface hardware reports late collisions, i.e. collisions signaled after this time: unlike collisions, which are normal, late collisions are a type of error. Note that on the other side of a repeater, the late collision simply looks like a CRC error perhaps with an alignment error. There are two causes of late collisions: faulty hardware; or the network being too large. In either case, it tells you that the network is having a problem, and packets are almost surely being lost sometimes, causing unnecessary & occasionally severe performance penalties. If the network is too large, properly placed routers, bridges (or some switches) can subdivide it into two properly-sized Ethernets. Can random collisions cause packets to be lost? The exponential backoff algorithm yields a probability of 50% that a pair of colliding packets require more than one retransmission to get through if two stations are contending for the net at exactly the same time, and only 25% of the ones that still haven't succeeded fail to get through after the second retransmission. For the 16-retry limit, the calculation of the faction not making it is: 1/2 x 1/4 x .... 1/(2*10) x (1/(2*10))**6 or (1/2)**115 or about (1/10)**34. I conclude that on every Ethernet ever installed, for every packet sent, that this has never happened (give me a billion LANs that transmit a billion packets every day for a billion days and the odds are still a million to one against even one lost packet). When more than two stations are involved (i.e., more than two stations have something to send at exactly the same time), these odds aren't so overwhelming--thus I conclude that there have indeed been packets lost on correctly functioning Ethernets somewhere (Note: also the randomness of the backoff is probably not perfect and I've heard of network interfaces that illegally stop before 16 retries!). Recall also that stations do sense carrier: collisions only resolve the problem of what happens when the packets start at almost the same time. Probably the most usual time for a collision is when two stations simultaneously see the end of a packet, both having a packet to send. In this case, there will be more than one collision on average, but as stated above, 75% of the time, one of them will have started a successful transmission within 250usec. In contrast to the smooth handling of properly detected collisions, an undetected collision causes a packet to be lost, which must be retransmitted by software: for example NFS is often set to time out at .5 seconds, so a lost packet (for example, the result of an undetected collision) causes a delay typically 2000 times longer. Networks with problems that cause undetected collisions, frequent unnecessary collisions, or lose packets for other reasons are much worse performance killers than collisions caused by an increase in load. How many packets can you tolerate an Ethernet losing? 1 in 100? 1 in 1000? 1 in 10,000? 1 in 100,000? Depends. 1 in 100 is very bad. Where do you draw the line? Back-of-an envelope example of the effects: NFS often transmits blocks of 6 Ethernet packets, the loss of any one of which results in the retransmission of all 6. The loss of one packet in 12,000 means that every 2,000th block takes on the order of 2000 times longer to complete than normal, or performance is decreased to 50% of that on a working Ethernet. The Ethernet's packet loss problems are relative to those of your router, bridge, or switch. Routers, bridges, and switches lose packets when their buffers fill up, so if your router/bridge/switch is losing one packet in 10,000, then for traffic passing through the router/bridge/switch, addressing an Ethernet packet loss rate of 1/100,000 would have little effect, and addressing an Ethernet packet loss rate of 1/10,000 would help no more than addressing your router/bridge/switch problem. 25. Should I worry about Ethernet tailgating? Tailgating is a phenomena resulting from bugs in the design of Ethernet interfaces, which some vendors claim are due to ambiguities or changes in the Ethernet specification. There was indeed a change in the IEEE 802.3 specification's wording designed to eliminate misunderstanding. Tailgating problems consist of packets following close after packets, collisions, and/or noise: so close that some network interfaces aren't ready to receive them yet. The standard says network interfaces should wait a minimum of 9.6us after the end of a packet before sending another (the "interpacket gap"). Network interfaces typically don't start detecting the beginning of packets for a while after the end of a packet (i.e. carrier goes to idle) to avoid trying to treat the typical noise at the end of a packet as the beginning of the next packet. This has been called its "blind time". The standard doesn't specify how long the blind time should be, but naturally it must be less than the 9.6us interpacket gap. However on real products, the blind times vary between a fraction of 1us and 4us or longer. Another element is that some network interfaces sometimes send 24 bits of data while the line is idle: not a real packet: somehow this causes short interpacket gaps. My guess is that it makes some interfaces go blind while not stopping other interfaces from sending immediately. Some interfaces don't wait 9.6us after a collision before sending a packet. There have been interfaces that cheat on the 9.6us interpacket gap after a packet. This is so explicitly against the standard that vendors of such products have been quick to fix them. Some products: Tailgate Tailgate Blind 24Bit after after Time Garbage Collisions Packets ------- ------- ---------- -------- IBM PCMCIA 0.6us (Notebook Sniffer) Intel 82596 4.6us x (Desktop Sniffer) SEEQ 8003 x x (Cisco, oldSGI) AMD Lance AM7990 >4us (Sun) Intel 82586 long x (oldSun) oldKalpana x ------- ------- ---------- -------- Tailgate Tailgate Blind 24Bit after after Time Garbage Collisions Packets (Notes: Information from InfoWorld, 11/93 and 3/94; IBM PCMCIA cards are highly immune to the problems; Kalpana has fixed its switches) Example: If a network has two Suns that have Intel 82596 Ethernet chips (A and B) and two other stations (C and D), you can have the following situation: C and D send packets which collide. A sends a packet to B too soon after the collision. B remains blind too long to receive the packet. Thus TCP, NFS, or whatever, must retransmit. Typical NFS retransmission time would be in the .5 to 1 second range, thus one lost packet translates into .5-1 second of waiting. TCP retransmission time adjusts itself to the network & is typically shorter between stations on the same LAN, but, for example, can be long if the packet is lost between a station and a router while the station is talking over a WAN. End of Memo: BIG-LAN Frequently Asked Questions